الحوكمة

‫ﺃﺟﺭﯾﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬

‫ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺩﯾﻣﻘﺭﺍﻁﯾﺔ ﻭﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺻل ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺣﻭﻛﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻅﻬﺭ ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ )‪ (Good Governance‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺑﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻗﺑل ﺍﻧﻘﺿﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺷﺭﯾﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑل ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻧﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺭﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺍﺕ ﻛﺻﯾﻐﺔ ﻣﻭﺍﺯﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺷﺭﻭﻁﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺣﺗﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺣﯾﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ‬

‫"ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻁﯾﺔ" )‪ (Conditionality‬ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻹﻗﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻧﺎﻣﯾﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑل‬

‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻧﺣﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺑﻧﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﺻﻧﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻁﯾﺔ ﺗﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﻓﺭﺽ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻭﻁ ﻟﻘﯾﺎﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺑﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﻣﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾﺭﺍﺕ – ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺣﯾﺎﻥ – ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﻫﯾﺎﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﺗﺻﺑﺢ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺭﺃﺳﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﯾﻣﻘﺭﺍﻁﯾﺔ ﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺭﻑ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺑﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﯾﻑ ﺍﻟﻬﯾﻛﻠﻲ ) ‪Structural Adjustment‬‬

‫‪.(Programs‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﺭﺿﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑل ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺻﻌﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺔ – ﻛﺗﺻﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺿﺧﻡ ﻭﺗﺩﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻏﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺭﻭﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺗﻐﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻠﻲ‬

‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺻﻌﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻘﯾﺎﻡ ﺑﻧﻭﻋﯾﻥ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾﺭﺍﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺗﻐﯾﯾﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﺻﯾﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺟل‪ :‬ﻭﺗﻌﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻸﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺭﻭﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎل ﻣﺣﺎﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﯾﺹ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﺣﺭﯾﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﺑﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺗﺭﺍﺗﯾﺟﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺻﺧﺻﺔ ﻭﺗﺣﻔﯾﺯ ﺍﻻﺩﺧﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺹ‪.‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫‪ 2‬ﺍﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾﺭﺍﺕ ﻁﻭﯾﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺟل‪ :‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺗﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﯾﻛﻠﺔ ﺩﻭﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﯾﻌﻲ ﻟﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺁﻟﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ ﻭﺗﻣﻛﯾﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺧﺻﯾﺹ ﻭﺗﻭﺯﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺳﻔﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺗﻘﻠﺹ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌل ﻣﻥ ﺟﺎﻧﺏ ﻭﻛﺫﺍ‬

‫ﺗﺩﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻧﺏ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻧﺎﻣﯾﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺟﺎﻧﺏ ﺁﺧﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﯾﺔ – ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻻﺕ – ﻫﻲ ﻓﺷل ﻭﺗﻌﺛﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﺎﻣﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺭﻭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯾﺎ ﻭﺗﺂﻛل ﺷﺭﻋﯾﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯾﺎ – ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺟﻌل ﺍﻟﻌﺩﯾﺩ ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺿﻌﺎ ﻣﺄﺯﻭﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺳﺗﻁﯾﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﻲ ﻗﺩﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻏﯾﺭ ﻣﺭﻏﻭﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﯾﺭ ﻧﺎﺟﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﯾﻥ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺳﺗﻁﯾﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭل‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻣﻭﯾل ﺟﺩﯾﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻧﺣﺔ ﺩﻭﻧﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﻲ ﻓﯾﻬﺎ ﻗﺩﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺳﺎﻉ ﺩﺍﺋﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﺯﻡ ﻭﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫﻫﺎ ﻣﻧﺣﻰ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺧﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل ﺍﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾﺭ ﺳﻠﺑﺎ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺭﻋﯾﺔ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻛﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻧﺎﻣﯾﺔ ﻭﺇﺧﻔﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻔﺯ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻧﺎﻣﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻧﺣﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ ﻣﺿﻁﺭﺓ – ﻻﺳﯾﻣﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺷﻛﻭﻙ ﺣﻭل ﻗﺩﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺻﯾﻎ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺧﺻﺻﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻭﺽ ﻟﻠﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﻟﺩﯾﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻟﺻﯾﺎﻏﺔ ﺁﻟﯾﺔ ﺟﺩﯾﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺗﺳﺗﻁﯾﻊ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺻﺑﻭ ﺇﻟﯾﻬﺎ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻭﺃﻗل ﻛﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺑﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﻛﯾﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻣل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻙ ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺟﺩﯾﺩ ﯾﻌﺑﺭ‬

‫ﻋﻥ ﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘﺔ "ﺑﺎﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻱ"‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗﻭﺟﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻧﺎﻣﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺑﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺭﻭﺽ ﻣﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻧﺣﺔ ﺗﺑﻧﯾﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ‬

‫‪9‬‬

‫ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ‪Nanda, 2006: ) Good Governance‬‬

‫‪.(271‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺳﯾﺎﻕ ﻭﻓﻠﺳﻔﺔ ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﻭﻛﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﻫﻭ ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻗﺩﯾﻡ ﻗﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺭﯾﺦ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﻫﻭ ﯾﺷﯾﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺭﻛﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﯾﺎﻛل‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺩ ﺳﻭﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﯾﻌﺎﺏ ﻭﺗﻭﻓﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻭﺻل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻠﻭل ﺗﻭﺍﻓﻘﯾﺔ‬

‫)‪ .(Weiss, 2000: 796‬ﻓﺎﻟﻣﻘﺻﻭﺩ ﺑﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﻫﻭ ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑل ﻭﯾﺷﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻﺭ ﻏﯾﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺎﺗﻬﻣﺎ ﺳﻭﯾﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ) ‪Boyer, 1990:‬‬

‫‪ .(51‬ﻭﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ – ﺑﺷﻛل ﻋﺎﻡ‬

‫ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗﻡ ﻣﻥ‬

‫ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻟﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺗﺻﺭﻑ ﻟﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺗﯾﺢ ﻟﻬﻡ ﻓﺭﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻧﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺗﻛﺎﻓﺋﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﻔﺎﻓﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩﺍﻗﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑل ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺟﻌل ﺃﻱ ﺣﻛﻡ ﺣﻛﻣﺎ ﺟﯾﺩﺍ ) ‪World Bank,‬‬ ‫‪.(2003: xviii‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﯾﻬﺩﻑ ﻟﻔﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﺑﯾﻥ ﺃﺟﻬﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻛﺫﺍ ﺃﻧﻣﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾﺭﺓ ﺑﯾﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﯾﺭﻭﻗﺭﺍﻁﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻧﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻅل ﻅﺭﻑ ﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﺷﻬﺩ ﺗﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ – ﺑل ﻭﺍﻧﻬﯾﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﯾﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺑﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺳﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫ﯾﺷﯾﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ "ﻛﻣﻧﻅﻭﻣﺔ" ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﯾﻣﻘﺭﺍﻁﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺩﺩﯾﺔ ﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻠﯾﺑﺭﺍﻟﯾﺔ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻓﯾﻬﺎ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺗﺷﺭﯾﻌﻲ ﻣﻧﺗﺧﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻣﺛل‬ ‫ﺩﯾﻣﻘﺭﺍﻁﯾﺎ‪ ،‬ﯾﺗﺳﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻔﺎﻓﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﯾﺎﻕ ﯾﺣﺗﺭﻡ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺭﯾﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺗﺗﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﻓﯾﻪ ﺳﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﻼﺙ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺑﻬﺩﻑ ﺗﻬﯾﺋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻼﺋﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺟﺎﺫﺏ ﻟﻠﺗﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻋﻠﯾﻪ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﻏﯾﺭﻩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻧﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﯾﺔ ) ‪Guhan, 1998:‬‬

‫‪.(185‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺹ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺷﻛل )‪(1‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﺗﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﺑﺄﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻟﯾﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺗﺟﺎﻩ "ﺗﻘﻠﯾل ﻣﺭﻛﺯﯾﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ" ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ ‪“De Centralization of the Political‬‬

‫”‪ System‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺭﺳﯾﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﯾﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﻥ ﺣﯾﺙ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻭﻁﯾﻥ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻛل‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻬﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻔﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎل ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺗﺑﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻣﺎﺕ ﻏﯾﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﯾﺔ – ﺑﻭﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻗﻁﺎﻋﺎ ﺃﻫﻠﯾﺎ ﻣﺩﻧﯾﺎ – ﻷﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﺗﺗﻛﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺳﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺟﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺗﺭﺍﺗﯾﺟﯾﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﻫﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺎﺭﻛﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﻭﯾﺔ )‪ .(Jayal, 1997: 408‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﺿﻼ ﻋﻥ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﯾﺎﺕ ﺟﺩﯾﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻻﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺻﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻟﻣﻧﻅﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻧﺣﺔ ﻭﻏﯾﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (Axtmann, 2004: 269-70‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﻛل )‪.(1‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻣﺎ ﺃﻋﻁﻰ ﺯﺧﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺳﯾﺎﻕ ﻁﺭﺣﻪ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺗﻰ ﻣﻭﺍﺗﯾﺎ ﻟﻐﯾﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓﺳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻷﯾﺩﯾﻭﻟﻭﺟﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﯾﺔ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﯾﺔ –‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺳﻣﺎﻟﻰ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺎﺱ‬

‫ﻣﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻭﻑ ﻣﻥ‬

‫ﺗﺣﻭل ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻧﺎﻣﯾﺔ ﻋﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺳﻛﺭ ﺍﻻﺷﺗﺭﺍﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻭﺉ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻗﺩ ﺍﻧﻬﺎﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‪ .‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻭل ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻭﺍﻛﺑﺎ ﻟﺗﻐﯾﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻛﻭﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﯾﻥ – ﺣﺳﺏ ﻭﺻﻑ ﻫﻭﺑﺯ – ﻟﻣﺟﺭﺩ ﺣﺎﺭﺱ ﯾﻬﺗﻡ ﻓﻘﻁ‬

‫ﺑﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﯾﺿﺔ ﻭﺇﻓﺳﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎل ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﯾﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﺩﻭﺍﺭﻫﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﺧل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺷﺎﻭﺭ‬

‫ﻣﻌﻬﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺣﺩﯾﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﺷﺋﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭل ﺃﺗﻰ‬

‫ﻣﺻﺎﺣﺑﺎ ﻟﺗﺣﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺗﺭﺍﺗﯾﺟﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺭﺃﺕ‬ ‫‪12‬‬

‫ﻭﺟﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﺟﻭﺍﻧﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻛﺳﺑﯾل ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻬﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺣﻭﺍل ﺷﻌﻭﺑﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺩﺍ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﻣﻧﺫ ﻣﻁﻠﻊ ﺛﻣﺎﻧﯾﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺗﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﯾﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻓﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﻲ ﻛﺎﺷﺗﺭﺍﻁﺎﺕ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻱ‬

‫‪(Weiss, 2000:‬‬

‫)‪ .799‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﺿﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺯﺍﯾﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻭﻧﻔﻭﺫ ﻣﻧﻅﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻧﻲ ﺟﻌل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺩﯾﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﻗﺑﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﯾﻣﻧﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﯾﺎﺓ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺳﺗﻔﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾﺩﻱ ﻋﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﯾﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻻ ﯾﻧﻔﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻛﻭﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺯﺍل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺭﺋﯾﺳﻲ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﯾﺱ ﻟﻣﺑﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺟﻭﯾﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ )‪ ،(Weiss, 2000: 800‬ﻓﻠﺗﻘﺩﯾﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﻣﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﻭﺽ‬

‫ﺃﺻﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﯾﺷﺗﺭﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻛﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻧﺎﻣﯾﺔ ﺇﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺻﺻﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺷﺟﯾﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺯﯾﺩ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺑﻠﻭﺭﺕ ﻓﻠﺳﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻁﺎﻟﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﺄﺳﺱ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺳﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺣﺳﻭﺑﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﯾﺭﻭﻗﺭﺍﻁﯾﺔ ﻭﺳﻭﺀ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺷﺟﯾﻊ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺷﻔﺎﻓﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺀﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺳﯾﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﻣﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺍﺕ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﻭﺽ ﺑﻔﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻣﺛل ﻓﻲ ﺧﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭ ﻭﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ‬

‫)‪.(Nanda, 2006: 272, 277‬‬

‫‪13‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺭﯾﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﯾﺔ ﻟﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﻭﻛﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﯾﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺷﯾﺩﺓ ﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺩﯾﻣﻘﺭﺍﻁﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ‪،‬‬

‫ﺣﯾﺙ ﻋﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺷﺧﺻﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻁﺔ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺗﺭﺍﻡ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﺷﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺳﺎﺩ ﻭﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺣﻛﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻏﯾﺭ ﻣﻧﺗﺧﺑﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻏﯾﺭ ﻣﻣﺛﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﯾﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺟﻌل ﻟﻠﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ‪ :‬ﺷﻛل ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ )ﺍﻟﻬﯾﺎﻛل‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ(؛ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ )ﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟل ﺍﺳﺗﻐﻼل‬

‫ﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﻓﯾﻬﺎ(؛ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺧﻁﯾﻁ ﻭﺗﻧﻔﯾﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ‪.(Weiss, 2000: 798) .‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻌﺯﯾﺯ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺑل ﺍﻟﻁﺑﯾﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﺣﺻﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻥ ﻭﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﻗﺭﺍﺽ ﻭﻣﻥ ﺛﻡ ﺗﻡ ﺭﺑﻁﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺗﺑﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺟﺩﯾﺩﺓ )‪.(Weiss, 2000: 801‬‬ ‫ﻭﯾﻘﺗﺭﺏ ﺗﻌﺭﯾﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻧﺩﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﯾﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﯾﻑ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻕ ﻟﻠﺑﻧﻙ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺗﻌﺭﻑ ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺃﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ "ﺃﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﺧﺻﯾﺹ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻁﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﻘﯾﻡ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑل ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ" ﻭﺗﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺷﯾﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ "ﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ‬

‫ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﯾﺗﺳﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺻﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺷﻔﺎﻓﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺀﻟﺔ )‪. (Johnson, 1997: 1‬‬

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‫ﻭﯾﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﺗﻌﺭﯾﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻧﺩﯾﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺗﻌﺭﯾﻑ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﯾﻘﺻﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻏﯾﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﯾﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﯾﻘﺗﺭﺏ‬

‫ﺃﯾﺿﹰﺎ ﺗﻌﺭﯾﻑ ﻟﺟﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﻭﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﯾﻔﯾﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﯾﻥ ﻭﻟﻛﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺗﺑﺩﺍل ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻁﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺑﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﺟﺎﻫل ﻟﻠﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺿﻣﻧﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﺟﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺭﯾﻔﻬﺎ ﻟﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﻟﯾﺻﺑﺢ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻭﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﻁﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟل ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ )‪.(OCED, 1995: 14‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﯾﻛﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﯾﺔ ﻓﺗﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺿﺭﻭﺭﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﻣﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻣﯾﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﯾﻑ ﺍﻷﺷﻣل ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻡ ﻓﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﺭﯾﻑ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﻣﺎﺋﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺷﺋﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺷﻣل ﺍﻵﻟﯾﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻌﺑﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻁﻧﻭﻥ ﻋﻥ ﻣﺻﺎﻟﺣﻬﻡ ﻭﯾﻣﺎﺭﺳﻭﻥ ﺣﻘﻭﻗﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻧﯾﺔ ﻭﯾﻭﻓﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺯﺍﻣﺎﺗﻬﻡ ﻭﯾﻭﻓﻘﻭﻥ ﺑﯾﻥ ﺍﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎﺗﻬﻡ‬

‫‪(Weiss,‬‬

‫)‪ .2000: 798‬ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﯾﻌﺩ ﺭﺍﺋﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺭﯾﻑ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﯾﻌﯾﺵ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻅل ﺣﻛﻡ ﺟﯾﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﺗﺣﻭﯾل ﺑﺅﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﯾﺯ‬

‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﯾﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﯾﯾﻥ‪ ،‬ﻻﺳﯾﻣﺎ ﺃﻭﻟﺋﻙ ﺍﻟﺫﯾﻥ ﯾﻌﯾﺷﻭﻥ ﻗﺭﺏ ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﻣﻥ ﻫﻧﺎ ﺗﺑﻧﻰ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﺷﻣل ﻭﺃﻋﻡ ﻟﻠﺣﻛﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﺇﺫ ﯾﺭﻛﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ ﺑﺩﻻ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﯾﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺃﻧﻪ ﯾﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻌﺭﯾﻑ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺻﻧﻊ‬

‫ﻭﺗﻧﻔﯾﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻬﻭ ﯾﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﺍ ﺭﺳﻣﯾﺔ ﻭﻏﯾﺭ ﺭﺳﻣﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ – ﻣﻥ ﻣﻧﻅﻭﺭ ﻓﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻫﻭ ﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﯾﺔ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺷﺋﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻣﻥ ﺁﻟﯾﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻭﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎﺕ ﯾﻣﻛﻥ ﻟﻸﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺟﻣﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻣﺻﺎﻟﺣﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻔﺿﯾﻼﺗﻬﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻣﺗﻊ ﺑﺣﻘﻭﻗﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻧﯾﺔ ﻭﺗﺳﻭﯾﺔ ﺧﻼﻓﺎﺗﻬﻡ – ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺗﺗﺭﻛﺯ ﺣﻭل ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺷﺋﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻻﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻛﺫﺍ ﺃﻋﺗﻣﺩ ﻣﻧﻬﺞ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻣﻛﯾﻥ – ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل ﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻭﻓﯾﺭ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﯾﻣﻘﺭﺍﻁﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺭﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺿﺭﻭﺭﯾﺔ ﻟﻸﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺩﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ – ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗل ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺗﺑﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺩﻭل ﺃﻭﻟﻭﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﯾﺙ ﺗﻣﺛل ﻭﺳﺎﺋل ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻛﺫﺍ ﺗﺣﻭل ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﯾﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺣﺳﯾﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺭﻛﺯﯾﺔ ﻭﺗﻁﻭﯾﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻧﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺛﺭ ﺣﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﯾل ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺭﯾﻌﻲ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﺿﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻣﻛﺎﻓﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺳﺎﺩ – ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﯾﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل‬

‫ﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﺑﻧﺎﺀ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺹ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻣﺎ ﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺣﺩﺍﺙ ﻣﺛل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻠﺔ ﺗﺩﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺻﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﯾﺩﯾﻭﻟﻭﺟﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺷﻬﺩﺗﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ ﺇﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﺗﺳﺎﺭﻉ ﻭﺗﯾﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﻟﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﺯﺍﯾﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺑﻭل‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻓﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﯾﻣﻘﺭﺍﻁﯾﺔ ﻋﺑﺭ ﺃﻧﺣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ )‪.(Weiss, 2000: 804‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﻧﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﯾﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺣﺭﯾﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻧﺎﻭل‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺗﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﯾﺔ ﺑﯾﻥ ﺍﻷﻏﻧﯾﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺍﺀ ﺩﺍﺧل ﻭﻋﺑﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﺎﺕ؛ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻟﺔ؛ ﻭﺗﺩﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﻭﺗﺯﺍﯾﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻬﻣﯾﺵ؛ ﻭﺗﺩﻣﯾﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻛﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯﯾﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﻌﺎﺵ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻱ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭ ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭﻱ ﻟﯾﺳﺎ ﺃﻣﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺍ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﺳﺎﻭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﯾﺎﺕ ﺩﺧﻭل‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺩ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻟﺩﯾﻬﺎ ﻗﯾﻡ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺅﺷﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭﯾﺔ ) ‪Human‬‬

‫‪ .(Development Index - HDI‬ﺍﻷﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺩﻭﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﯾﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﻭﯾﺔ ﺣﻭل ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻟﺗﻧﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻛﺛﺭ ﺇﻧﺳﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﯾﺷﺔ ﺩﺍﺧل ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﺎﺕ )‪ .(Weiss, 2000: 802‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺩﺍ ﺑﺷﻛل ﺟﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻛل ﺗﻘﺭﯾﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1997‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﻘﺎل‬

‫ﻓﯾﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﯾﺯ ﺍﻟﺿﯾﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺭﯾﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ )ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﯾﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﻁﻭﯾﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﯾﺎﺩﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺗﺭﺍﻡ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ ﻭﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﯾﻣﻘﺭﺍﻁﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻣﺗﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺭﯾﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ( ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﻟﺗﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺣﺟﯾﺔ ﻓﻛﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﻭﺩﺓ‬

‫)‪(Minimalist State‬؛ ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻛﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻧﻅﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻙ‬

‫ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﻌﻠﻕ ﺑﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺩ ﻣﻥ ﻫﯾﻣﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻛﺫﺍ ﺃﺻﺑﺢ ﻣﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻙ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﯾﺭﻛﺯ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻁﻭﯾﺭ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ )‪.(Weiss, 2000: 803‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﻭﻛﻣﺔ ﺇﺫﻥ ﯾﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﺣﻭ ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭﯾﺔ ﻭﻟﯾﺱ‬

‫ﻓﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﯾﺳﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻁﻭﯾﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪17‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻛﻣﺔ ﯾﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﯾﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻘﺎﺀ ﺑﺣﯾﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺳﺑﯾل ﺫﻟﻙ‬

‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﯾﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺣﺭﯾﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺧﻼل‬

‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﻭﯾﺭ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﯾﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺭﺟﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﻭﯾﺭ ﺗﺳﺗﻐﺭﻕ ﺁﺟﺎﻻ ﺃﻁﻭل ﻣﻥ ﻣﺟﺭﺩ ﺑﺩﺋﻬﺎ ﻓﯾﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﯾﺷﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺑﺄﻫﻣﯾﺔ ﻭﻗﯾﻣﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻭﻻﺕ ﺣﺗﻰ ﯾﻅﻠﻭﺍ ﺣﺭﯾﺻﯾﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﺗﻣﺎﻡ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻭل )‪.(UNDP, 2002: 51-52‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ ‪ :‬ﻣﺅﺷﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻭﻛﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺭ ﺗﺳﻌﯾﻧﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺻﺭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﯾﺩ ﺗﻌﺭﯾﻑ ﺃﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﺿﺣﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻭﻛﻣﺔ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻭﻟﯾﺳﺕ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺑﺫﻟﻙ ﺗﺷﻣل ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﻟﯾﺩ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺩﺩ ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﺇﻋﻣﺎل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻭﻛﯾﻑ ﯾﻣﺎﺭﺱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻁﻧﻭﻥ ﺣﻘﻭﻗﻬﻡ ﻭﯾﻌﺑﺭﻭﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺗﻔﺿﯾﻼﺗﻬﻡ ﻭﻛﯾﻑ ﺗﺗﻡ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺿﺎﯾﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻫﺗﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﻣﺎﻫﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻭﺍﻓﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺩﻣﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﺭﺍﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻭﻅﺎﺋﻑ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺣﯾﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻣل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺷﺑﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻏﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻁﻧﯾﻥ ﻭﺗﻭﺯﯾﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺧل ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﺑﺎﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻧﻭﻋﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﯾﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﺗﺗﺑﻊ ﻧﻅﺎﻣﺎ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻋﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻭﺯﯾﻊ ﻣﺧﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﯾﺎﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺔ )‪.(UNDP, 2006: 34-5‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻡ ﺗﺣﺩﯾﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﻭﻛﻣﺔ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﯾﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻛﻣﯾﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﯾﺎﺳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺻﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﯾﻑ‬

‫"ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﯾﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺳﺗﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾﺭ ﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻕ ﺑﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺍﺧﺗﯾﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﻐﯾﯾﺭ ﻭﻣﺭﺍﻗﺑﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺎﺕ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﯾﺗﻔﺭﻉ ﻋﻧﻪ ﻣﺅﺷﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺃﻭﻟﻬﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﯾﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﺭﻛﺔ )ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺷﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻁﻧﯾﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺧﺗﯾﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ( ﻭﺛﺎﻧﯾﻬﻣﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺀﻟﺔ‬

‫)ﻭﺳﺎﺋل ﺗﺩﺍﻭل ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻁﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻁﻧﯾﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺎﺀﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺋﻭﻟﯾﻥ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﯾﺗﻌﻠﻕ ﺑﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﯾﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺟﺣﺔ‬

‫ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﯾﺗﻔﺭﻉ ﻋﻧﻪ ﺑﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻣﺅﺷﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﻥ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻟﻬﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﯾﺱ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ )ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺗﻭﻓﯾﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪19‬‬

‫ﻭﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺑﯾﺭﻭﻗﺭﺍﻁﻲ ﻭﻧﺟﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ‬

‫ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺟﻬﺎ(؛ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺛﺎﻧﯾﻬﻣﺎ ﻓﯾﻧﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﺟﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺷل ﻓﻲ ﺻﯾﺎﻏﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﯾﻘﯾﺱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺗﺭﺍﻡ ﻛﻼ ﻁﺭﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﯾﺳﯾﯾﻥ – ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻁﻧﯾﻥ – ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﺅﺷﺭ ﺍﺣﺗﺭﺍﻡ ﺳﯾﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻭﻣﺅﺷﺭ ﻣﻛﺎﻓﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺳﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﯾﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺻﻧﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1996‬ﻗﺭﺭﺕ ﻟﺟﻧﺔ ﺻﻧﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﻠﺱ ﻣﺣﺎﻓﻅﻲ ﺻﻧﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺛﯾﻘﺔ ﺃﺳﻣﺗﻬﺎ‬

‫"ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﻭل ﺍﻟﺷﺭﺍﻛﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟل ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺩﺍﻡ" ﺃﻫﻣﯾﺔ ﺗﻌﺯﯾﺯ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ ﺟﻭﺍﻧﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺳﯾﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺣﺳﯾﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺀﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺻﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﻔﺳﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻌﻧﺎﺻﺭ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻣل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﯾﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺯﺩﻫﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺎﺕ "‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻛﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺩﻭﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺻﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻧﯾﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﻭﻫﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺎﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺣﺳﯾﻥ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺷﻣل ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ )ﻛﺎﻟﺧﺯﺍﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻧﻙ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻧﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎل(‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺣﺳﯾﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﯾﺔ )ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﯾل ﻣﺭﺍﻗﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﯾﺯﺍﻧﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺣﺻﯾل ﺍﻹﯾﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎل(؛ ﻭﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﻔﺎﻅ‬ ‫‪http://www.unescap.org/pdd/prs/ProjectActivities/Ongoing/gg/governance.asp 1‬‬

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‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﯾﺋﺔ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺭﺓ ﻭﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺗﻧﻅﯾﻣﯾﺔ ﻣﻭﺍﺗﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺹ )ﻛﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﺭﻑ ﻭﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺭﻓﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎل( ) ‪IMF,‬‬

‫‪.(1997: 3‬‬

‫ﻛﻣﺎ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺛﻣﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ‬

‫ﻭﻫﻰ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺗﺿﻣﯾﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻭﺍﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺷﻔﺎﻓﯾﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻧﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎﺕ ﺗﺅﺩﻱ ﻹﺷﺑﺎﻉ‬

‫ﺭﻏﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﻡ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻷﻗﺻﻰ ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻣﻛﻧﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﺿﻣﯾﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑﻣﺎ ﯾﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻣﺎﻉ ﻟﻛل ﺍﻷﺻﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‪،‬‬

‫ﻻﺳﯾﻣﺎ ﺃﺻﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻣﺷﯾﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺷﻔﺎﻓﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻧﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺧﺫﺓ ﻭﻁﺭﯾﻘﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻁﺑﯾﻘﻬﺎ ﺗﺗﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﺄﺳﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺭﯾﺔ ﺗﺩﻓﻕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﺭﻏﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻁﻧﯾﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﻣﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺑﯾﻥ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﯾﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺑﻣﺎ ﯾﺣﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺳﻭﺍﺀ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻣﺛﻠﯾﻥ ﻋﺑﺭ‬

‫ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺳﯾﻁﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﯾﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺃﻁﺭﺍ ﻗﺎﻧﻭﻧﯾﺔ ﯾﺗﻡ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫﻫﺎ ﺑﺣﯾﺎﺩﯾﺔ ﺑﻣﺎ ﯾﺣﻣﻲ‬

‫ﺣﺭﯾﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻅل ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻗﺿﺎﺀ ﻣﺳﺗﻘل‪.‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﯾﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺩﺉ ﯾﻧﺑﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺗﺑﻊ ﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﯾﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﻭﺩﯾﻣﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ – ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﯾﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ‬

‫ﻭﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺳﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﻟﺗﺯﺍﻡ ﺑﺳﯾﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺑﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺗﺣﯾﺯﻩ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺿﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺟﻣﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﻌﯾﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺛﻡ ﺍﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﯾﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻧﻊ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺭﻏﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻁﻠﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻁﻧﯾﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺳﺎﺀﻟﺔ ﺻﻧﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﺎﻫﯾﺭ ﺳﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﻌﻠﻕ ﺑﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫﻩ‬

‫ﻭﺗﻁﺑﯾﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﯾﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﯾﺗﻣﺗﻊ ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺭﺅﯾﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺗﺭﺍﺗﯾﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗﻣﺗﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺁﺟﺎﻟﻬﺎ ) ‪UNDP,‬‬

‫‪ .(1993: 3-12‬ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻔﺎﻋل ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺳﯾﺎﻕ‬

‫ﻣﻧﻅﻭﻣﺔ ﻣﺗﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﻘﻭﺩ ﻓﯾﻬﺎ ﻛل ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺗﻬﺎ ﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺟﻭﺩﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻛﺗﻣﺎل‬

‫ﺗﺣﻘﻘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﯾﻥ ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ ﻟﯾﺳﺕ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻧﻣﺎ ﯾﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﯾﻛﺗﻣل ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺷﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻧﻲ ﻭﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎل ﻓﯾﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺭﻛﺯ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﻓﺗﺣﻲ ﺇﺑﺭﺍﻫﯾﻡ‪ 1‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻣﺳﺔ ﻣﺅﺷﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺣﻭﻛﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﺭﯾﻘﯾﺎ ﻫﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﻓﺗﺣﻲ ﺇﺑﺭﺍﻫﯾﻡ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻬﺩﻑ ﻟﻠﺭﺑﺢ ﺗﻡ ﺗﺄﺳﯾﺳﻬﺎ ﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺷﯾﺩ ﻓ ـﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺭﯾﻘﯾﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪http://ww.moibrahimfaundation.org.‬‬

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‫‪ 1‬ﺍﻟﺳﻼﻣﺔ‪ :‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻧﺯﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﺩﺧل ﻓﯾﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺩﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﺭﺍﺋﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﻧﻑ‪ ،‬ﺳﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﺣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2‬ﺳﯾﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺷﻔﺎﻓﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﺳﺎﺩ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺗﺻﺩﯾﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺩﺍﺕ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﻭﺍﻧﯾﻥ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻘﻼل ﺍﻟﻘﺿﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﻛﻡ‪ ،‬ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻣﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻧﻔﯾﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 3‬ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺗﺧﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺗﻧﻔﯾﺫﯾﺔ ﺗﺗﺳﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺯﺍﻫﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓﺳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺗﺧﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺗﺷﺭﯾﻌﯾﺔ ﺗﻧﺎﻓﺳﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺗﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻧﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺭﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﺎﻓﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺃﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 4‬ﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﺩﺍﻣﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﺟﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻣﯾﺯﺍﻧﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺩﺍﻗﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺗﺿﺧﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 5‬ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭﯾﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭ‪ ،‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﯾﻥ ﯾﻌﯾﺷﻭﻥ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺧﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﯾﺎﺓ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﯾﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻛﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺣﺭﺹ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺇﺑﺭﺍﻫﯾﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺷﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﻁ ﺑﯾﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺷﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﻭﺑﯾﻥ ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺩﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﺭﯾﻘﯾﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻛﺫﺍ ﺗﻁﻭﺭ ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻛﻡ ﺩﯾﻣﻘﺭﺍﻁﻲ ‪Democratic‬‬ ‫‪ Governance‬ﺛﻡ ﺣﻛﻡ ﺇﻧﺳﺎﻧﻲ ‪ – Human Governance‬ﻭﺃﺻﺑﺢ‬ ‫ﯾﻧﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﯾﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺷﺭﻁ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻻﻧﻁﻼﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﺩﺍﻣﺔ ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻱ )‪.(UNDP, 2006: 22‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺅﺷﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺗﻡ ﺗﻁﻭﯾﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺷﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻹﻧﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻸﻣﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬

‫‪ 1‬ﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻥ‪ :‬ﻫل ﺗﺗﺑﻊ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺭﺓ ﯾﺭﺍﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻁﻧﻭﻥ ﻣﻧﺻﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﻭﺿﻭﻋﯾﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺣﯾﺙ ﺗﻭﺍﻓﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻗﻧﺎﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺑﻌﺩﺍﻟﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2‬ﺭﺷﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﻣﺩﻯ ﺧﺿﻭﻉ ﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬

‫ﻭﺇﺟﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﻘﻼﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺣﯾﺙ ﻋﻛﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻏﺑﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﻁﺭﺣﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻧﻘﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﻭﻓﯾﺭ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻓﯾﺔ ﻭﻣﺗﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل‬

‫ﻭﺳﺎﺋل ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺩﻯ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺑﺩﺍﺋل ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺧﺫ ﻟﺭﻏﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻧﯾﯾﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 3‬ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺭﻛﺯﯾﺔ‪ :‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﺗﺭﻛﺯ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻁﺔ ﻭﺗﻭﺯﻋﻬﺎ ﻫﯾﻛﻠﯾﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺣﯾﺙ ﺍﻟﻔﺻل ﺑﯾﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻁﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻧﺢ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ ﺳﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 4‬ﺍﻟﺷﻔﺎﻓﯾﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻥ ﺣﯾﺙ ﻭﺿﻭﺡ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺩﻯ ﺗﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻛﻣﺔ ﻟﻣﺟﺎل ﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﻭﺳﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻬﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﺧﺿﻭﻋﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺭﻗﺎﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 5‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺀﻟﺔ‪ :‬ﻟﻣﺗﺧﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺣﯾﺙ ﺗﻭﺍﻓﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻁﺑﯾﻘﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺗﻘﻼل ﺍﻟﻘﺿﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺭﯾﻌﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺭﺍﻗﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﯾﺫﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 6‬ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻓﺅ‪ :‬ﻣﻥ ﺣﯾﺙ ﻣﺩﻯ ﺗﺷﺎﺭﻙ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺧﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﻭﺗﺣﻣﻠﻬﻡ ﻷﻋﺑﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺩﻯ ﻋﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺗﻭﺯﯾﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 7‬ﺍﻟﺭﺅﯾﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺗﺭﺍﺗﯾﺟﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻥ ﺣﯾﺙ ﺍﻣﺗﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﺭﺅﯾﺔ ﻟﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻧﺑﻐﻲ ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻘﻪ ﻭﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻘﻪ ﻭﺗﻣﻛﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻘﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻻ ﺭﯾﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﺑﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﯾﻣﻘﺭﺍﻁﻲ ﺃﻋﺎﺩ ﺗﻌﺭﯾﻑ ﻛل‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻬﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﯾﺗﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻁﺎﻗﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﻑﺀ‬ ‫‪24‬‬

‫ﻟﯾﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺅﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻧﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﻘﻭﻕ‬

‫ﻟﻛل ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻣﯾﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻬﻣﺷﯾﻥ ) ‪UNDP,‬‬ ‫‪ .(2006: 32‬ﻓﺎﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﯾﻣﻘﺭﺍﻁﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﯾﺿﻣﻥ ﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﻷﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺅﺳﺱ ﻣﺩﺧﻼﺗﻪ ﻭﯾﻭﺯﻉ ﻣﺧﺭﺟﺎﺗﻪ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺩﯾﻣﻘﺭﺍﻁﯾﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﺿﻣﻥ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺗﻣﺭﺍﺭﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﺄﺳﺱ ﺑﻧﺎﺀﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻅﺭﯾﺔ "ﺃﻣﺎﺭﺗﯾﺎ ﺳﻥ"‬

‫ﻭﺗﻧﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﯾﻣﻘﺭﺍﻁﯾﺔ ﯾﺗﻡ ﺗﻌﺭﯾﻔﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﯾﺔ – ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﯾﻭﺩ –‬

‫ﻓﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺣﺭﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﺣﺩﻯ ﻏﺎﯾﺎﺕ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﯾﻣﻘﺭﺍﻁﻲ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻭﺍﻓﺭﻫﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﯾﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﯾﺭﺍﻗﺏ ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻑ‬

‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﺗﺣﻘﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ – ﻓﺗﺻﺑﺢ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﺩﻯ ﺗﻣﺗﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ )‪.(UNDP, 2006: 36‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻣﺗﺯﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﯾﻣﻘﺭﺍﻁﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﯾﻌﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺱ ﻷﻧﻔﺳﻬﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل ﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ ﯾﺗﻡ ﺍﺧﺗﯾﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻧﺯﺍﻫﺔ ﻭﺷﻔﺎﻓﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺣﺭﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻬﻣﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﻘﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻣﯾﺯ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﯾﻣﻘﺭﺍﻁﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ‬

‫ﻭﻫﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﺩﺍﺧﻼﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺣﯾﺙ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﻣﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﻕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﯾﺟﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﯾﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﯾﻣﻘﺭﺍﻁﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻭﺓ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺗﻁﻠﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﻲ ﻓﻌﺎل‪ ،‬ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﺗﺧﺎﺑﻲ ﺣﺭ ﻭﺷﻔﺎﻑ‬

‫ﻭﺗﺷﺎﺭﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﻭﻓﺻل ﺑﯾﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺛﻼﺙ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻠﻕ ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‬

‫ﻣﺩﻧﻲ ﻓﻌﺎل ﯾﺳﺗﻁﯾﻊ ﻣﺳﺎﺀﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ ﻭﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﺔ ﻣﻌﻬﻣﺎ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﻣل ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺋﻭﻟﯾﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﻭﺗﻭﺻﯾل ﺻﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﻟﻛﻠﯾﻬﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻛﻡ‬

‫‪25‬‬

‫ﻣﺩﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻬﯾﺋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺳﻛﺭﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻣﻧﺎﺥ ﺇﻋﻼﻣﻲ ﺣﺭ ) ‪UNDP, 2006:‬‬

‫‪.(38-40‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺫﻟﻙ ﯾﺗﺭﻛﺯ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﯾﻣﻘﺭﺍﻁﻲ ﺣﻭل‪:‬‬

‫• ﺍﺣﺗﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺭﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﺭﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﯾﻣﻛﻧﻬﻡ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﯾﺵ ﺑﻛﺭﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫• ﺍﻹﻧﺻﺎﺕ ﻟﺭﻏﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫• ﻣﺳﺋﻭﻟﯾﺔ ﺻﻧﺎﻉ ﻭﻣﺗﺧﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻁﻧﯾﻥ‬

‫• ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻭﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﺣﺎﯾﺩﺓ ﺗﺣﻛﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬

‫• ﻏﯾﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﯾﯾﺯ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺳﺱ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ‬ ‫)‪(UNDP/UN-OHRLLS, 2006: 36‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﯾﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺩﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﺣﯾﺙ‬

‫ﯾﺷﻣل ﺍﻟﻬﯾﺎﻛل ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺩﻋﻡ ﺧﻠﻕ ﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ ﺗﺷﺎﺭﻛﯾﺔ ﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩ ﺗﻧﺎﻓﺳﻲ ﻏﯾﺭ ﺗﻣﯾﯾﺯﻱ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﻟﺗﺯﺍﻡ ﺑﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﯾﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺗﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻛﺫﺍ ﺗﺻﺑﺢ ﻣﻼﻣﺢ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺭﺗﻛﺯﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺑﺎﺩﺉ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻣﻠﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺋﻭﻟﯾﺔ )‪.(Weiss, 2000: 805‬‬

‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﻫﯾﻣﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ )ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﯾﻣﻘﺭﺍﻁﻲ( ﻧﻛﻭﻥ ﺑﺻﺩﺩ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺩ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﻛﺯﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺧﻠﻕ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺩﺩﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﻣﯾﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻭﺯﯾﻊ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻁﺔ‬

‫ﻋﺑﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﯾﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﻘﯾﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻣل ﻣﻊ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎل‬ ‫‪26‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻧﻲ ﻭﺭﺃﺳﯾﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﻋﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻣﯾﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﻭﯾﺽ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻧﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﯾﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺗﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺗﻁﻭﺭﺍ ﻣﻘﺑﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺧﺭﻭﺝ ﻣﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﺭﺓ ﺗﺿﺧﻡ ﻫﯾﺎﻛل ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻧﺎﻣﯾﺔ ﻭﻣﻥ ﺛﻡ‬

‫ﻋﺩﻡ ﺭﺷﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺻﻌﻭﺑﺔ ﺻﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻣﺎ ﯾﺣﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺯﯾﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺿﺎﯾﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ) ‪Chandhoke, 2003:‬‬

‫‪ .(2957‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل ﻻ ﻣﺭﻛﺯﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺣﺩﻯ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺻﻭﺭ‪:‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺧﻠﺧﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺭﻛﺯﯾﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﯾﺔ )‪:(Deconcentration‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻧﻲ ﺗﻔﻭﯾﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﻛﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﯾﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﻠل ﻣﻥ ﺃﻋﺑﺎﺀ ﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯﻱ ﺩﻭﻧﻣﺎ ﻧﻘل‬ ‫ﺣﻘﯾﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﺳﻠﻁﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻔﻭﯾﺽ )‪ :(Delegation‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺗﻘﺩﻣﺎ ﻣﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯﯾﺔ ﻭﻓﯾﻬﺎ ﯾﺗﻡ ﻣﻧﺢ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺋﻭﻟﯾﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﯾﻥ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺳﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺻﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ‬

‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺑﻭل ﺃﻭ ﺭﻓﺽ ﺍﻻﻟﺗﺯﺍﻡ ﺑﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻧﻘل ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺳﻠﻁﺔ )‪ :(Devolution‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻛﺛﺭ ﺗﻘﺩﻣﺎ ﻟﻼﻣﺭﻛﺯﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﻭﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻗل ﻣﻊ ﺗﺣﻣﻠﻬﻡ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻣل ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺋﻭﻟﯾﺎﺕ )‪.(UNDP, 1993: 66-7‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺷﻛل ﻋﺎﻡ ﯾﻣﻛﻥ ﺇﺟﻣﺎل ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻧﻅﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻹﻧﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻣﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺩﺓ ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫• ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻔﯾﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‪ :‬ﻓﺎﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺷﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﻛل ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﯾﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺻﻧﻊ‬ ‫‪27‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﺣﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﺗﺳﺎﻣﺣﺔ ﺗﻌﻣل ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺻﻭﻍ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﻭﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺛل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﻕ ﯾﺟﺩ‬

‫ﺩﻋﻣﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺣﺭﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻛﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺃﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺗﺭﺍﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺭﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻭﺍﻁﻧﯾﻥ ﺩﻭﻧﻣﺎ ﺗﻣﯾﯾﺯ ﺿﺩ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﯾﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺗﺩﻋﯾﻡ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﺍﻛﺎﺕ ﺑﯾﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻋﯾﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ :‬ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻘﺳﯾﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎل ﻟﻠﻌﻣل ﺗﺗﻛﺎﻣل ﻓﯾﻪ ﻣﺟﻬﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻣﺎﺕ ﻏﯾﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻬﺩﻑ ﺗﻘﺩﯾﻡ ﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﻔﺄ ﻭﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺍﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬

‫ﻟﺭﻏﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺗﺳﻬﯾل ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﯾﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺎﺭﻛﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻁﻭﯾﺭ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﺭﻏﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻧﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻁﻧﯾﻥ ﺣﻭل ﻣﺎ ﯾﺭﻏﺑﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭل ﻋﻠﯾﻪ ﻣﻥ‬

‫ﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺷﻔﺎﻓﯾﺔ ﻟﻛل ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ‪) :‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺩﻧﻲ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ – ﻟﯾﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ‬

‫ﻟﻣﻼﻛﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻣﻠﺔ ﺃﺳﻬﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺍﻟﻔﺻل ﺑﯾﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‪ :‬ﻟﻠﺣﻔﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﯾﺎﺩﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﯾﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻣل ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﯾل‬

‫ﻓﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﺳﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺑﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺣﺳﻭﺑﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺣﺭﯾﺔ ﺗﺩﻓﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﻼﻣﯾﺔ ﻣﺳﺋﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺗﻁﻭﯾﺭ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻭﻧﻲ ﻓﻌﺎل‪ :‬ﯾﺩﻋﻣﻪ ﻗﺿﺎﺀ ﻣﺳﺗﻘل ﯾﺭﺍﻗﺏ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‪.‬‬

‫‪28‬‬

‫• ﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻔﺯ ﻟﻸﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻡ ﻧﻅﺎﻣﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻌﻪ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺗﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻧﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺭﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫)‪.(UNDP, 1997: 104-5‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺗﺎﺡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﯾﺗﺑﻧﺎﻩ‬

‫ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﺭﺻﺔ ﺇﻓﺳﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎل ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﯾﺙ ﻋﻥ‬

‫ﻗﺿﺎﯾﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﯾل ﻣﺭﻛﺯﯾﺔ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻫﺗﻣﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺳﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﯾﺔ ﻭﻛﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺗﻐﻼل ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﻛﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﺑل ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬

‫ﯾﻣﻛﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ ﻭﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻹﻧﻣﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻔﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﻭﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ ﯾﺩﻋﻡ ﻛل ﻣﻧﻬﻣﺎ ﺍﻵﺧﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﻛﻼﻫﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻣﺎ ﻛﻠﯾﺎ ﻟﻠﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻏﯾﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺔ ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﺗﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺛﻘﺎﻓﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻛﺱ ﺻﺣﯾﺢ‪ .‬ﻓﻣﺑﺎﺩﺉ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ ﺗﻭﻓﺭ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﯾﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻭﺟﻪ ﻭﺗﻘﯾﺩ ﻋﻣل ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﯾﺭﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﯾﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﯾﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﯾﻥ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺗﺣﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ‬

‫ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﺻﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﯾﺟﻌل ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺀﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻣﻛﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻬﺫﺍ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺏ ﻣﻥ ﺟﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﺣﯾﺙ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺑﻣﺛﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺷﺩ ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎﺕ ﺗﻁﻭﯾﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺭﯾﻌﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻧﯾﺔ ﻭﻏﯾﺭﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﺣﻛﻡ ﻭﯾﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻁﻧﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻗﯾﻡ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ ﺗﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﺩﯾﺩ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﻬﻡ‬

‫ﻭﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺷﺋﻭﻧﻪ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺭﻭﻥ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻣﻘﺎﺑل ﯾﻣﺛل‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﯾﺿﻣﻥ ﻟﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ ﺍﺣﺗﺭﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﻁﺭﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﺩﯾﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﺀ ﻣﻥ ﺷﺄﻥ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ ﯾﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﺑﯾﺋﺔ ﻣﻭﺍﺗﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪29‬‬

‫ﺗﺷﻣل ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻧﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﯾﺫﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺋﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﺑﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﻭﺍﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻁﻧﯾﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﯾﺯﯾﺩ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺯﺍﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﻣﻭﺍﻁﻧﯾﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺑﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﻔﺎﻓﯾﺔ ﻭﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺀﻟﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﺩﯾﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻣﯾﯾﺯ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﻐﻼل ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﻫﺩﺍﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺳﺎﺩ‬

‫)‪.(UNHCR, 2007: 2‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻐﯾﺏ ﻋﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺗﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩ‬

‫ﻓﯾﻬﺎ ﺻﻭﺭ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻣﯾﯾﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻕ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﯾﻥ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﺗﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﺗﺷﯾﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺑﯾﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﻟﻛل ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺟل ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺃﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﻣﻛﺗﺳﺑﺔ ﻭﺗﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﺑﺎﺧﺗﻼﻑ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻁﺎﺭﯾﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺛﻘﺎﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻌل ﺍﻟﺗﻣﯾﯾﺯ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﻛﺛﺭ ﺑﺭﻭﺯﺍ‬

‫ﻭﻭﺿﻭﺣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﺣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺣﯾﺙ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾل ﺍﻟﻧﯾﺎﺑﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻭﯾﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺭﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻣﯾﯾﺯ ﻻ ﯾﻘﺗﺻﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎل ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﺇﻧﻣﺎ ﯾﻣﺗﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﯾﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺣﯾﺙ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺃﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻭﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺗﻧﺎﻓﺳﯾﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻥ ﻫﻧﺎ ﺗﻛﻣﻥ ﺃﻫﻣﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﯾﻬﺩﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻓﺅ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (Gender Equity‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻭﺯﯾﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓﻊ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺋﻭﻟﯾﺎﺕ ﺑﯾﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺟﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﻧﺳﺎﺀ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺣﯾﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﻁﻠﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻋﺗﺭﺍﻑ ﺑﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﺣﺗﺭﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﯾﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻣل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻣﻛﯾﻧﻬﻥ ﻟﻠﻭﺻﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻣﺗﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺳﻠﻁﺔ ﻛﺟﺯﺀ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺹ ﺑﯾﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺟﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﻧﺳﺎﺀ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل ﺇﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺹ ﻭﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫‪30‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺛﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻔﺱ ﻭﺗﻭﺳﯾﻊ ﻧﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﯾﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺗﺷﻛﯾل ﺍﻟﻬﯾﺎﻛل ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﺑﻣﺎ ﯾﺿﻣﻥ ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻓﺅ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﻲ‬

‫)‪.(Danida, 2008: 3-4‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﺧﯾﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﯾﻐﯾﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺷﻔﺎﻓﯾﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺀﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﺎﺓ ﺃﻏﻠﺑﯾﺔ ﻣﻬﻣﺷﺔ ﻟﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺃﻗﻠﯾﺔ ﻣﺳﯾﻁﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﺳﺗﻔﯾﺩﺓ ﻟﻥ‬

‫ﺗﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻫﺗﻣﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﺗﻭﻓﯾﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻭﺍﻁﻧﯾﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻧﻣﻭ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﻌﺏ ﺃﻥ ﯾﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺩﻭﻧﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﯾﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ‬

‫ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺎل ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﻣﺣﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﯾﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺗﻲ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﯾﻣﻛﻥ ﻓﯾﻪ ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻪ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻣﻛﯾﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﻭﯾﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻔﯾﺔ )ﻭﻫﻲ ﺇﺟﻣﺎﻻ ﺍﻟﻘﺿﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺟﻭﻉ ﻭﻧﺷﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻡ ﻭﺗﺣﺳﯾﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﺔ ﻭﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺗﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ ﻭﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺷﺭﺍﻛﺔ ﺑﯾﻥ ﻗﺎﻁﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﻛﺏ(‪ 1.‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻘﺎﺀ‬

‫ﺑﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺷﻔﺎﻓﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﯾﺻﺑﺢ ﺑﻣﻘﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻁﻧﯾﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﯾﺎﻡ ﺑﺩﻭﺭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻭﻧﺷﺎﻁﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻭﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻧﻔﯾﺫ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺭﺍﺗﯾﺟﯾﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻛﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﺑﺎﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯾﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺑﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻓﺅ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﯾﯾﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺷﻔﺎﻓﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻣﻛﯾﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺷﺭﺍﻛﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺑﻧﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺎﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﯾﻌﺩ ﺟﻭﻫﺭﯾﺎ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻹﻧﻣﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻔﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻬﺫﺍ‬

‫ﯾﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﺭﺗﻛﺯ ﻋﻠﯾﻪ ﺭﺅﯾﺔ ﻛل ﻣﻥ ﻣﻧﻅﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻧﻣﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻔﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻭﺳﯾﻊ ﻧﻁﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺧﯾﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﺷﺭ‬ ‫)‪.(UN, 2007: 17, 31‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬ﻟﻠﻣﺯﯾﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻹﻧﻣﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻔﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﯾﻣﻛﻥ ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪http://www.un.org/arabic/millenniumgoals/news.shtml‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻧﺎﻭﻟﺕ ﺃﺩﺑﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻭﻅﯾﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﻟﺔ – ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺩﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﯾﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﺭﺑﻊ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﻭﺗﻁﺑﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻧﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﻛﻡ ﻋﻣل ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺗﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻣﻼﺗﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺗﯾﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﺗﻭﻓﯾﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﯾﺋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺭﺿﯾﻥ ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﯾﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﻬﻣﺔ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺭﻛﺯ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺧﻔﺽ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺇﺻﻼﺡ ﻭﺗﺧﻔﯾﺽ ﺍﻟﺿﺭﺍﺋﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺣﺭﯾﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﯾﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﺎﻓﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺧﺻﺧﺻﺔ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻣﺟﺎﻻﺕ ﯾﻣﻛﻥ ﻣﻥ‬

‫ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﻁﻭﯾﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻧﺎﻣﯾﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻁﻭﯾﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻧﻊ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻁﻭﯾﺭ ﻭﺳﺎﺋل ﺗﻘﺩﯾﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺄﻫﯾل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﯾﻥ ﻋﻠﯾﻪ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﯾﻥ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻔﻌﯾل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺻﻼﺕ ﺑﯾﻥ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﯾﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﯾﺔ ﻟﻭﺿﻊ ﺗﺻﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻓﺿل ﻟﻠﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ﻭﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﺗﻘﺩﯾﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺅﺛﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻱ‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺛﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻏﯾﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﻛﻡ‬

‫ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﯾل ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺷﻔﺎﻓﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑل ﺍﻟﺣﻛﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪32‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻣﺣﻛﻭﻣﯾﻥ ﻭﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻭﺍﻁﻧﯾﻥ ﻭﺳﯾﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻭﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺗﺭﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﯾﺹ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺳﻛﺭﻱ‬ ‫)‪.(Guhan, 1998: 185‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺷﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻣﻛﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻗﯾﺎﺱ ﻣﺩﻯ ﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑل ﺧﺑﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫• ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻭﯾﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺋﻭﻟﯾﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﯾﻘﯾﺱ ﻣﺩﻯ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻁﻧﯾﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺧﺗﯾﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺫﺍ ﺣﺭﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾﺭ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺟﻣﻊ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﻏﯾﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻧﻑ‪ :‬ﻭﯾﻘﯾﺱ ﺗﻭﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻣﺎل ﺍﻟﻌﻧﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾﺭ ﻏﯾﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﺳﻠﻁﺔ‪.‬‬

‫• ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﯾﻘﯾﺱ ﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﺳﺗﻘﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﺻﯾﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﺗﻧﻔﯾﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ ﺑﺗﻧﻔﯾﺫﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻥ‪ :‬ﻭﯾﻘﯾﺱ ﻣﺩﻯ ﺛﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻛﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺍﻟﺳﯾﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺳﺎﺩ‪ :‬ﻭﯾﻘﯾﺱ ﻣﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﺍﺧل ﺑﯾﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺎﺹ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺳﺗﻐﻼل ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻭﺫ ﻭﻏﯾﺭﻩ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺷﻛﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﺳﺎﺩ ) ‪Kaufmann, et. Al,‬‬

‫‪.(2007: 3-4‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻧﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺳﺎﺩ – ﺑﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻋﻪ – ﺃﺣﺩ ﺃﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺿﺎﯾﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗل ﺃﻭﻟﻭﯾﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻙ – ﻧﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻛﻭﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺳﺑﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﯾﺳﻲ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫‪33‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻛﺛﯾﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻠﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﻭﻕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻣﻌﻅﻡ ﺟﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺳﺎﺩ ﯾﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﯾﺗﻡ ﺗﻌﺭﯾﻔﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋﻠﯾﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﯾﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻡ‬

‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻛﻭﻧﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺻﺣﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺻﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻓﯾﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫ﻭﯾﻬﺩﻓﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺳﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺗﺩﺍﻣﺔ ﻫﯾﻣﻧﺗﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻁﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺗﻐﻼل ﻣﻧﺎﺻﺑﻬﻡ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﻣﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﺷﺧﺻﯾﺔ ﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﻟﻬﻡ‬

‫ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻥ ﺑﯾﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺭﺍﺗﯾﺟﯾﺎﺕ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺳﻣﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺷﺩ ﺻﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺳﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﻠﯾﺑﺗﻭﻛﺭﺍﺳﻲ )‪ (kleptocracy‬ﻭﻫﻲ "ﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺻﻭﺹ" ﻭﻏﯾﺭﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﯾﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻻﺧﺗﻼﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺷﻭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﺃﺷﻛﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﺳﺎﺩ‬

‫ﻟﺗﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺗﻭﺯﯾﻌﺎ ﯾﺣﻣل ﺍﻟﻛﺛﯾﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺑﺎﺓ ﻟﺷﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻻﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ )‪.(Amundsen, 2006: 3-4‬‬

‫‪34‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻅﺎﺕ ﺧﺗﺎﻣﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺭﯾﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺑﯾﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺯﻯ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻭل ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﯾﻣﻘﺭﺍﻁﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺗﻁﻭﺭ ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺻﻌﯾﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻏﯾﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻣﺎﯾﺯ‬

‫ﺑﯾﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻭﺭﯾﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﯾﺳﯾﯾﻥ )ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ‪ +‬ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻹﻧﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬

‫ﻟﻸﻣﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺩﺓ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻠﺫﺍﻥ ﯾﺗﻧﺎﺯﻋﺎﻥ ﺗﺣﻠﯾل ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﯾﺗﺭﻙ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﻌﻠﻕ ﺑﻁﺭﻕ ﺗﻁﺑﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﯾﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻧﯾﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻭﯾﺔ ﻭﻟﻛﻥ ﺗﺗﺭﺩﺩ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ ﻣﺣﺭﻛﺎ ﻟﻠﻧﻣﻭ ﻭﯾﺗﺑﻧﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﯾﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﺗﻧﺎﻭل ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ ﻛﻐﺎﯾﺔ ﻭﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﻠﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﻭﯾﺗﺑﻧﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻧﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻸﻣﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻌﺩﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺗﺛﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻭﺗﺛﯾﺭ ﻗﻠﻘﺎ ﻋﻠﻣﯾﺎ ﻣﺭﻏﻭﺑﺎ ﺣﻭل ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﺗﻁﺑﯾﻘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻌﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﯾﺎ‪ :‬ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻏﻣﻭﺽ ﺣﻭل ﻣﺎﻫﯾﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻘﯾﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﻭﺓ ﻟﻠﺣﻭﻛﻣﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺗﻁﺑﯾﻕ ﺍﻷﺟﻧﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺔ ﻭﺣﺩﻫﺎ ﻗﺩ ﯾﻔﻬﻡ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺣﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺗﺩﻋﯾﻡ ﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﻠل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺗﺅﺩﻱ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻘﺭﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﯾﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺟﻧﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻗﺩ ﯾﻛﻭﻥ ﻫﺩﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪35‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺗﺑﺩﺍل ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺟﻌل ﺍﻷﺟﻧﺩﺗﯾﻥ ﻏﯾﺭ ﻣﺗﻭﺍﺋﻣﺗﯾﻥ ﻧﻅﺭﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻁﺑﯾﻘﯾﺎ )‪.(Nanda, 2006: 273, 278‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺛﺎ‪ :‬ﺑﺩﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺣﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﻛﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺎﺟﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﺗﺗﻣﺛل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺑﯾﻥ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ ﻭﺧﺻﻭﺻﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬

‫ﯾﻁﺑﻕ ﻓﯾﻪ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻔﺗﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﯾﻛﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺣﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﯾﺗﺣﺩﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺛﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﺎﻫﯾﺔ ﺟﻭﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﯾﺱ ﻣﺣﺻﻠﺔ ﺃﺟﻧﺩﺓ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻓﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻥ‬

‫ﺑﯾﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﻛﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﺎﻓل ﻋﻧﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺏ ﻟﺗﺄﺳﯾﺱ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﯾﺷﻣل ﻛل ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﯾﺎﻛل ﻟﺗﺣﺩﯾﺩ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﺍﺳﺗﻐﻼل‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﯾﺯ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺧﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺩﺩﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺭﻟﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺿﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘل ﯾﻌﺩ ﻧﺎﻗﺻﺎ ﺇﺫ ﯾﺳﺗﻠﺯﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ‬

‫ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻛﺎﻟﻌﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻭﺯﯾﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﺭﺍﻡ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻧﯾﻥ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﻣﺭﺍﺭﯾﺔ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻁﺑﯾﻘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻧﺗﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺷﻔﺎﻓﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺄﻧﻣﺎﻁ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﯾﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﺿﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﺭﻛﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻭﺍﻁﻧﯾﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻧﻊ ﻭﺗﻁﺑﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪(Weiss, 2000:‬‬

‫)‪ .801‬ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺑﯾﻥ ﺗﻘﺭﯾﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1989‬ﻋﻥ‪" :‬ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺭﯾﻘﯾﺎ"‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﺭﯾﻘﯾﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻘﺩﯾﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻛﺛﯾﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﺩﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻏﯾﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣل ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻔﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺩﻓﻊ ﺃﺑﻧﺎﺀ‬

‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﻷﻥ ﯾﺻﺑﺣﻭﺍ ﺟﺯﺀﺍ ﻣﻥ ﺟﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻭﺏ‬ ‫‪36‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﻘﺩﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺍﺕ )‪(Top-down approach‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻗﺗﺑﺎﺱ ﻭﻟﯾﺱ ﺗﻁﻭﯾﻊ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺑﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ‬

‫ﯾﺻﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﻭ ﺗﺣﻔﯾﺯ ﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻣﻛﯾﻧﻬﻡ ﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾﺭ ﺣﯾﺎﺗﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل ﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ ﺃﻓﺿل ﻭﻟﯾﺱ ﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ ﺃﻗل‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺭﻛﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺗﻭﻓﯾﺭ ﺑﯾﺋﺔ ﻣﻭﺍﺗﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﻣﻛﯾﻥ ﺍﻵﺧﺭﯾﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻥ ﯾﺻﺑﺣﻭﺍ ﻣﻧﺗﺟﯾﻥ ﺑﺩﻻ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﯾﺎﻡ ﺑﻛل ﺷﻲﺀ ﺑﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﺑﻌﺎ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﺟﻭﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﯾﻣﻘﺭﺍﻁﻲ ﻟﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﯾﺳﺗﻠﺯﻡ ﺣﺩﻭﺙ‬

‫ﺗﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ ﻗﺑل ﺍﻟﻣﺿﻲ ﻗﺩﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻁﺑﯾﻕ ﺟﻭﻫﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺳﯾﺿﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻣﺭﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻘﺎﺀ )‪ .(Jayal, 1997: 410‬ﻭﻣﻥ ﻫﻧﺎ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﺓ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﯾﻣﻘﺭﺍﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﻌﺑﻲ ﻛﺄﺣﺩ ﻣﺳﺗﻠﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻭﻛﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺑﻌﺩﺍ ﺇﻧﺳﺎﻧﯾﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺗﺩﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﯾﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺗﻐﯾﺭ ﻣﻌﺩﻻﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺗﻐﯾﺭ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻰ ﺍﻟﻧﺟﺎﺡ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺷل‪ .‬ﻓﺗﺄﺳﯾﺱ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻠﺔ ﯾﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻛﻠﻪ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺗﻪ‬

‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﺧل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻬﺷﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺧﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺩﯾل‬ ‫ﻫﯾﺎﻛل ﻗﺎﺋﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﯾﺱ ﺍﺳﺗﺣﺩﺍﺙ ﻫﯾﺎﻛل ﺟﺩﯾﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺎﻣل‪ .‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺧﻁﻁ ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﻗﺩ ﺗﻣﺗﺩ ﻟﻔﺗﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻁﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻠﺔ ﻋﻣﺎ ﻋﺩﺍﻫﺎ‬

‫)‪.(Brinkerhoff and Brinkerhoff, 2002: 515‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﻣﺳﺎ‪ :‬ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﻌﻠﻕ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺅﺷﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺭﯾﻑ ﺍﻟﺣﻭﻛﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ‬

‫ﺃﻋﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻹﻧﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻸﻣﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻭﯾﺔ ﻟﻸﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﻭﻛﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﺩﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﺛل ﺿﺭﻭﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺗﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺭﺅﯾﺔ ﺇﺳﺗﺭﺍﺗﯾﺟﯾﺔ ﺗﻧﻣﻭﯾﺔ ﻁﻭﯾﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺟل ﻭﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺑﺄﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬ ‫‪37‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋل ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺟﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺑل ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻧﺻﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺗﻣﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺗﻐﯾﯾﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺭﺍﻗﺑﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺗﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻗﻼﻗل ﺍﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺗﺑﻧﻲ ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻏﯾﺭ ﻭﺩﯾﺔ ﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺇﺑﺭﺍﻫﯾﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻫﺗﻣﺕ ﺑﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﺭﯾﻘﯾﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﻭﺩ ﺗﺑﺎﯾﻧﺕ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺗﺣﺩﯾﺩ ﺑﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺷﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﻭﻛﻣﺔ ﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻣﺎل ﺃﻓﺭﯾﻘﯾﺎ‬

‫)ﺍﻟﺭﺷﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ – ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻓﺅ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻭﺯﯾﻊ ﺃﻋﺑﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﯾﺔ‪ (.....‬ﻋﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻧﻭﺏ ﺃﻓﺭﯾﻘﯾﺎ )ﺍﻟﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ – ﺍﻟﻧﺯﺍﻋﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ – ﺳﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﺣﺔ‪ (......‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺅﻛﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﺻﻭﺻﯾﺔ ﻣﺅﺷﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻭﻛﻣﺔ ﻭﺇﺧﺗﻼﻓﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻷﺧﺭﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻼﺣﻅ ﺍﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﻭﺟﺩ ﺇﺟﻣﺎﻉ ﺑﯾﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺷﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﻣﺅﺷﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺣﻭﻛﻣﺔ ﻣﺛل ﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻥ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺀﻟﺔ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺷﻔﺎﻓﯾﺔ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﺭﻛﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﺧﯾﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﯾﻌﺩ ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻋﺎ ﻣﺗﻁﻭﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻁﺎﻟﺗﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﯾﺩ ﻣﻥ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻘﯾﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻁﻭﯾﺭ – ﺟﻌﻠﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﯾﺙ ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻕ ﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﻟﯾﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺇﻧﻣﺎ ﺃﯾﺿﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺻﺣﯾﺢ ﺍﻟﺧﻠل ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺟﻡ ﻋﻥ ﻫﯾﻣﻧﺔ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻗﻠﯾﻠﺔ ﻣﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺟﻠﺱ ﺍﻷﻣﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺫﻫﺏ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺽ ﻟﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺃﺑﻌﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺩﯾﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯾﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ ﻭﺣﻘﻭﻕ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﺗﺄﺳﯾﺱ ﺣﻕ ﻟﻺﻧﺳﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﯾﺩ‪Franck, ) .‬‬ ‫‪(1992: 91‬‬

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