Dr. Aan Juhana Senjaya
STATISTIKA DESKRIPTIF UNTUK RISET BIDANG PENDIDIKAN DAN PENGAJARAN
Program Studi Pendidikan Matematika Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Wiralodra Indramayu FKIP Press - 2017
STATISTIKA DESKRIPTIF UNTUK RISET BIDANG PENDIDIKAN DAN PENGAJARAN Penulis: Dr. Aan Juhana Sena!a Di"er#i"$an %leh: Pr%&ra' S"u(i Pen(i(i$an )a"e'a"i$a Fa$ul"as Ke&uruan (an Il'u Pen(i(i$an Uni*ersi"as +i(al%(ra In(ra'a!u FKIP Press ,e"a$an -er"a'a 2017 ISBN ...............................
Ka"a Pen&an"ar Ber(asar$an
-en&ala'an
'e'#eri
$uliah
S"a"is"i$a Tera-an (i #e#era-a -r%&ra' s"u(i (i lin&$un&an Fa$ul"as Ke&uruan (an Il'u Pen(i(i$an )e"%(a S"a"is"i$a/ Bi%s"a"is"i$a/ S"a"is"i$a Dasar/ (an Statistics for Educational English Research (i-er%leh $esan #aha -ara -eser"a $uliah 'erasa: 1 $haa"ir "i(a$ 'a'-u 'en&i$u"i -er$uliahan 2 -esi'is $arena 'en&an&&a- s"a"is"i$a 'eru-a$an 'a"eri $uliah !an& "er(iri (ari ru'us3ru'us !an& "i(a$ 'u(ah (i'en&er"i 4 $esuli"an 'enera-$an -a(a $asus3$asus rise" !an& a$an (ila$u$ann!a. +alau-un na'a 'a"a $uliah #er#e(a3#e(a un"u$ "ia- -r%&ra' s"u(i/ na'un "uuan u"a'an!a sa'a !ai"u 'e'#eri #e$al $e-a(a -ara 'ahasisa un"u$ 'en&analisis (a"a rise" (en&an 'en&&una$an analisis s"a"is"i$a. Di sa'-in& na'a 'a"a $uliah !an& #er#e(a/ #%#%" s$s3n!a -un #er#e(a3#e(a. A(a !an& 'e'#eri #%#%" 2 s$s a(a u&a !an& 'e'#eri #%#%" 4 s$s. Di"a'#ah (en&an la"ar #ela$an& -erse-si 'ere$a "erha(a'a"e'a"i$a (an s"a"is"i$a/ 'a$a #e#era-a $esuli"an 'e'ilih s"ra"e&i/ 'e"%(e/ (an -en(e$a"an 'e'#eri $uliah -un 'ena(i sa"u "an"an&an "ersen(iri. Ter(%r%n& %leh $ein&inan 'e'#an"u -ara 'ahasisa (an -ara -erise" -e'ula 'e'aha'i $%nse-3 $%nse- (asar s"a"is"i$a un"u$ rise" se$ali&us un"u$ 'e'#an"u 'en!elesai$an "u&as a$hir #eru-a la-%ran hasil rise"n!a !an& 'e'erlu$an analisis s"a"is"i$/ 'a$a -en!usun 'en5%#a 'en!usun #u$u ini (en&an u(ul 6S"a"is"i$a Tera-an Un"u$ Rise" Bi(an& Pen(i(i$an (an
Pen&aaran. Na'un/ $arena 'asalah "e$nis "en"an& a"uran -ener#i"an/ 'a$a (i-u"us$an #u$u "erse#u" (i#a&i 'ena(i 8 Bu$u/ !ai"u: Bu$u I (i#eri u(ul 6S"a"is"i$a Des$ri-"i9 Un"u$ Rise" Bi(an& Pen(i(i$an (an Pen&aaran/ Bu$u II (i#eri u(ul 6S"a"is"i$a In9erensi Un"u$ Rise" E$s-eri'en"al Sa"u (an Dua Perla$uan (ala' Bi(an& Pen(i(i$an (an Pen&aaran/ Bu$u III (i#eri u(ul 6S"a"is"i$a In9erensi Un"u$ Rise" Sur*e! K%relasi%nal (ala' Bi(an& Pen(i(i$an (an Pen&aaran/ (an Bu$u I (i#eri u(ul: 6S"a"is"i$a In9erensi (en&an ANAA (an ANK;A Un"u$ Rise" E$s-eri'en"al (ala' Bi(an& Pen(i(i$an (an Pen&aaran. +alau-un la"ar #ela$an& -en!usunan #u$u ini (ari -en&ala'an 'e'#eri $uliah/ na'un (ihara-$an #u$u ini u&a #er'an9aa" #a&i -ara -erise" -e'ula se#a&ai a5uan lan&$ah3lan&$ahn!a. Bu$u S"a"is"i$a un"u$ analisis s"a"is"i$ !an& (i#ua" %leh -ara ahli a"au -r%9esi%nal "elah #an!a$ #ere(ar. Na'un/ (ari #e#era-a $asus/ #er(asar$an -en&ala'an/ -ara -e'#a5a 'erasa $esuli"an (en&an alasan: 1 (i"ulis (an (isai$an "erlalu "e%re"is 2 5%n"%h35%n"%h !an& (i'un5ul$an lan&sun& 5%n"%h35%n"%h -erhi"un&an/ "an-a 5%n"%h $asus !an& elas 4 5%n"%h35%n"%h un"u$ #i(an& -en(i(i$an (an -en&aaran 'asih #elu' #an!a$ a"au -alin& "i(a$ (irasa #elu' len&$a-. Ber(asar$an alasan (i a"as/ ser"a "er(%r%n& un"u$ 'en5i-"a$an s"ra"e&i -er$uliahan !an& e9isien $arena s$s 5u$u- $e5il/ 'a$a (isusunlah #u$u ini. Bu$u ini #elu' (iser"ai s%al3s%al la"ihan. )a$su(n!a/ a&ar -ara -e'#a5a 'en5%#a (an si'ulasi (ari (a"a riil (ari la-%ran3la-%ran rise" -eneli"ian se-er"i s$ri-si/ "esis/ #ah$an (eser"asi a"au la-%ran rise" -eneli"ian lainn!a. Bu$u ini (a-a" "erselesai$an #er$a" (%r%n&an/ #an"uan/ (an (u$un&an (ari #er#a&ai -iha$. Un"u$ i"u/
-enulis sa'-ai$an "eri'a $asih $e-a(a Ba-a$ Dr. Uan& Sura"n%/ ).Si se#a&ai Re$"%r Uni*ersi"as +iral%(ra -eri%(e "ahun 201<3201=/ a"as (%r%n&ann!a. Ba-a$ Nas%ri E99e(i/ ).P( se#a&ai De$an FKIP Uni*ersi"as +iral%(ra -eri%(e 201>3201?/ a"as (u$un&ann!a. Te'an seaa" D%sen (i FKIP/ "eru"a'a Ba-a$ R%s!a(i/ ).P( (an Ba-a$ Fari( Guna(i/ ).P( se#a&ai Ke"ua (an Se$re"aris Pr%&ra' S"u(i Pen(i(i$an )a"e'a"i$a !an& 'e'#eri $ese'-a"an un"u$ 'enuan&$an #er#a&ai i(e. Pen&el%la Pener#i"an a"as $ese(iaann!a 'ener#i"$an #u$u ini. Selanu"n!a/ se#a&ai -elen&$a- se5ara "er-isah/ #u$u ini (ilen&$a-i (en&an Pr%&ra' E(u$asi S"a"is"i$ un"u$ Rise" Il'u Pen(i(i$an (an Pen&aaran PESRIPP. Pr%&ra' ini 'eru-a$an -r%&ra' -a$e" (i#ua" (en&an Microsoft E@,E (an Microsoft P%erP%in". PESRIPP ini selain (a-a" 'e'#an"u 'en&analisis (a"a sesuai (en&an 'asalah (an "uuan rise" -eneli"ian/ u&a (a-a" (i&una$an se#a&ai ala" #an"u -e'#elaaran S"a"is"i$ Tera-an #eru-a e'#ar Kera. Den&an (e'i$ian/ #a&i -ara -e'#a5a !an& in&in 'e'aha'i -r%ses analisis in9erensi (a-a" #erla"ih se5ara 'anual (en&an 'en&&una$an e'#ar $era (ari -r%&ra' ini. Pr%&ra' (a-a" (i-er%leh (en&an 5ara 'en&hu#un&i -enulis lan&sun& 'elalui E3)ail: aansena!a!ah%%.5%'. In(ra'a!u/ N%-e'#er 201> Pen!usun/ Aan Juhana Sena!a.
DAFTAR ISI Cala'an Ju(ul Ka"a Pen&an"ar DAFTAR ISI
1 PENDACUUAN
i i*
1.1 Searah Sin&$a" 1 1.2 K%nse- Dasar (an Is"ilah !an& ai' Di&una$an (ala' S"a"is"i$a ........................... 8 1.4 a'#an& a"au Si'#%l !an& ai' Di&una$an (ala' S"a"is"i$a ........................... 41
2 PENGU)PUAN DATA INSTRU)ENTASI 2.1 Ala" a"au ins"ru'en -en&u'-ul (a"a ............ 2.2 Kuali"as (a"a (an $uali"as ins"ru'en ............ 2.4 Analisis $uali"as ins"ru'en se5ara e'-iris ...
44 48 81
4 DESKRIPSI DATA 4.1 Dia&ra' Ba"an&3Daun leaf-Diagram ........ 4.2 Ta#el Dis"ri#usi Fre$uensi (an Dia&ra' Ba"an& ........................................................... 4.4 Ke5en(erun&an 'e'usa" Central Tendency 4.8 Se#aran (is-ersi ......................................... 4.< Ka"e&%risasi K%n*ersi (a"a #ers$ala in"er*al 'ena(i s$ala %r(inal .................................. 4.> Ta#ulasi Silan& Cross Tabulation ...............
>0
?= 10<
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................ A)PIRAN ..........................................
10= 112
>2 72 =1
1 PENDACUUAN I.1.
ejarah Singkat S Be#era-a su'#er 'en!e#u"$an #aha -a(a aaln!a/
se$i"ar le#ih (ari 200 "ahun !an& lalu/ $a"a s"a"is"i$a 'eruu$ $e-a(a sa"u 5a#an& il'u -%li"i$ !an& 'en5a$u-en&u'-ulan (an $aian 9a$"a39a$"a (an &a'#aran -%li"i$. Khususn!a/ (a"a nu'eri$ an&$a !an& 'en&&a#ar$an 6-e'erin"ahan a"au 'as!ara$a"-en(u(u$ se-er"i u'lah -en(u(u$ a"au nilai "%"al -r%(u$ (ari sarana (an la!anan. Selanun!a/ seirin& (en&an #er$e'#an&n!a 'a"e'a"i$a/ "eru"a'a il'u -eluan& Pr%#a#ili"as/ 'a$a $a"a s"a"is"i$a u&a 'en&ala'i -eru#ahan sehin&&a 'ena(i (ua 5a#an& #esar/ !ai"u s"a"is"i$a 'urni Pure (an s"a"is"i$a "era-an Aplied. Pen&&unaann!a -un 'en&ala'i -erluasan "i(a$ han!a un"u$ $e-en"in&an -%li"i$/ na'un 'e'asu$i #er#a&ai $e-en"in&an #ai$ un"u$ $ehi(u-an sehari3hari 'au-un un"u$ -en&e'#an&an il'u. Per$e'#an&an #eri$u"n!a/ (ari -en&&unaan is"ilah a"au $a"a u&a 'en&ala'i -er$e'#an&an. Ka"a s"a"is"i$a (an $a"a s"a"is"i$ 'e'ili$i ar"i #er#e(a. Ka"a s"a"is"i$a 'enunu$ -a(a il'u !an& 'e'-elaari s"a"is"i$. Ka"a s"a"is"i$ sen(iri (a-a" #erar"i rin&$asan (a"a (ari 9%$us a'a"an se$el%'-%$ $ara$"eris"i$ en"i"as. Saa" ini s"a"is"i$a #er$e'#an& seirin& $e#u"uhan (an -er$e'#an&an "e$n%l%&i. ,a#an&35a#an& s"a"is"i$a se5ara &aris #esar (a-a" (i&a'#ar$an se#a&ai'ana -a(a Ga'#ar 1 "en"an& s"ru$"ur s"a"is"i$a.
Aan Juhana Senaya 5
9
Statistika S"a"is"i$a a(alah il'u !an& 'e'-elaari "a"a 5ara 'en3(es$ri-si3$an $ara$"eris"i$ se$el%'-%$ en"i"as (a"a ser"a 'ena$sir $ara$"eris"i$ -%-ulasi 'elalui $ara$"eris"i$ sa'-el #er(asar$an il'u -eluan& Pr%#a#ili"as.
Statistika Murni atau Statistika Matematik
S"a"is"i$a 'urni a"au S"a"is"i$a 'a"e'a"i$ a(alah il'u !an& 'e'-elaari $ai(ah 'en3(es$ri-si3$an 'e'eri$an $ara$"eris"i$ se$el%'-%$ (a"a/ ser"a 'ene'u$an/ 'en&ui/ 'en&e'#an&$an "e%ri/ (an ru'us3ru'us un"u$ 'ena$sir $ara$"eris"i$ -%-ulasi 'elalui $ara$"eris"i$ sa'-el #er(asar$an il'u -eluan& Pr%#a#ili"as se5ara "e%re"is.
Statistika Teraan "era-an a(alah il'u !an& 'e'-elaari "a"a 5ara:S"a"is"i$a 1 'en&u'-ul$an/ 'en&%r&anisasi$an/ (an 'erin&$as (a"a 'ena(i s"a"is"i$ 2 'en!ai$an s"a"is"i$ se#a&ai $ara$"eris"i$ se$el%'-%$ (a"a/ ser"a 4 'ena$sir $ara$"eris"i$ -%-ulasi parameter 'elalui $ara$"eris"i$ sa'-el s"a"is"i$ se5ara -ra$"is. Se5ara rin&$as/ s"a"is"i$a
"era-an (a-a" (i'a$nai se#a&ai il'u un"u$ 'enaa# -er"an!aan #er(asar$an (a"a e'-iris.
Statistika !eskriti" S"a"is"i$a (es$ri-"i9 a(alah il'u !an& 'e'-elaari "a"a 5ara 'erin&$as $ara$"eris"i$ se$el%'-%$ (a"a 'ena(i s"a"is"i$ ser"a "a"a 5ara 'en!ai$ann!a.
Statistika In"erensi S"a"is"i$a In9erensi a(alah il'u !an& 'e'-elaari "a"a 5ara mena!sir $ara$"eris"i$ -%-ulasi 'elalui $ara$"eris"i$ sa'-el #er(asar$an il'u -eluan& -r%#a#ili"as. Se5ara rin&$as/ s"a"is"i$ in9erensi (a-a" (in!a"a$an se#a&ai il'u "en"an& "a"a 5ara mena!sir parameter 'elalui s"a"is"i$.
Statistika Parametris S"a"is"i$a -ara'e"ris a(alah il'u !an& 'e'-elaari "a"a 5ara 'ena$sir $ara$"eris"i$ -%-ulasi 'elalui $ara$"eris"i$ sa'-el #er(asar$an (is"ri#usi -eluan& -r%#a#ili"as "er"en"u. Dis"ri#usi -eluan& !an& #an!a$ (i&una$an a(alah (is"ri#usi -eluan& N%r'al S"an(ar / (is"ri#usi -eluan& S"u(en"s "/ (is"ri#usi -eluan& ,hi3 SHuare / (an (is"ri#usi -eluan& Fisher F.
Statistika #on-Parametris S"a"is"i$a n%n3-ara'e"ris a(alah il'u !an& 'e'-elaari "a"a 5ara 'ena$sir $ara$"eris"i$ -%-ulasi 'elalui $ara$"eris"i$ sa'-el #er(asar$an il'u -eluan& -r%#a#ili"as "e"a-i "i(a$ #er(asar$an (is"ri#usi -eluan& "er"en"u. I.$.
Konse
I.$.1.
Karakteristik
!asar dan Istilah !igunakan dalam Statistika.
yang
%a&im
Kara$"eris"i$ a(alah 5iri35iri "er"en"u (ari sa"u en"i"as (a"u' a"au se$el%'-%$ en"i"as (a"a. ,iri35iri "er"en"u !an& (i'a$su( (a-a" #eru-a 5iri 5iri 9isi$ 'au-un n%n39isi$. ,%n"%h 1.1: Tin&&i #a(an/ #era" #a(an/ arna $uli"/ enis $ela'in/ hasil #elaar/ -en&uasaan $%s"a3$a"a/ I/ $e'a'-uan #er-i$ir l%&is/ (s". I.$.$.
Poulasi
P%-ulasi a(alah seluruh %#e$ (ari su#e$ $ara$"eris"i$ en"i"as !an& 'ena(i 9%$us a'a"an (an
se#a&ai sasaran -e'#erla$uan hasil -enari$an $esi'-ulan a"au in9erensi. Is"ilah lain a(alah se'es"a -e'#i5araan a"au hi'-unan se'es"a -e'#i5araan. ,%n"%h 1.2: Belaar a(alah Tri&%n%'e"ri sisa Ji$a S)P9%$us $elasa'a"ann!a I@/ 'a$a Casil -%-ulasin!a Casil Belaar Tri&%n%'e"ri Sisa S)P $elas I@. Ja(i/ #u$an sisan!a. Sisa han!a 'eru-a$an "e'-a" su#e$ Casil Belaar !an& 'ena(i 9%$us a'a"an. ;leh $arena i"u/ 9%$us a'a"an ini harus (ia'#il "erle#ih (ahulu 'elalui ins"ru'en "er"en"u (ari "e'-a"n!a/ !ai"u sisa S)P $elas I@. Da-a" u&a (in!a"a$an se5ara len&$a-/ !ai"u -%-ulasi %#e$ $ara$"eris"i$ !an& a$an (ia'a"i (an -%-ulasi su#e$ "e'-a" a"au -e'ili$ $ara$"eris"i$. I.$.'.
uang samel
( Ruan& sa'-el a(alah hi'-unan (ari seluruh hi'-unan #a&ian (ari -%-ulasi. Is"ilah lain !an& serin& 'un5ul (an sa'a 'a$nan!a a(alah Ruan& 5%n"%h/ Ruan& sa'-el/ (an Ruan& "er%$. ,%n"%h 1.4: 1 P%-ulasi: I sisa SD N K%"a In(ah $elas > se#an!a$ 1< %ran&. Ruan& sa'-el I (ari 1< %ran& "erse#u" a(alah IQ dari siswa LAnani/ Bu(i'an/ ,arni"i/ Da(an&/ Eni/ Fa(li/ Gina/ Cari/ In(ah/ J%ni/ Kar(i'an/ eli/ )a'an/ Nani/ ;-i$M. 2 Ruan& sa'-el: I (ari sisa LAnani/ Bu(i'an/ ,arni"i/ .../ ;-i$/ Anani/ Bu(i'an/ Anani/ ,arni"i/ Anani/ Da(an&/ .../ Nani/ ;-i$/ Anani/ Bu(i'an/ ,arni"i/ Anani/ Bu(i'an/ Da(an&/ Anani/ Bu(i'an/ Eni/ .../ )a'an/ Nani/ ;-i$/ .../
Anani/ Bu(i'an/ ,arni"i/ Da(an&/ .../ ;-i$M. Se'uan!a a(a 1<2 an&&%"a ruan& sa'-el. I.$.).
Samel
Sa'-el a(alah se#a&ian (ari -%-ulasi an&&%"a ruan& sa'-el !an& (a"an!a (ia'#il/ (ia'a"i/ (an (ianalisis un"u$ 'ena$sir $ara$"eris"i$ -%-ulasi. ,%n"%h 1.8: P%-ulasi: Casil Belaar Tri&%n%'e"ri %#e$ Sisa S)P $elas I@ su#e$ !an& "er(iri (ari > $elas. Sa'-eln!a a(alah Casil Belaar Tri&%n%'e"ri sisa $elas I@ , (an Kelas I@ F. Karena Casil Belaar Tri&%n%'e"ri ini a(a -a(a sisa su#e$/ 'a$a un"u$ $e-erluan -en&a'#ilan sa'-el/ !an& (ia'#il (i-ilih a"au (iun(i a(alah sisan!a "e'-a"n!a. Ke'u(ian/ $arena sisan!a (i$el%'-%$an $e (ala' $elas3$elas/ 'a$a !an& (iun(i $elasn!a. A(a-un !an& (ianalisis "e"a- Casil Belaar Tri&%n%'e"rin!a. I.$.*.
Statistik
S"a"is"i$ a(alah rin&$asan (a"a (ari sa'-el !an& 'en&&a'#ar$an $ara$"eris"i$ sa'-el "er"en"u. S"a"is"i$ (a-a" #eru-a/ "a#el/ (ia&ra'/ &a'#ar/ l%$asi (a"a/ -en&el%'-%$an (a"a/ nis#ah a"au -r%-%rsi/ -e'usa"an (a"a/ (an se#aran (a"a. I.2.6.
Parameter
Parameter a(alah $ara$"eris"i$ -%-ulasi. Kara$"eris"i$ -%-ulasi (a-a" 'eru-a$an hasil "a$siran (ari $ara$"eris"i$ sa'-el/ sehin&&a (a-a" #eru-a "a#el/ (ia&ra'/ &a'#ar/ l%$asi (a"a/ -en&el%'-%$an (a"a/ nis#ah
a"au -r%-%rsi/ -e'usa"an (a"a/ (an se#aran (a"a. Pa(a u'u'n!a han!a #eru-a -e'usa"an (a"a Rera"a/ )e(ian/ (an )%(us/ se#aran si'-an&an #a$u (an ra&a'*arians/ ser"a -r%-%rsi. I.$.+.
,ariael
aria#el a(alah se#u"ana"ri#u"$ara$"eris"i$ 9%$us a'a"an !an& #ersi9a" *aria"i9. Ja(i/ 5iri u"a'a (ari *aria#el a(alah 'e'ili$i $e'un&$inan #erisi 'ini'al (ua (a"u' !an& #er#e(a *aria"i9. Ji$a "i(a$ 'e'ili$i *ariasi/ #erar"i #u$an *aria#el. ,%n"%h 1.<: aria#el (an *aria"i9n!a: 1 Jenis $ela'in/ *aria"i9n!a: a$i3la$i (an Pere'-uan. 2 Jenis -e$eraan/ *aria"i9n!a: Pe"ani/ Buruh "ani/ PNS/S$%r ABRI/ 4 Usahaan/ I/ *aria"i9n!a: "es P;RI. I "ia- in(i*i(u. 8 Casil Belaar sisa/ *ari a"i9n!a: S$%r "es Casil Belaar "ia- sisa. < Pe'#erian ha(iah/ *aria"i9n!a: (i#eri ha(iah (an "i(a$ (i#eri ha(iah. > Pe'u-u$an/ *aria"i9n!a: (i#eri -u-u$ (an "i(a$ (i#e ri -u-u$. 7 Kuan"i"as -u-u$/ *aria"i9n!a: 0/< &r/ 1 &r/ 1/< &r/ (s". = Jenis -u-u$/ *aria"i9n!a: Urea/ )PK/ K%'-%s/ (s". ? )e"%(e -e'#elaaran/ *aria"i9n!a: ,era'ah/ Dis$usi/ STAD/ (s". 10TT+/ Te$ni$ -en&el%'-%$an -a(a 'e"%(e -e'#elaaran STAD/ *aria"i9n!a: (i"en"u$an &uru/ (i"en"u$an sisa. )e"%(e -e'#elaaran "er"en"u/ 'isal STAD/ #u$an *aria#el/ $arena "i(a$ *aria"i9.
I.$..
,ariael terikat
aria#el "eri$a" a(alah *aria#el !an& isin!a (a"an!a "eri$a""er&an"un& -a(a isi *aria#el #e#as. Den&an $a"a lain/ *aria#el "eri$a" a(alah *aria#el !an& isin!a (a"an!a (i"en"u$an %leh isi *aria#el #e#as. Is"ilah lain !an& serin& 'un5ul a(alah *aria#el &a!u"/ *aria#el #er&a!u"/ *aria#el $ri"eriu'/ (an *aria#el #er&an"un&. I.$./.
,ariael eas
aria#el #e#as a(alah *aria#el !an& isin!a *ariari9n!a "i(a$ "eri$a" -a(a isi *aria#el lain/ "e"a-i (a-a" 'e'-en&aruhi isi *aria#el lain. Den&an $a"a lain/ *aria#el #e#as a(alah *aria#el !an& isin!a *aria"i9n!a (a-a" 'en!e#a#$an #eru#ahn!a isi *aria"i9 *aria#el lain. ,%n"%h1.>: 1 @ < O 14. @ 'eru-a$an *aria#el/ $arena *aria"i9 #isa (i&an"i #era-a saa. Na'un/ #u$an 'eru-a$an *aria#el #e#as 'au-un "eri$a"/ $arena isin!a "i(a$ 'en!e#a#$an 'au-un (ise#a#$an %leh isi *aria#el lain. aria#el se-er"i ini #isa (ise#u" *aria#el a'a"an. 4 O 1/4 0/=<@. @ (an a(alah *aria#el/ $arena *aria"i9. @ (ise#u" *aria#el #e#as 'en!e#a#$an #eru#ahn!a Nilai . Se"ia- -ena'#ahan sa"u sa"uan @/ 'a$a #er"a'#ah se#esar 0/=< sa"uan. (ise#u" *aria#el "eri$a" Nilain!a "er&an"un&"eri$a" -a(a Nilai *aria#el @. Casil Belaar "er&an"un& $e-a(a: '%"i*asi #elaar/ 'e"%(e 'en&aar/ 'e(ia -e'#elaaran/ -erse-si -a(a 'a"a -elaaran/ $e'a'-uan aal/ I/ "e$ni$ -en&el%'-%$an -a(a -en(e$a"an -e'#elaaran $%%-era"i9/ (s". Ja(i/ Casil Belaar 'eru-a$an *aria#el
"eri$a" se(an&$an !an& lain!a 'eru-a$an *aria#el #e#as. aria#el "eri$a" (ala' rise" -eneli"ian 'eru-a$an 9%$us u"a'a (ari rise" -eneli"ian se(an&$an *aria#el #e#as 'eru-a$an 9%$us #eri$u"n!a !an& (i-er$ira$an (a-a" 'en&u#ah $ara$"eris"i$ 9%$us u"a'a. I.$.10.
!ata
Da"a a(alah isi *aria"i9 (ari *aria#el se#a&ai 9a$"a !an& (a-a" #eru-a $a"e&%ri$uali"as 'au-un $uan"i"as !an& (ila'#an&$an (en&an huru9 a"au an&$a. Isi *aria#el u&a 'eru-a$an *aria"i9 (ari *aria#el "erse#u". Se5ara u'u' (a"a s"a"is"i$ selalu (in!a"a$an (ala' #en"u$ an&$a. Da"a 'eru-a$an $a"a 'ae'u$. Ar"in!a/ le#ih (ari sa"u en"i"as. Ji$a han!a sa"u en"i"as (ise#u" (a"u'. Den&an $a"a lain/ (a"a a(alah se$u'-ulan (a"u'. ,%n"%h: Jenis $ela'in (an Casil Belaar 'a"e'a"i$a < %ran& sisa SD Nurul Il'i se-er"i -a(a Ta#el 1. Ta#el 1.1: aria#el (an (a"a
I.$.11.
Skala engukuran
S$ala -en&u$uran a(alah an&$a a"au #ilan&an !an& (i&una$an un"u$ 'ea$ili $ara$"eris" i$ (a"u'/ (a"a/ a"au *aria#el. An&$a#ilan&an (i'a$su( (a-a" (i-er%leh 'elalui $a"e&%risasi a"au -enan(aan a"au 'elalui -en&u$uran (en&an se#uah ins"ru'enala" %#ser*asi/ aan5ara/ an&$e"/ $uisener/ ala" re$a' suara/ ala" re$a' &a'#ar/ "i'#an&an/ 'e"eran/ "es/ (s".. A&ar elas s$ala -en&u$urann!a/ 'a$a (a"u' a"au (a"a !an& #u$an #eru-a an&$a se-er"i enis $ela'in (i a"as 'a$a (iu#ah (ulu $e (ala' #en"u$ an&$a se#a&ai si'#%l. )isal: 1. a$i3la$i 2. Pere'-uan. An&$a !an& (i&una$an (a-a" #eru-a an&$a (is$ri" #ilan&an #ula" (an $%n"inu #er$elanu"an#ersa'#un&.
An&$a (is$ri" a(alah an&$a !an& 'eru-a$an "an(a a"au si'#%l. A(a (ua enis an&$a (is$ri"/ !ai"u an&$a n%'inal (an (an %r(inal. An&$a n%'inal han!a 'eru-a$an "an(a a"au si'#%l/ se(an&$an %r(inal (isa'-in& se#a&ai "an(a a"au si'#%l u&a an&$a 'enunu$an -erin&$a". An&$a #ersa'#un&$%n"inu a(a !an& "er#a"as in"er*al (an a(a !an& 'eru-a$an hasil nis#ah a"au -er#an(in&an rasi%.
S$ala -en&u$uran (i-erlu$an un"u$ 'enen"u$an "e$ni$ analisis s"a"is"i $ !an& "e-a"/ #ai$ s"a"is"i$ (es$ri-"i 9 'au-un s"a"is"i$ in9erensi. S$ala -en&u$uran se#a&ai -e"unu$ "e$ni$ analisis s"a"is"i$ a(alah s$ala n%'inal/ %r(inal/ in"er*al/ (an rasi%. ,%n"%h 1.7: a. aria#el (en&an s$ala -en&u$uran n%'inal: 1 Jenis $ela'in/ s$ala -en&u$urann!a 'isal: 1. a$i3la$i 2. Pere'-uan 2 )e"%(a -e'#elaaran/ s$ala -en&u$urann!a: 1. Dis$usi 2. Tan!a3aa# 4 )e(ia -e'#elaaran: 1. )e(ia &a'#ar 2. )e(ia ani'asi S$ala n%'inal han!a 'eru-a$an $a"e&%risasi a"au -enan(aan !an& u'u'n!a (i-erlu$an un"u$ -enan(aan$a"e&%risasi $el%'-%$. . aria#el (en&an s$ala -en&u$uran %r(inal: 1 G%l%n&an &ai: I/ II/ III 2 Uru"an $elahiran: 1. Per"a'a 2. Ke(ua 4. Ke"i&a 4 Tin&$a" $e'a'-uan aal: 1.Tin&&i 2. Se(an& 4. Ren(ah Sesun&&uhn!a in"er*al (i%r(inal$an 8 Tin&$a" '%"i*asi #elaar: 1.Tin&&i 2. Se(an& 4. Ren(ah Sesun&&uhn!a in"er*al (i%r(inal$an < Nilai Uian Se'es"er: A. San&a" #ai$ B. Bai$ ,. ,u$u- D. Kuran& E. Ga&al. Un"u$ $e-en"in&an s$ala -en&u$uran/ 'a$a $a"e&%ri A/ B/ ,/ D/ (an E (i$%n*ersi 'ena(i: 8. San&a" #ai$ 4. Bai$ 2. ,u$u- 1. Kuran& (an 0. Ga&al. N%'%r 4/ 8/ (an < 'eru-a$an hasil $%n*ersi (ari s$ala in"er*al a"au rasi% 'ena(i s$ala %r(inal. . aria#el (en&an s$ala -en&u$uran in"er*al: 1 Casil ulan&an: s$%r "eren(ah 0 "erRen(ah 2? (a-a" (i"ulis 0 Q S$%r Q 2?
2 Nilai UN: Nilai "eren(ah 0 (an "erRen(ah 10 (a-a" (i"ulis 0 Q Nilai Q 10 4 )%"i*asi #elaar: 'isal/ S$%r "eren(ah 1< "erRen(ah 7< (a-a" (i"ulis 1< Q S$%r Q 7< 8 Ke'a'-uan #er-i$ir l%&is: 'isal/ S$%r "eren(ah 0 (an "erRen(ah 4< (a-a" (i"ulis 0 Q S$%r Q 4< d. aria#el (en&an s$ala -en&u$uran rasi%: 1 Bera" #a(an: <8 $& has il 'e'#an(in&$an (en&an u$uran #era" s"an(ar 2 Tin&&i #a(an: 171 5' hasil 'e'#an(in&$an (en&an u$uran -anan& s"an(ar 4 Rasi% &uru "erha(a- sisa: 0/2< (ari 1 %ran& &uru se#an(in& (en&an 8 sisa 8 Pr%-%rsi sisa !an& 'en5a-ai KK) : 0/7< 7< (ari u'lah sisa. I.$.1$.
Proailitas
Pr%#a#ili"as a(alah -eluan& $ea(ian-eris"ia "er"en"u "era(i (ala' si"uasi (an $%n(isi "er"en"u. Besar -eluan& - #era(a -a(a $isaran 0 hin&&a 1. Se5ara u'u' -eluan& - 'eru-a$an -er#an(in&an (ari #an!a$n!a -eris"ia$ea(ian !an& (ihara-$an (i"ulis nC (en&an seluruh $ea(ian !an& 'un&$in "era(i (i"ulis nK. Ja(i/ - O nCnK. Peluan& - 'e'ili$i 5iri35iri: 1 Selalu -%si"i9 a"au n%l - 0 2 A(a -a(a $isaran 0 hin&&a 1 0 Q - Q 1. Peluan& 0 - O 0 #erar"i $ea(ian-eris"ia "i(a$ 'un&$in "era(i a"au "i(a$ (ihara-$an. Peluan& 1 - O 1 #erar"i $ea(ian -as"i "era(i a"au sesuai hara-an. ,%n"%h 1.=: 1 Peris"ia: $elahiran ana$ (ari se%ran& i#u ha'il (i"inau (ari enis $ela'inn!a. Ke'un&$inan
$ea(iann!a a(alah ana$ !an& lahir #erenis $ela'in a$i3la$i a"au -ere'-uan. Di"ulis K OLa$i3la$i/ Pere'-uanM. Ja(i/ $e'un&$inann!a "era(in!a -eris"ia a(a 2 $e'un&$inan (i"ulis nK O 2. An(ai$an #erhara- !an& lahir #erenis $ela'in -ere'-uan (i"ulis nC O 1/ 'a$a -eluan&n!a 'ena(i a"au 0/<. 2 Peris"ia: Se%ran& 'ahasisa 'en&i$u"i -er$uliahan S"a"is"i$a. Ji$a (i"inau (ari $a"e&%ri nilai !an& a$an (i-er%lehn!a/ 'a$a a(a < $e'un&$inan a"au nKO</ !ai"u KOLA/ B/ ,/ D/ EM. Ji$a ia #erhara- 'en(a-a" $a"e&%ri nilai A/ 'a$a !an& (ihara-$an #erar"i han!a 1 $a"e&%ri/ !ai"u A. Berar"i/ nCO1. Den&an (e'i$ian -eluan& ia 'en(a-a"$an nilai A se#esar - O nCnK O 1< O 0/2. An(ai$an ia #erhara- nilain!a $a"e&%ri nilain!a A a"au B/ 'a$a !an& (ihara-$an a(a 2 $a"e&%ri/ !ai"u A a"au B. Berar"i/ nC O 2. Den&an (e'i$ian/ -eluan& ia 'en(a-a"$an $a"e&%ri nilai A a"au B se#esar - O 2< O 0/8. 4 Peris"ia: Nilai ulan&an (in!a"a$an (ala' #en"u$ #ilan&an sa'-ai $e"eli"ian 1 (esi'al -er se-uluhan. Ren"an& nilai 'en&&una$an s$ala 11/ !ai"u (ari 0 hin&&a 10 (a-a" (i"ulis 0/0 Q Nilai Q 10/0. Ke'un&$inan nilai ulan&an sisa a(alah KOL0/0 0/1 0/2 0/4/ ... 10/0M. A(a 101 $e'un&$inan a"au (i"ulis nK O 101. Ji$a se%ran& sisa #erhara- nilain!a >//0 hin&&a 7// (an -eluan&n!a - O 1>101. Ji$a ia #erhara- 'e'-er%leh nilai 3
I.2.13.
Sampling
Sampling 'eru-a$an salah sa"u is"ilah !an& (i&una$an (ala' s"a"is"i$a. Sampling a(alah sua"u -r%ses
-en&a'#ilan sa'-el 5%n"%h (ari -%-ulasi un"u$ $e'u(ian (ianalisis. A(a (ua -en(e$a"an un"u$ 'en&a'#il sa'-el/ !ai"u -en(e$a"an -r%#a#ilis"i$ Probability sampling (an -en(e$a"an n%n -r%#a#ilis"i$ "on Probability sampling. a. Probabilistic Sampling Probabilistic Sampling
a(alah sua"u -en(e$a"an -en&a'#ilan sa'-el !an& 'e'-erhi"un&$an -eluan& $e"era'#ilan sa'-el. Pen(e$a"an ini (ila$u$an a-a#ila -erise" a$an 'e'#ua" &eneralisasi (ari $ara$"eris"i$ sa'-el 'ena(i $ara$"eris"i$ -%-ulasi. Den&an $a"a lain/ -erise" a$an 'ena$sir $ara$"eris"i$ -%-ulasi #er(asar$an $ara$"eris"i$ sa'-el. A(a is"ilah !an& -en"in& (ala' -ela$sanaan sampling (en&an 'en&&una$an probabilistic sampling/ !ai"u random (an random sampling. U'u'n!a $a"a ran(%' han!a (i"ere'ah$an $e (ala' #ahasa In(%nesia (en&an $a"a a5a$. Na'un/ sesun&&uhn!a $a"a random 'e'ili$i ar"i !an& #u$an han!a #erar"i a5a$. Random 'en&an(un& ar"i sua"u $%n(isi #aha se"iaan&&%"a$el%'-%$ -%-ulasi 'e'ili$i -eluan&$ese'-a"an !an& sa'a un"u$ 'en&ala'i sa"u -eris"ia$ea(ian "er"en"u. A(a-un Random sampling a(alah sa'-lin& -r%#a#ilis"i$ !an& 'en&$%n(isi$an a&ar se"ia- an&&%"a -%-ulasi a"au $el%'-%$ an&&%"a -%-ulasi 'e'ili$i -eluan& !an& sa'a un"u$ "era'#il se#a&ai sa'-el. In"i (ari -en&a'#ilan sa'-el se5ara random a(alah a(an!a -en&un(ian. A(a #e#era-a "e$ni$ random sampling
(en&an -en(e$a"an -r%#a#ilis"i$. )asin&3'asin& "e$ni$ ini -er#e(aann!a "erle"a$ -a(a a-a !an& (iun(i (an 5ara 'en&un(in!a. 1)
Simple R andom S ampling
Penari$an-en&a'#ilan sa'-el sa'-el ran(%' (en&an se5ara se(erhana/ !ai"u -enari$an 'en&$%n(isi$an a&ar se"ia- an&&%"a -%-ulasi se5ara in(i*i(u 'e'ili$i -eluan& !an& sa'a un"u$ "era'#il se#a&ai sa'-el. Ja(i/ !an& (iun(i a(alah 'asin&3 'asin& in(i*i(u. ,%n"%h 1.?: a Guru3&uru (i sa"u se$%lah 'en&a(a$an arisan. An(ai -a(a sa"u -enari$an arisan se'ua -eser"a 'en&in&in$an 'e'-er%leh &iliran 'en(a-a" uan&/ 'a$a a&ar "erasa a(il/ (ila$u$an -en&un(ian. ,ara -en&un(iann!a a(alah #aha se"ia- na'a -eser"a (i"ulis (ala' se-%"%n& $er"as. Ke'u(ian (i&ulun& (an (i'asu$an $e (ala' a(ah #isan!a &elas. Se"elah (ia(u$ a"au (i$%5%$/ $e'u(ian (ia'#il(i$eluar$an sa"u &ulun&an. Giliran !an& 'e'-er%leh $ese'-a"an 'en(a-a"$an uan& arisan -a(a saa" i"u a(alah na'a !an& "er"ulis -a(a &ulun&an $er"as !an& "era'#il "erse#u". # Peris"ia sa'a (en&an n%'% r 1 (i a"as. Na'un/ -ara -eser"a (iuru"$an (an (i#eri n%'%r uru". Ke'u(ian n%'%r uru" "erse#u" (i"ulis -a(a se5ari$ $er"as se-er"i -a(a -eris"ia n%'%r 1. Selanu"n!a/ lan&$ahn!a sa'a se-er"i 5%n"%h n%'%r 1. 5 Se%ran& -erise" in&in 'en&e"ahui $e'a'-uan #er-i$ir $ri"is sisa $elas III (i sa"u se$%lah
!an& "er(iri (ari 1=0 sisa. Ia a$an 'en&a'#il sa'-el se#an!a$ 4> sisa. A-a#ila ia a$an 'en&&una$an 5ara ran(%' se(erhana simple random sampling/ 'a$a ia harus 'en&uru"$an seluruh sisa (an 'e'#eri n%'%r uru" 'ulai (ari 1 sa'-ai (en&an 1=0. Ke'u(ian 'enulis$an n%'%r uru" "erse#u" -a(a se5ari$ $er"as (an (i&ulun&. an&$ah #eri$u"n!a sa'a (en&an 5%n"%h n%'%r 1 (an 2. 2)
Sistematic Ra ndom S ampling Sistematic random sampling a(alah -en&a'#ilan
sa'-el se5ara sis"e'a"is. ,ara ini (ila$u$an a-a#ila an&&%"a -%-ulasi 5u$u- #an!a$ u'lahn!a sehin&&a i$a (i#ua" &ulun&an $er"as 'ena(i "i(a$ e9e$"i9. Di sa'-in& i"u/ i$a u'lah sa'-el !an& (i$ehen(a$i 5u$u- #an!a$/ 'a$a -en&un(ian in(i*i(u 'ena(i "i(a$ e9isien. ,%n"%h 1.10: Dari 4>0 sisa $elas @ sua"u S)A a$an (ia'#il sa'-el se#an!a$ 80 %ran&. Ji$a 'en&&una$an 5ara simple random sampling/ 'a$a (i-erlu$an 4>0 &ulun&an $er"as (an 80 $ali -en&un(ian. Ini "i(a$ e9e$"i9 (an "i(a$ e9isien. Un"u$ 'enan&ani hal "erse#u"/ 'a$a (i-erlu$an 5ara lain/ !ai"u (en&an sistematic random sampling. an&$ahn!a se#a&ai #eri$u": 1 Da9"ar (an uru"$a (i#eri n%'%r uru"n seluruh an&&%"a -%-ulasi ser"a 2 Ba&ilah u'lah an&&%"a -%-ulasi (en&an u'lah sa'-el !an& (i-erlu$an. Dala' 5%n"%h ini/ 4>080 O ?
4 Bua"lah &ulun&an $er"as !an& #er"ulis$an n%'%r 1 sa'-ai (en&an ? hasil -e'#a&ian u'lah an&&%"a -%-ulasi (en&an u'lah sa'-el !an& (i-erlu$an 8 Un(i (an $eluar$an 1 &ulun&an/ 'a$a a$an (i-er%leh sa"u n%'%r "er"en"u 'isal $eluar n%'%r 4 < Te"a-$an an&&%"a sa'-el/ !ai"u an&&%"a (en&an n%'%r uru" $eli-a"an (ari ? 'ulai (ari n%'%r uru" 4. A$an (i-er%leh hi'-unan n%'%r uru" sa'-el S O L4/ 12/ 21/ 40/ 4?/ .../ 4<8M. Ja(i/ sa'-eln!a a(alah an&&%"a -%-ulasi (en&an n%'%r uru" "erse#u" -a(a S. 3)
Cluster Random Sampling Cluster 'e'ili$i 'a$na 6sei$a" a"au se$el%'-%$ (ala' sa"u "e'-a". Cluster random sampling a(alah
-en&a'#ilan sa'-el #eru-a $el%'-%$ an&&%"a "er"en"u (ari -%-ulasi !an& an&&%"a3an&&%"an!a 'eru-a$an $el%'-%$3$el%'-%$ a"au (a-a" (i$el%'-%$an 'ena(i #e#era-a $el%'-%$. ,%n"%h 1.11: Se%ran& -erise" in&in 'ela$u$an -er5%#aan un"u$ 'en&e"ahui ala" -era&a !an& le#ih #ai$ (ian"ara (ua enis ala" -era&a -e'#elaaran. Ia 'ene"a-$an -%-ulasin!a Casil Belaar sisa $elas @ (i sua"u S)A. Un"u$ i"u/ ia 'e'erlu$an 2 $el%'-%$ sa'-el. A-a#ila ia 'en&&una$an simple random a"au sis"e'a"is ran(%'#arusa'-lin&/ 'a$a"erse#u". "en"u a$an 'e'#ua" $elas (i se$%lah Cal (e'i$ian/ #iasan!a/ "i(a$ (iiin$an %leh -iha$ se$%lah $arena a$an 'en&&an&&u sis"e' !an& se(an& #eralan. Un"u$ 'en&a"asi $en(ala se-er"i i"u/ ia 'e'an(an& #aha -%-ulasi (a-a" (i-an(an& se#a&ai
cluster-cluster/ !ai"u $elas3$elas. Den&an (e'i$ian/ ia
"in&&al 'en&un(i $elas (an (ia'#il (ua $elas. Pen&un(ian #isa (ila$u$an sa"u3sa"u se#an!a$ (ua $ali/ a"au sa"u $ali (en&an 'ene"a-$an -asan&an $elas !an& 'un&$in se#a&ai ruan& sa'-el. ,%n"%h 1.12: )isal $elas @ (i sa"u S)A "er(iri (ari > $elas/ !ai"u $elas @A/ @B/ @,/ @D/ @E/ (an @F. A$an (ia'#il (ua $elas se#a&ai sa'-el/ 'a$a: ,ara 1: 1 )e'#ua" &ulun&an $er"as !an& #er"ulis$an @A sa'-ai (en&an @F 2 )en&a(u$/ $e'u(ian 'e'ilih'en&eluar$an 1 un"u$ $el%'-%$ !an& a$an (iaar (en&an ala" -era&a 1 4 )en&ulan& se-er"i n%'%r un"u$ !an& a$an (iaar (en&an ala" 2 -era&a 2. $el%'-%$ ,ara 2: 1 )ene"a-$an ruan& sa'-el/ !ai"u $%'#inasi -asan&an3-asan&an $elas !an& 'asin&3'asin& "er(iri 2 $elas !an& 'un&$in "era(i. R O L@A/@B/ @A/@,/ @A/@D/ @A/@E/ @A/@F/ @B/@,/ .../ @E/@FM a(a 1< -asan&an 2 )enulis$an -asan&an3-asan&an "erse#u" -a(a &ulun&an $er"as. Ke'u(ian (ia(u$ (an (i$eluar$an sa"u &ulun&an. 4 Kelas !an& "er"ulis -a(a &ulun&an $er"as !an& $eluar'un5ul i"ulah !an& 'ena(i sa'-eln!a. 4)
Quota atau Proporsional Random Sampling #uota #era"i 6a"ah se(an&$an -r%-%rsi%nal #erar"i 6-eri'#an&an. P roporsional random sampling
a(alah -en&a'#ilan sa'-el se5ara #eri'#an& (ari -%-ulasi !an& "er(iri (ari #e#era-a $el%'-%$ an&&%"a -%-ulasi (en&an u'lah an&&%"a 'asin&3'asin& $el%'-%$ rela"i9 #er#e(a. Un"u$ 5ara ini (i-erlu$an -r%-%rsi (asarn!a (ulu/ !ai"u se#esar u'lah sa'-el !an& (i-erlu$an (i#a&i u'lah -%-ulasi (i$ali$an (en&an 100. Selanu"n!a/ "ia-3"ia- $el%'-%$ (ia"ah sesuai -r%sen"ase "erse#u". Se"elah (i-er%leh a"ah "ia$el%'-%$/ $e'u(ian -a(a asin&3'asin& $el%'-%$ (ila$u$an -en&un(ian un"u$ an&&%"a sa'-el (ari asin&3'asin& $el%'-%$. ,%n"%h 1.14: Se%ran& -erise" a$an 'en&e"ahui $e5en(erun&an 'ina" sisa $elas @II (i sa"u S)A un"u$ 'e'ilih urusan (i -er&uruan Ren(ah !an& a$an 'ere$a 'asu$i (en&an 'e'-er"i'#an&$an i"u/ ia 'en&u'-ul$an in9%r'asi "erle#ih&en(er. (ahulu Un"u$ 'en&enai u'lah sisa $elas @II se#a&ai -%-ulasi #eser"a $%'-%sisin!a (ari se&i &en(er. )isal/ u'lah seluruh sisa $elas @II (i se$%lah "erse#u" a(a 1=0 %ran& (en&an $%'-%sisi &en(er: sisa la$i3la$i ?= %ran& (an sisa -ere'-uan =2 %ran&. A$an (ia'#il sa'-el se#an!a$ 8< %ran&. Pr%-%rsi sa'-el "erha(a- -%-ulasi se#esar - O 8<1=0 V 100 O 2<. Ke'u(ian/ ia 'ene"a-$an u'lah sisa la$i3la$i se#an!a$ 2< V ?= O 28/< W 2< %ran& sisa -ere'-uan se#an!a$ 2< V =2 O 20/< W$e'u(ian 21 %ran&.'en&un(i Se"elah (i$e"ahui asin&3 'asin& a"ahn!a/ 'asin&3'asi n& an&&%"a $el%'-%$n!a (en&an simple a"au sistematic random sampling. ,a"a"an: A(a 5ara un"u$ 'enen"u$an u'lah sa'-el un"u$ rise" -eneli"ian sur*e! !an&
(ian"aran!a a(alah (ari Sl%*in a"au (ari )5Kre5$i. )
Strati!ied R andom S ampling Stratified random sampling a(alah -en&a'#ilan
sa'-el #er(asar$an (ari -%-ulasi !an& an&&%"an!a (a-a" s"ra"a (i$el%'-%$an #er(asar$an s"ra"a"in&$a"an. Pa(a -ra$"e$n!a 5ara ini 'e'-er"i'#an&$an -r%-%rsi "ia- s"ra"a. Be(an!a (en&an $uota a"au -r%-%rsi%nal "erle"a$ -a(a (asar -en&el%'-%$an. Pa(a $uota random sampling (asar -en&el%'-%$ann!a ila!ah a"au "e'-a" se(an&$an -a(a stratified (asar -en&el%'-%$ann!a s"ra"a a"au "in&$a"an. ,%n"%h 1.18: Se%ran& -erise" in&in 'en&e"ahui hasil ulan&an se'es"er un"u$ 'a"eri -elaaran #ahasa In&&ris (i sua"u S)P 'ulai $elas II sa'-ai (en&an $elas I@. Den&an (e'i$ian/ ia harus 'en&a'#il sa'-el (ari "ia-3"ia- "in&$a"an S"ra"a/ !ai"u (ari $elas II/ $elas III/ (an $elas I@. Un"u$ i"u/ ia 'en&un(i #e#era-a sisa sesuai $e#u"uhan (i "ia- "in&$a"an. A-a#ila !an& (iun(i $elasn!a/ 'a$a enis sa'-lin&3n!a 'ena(i Stratified cluster random sampling. 6)
"ultistage Ra ndom Sa mpling Multistage random sampling 5ara
-en&a'#ilan sa'-el 5lus"er se5ara #er"aha- s"a&e. Di&una$an a-a#ila (a"a 'en!e#ar #e&i"u luas (an (a-a" (i-an(an& "er(iri Ber(asar$ani #e#era-a "aha-an hierar$i. ,%n"%h !an& serin& "er(en&ar a(alah -a(a -r%ses -%%lin& un"u$ 'en&e"ahui suara -e'ilih -a(a -e'ilihan 5al%n an&&%"a le&isla"i9/ 5al%n an&&%"a
DPR #ai$ -usa" 'au-un (aerah/ -e'ilihan $e-ala (aerah/ (an -e'ilihan -resi(en #eru-a hi"un& 5e-a" #uic! Count. Sa'-el (ia'#il -er"a'a $ali (en&an 5ara 'en&un(i Pr%-insi/ (ari "ia- -r%-insi !an& "er-ilih (ia'#il #e#era-a $a#u-a"en/ (ari "ia$a#u-a"en "er-ilih (iun(i (an (ia'#il #e#era-a $e5a'a"an/ (ari "ia- $e5a'a"an (iun(i (an (i-ilih #e#era-a (esa/ a$hirn!a (ari "ia- (esa !an& "er-ilih (iun(i (an (i-ilih #e#era-a TPS. b. #on Probabilit$ Sampling #on Probabilit$ Sampling a(alah
-enari$an -en&a'#ilan sa'-el (ari -%-ulasi (en&an "i(a$ 'e'-er"i'#an&$an $esa'aan -eluan& $e"era'#ilan #a&i se"ia- an&&%"a -%-ulasi. Casil analisis (ari sa'-el n%n -r%#a#ili"as "i(a$ #ai$ un"u$ 'ena$sir $ara$"eris"i$ -%-ulasi. ;leh $arena -eneli"ian i"u/ u'u'n!a (i&una$an (ala' rise" -eneli"ian3rise" (en&an -en(e$a"an $uali"a"i9/ na"uralis"i$/ e"n%&ra9i/ a"au grounded !an& 'en&u"a'a$an (es$ri-si 'en(ala' (ari-a(a 'e'#ua" &eneralisasi. 1) Purposi%e Sampling Purposi%e Sampling a(alah
"e$ni$ a"au 5ara -en&a'#ilan sa'-el #er(asar$an -er"i'#an&an $e"er$ai"an (en&an "uuan (an %#e$ !an& a$an (i"eli"i "an-a 'e'-er"i'#an&$an $esa'aan -eluan& se"iaan&&%"a -%-ulasi lainn!a un"u$ "era'#il se#a&ai sa'-el. ,%n"%h1.1<: a Se%ran& &uru a$an 'en&e"ahui -%la #elaar sisa !an& 'e'ili$i $esuli"an #elaar -e5ahan. Un"u$ i"u ia 'eliha" hasil ulan&an -e5ahan. Ke'u(ian
'e'ilih sisa !an& hasil ulan&ann!a (i #aah < se#a&ai sa'-el un"u$ (i"eli"i. # Se%ran& &uru BP in&in 'en&e"ahui -en!e#a# sisa !an& serin& "ela" (a"an& $e se$%lah. Un"u$ i"u/ ia 'en5ari 5a"a"an (i #u$u -i$e". Ke'u(ian ia 'e'ilih sisa !an& (ala' se#ula" "ela" $e se$%lah le#ih (ari < $ali se#a&ai sa'-el un"u$ (i"eli"i. 2) &ccidental sampling atau Con%enient Sampling
Te$ni$ -en&a'#ilan sa'-el #er(asar$an -er"i'#an&an 6a-a a(an!a a"au 6$e#e"ulan. ,%n"%h 1.1>: Se%ran& &uru BP in&in 'en&e"ahui -en!e#a# sisa !an& serin& "ela" (a"an& $e se$%lah. Un"u$ i"u/ ia 'ena(i &uru -i$e" -a(a hari "er"en"u. Ke'u(ian ia 'e'ilih sisa !an& "ela" (a"an& $e se$%lah -a(a saa" ia -i$e" un"u$ (ia(i$an sa'-el. 3) Quota Sampling #uota sampling a(alah "e$ni$ -en&a'#ilan sa'-el
!an& #an!a$n!a #er(asar$an 6a"ah. Biasan!a su#e$ -%-ulasi "er(iri (ari 'ini'al (ua $el%'-%$. Per"i'#an&an lain !an& #iasan!a (i-erhi"un&$an a(alah -r%-%rsi a"au -r%sen"ase. ,%n"%h 1.17: Se%ran& &uru 'a"e'a"i$a a$an 'en&e"ahui &a'#aran 'ina" #elaar 'a"e'a"i$a (i sa"u se$%lah #er(asar$an enis $ela'in. Di se$%lah "erse#u" a(a 200 %ran& la$i3la$i (an 1<0 sisa -ere'-uan. Ia 'ene"a-$an a$an 'en&a'#il sa'-el se#an!a$ 40. Den&an (e'i$ian ia a$an 'en&a'#il >0 %ran& sisa la$i3la$i (an 8< %ran& sisa -ere'-uan. 4) Snowball Sampling Sno&ball Sampling "e$ni$ -en&a'#ilan sa'-el !an&
#er"aha-
(ari
sa'-el
-er"a'a
'enuu
sa'-el
#eri$u"n!a #er(asar$an hasil -en&u'-ulan (a"a (ari sa'-el -er"a'a. Se%lah3%lah 'en&&elin(in& se-er"i #%la3salu. Per"i'#an&an 'enen"u$an sa'-el #eri$u"n!a a(alah a$urasi (a"a. Ar"in!a/ sa'-el #eri$u"n!a (i-an(an& le#ih 'en&e"ahui a"au 'e'aha'i $ara$"eris"i$ !an& se(an& (i"eli"i. Te$ni$ sn%#all ini #iasa (i&una$an %leh -ara -erise" #er(asar$an -en(e$a"an $uali"a"i9. Su#e$ !an& (ia(i$an sa'-el #iasa u&a (ise#u" 6Ke! in9%r'an. I.$.1).
2iotesis
Ci-%"esis #erasal (ari #ahasa unani $un% !an& "er(iri (ari (ua su$u $a"a/ !ai"u hypo (an these. 'ypo ar"in!a #aah a"au ren(ah/ se(an&$an these ar"in!a -ern!a"aan. Ja(i/ se5ara har9iah/ hi-%"esis #erar"i -ern!a"aan !an& $a(ar $e-er5a!aann!a 'asih (ian&&aren(ah. Dala' rise" (i$enal #e#era-a enis hi-%"esis/ !ai"u hi-%"esis rise"/ hi-%"esis "in(a$an/ (an hi-%"esis s"a"is"i$. a.
2iotesis riset 3enelitian4
Ci-%"esis rise" a(alah -ern!a"aan se'en"ara se#a&ai aa#an !an& (ihara-$an (ari ru'usan 'asalah rise" $uan"i"a"i9 in9erensial. ,%n"%h 1.1=: Ru'usan 'asalah -eneli"ian A-a$ah 'e(ia T;RS; e9e$"i9 un"u$ 'en&aar$an %r&an "u#uh 'anusiaX A-a$ah "era(a-a" -er#e(aan -en&uasaan %-erasi hi"un& -er$alian #ilan&an #ula" an"ara sisa !an& (iaar (en&an 'e"%(e
Ci-%"esis Jaa#an se'en"ara )e(ia T;RS; e9e$"i9 un"u$ 'en&aar$an %r&an "u#uh 'anusia Ter(a-a" -er#e(aan -en&uasaan %-erasi hi"un& -er$alian #ilan&an #ula" an"ara sisa !an& (iaar (en&an 'e"%(e (ril
Ru'usan 'asalah -eneli"ian (rill (an (en&an 'e"%(e ACAX )ana$ah -en&uasaan
Ci-%"esis Jaa#an se'en"ara (an (en&an 'e"%(e ACAX Pen&uasaan 'a"eri sisa
%-erasi hi"un& -er$alian #ilan&an #ula" !an& le#ih #ai$ an"ara sisa !an& (iaar (en&an 'e"%(e (rill (an (en&an 'e"%(e ACAX A-a$ah "er(a-a" hu#un&an -%si"i9 an"ara 'ina" 'e'#a5a (en&an $e'a'-uan 'en!usun $ali'a"X a"au A-a$ah 'ina" 'e'#a5a
!an& (iaar (en&an 'e"%(e (rill le#ih #ai$ (ari-a(a !an& (iaar (en&an 'e"%(e ACA.
#er$%relasi se5ara -%si"i9 (en&an $e'a'-uan 'en!usun $ali'a"X A-a$ah "er(a-a" hu#un&an -%si"i9 an"ara 'ina" 'e'#a5a (an $uan"i"as 'e'#a5a se5ara #ersa'a3 sa'a (en&an $e'a'-uan 'en!usun $ali'a"X a"au 'ina" 'e'#a5a
#er$%relasi se5ara -%si"i9 (en&an $e'a'-uan 'en!usun $ali'a". Ter(a-a" hu#un&an -%si"i9 an"ara 'ina" 'e'#a5a (an $uan"i"as 'e'#a5a se5ara #ersa'a3sa'a (en&an $e'a'-uan 'en!usun $ali'a". a"au )ina" 'e'#a5a (an
(an $uan"i"as 'e'#a5a se5ara #ersa'a3sa'a #er$%relasi se5ara -%si"i9 (en&an $e'a'-uan 'en!usun $ali'a"X
$uan"i"as 'e'#a5a se5ara #ersa'a3sa'a #er$%relasi se5ara -%si"i9 (en&an $e'a'-uan 'en!usun $ali'a".
A-a$ah
Ter(a-a" hu#un&an -%si"i9 an"ara 'ina" 'e'#a5a (en&an $e'a'-uan 'en!usun $ali'a". a"au )ina" 'e'#a5a
.
2iotesis ti ndakan
Ci-%"esis "in(a$an a(alah -ern!a"aan !an& 'eru-a$an aa#an se'en"ara (ari ru'usan 'asalah rise" -eneli"ian "in(a$an Action Research. Ben"u$ u'u' -ern!a"aann!a a(alah i$a "in(a$an "er"en"u (ila$sana$an(i#eri$an 'a$a a$an "a'-a$ $ara$"eris"i$ *aria#el a'a"an !an& (ihara-$an. Ci-%"esis "in(a$an -a(a u'u'n!a "i(a$ (i#u$"i$an a"au (i*eri9i$asi se5ara in9erensi/ $arena "i(a$ un"u$ 'e'-re(i$si'ena$sir $ara$"eris"i$ -%-ulasi. Pe'#u$"ian han!a #ersi9a" (es$ri-si (an "i(a$ 'ela$u$an &eneralisasi. Dala' (unia -en(i(i$an (an -en&aaran rise" -eneli"iann!a #iasa (ise#u" rise" -eneli"ian "in(a$an $elas Class Action Research. ,%n"%h 1.1?: Ru'usan 'asalah -eneli"ian A-a$ah -en&&unaan 'e(ia T;RS; (a-a" 'enin&$a"$an -en&uasaan 'a"eri %r&an "u#uh 'anusiaX A-a$ah 'e(ia $%'i$ (a-a" 'enin&$a"$an -en&uasaan $%sa $a"a sisaX
Ci-%"esis Jaa#an se'en"ara Ji$a sisa (iaar (en&an 'e(ia T;RS; 'a$a -en&uasaan 'a"eri %r&an "u#uh 'anusia3n!a a$an 'enin&$a". Ji$a sisa (iaar (en&an 'e(ia $%'i$ 'a$a -en&uasaan $%sa $a"a3n!a a$an 'enin&$a".
A-a$ah 'e"%(e -er'ainan (a-a" 'enin&$a"$an 'ina" #elaar sisaX A-a$ah 'e"%(a drill (a-a" 'enin&$a"$an
Ji$a sisa (iaar (en&an 'e"%(e -er'ainan/ 'a$a 'ina" #elaar3n!a a$an 'enin&$a". Ji$a sisa (iaar (en&an 'e"%(a (rill/ 'a$a
Ru'usan 'asalah Ci-%"esis -eneli"ian Jaa#an se'en"ara $e"era'-ilan 'e'#a5a $e"era'-ilan 'e'#a5a -uisiX -uisin!a 'enin&$a". .
2iotesis statistik
Ci-%"esis s"a"is"i$ a(alah aa#an se'en"ara (ari aa#an ru'usan 'asalah #eru-a "a$siran $ara$"eris"i$ -%-ulasi (ari $ara$"eris"i$ sa'-el. Karena si9a"n!a 'ena$sir / 'a$a (i-erhi"un&$an #esar -eluan& $e$eliruan 'ena$sir !an& (i-er$enan$an (i"%lelir. Ci-%"esis s"a"is"i$ (isusun 'ena(i se-asan& hi-%"esis !an& "er(iri (ari hi-%"esis n%l "ull hypothesis/ (isin&$a" C% (an Ci-%"esis al"erna"i9 alternati%e hypothesis/ (isin&$a" Ca a"au C 1. Penulisan C% 'au-un Ca lai'n!a (i"ulis a(alah #en"u$ la'#an&$ali'a" $ara$"eris"i$ !an& #iasa. (ia'a"i/ (ala' #en"u$ -ern!a"aan A(a#u$an (ua 'aha# a"au aliran (ala' 'e'a$nai hi-%"esis n%l C%. Kel%'-%$ -er"a'a/ 'en(e9inisi$an #aha !an& (i'a$su( C% a(alah hi-%"esis !an& 'en!a"a$an $e"ia(aan n%l -er#e(aan/ hu#un&an/ a"au -en&aruh an"ara (ua a"au le#ih $ara$"eris"i$ -%-ulasi. Kel%'-%$ $e(ua/ 'en(e9inisi$an #aha C% 'eru-a$an laan (ari Ca. De9inisi !an& #er#e(a ini #er-en&aruh $e-a(a 5ara -enulisan C%. Penulis sen(iri 'en&a'#il $e(ua3(uan!a. Dala' ar"ian/ "er&an"un& $e-a(a -er"an!aan a"au -eneli"ian/ ru'usan 'asalah rise" -eneli"ian/ hi-%"esis rise" (an $ara$"eris"i$ -%-ulasin!a. ,%n"%h35%n"%hn!a se#a&ai #eri$u":
,%n"%h 1.20: 1 Ci-%"esis rise" -eneli"ian: Pen&&unaan 'e(ia &a'#ar e9e$"i9 'en&aar$an 'a"eri #an&un ruan&. Ci-%"esis s"a"is"i$: )a(ha# 1
)a(ha# 2
2o5 6 7 +*
2o5 6 8 +*
un"u$
Penulis 2o5 6 9 +* 7 0
Ca: Y Z 7< Ca: Y Z 7< Ca: Y [ 7< Z 0 Ke"eran&an : Y : Rera"a s$%r 'a"eri #an&un ruan& S$%r #a"as e9e$"i9: 7< (ari s$%r "%"al 100 a"au 7<. 2 Ci-%"esis rise" -eneli"ian: Ter(a-a" -er#e(aan Casil Belaar 'a"eri i(en"i"as Tri&%n%'e"ri an"ara sisa !an& (iaar (en&an 'en&&una$an 'e(ia &a'#ar &ra9i$ 9un&si Tri&%n%'e"ri (en&an 'e(ia &a'#ar $%%r(ina" ,ar"esius. Ci-%"esis s"a"is"i$: )a(ha#1 )a(ha#2 Penulis C%: Y1 O Y2 C%: Y1 [ Y2 O 0 C%: Y1 [ Y2 O 0 Ca: Y1 \ Y2 Ca: Y1 [ Y2 \ 0 Ca: Y1 [ Y2 \ 0 Ke"eran&an : Y1: Rera"a s$%r hasil #elaar 'a"eri i(en"i"as Tri&%n%'e"ri !an& (iaar (en&an 'e(ia &a'#ar s$%r &ra9i$hasil 9un&si Y2: Rera"a #elaar 'a"eri i(en"i"as Tri&%n%'e"ri !an& (iaar (en&an 'e(ia $%%r(ina" ,ar"esius.
4 Ci-%"esis rise" -eneli"ian: Casil Belaar 'a"eri i(en"i"as Tri&%n%'e"ri sisa !an& (iaar (en&an 'en&&una$an 'e(ia &a'#ar &ra9i$ 9un&si Tri&%n%'e"ri le#ih #ai$ (ari-a(a !an& (iaar (en&an 'e(ia &a'#ar $%%r(ina" ,ar"esius. Ci-%"esis s"a"is"i$: )a(ha#1 )a(ha#2 C%: Y1 O Y2 C%: Y1 Q Y2 Ca: Y1 Z Y2 Ca: Y1 Z Y2 Ke"eran&an : Y1: Rera"a s$%r hasil #elaar Tri&%n%'e"ri !an& (iaar &a'#ar &ra9i$ 9un&si Y2: Rera"a s$%r hasil #elaar
Penulis C%: Y1 [ Y2 O 0 Ca: Y1 [ Y2 Z 0 'a"eri i(en"i"as (en&an 'e(ia 'a"eri i(en"i"as
Tri&%n%'e"ri !an& (iaar (en&an 'e(ia $%%r(ina" ,ar"esius. 8 Ci-%"esis rise" -eneli"ian: Ter(a-a" hu#un&an -%si"i9 an"ara s$%r #u"ir (en&an s$%r "%"al. Ci-%"esis s"a"is"i$: )a(ha# 1 )a(ha#2 Penulis C%: ] O 0 C%: ] Q 0 C%: ] O 0 Ca: ] Z 0 Ca: ] Z 0 Ca: ] Z 0 Ke"eran&an : ] : K%e9isien $%relasi an"ara s$%r #u"ir (en&an s$%r "%"al. < Ci-%"esis rise" -eneli"ian: A(a -er#e(aan 9re$uensi an"ara 9re$uensi %#ser*asi e'-iris (en&an 9re$uensi hara-an e$s-e$"asi -a(a (is"ri#usi n%r'al.
Ci-%"esis s"a"is"i$: )a(ha#1 C%: 9% O 9h Ca: 9% \ 9h
)a(ha#2 C%: 9% 3 9h O 0 Ca: 9% [ 9h \ 0
Penulis C%: 9% 3 9h O 0 Ca: 9% [ 9h \
Ke"eran&an : 9% : Fre$uensi %#ser*asi e'-iris 9h : Fre$uensi hara-an E$s-e$"asi
0
> Ci-%"esis rise" -eneli"ian: Ter(a-a" -er#e(aan *arian ra&a' s$%r (ian"ara n $el%'-%$ *arian s$%r. Ci-%"esis s"a"is"i$: )a(ha#1
)a(ha#2
C%: ^1 O ^2 O ...O ^n
C%: ^1 O ^2 O ...O ^n
Ca: #u$an C%
Ca: #u$an C%
Penulis C%: ^1 O ^2 O ...O ^ n Ca: #u$an C%
Ke"eran&an: ^1/ ^2/ .../ ^n arian $el%'-%$ 1 hin&&a $el%'-%$ n. I.$.1*.
Uji 2iotesis
Ui hi-%"esis (ila$u$an "erha(a- hi-%"esis s"a"is"i$ (en&an 5ara in9erensi/ !ai"u 'ena$sir $ara$"eris"i$ -%-ulasi 'elalui $ara$"eris"i$ sa'-el. Ta$siran (ila$u$an (en&an 5ara 'e'#an(in&$an $ara$"eris"i$ sa'-el (en&an $ara$"eris"i$ -%-ulasi 'elalui (is"ri#usi -eluan& !an& #ersesuaian. Dis"ri#usi -eluan& !an& #an!a$ (i&una$an a(alah (is"ri#usi N%r'al (an N%r'al S"an(ar / (is"ri#usi -eluan& S"u(en"s "/ (is"ri#usi -eluan& ,hi3 Suare 2/ (an (is"ri#usi -eluan& Ga''a $husus (ari Fisher !an& le#ih (i$enal (en&an (is"ri#usi -eluan& F. Ci-%"esis s"a"is"i$ !an& (iui a(alah hi-%"esis n%l a"au C% se(an&$an Ca 'eru-a$an al"erna"i9 i$a C% (i"%la$.
Den&an (e'i$ian/ $e-u"usan analisisn!a a(alah &a&al 'en%la$'eneri'a C% a"au 'en%la$ C%. Kesi'-ulann!a/ a(alah (a"a "i(a$ 5u$u- 'e!a$in$an un"u$ 'en!a"a$an $ara$"eris"i$ n%l/ sehin&&a al"erna"i9n!a Ca #u$a n Ca (i"eri'a. I.$.1:.
Tara" signi"ikan 3Signi!icanc$ le%el4
Dala' 'ela$u$an in9erensi/ !ai"u 'ena$sir $ara$"eris"i$ -%-ulasi 'elalui $ara$"eris"i$ sa'-el/ "en"u a(a -eluan& $e$eliruan "a$sir. ;leh $arena i"u/ $e$eliruan "a$sir ini #iasa (in!a"a$an (ala' #en"u$ -eluan& !an& se5ara "e%re"is #er$isar an"ara 0 hin&&a 1. Na'un/ se5ara -ra$"is -a(a u'u'n!a a(a -a(a $isaran 0/001 hin&&a 0/2 a"ai 0/1 hin&&a 2 "er&an"un& $e-a(a resi$% a$i#a" -e'#erla$uan hasil $e-u"usan.
)a$in #eresi$% $e-u"usan !an& (ia'#il/ 'a$a 'a$in $e5il $e$eliruan "a$sir !an& harus (i"era-$an. An&$a !an& 'enunu$an -eluan& $e$eliruan "a$sir 'en%la$ C%/ -a(ahal C% #enar (ise#u" "ara9 si&ni9i$an (ila'#an&$an (en&an _ a"au (ala' SPSS (en&an . I.$.1+.
Tara" keerayaan 3Con%ident le%el4
Tara9 $e-er5a!aan a"au Confident le%el a(alah -eluan& #aha $e-u"usan !an& (ia'#il #enar a(an!a. Besar -eluan& "ara9 $e-er5a!aan a(alah 13_ sa"u (i$uran&i "ara9 si&ni9i$an.
,%n"%h 1.40: Ji$a "ara9 si&ni9i$an _ O 0/0< a"au </ 'a$a "ara9 $e-er5a!aann!a 130/0
%amang atau Simol yang %a&im !igunakan dalam Statistika
S"a"is"i$a 'eru-a$an salah sa"u 5a#an& 'a"e'a"i$a. ;leh $arena i"u/ la'#an& a"au si'#%l !an& lai' (i&una$an (ala' 'a"e'a"i$a #erla$u u&a -a(a s"a"is"i$a. Pa(a (asarn!a/ sia-a-un #e#as 'e'#eri$an la'#an& a"au si'#%l. Na'un/ si'#%l "erse#u" harus (a-a" (i$enal se5ara luas. Un"u$ i"u/ (ala' nas$ah ini si'#%l a"au la'#an& !an& (i&una$an (iu-a!a$an a&ar (i$enal "erle#ih (ahulu. Di sa'-in& i"u/ si'#%l3si'#%l !an& su(ah #an!a$ (i&una$an se5ara in"ernasi%nal (iu-a!a$an un"u$ "e"a- (i-er"ahan$an. Beri$u" a(alah si'#%l (an 'a$nan!a !an& a$an (i&una$an (ala' "ulisan #eri$u"n!a.
2
PENGU)PUAN DATA INSTRU)ENTASI
S
"a"is"i$a #e$era un"u$ 'en&%lah (a"a. ;leh $arena i"u/ "aha- aal un"u$ #e$era (en&an s"a"is"i$a a(alah "aha- -en&u'-ulan (a"a. Ber#a&ai 5ara (a-a" (ila$u$an un"u$ 'en&u'-ul$an (a"a. ,ara "erse#u" (a-a" #eru-a: 1 -ra$"e$ (i$%n(isi$an a"au (i&una$an se-er"i (a"a 'en&enai -erla$uan 5%n"%h: 'e"%(a 'en&aar/ #ahan aar/ 'e(ia -e'#elaaran 2 Pen&a'a"an ;#ser*asi se-er"i (a"a "en"an& a$"i*i"as/ #en"u$ 9isi$/ hasil -e$eraan/ (ll. 4 aan5ara inter%ie& se-er"i (a"a !an& #er$enaan (en&an -en(a-a" sese%ran& "en"an& sesua"u 8 Pen&u$uran un"u$ (a"a !an& #er$enaan (en&an -e&uasaan/ $e'a'-uan/ hasil a"au -res"asi #elaar $%&ni"i9/ a9e$"i9/ (an -si$%'%"%r/ $%n(isi 9isi$ (an $eseha"an/ &eala -si$%l%&is '%"i*asi/ -erse-si/ 'ina"/ #a$a"/ alineasi/ (ll. $.1
;lat atau instrumen engumul data
Pa(a u'u'!a/ un"u$ 'en&u'-ul$an (a"a (i&una$an ala" a"au ins"ru'en/ $e5uali un"u$ (a"a #eru-a "in(a$an-erla$uan. Un"u$ (a"a "en"an& "in(a$an-erla$uan !an& "er-en"in& a(alah "i(a$an-erla$uan (iu-a!a$an #e"ul3#e"ul (a-a" (ila$sana$an sesuai (en&an !an& (i'a$su($an se5ara "e%re"is. Jenis ala" -en&u'-ul (a"a "er&an"un& $e-a(a: 1 enis (a"a !an& (iin&in$an 2 $e"erse(iaan ala" !an& su(ah #a$u 4 $e'a'-uan 'e'#ua" a"au 'en!usunn!a 8 $e'a'-uan 'en&&una$ann!a < $eenan&an !an& (i'ili$i.
Se5ara &aris #esar ala"ins"ru'en -en&u'-ul (a"a (a-a" (i$el%'-%$an 'ena(i "es (an n%n3"es. Ins"ru'en #eru-a "es a-a#ila a$an (i&una$an un"u$ 'en&u'-ul$an (a"a #eru-a $e'a'-uan $%&ni9i9/ a9e$"i9 a"au &eala -si$%l%&is/ (an -si$%'%"%r (en&an 5iri u"a'a ada kriteria enar atau salah . Ins"ru'en #eru-a n%n3"es (i&una$an a-a#ila in&in 'en&u'-ul$an (a"a #eru-a #en"u$ 9isi$ a"au sesua"u !an& (a-a" lan&sun& (ia'a"i a"au (i-er%leh ser"a &eala -si$%l%&is !an& #ersi9a" l atent se-er"i '%"i*asi/ -erse-si/ 'ina"/ #a$a"/ &a!a $%&ni"i9/ (ll. ,iri u"a'an!a a(alah tidak ada kriteria enar atau salah. $.$
Kualitas data dan kualitas instrumen
A&ar hasil analisis a$ura"/ 'a$a (a"a !an& "er$u'-ul harus #er$uali"as. Da"a !an& #er$uali"as han!a (a-a" (i-er%leh (en&an ala" -en&u'-ul (a"a a"au ins"ru'en !an& #er$uali"as. Ins"ru'en (i$a"a$an #er$uali"as a-a#ila se5ara $lasi$ 'e'enuhi $ri"eria: a Be"ul3#e"ul 'en&u$ur a-a !an & a$an (iu$ur %alid/ (an # Bersi9a" ae& a"au $%nsis"en reliable. Ar"in!a/ i$a (i&una$an $a-an saa/ $e-a(a sia-a saa/ (an %leh sia-a saa a$an 'en&hasil$an hasil !an& rela"i9 sa'a 'isal: ala" u$ur 'e"eran a"au "i'#an&an. Un"u$ -en&&unaan ins"ru'en #eru-a "es (en&an "uuan $husus (i"a'#ah$an $ri"eri a sesuai (en&an 'a$su( (an "uuan -en!usunan ins"ru'en. a Un"u$ 'e'#e(a$an an"ar $el%'-%$ su$ses -an(ai (an "i(a$ su$ses #%(%h (i"a'#ah $ri"eria (a!a #e(a # Un"u$ sele$si (i"a'#ah $ri"eria "ara9 su$ar.
Un"u$ $e-en"in&an rise" -eneli"ian/ $ri"eria $uali"as ins"ru'en/ 5u$u- (en&an 'e'enuhi $ri"eria a *ali( (an # relia#el. $.$.1
,aliditas utir
Un"u$ 'enunu$an #aha ins"ru'en !an& a$an (i&una$an *ali(/ 'a$a (i"unu$an #aha "ia- #u"ir a"au i"e' ins"ru'en *ali( #ai$ seara logis 'au-un seara empiris. ali(i"as l%&is un"u$ ins"ru'en -en&u'-ul (a"a rise" -eneli"ian a(a (ua enis *ali(i"as/ !ai"u: a ali(i"as isi Content (alidity i$a !an& a$an (iu$ur *aria#el #er$enaan (en&an sesua"u !an& su(ah (i"e"a-$an se#elu'n!a se-er"i Casil Belaar/ Pres"asi Belaar/ Ke'a'-uan a"au Pen&uasaan sesua"u a(a $uri$ulu' (an sila#in!a # ali(i"as $%ns"ru$ Construct (alidity/ i$a !an& a$an (iu$ur *aria#el #er$enaan (en&an &eala -si$%l%&is !an& "i(a$ a(a unsur #enar a"au salah se-er"i '%"i*asi/ -erse-si/ 'ina"/ alineasi sesuai (en&an $%ns"ru$ &eala -si$%l%&is (i'a$su(. a.
,aliditas l ogis
Un"u$ 'enunu$an #aha ins"ru'en !an& a$an (i&una$an *ali( se5ara l%&is/ 'a$a (i"unu$an (en&an lan&$ah3lan&$ah -en!usunan ins"ru'en se#a&ai #eri$u": 1 )ene"a-$an na'a *aria#el !an& a$an (iu$ur 2 )en!usun (e9inisi $%nse- *aria#el !an& a$an (iu$ur 'elalui analisa (an sin"esa (ari #er#a&ai "e%ri un"u$ 'e'enuhi $e#enaran $%herensi 4 )en!usun (e9inisi %-erasi%nal 'ulai (ari : a -ene"a-an in(i$a"%r/ # 'en!usun #u"iri"e' !an& #ersesuaian (en&an in(i$a"%r/ 5 aa#an un"u$ #u"ir #eru-a "es (an "an&&a-an !an& (ise(ia$an un"u$ n%n3 "es/ ( -e'#erian s$%r un"u$ "ia- aa#an"an&&a-an #u"ir/ e -en!a'-aian "%"al s$%r 'a$si'u' i(eal (an
"%"al s$%r 'ini'u' i(eal se#a&ai a$il (ari (a"a *aria#el !an& (iu$ur. 8 )en!usun $isi3$isi #er(asar$an lan&$ah 4 (i a"as. < )en&$%nsul"asi$an (an 'e'in"a *ali(asi (ari -a$ar ahli ins"ru'en"asi (an ahli (ala' #i(an& !an& #er$ai"an (en&an *aria#el !an& a$an (i"eli"i an"ara 4 sa'-ai < %ran&. ali(asi -a$ar 'en&&una$an isian "er#u$a un"u$ $%re$si (an saran -er#ai$an. Telaah $uali"a"i9 "erha(a- #u"ir3#u"ir ins"ru'en (i"inau (ari 4 as-e$/ !ai"u: a as-e$ isisu#s"ansi/ (en&an in(i$a"%r $esesuaian an"ara #u"ir (en&an in(i$a"%r # as-e$ $%ns"ru$si/ (en&an in(i$a"%r $e"e-a"an option res-%naa#an (en&an -ern!a"aan-er"an!aan #u"ir/ (an "i(a$ a'#i&%s 5 as-e$ #ahasa = (en&an in(i$a"%r $e"e-a"an -en&&unaan $ai(ah #ahasa !an& #a$u (an #ahasa !an& (i&una$an sesuai (en&an $ara$"eris"i$ res-%n(en. > ali(asi -anelis 'ini'al 1< %ran& -a$ar (ila$u$an un"u$ 'en&ui *ali(i"as isi se"ia- #u"ir ins"ru'en se5ara l%&is. K%e9isien *ali(i"asn!a 'en&&una$an nilai in(e$s inter-rater !an& (ian"aran!a 'en&&una$an in(e$s Ai$en (en&an ru'us se#a&ai'ana #eri$u". V=
∑ f |i− S | i
r
F ( St − 1 )
Ke"eran&an: : In(e$s In"er3ra"er Ai$en Sr: S$%r #u"ir "eren(ah S": S$%r #u"ir "er"in&&i i : Bilan&an #ula" (ari Sr 1 hin&&a SrS"31 9i : Fre$uensi S$%r -a(a i F : Ju'lah 9i a"au Σ9i
Be#era-a li"era"ur 'enunu$an #aha $ri"eria *ali(i"as isi (i"e"a-$an (en&an in(e$ Ai$en 0.7?. Ar"in!a/ #u"ir (i-er"ahan$an i$a 0/7?/ se#ali$n!a (i$eluar$an i$a ` 0/7?. .
,aliditas >miris
Un"u$ 'enunu$an *ali(i"as e'-iris (ila$u$an ui 5%#a se#elu' ins"ru'en (i&una$an. Ui 5%#a ini un"u$ 'eliha" $%nsis"ensi #u"ir/ !ai"u a-a$ah s$%r #u"ir #er$%relasi se5ara -%si"i9 (en&an s$%r "%"al s$%r res-%n(ensisa. Den&an $a"a lain/ (i$a"a$an $%nsis"en a-a#ila s$%r #u"ir !an& $e5il #ersesuaian (en&an s$%r "%"al s$%r res-%n(ensisa !an& $e5il -ula. De'i$ian se#ali$n!a/ s$%r #u"ir !an& #esar #ersesuaian (en&an s$%r "%"al s$%r res-%n(ensisa !an& #esar -ula. ;leh $arena i"u/ (a"a hasil ui 5%#a (ianalisis (en&an analisis $%relasi. Se5ara u'u'/ lan&$ah3lan&$ahn!a se#a&ai #eri$u": 1 )e'#eri$an ins"ru'en $e-a(a seu'lah res-%n(ensisa !an& $ara$"eris"i$n!a rela"i9 sa'a (en&an res-%n(ensisa !an& a$an (iu$ur (ia'#il (a"an!a. Dala' hal ini/ 'a$in #an!a$ u'lah res-%n(en/ 'a$a ui 5%#a 'a$in #ai$. Dianur$an res-%n(en ui 5%#a 'ini'al 40 %ran&. Na'un/ un"u$ u-a!a -e'#a$uan ins"ru'en (ianur$an (i'ulai (ari 100 %ran& a"au 200 %ran& hin&&a ri#uan #ah$an -uluh ri#uan res-%n(en. 2 )en!usun a"au 'en&%r&anisasi$an (a"a 4 )ene"a-$an ru'us $%e9isien $%relasi !an& "e-a" sesuai (en&an enis (a"a aa#an ins"ru'en (is$ri" a"au $%n"in!u 8 )en&hi"un& $%e9isien $%relasi
< )ene"a-$an $ri"eria $e-u"usan *ali( "i(a$n!a #u"ir ins"ru'en. A(a 2 -ilihan: a (en&an r $ri"eria #e#era-a li"era"ur -alin& ren(ah 'ene"a-$an r 0/20 # 'elalui ui si&ni9i$ansi $%e9isien $%relasi "rans9%r'asi r $e (is"ri#usi -eluan& ". > )e'u"us$an *ali( "i(a$n!a #u"ir ins"ru'en. a Ji$a 'en&&una$an r $ri"eria #erar"i #u"ir (i$a"a$an *ali( a-a#ila nilai $%relasi s$%r #u"ir (en&an s$%r res-%n(en r 0/20. Se#ali$n!a/ #u"ir (in!a"a$an "i(a$ *ali( i$a r ` 0/20. # Ji$a 'en&&una$an ui si&ni9i$ansi $%e9isien $%relasi r/ lan&$ahn!a se"elah lan&$ah 8 a(alah: #.1 )ene"a-$an hi-%"esis $e#er'a$naan $%e9isien $%relasi C% : ] O 0 Ca : ] Z 0 ,a"a"an: Ca 'en!a"a$ah #aha $%e9isien $%relasi s$%r #u"ir (en&an s$%r res-%n(en si&ni9i$an i$a ] Z 0. #.2 )ela$u$an "rans9%r'asi nilai $%e9isien $%relasi 'ena(i nilai " %#ser*asi a"au " % (is"ri#usi -r%#a#ili"as " S"u(en"s #.4 )ene"a-$an "ara9 si&ni9i$ansi -eluan& salah 'en%la$ C% !an& u'u'n!a un"u$ rise" -eneli"ian -en(i(i$an (an -en&aaran _ O 0/01 a"au _ O 0/0< #.8 )eliha" nilai " $ri"is a"au " $ !an& #ersesuaian (en&an "ara9 si&ni9i$an _ (an (eraa" #e#as -a(a Ta#el Dis"ri#usi S"u(en"s a"au Dis"ri#usi " #.< )en&ui si&ni9i$ansi $%e9isien $%relasi (en&an 5ara 'e'#an(in&$an nilai "
%#ser*asi " % (en&an " $ri"eria a"au " $ri"is "$. Ji$a " $ Z "%/ $e-u"usann!a C % (i"%la$. Ar"in!a/ ] Z 0 a"au $%e 9isien $% relasi si&ni9i$an. Se#ali$n!a/ i$a " $ ≤ "%/ $e-u"usann!a &a&al 'en%la$ C % a"au C % (i"eri'a. Ar"in!a/ $%e9isien $%relasi "i(a$ si&ni9i$an. #.> )en!i'-ul$an *ali(i"as #u"ir (en&an $ri"eria i$a C % (i"%la$ #erar"i #u"ir ins"ru'en *ali(/ (an se#ali$n!a/ i$a &a&al 'en%la$ C % a"au 'eneri'a C % #erar"i #u"ir ins"ru'en "i(a$ *ali( Selanu"n!a/ #u"iri"e' !an& "i(a$ *ali( (i $eluar$an (i drop (ari ins"ru'en sehin&&a "i(a$ (i&una$an (ala' ins"ru'en !an& a$an (i&una$an un"u$ 'en&u'-ul$an (a"a. A-a#ila (i drop a$an 'en&&an&&u "er-enuhin!a $elen&$a-an in(i$a"%r *aria#el/ 'a$a se#ai$n!a #u"ir (i&an"i (an (iui 5%#a $e'#ali hin&&a 'ene'u$an #u"ir !an& *ali(. Dala' $asus "er"en"u/ !ai"u -%-ulasi rise" !an& "er#a"as "i(a$ a(a sa'-el un"u$ ui 5%#a/ #iasan!a analisis $uali"as ins"ru'en *ali(i"as (an relia#ili"as (ila$u$an (en&an 'en&&una$an (a"a hasil ins"ru'en"asi saa" rise". Dari (a"a hasil ins"ru'en"asi/ se#elu' (ianalisis le#ih lanu"/ (ianalisis "erle#ih (ahulu *ali(i"as (ise#u" Concurent (alidity (an relia#ili"asn!a. Da"a !an& (i&una$an/ selanu"n!a/ a(alah (a"a (ari s$%r #u"ir3#u"ir !an& *ali( saa. $.$.$
(eliailitas Instrumen 3seara emiris4
Un"u$ 'enunu$an relia#ili"as ins"ru'en se5ara e'-iris (ila$u$an (en&an 5ara 'eliha" $%nsis"ensi e$"ernaln!a/ !ai"u (en&an 5ara 'en&3$%relasi$ann!a
(en&an ins"ru'en !an& se"ara parallel !an& su(ah (i$e"ahui relia#ili"asn!a. Ins"ru'en (i$a"a$an relia#el a-a#ila (i$%relasi$an (en&an ins"ru'en !an& se"ara/ $%relasinn!a si&ni9i$an. Ken!a"aann!a/ "i(a$ #e&i"u #an!a$ ins"ru'en !an& se"ara -alin& "i(a$ res-%n(enn!a !an& se"ara (i"e'u$an. Selain i"u/ #erar"i res-%n(en harus 'en&era$an (ua ins"ru'en !an& #er#e(a a$"u ins"ru'en"asi harus a(a e(a a$"u. Un"u$ (i #e#era-a $%"a !an& #er$ai"an (en&an -en&aaran 'un&$in #isa 'en&&una$an s$%r hasil "es I/ T;EF/ ET/ a"au hasil ins"ru'en"asi (ari ins"ru'en !an& "ers"an(ar. Ber$enaan (en&an -er'asalahan "erse#u" (i a"as/ 'a$a #e#era-a li"era"ur 'e'#eri$an #era&a' al"erna"i9 sehin&&a (i$enal #e#era-a "e$ni$ $%relasi se-er"i: "e$ni$ #elah (ua split-half/ Alpha (ari ,r%n#a5h/ C%!"/ Flana&an/ KR320 (an KR321 (ari Ku(er (an Ri5har(s%n/ ;'e&a -a(a analisis 9a$"%r. Dala' #u$u ini "i(a$ se'ua (i-er$enal$an si'ulasin!a. A(a-un lan&$ah3lan&$ah ui relia#ili"as/ se5ara u'u'/ a(alah se#a&ai #eri$u": 1 Ber(asar$an hasil ui *ali(i"as/ $eluar$an drop #u"ir !an& "i(a$ *ali( sehin&&a s$%r res-%n(en !an& (i&una$an a(alah s$%r se"elah #u"ir !an& "i(a$ *ali( su(ah (i$eluar$an 2 )en&hi"un& $%e9isien $%relasi 4 )ene"a-$an $ri"eria relia#el. Be#era-a li"era"ur "er(ahulu a(a !an& 'en&&una$an ui si&ni9i$ansi $%e9isien $%relasi 'elalui "rans9%r'asi nilai $%relasi r 'ena(i nilai 9un&si (is"ri#usi S"u(en"s ". Na'un/ $e#an!a$an li"era"ur 'u"ahir 'en&&una$an nilai r $ri"eria se#a&ai r $ri"is. #ilai r kriteria erkisar antara 0=:0 hingga 0=/0 . Per"i'#an&an !an& (i&una$an un"u$ relia#ili"as ins"ru'en a(alah $eaen&an hasil. ;leh $arena se5ara $uan"i"a"i9
(isan(in&$an (i$%relasi$an (en&an !an& seru-a/ 'a$a se5ara nalar sa"u sa'a lain 'e'ili$i $%n"ri#usi !an& 'e'a(ai. K%n"ri#usi sa"u sa'a lain (i'a$su( (a-a" (in!a"a$an (en&an $%n"ri#usi rela"i9/ !ai"u r 2 V 100. )a$in #esar -r%sen"ase $%n"ri#usi/ 'a$a $eaen&ann!a 'a$in 'e!a$in$an. ;leh $arena i"u/ san&a" l%&is a-a#ila $%n"ri#usin!a 'ini'al <0. Berar"i r 2 0/<0 a"au r 0/71. Ar"in!a/ ins"ru'en (i$a"a$an relia#el a-a#ila r 0/71/ (an se#ali$n!a. 8 )en!i'-ul$an reliailitas instrumen relia#el a"au "i(a$ relia#el. Beri$u" a(alah 5%n"%h (an lan&$ah3lan&$ah un"u$ 'en&analisis $uali"as #u"ir ins"ru'en (an $uali"as ins"ru'en se5ara e'-iris. Ti(a$ se'ua "e$ni$ $%relasi (isai$an (ala' 5%n"%h #eri$u"/ na'un han!a 5%n"%h !an& -alin& serin& (ila$u$an $arena (i-an(an& -alin& 'u(ah (an se(erhana.
;nalisis Kualitas Instrumen Seara >miris $.'.1 ,aliditas >miris ?utir Instrumen ?erua Tes $.'
@jekti"
Beri$u" a(alah 5%n"%h $asus -en&uian *ali(i"as ins"ru'en *ali(i"as e'-iris (ari ins"ru'en #eru-a "es -ilihan &an(a (en&an s$%r (i$%"%'i 1 un"u$ aa#an #enar (an 0 un"u$ aa#an salah. ,%n"%h 2.1: Se%ran& -en!usun ins"ru'en in&in 'en&e"ahui *ali(i"as #u"ir3#u"ir ins"ru'en !an& "er(iri (ari 10 #u"ir. Un"u$ i"u/ ia 'en&a'#il sa'-el 12 %ran& han!a 5%n"%h. an&$ah3 lan&$ahn!a a(alah: 1 )e'#eri$an ins"ru'en $e-a(a seu'lah res-%n(ensisa !an& $ara$"eris"i$n!a rela"i9 sa'a
(en&an res-%n(ensisa !an& a$an (iu$ur (ia'#il (a"an!a. Dala' 5%n"%h ini/ ins"ru'en #eru-a "es %#e$"i9 !an& "er(iri (ari 10 #u"ir (i#eri$an $e-a(a 12 %ran& res-%(ensisa. 2 )en!usun a"au 'en&%r&anisasi$an (a"a Casil lan&$ah 1 (isusun se#ai$n!a 'en&&una$an )S3E@,E se#a&ai #eri$u": N%'%r (an S$%r Bu"irI"e' @ i S$%r N%. Res-. Res-. 1248<>7 = ? 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 ? 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 4 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 < 8 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 7 < 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 ? > 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 = 7 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 8 = 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 = ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 11 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 < 12 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 = ? ? > ? = = < 11 10 ? =8 4 )en&ui *ali(i"as #u"ir ins"ru'en )ene"a-$an ru'us $%e9isien $%relasi !an& "e-a" sesuai (en&an enis (a"a aa#an ins"ru'en (is$ri" a"au $%n"in!u. Un"u$ 5%n"%h ini (a"an!a (i$%"%'i 0 (an 1. ;leh $arena i"u/ ru'us $%e9isien $%relasi !an& "e-a" a(alah $%e9isien $%relasi Point biserial )r pb* (en&an ru'us:
r pb = i
Y´ i1 −Y´ t st
√
pi qi
Ke"eran&an: r-#i: K%e9isien $%relasi Point-+iserial #u"ir $e i bi1: Rera"a s$%r res-%n(en !an& 'enaa# #enar #u"ir i b": Rera"a s$%r T%"al seluruh res-%n(en s" : Si'-an&an #a$u s$%r seluruh res-%n(en -i : Pr%-%rsi res-%n(en !an& 'enaa# #enar #u"ir i Hi : 13 -i 8 )en&hi"un& $%e9isien $%relasi Ber(asar$an susunan (a"a -a(a lan&$ah 2 (i#ua" "a#el rin&$asan s"a"is"i$ se#a&ai #eri$u": Ta#el 2.1 Rin&$asan S"a"is"i$ Un"u$ Perhi"un&an K%e9isien K%relasi Point +iserial
Penelasan: Tara9 su$ar - i (i-er%leh (ari Ju'lah #u"ir !an& (iaa# #enar (i#a&i u'lah seluruh #u"ir. ,%n"%h un"u$ #u"ir n%'%r 1/ - 1 O ?12 O 0/7< un"u$ #u"ir n%'%r < - < O =12 O 0/>7. A(a-un H i (i-er%leh (ari 1 [ -i -r%-%rsi #u"ir !an& (iaa# salah. A(a-un ci 1 (i-er%leh (ari u'lah s$%r res-%n(en !an& 'enaa#
#enar -a(a #u"ir $e i (i#a&i u'lah res-%n(en !an& 'enaa# #enar. ,%n"%h un"u$ #u"ir n%'%r 7: c 71 O ?10?=10< O ?/2. Den&an )S3E@,E (a-a" (i5ari (en&an synta, OSU)IFrange butir 1range s!or responden,;UNTIFrange butir 1. Rera"a s$%r res-%n(en "%"al c " (i-er%leh (ari rera"a s$%r res-%n(en. Ji$a 'en&&una$an )S3E@,E s ynta,3 n!a a(alah OAERAGE range s!or responden . )en&hi"un& si'-an&an #a$u "%"al s " (en&an )S3 E@,E 'en&&una$an synta, OSTDErange s!or responden. S"a"is"i$ "erse#u" selanu"n!a (i'asu$an $e (ala' Ru'us un"u$ 'en&hi"un& r-#. < )ene"a-$an $ri"eria $e-u"usan *ali( "i(a$n!a #u"ir ins"ru'en. A(a 2 -ilihan: a (en&an r $ri"eria #e#era-a li"era"ur -alin& ren(ah 'ene"a-$an r 0/20 # 'elalui ui si&ni9i$ansi $%e9isien $%relasi "rans9%r'asi r $e ". > )e'u"us$an *ali( "i(a$n!a #u"ir ins"ru'en. a Ji$a 'en&&una$an r $ri"eria #erar"i #u"ir (i$a"a$an *ali( a-a#ila nilai $%relasi s$%r #u"ir (en&an s$%r res-%n(en r 0/20. Se#ali$n!a/ #u"ir (in!a"a$an "i(a$ *ali( i$a r ` 0/20. Ber(asar$an hasil -erhi"un&an (i a"as/ 'a$a $e-u"usann!a a(alah a(a sa"u #u"ir !an& "i(a$ *ali(/ !ai"u #u"ir n%'%r = $arena 30/22 ` 0/20. Bu"ir3#u"ir n%'%r 1/ 2/ 4/ 8/ / 7/ ?/ (an 10 se'uan!a *ali( $arena r -# Z 0/20. # Ji$a 'en&&una$an ui si&ni9i$ansi $%e9isien $%relasi r/ lan&$ahn!a se"elah lan&$ah 8 a(alah: #.1 )ene"a-$an hi-%"esis $e#er'a$naan $%e9isien $%relasi
C% : ] O 0 Ca : ] Z 0 ,a"a"an: C a 'en!a"a$ah #aha $%e9isien $%relasi s$%r #u"ir3s$%r res-%n(en i$anilai ] Z 0.$%e9isien $%relasi #.2 )ela$u$ansi&ni9i$an "rans9%r'asi 'ena(i nilai " %#ser*asi a"au " % (is"ri#usi " S"u(en"s. Dala' 5%n"%h ini/ "rans9%r'asi $%relasi r -# $e " (is"i#usi S"u(en"ds 'ena(i " %#ser*asi "% (en&an ru'us "rans9%r'asi: t o =r pb i
i
√
n −2 2 1 −r pb
i
,%n"%h un"u$ #u"ir n%'%r 2: n −2
t =r o2
pb2
√ √
t o =0,56 2
1− r 2pb
2
12−2 1 −( 0,56 )
2
=2,14
#.4 )ene"a-$an "ara9 si&ni9i$an _/ (eraa" #e#as. Dala' 5%n"%h ini (i"e"a-$an "ara9 si&ni9i$an O 0/0< (an (eraa" #e#as/ (# O n32 O 1232 O 10. #.8 )eliha" nilai " $ri"is a"au " $ !an& #ersesuaian (en&an "ara9 si&ni9i$an _ (an (eraa" #e#as (#On32 -a(a Ta#el " a"au 'en&&una$an )S3 E@,E. (ari Dala' #esar (ihi"un& " O 3-erhi"un&an hin&&a " $ a"au (ari-eluan& $iri $e $anan. Den&an (e'i$ian/ " $ 'ena(i " 130/0<10 a"au " $ O "0/?<10. Nilai " $ ini (a-a" (i5ari -a(a Ta#el " -a(a #aris n O10 (an $%l%' "ara9 si&ni9i$an _ O 0/?<. Dari Ta#el a$an (i-er%leh
nilai " $ O 1/=1. Ji$a 'en&&una$an )S3E@,E 'en&&una$an s!n"aV OT.IN0/?<10.
Kri"eria $e-u"usan: Tolak C%: ] O 0/ i$a " %2 Z 1/=1. Se#ali$n!a/ Ga&al 'en%la$ a"au "eri'a C %: ] O 0/ i $a " %2 Q 1/=1. #.< )en&ui si&ni9i$ansi $%e9isien $%relasi (en&an 5ara 'e'#an(in&$an nilai " %#ser*asi "% (en&an " $ri"eria a"au " $ri"is "$. Ji$a " $ Z "%/ $e-u"usann!a C % (i"%la$. Ar"in!a/ ] Z 0 a"au $%e9isien $%relasi si&ni9i$an. Se#ali$n!a/ i$a " $ Z "%/ $e-u"usann!a 'en%la$ C % a"au C% (i"eri'a. Ar"in!a/ &a&al $%e9isien $%relasi "i(a$ si&ni9i$an. Dala' 5%n"%h ini/ Dala' 5%n"%h ini/ "ern!a"a "%2 O 2/18 Z 1/=1/ #era"i "%la$ C %: ] O 0. Al"erna"i9n!a/ Ca : ] Z 0 !an& #erar"i #u"ir ins"ru'en n%'%r 2 *ali(. #.> )en!i'-ul$an *ali(i"as #u"ir (en&an $ri"eria i$a C % (i"%la$ #erar"i #u"ir ins"ru'en *ali(/ (an se#ali$n!a/ i$a &a&al 'en%la$ C % a"au 'eneri'a C% #erar"i #u"ir ins"ru'en "i(a$ *ali(. Karena C %: ] O 0 (i"%la$/ 'a$a al"erna"i9n!a/ Ca: ] Z 0 !an& #erar"i #u"ir ins"ru'en n%'%r 2 *ali(. Silah$an 5%#a un"u$ #u"ir3#u"ir lainn!a se#a&ai la"ihan. Ke'u(ian/ hasiln!a 5%5%$an (en&an Ta#el 2.2 !an& 'en!ai$an (a"a len&$a- -en&uian *ali(i"as #u"ir (ari 5%n"%h $asus (i a"as.
Ta#el 2.2 Da"a si'ulasi ui 5%#a ins"ru'en #u"ir %#e$"i9
$.'.$
,aliditas >miris ?utir Instrumen ?erua Tes Uraian 3 'ssay4 dan Kuisener<;ngket 3Skala Sika4
ali(i"as #u"ir (i"unu$an %leh $%e9isien $%relasi an"ara s$%r #u"ir (en&an s$%r res-%n(en s$%r "%"al res-%(en. Pa(a #e#era-a li"era"ur/ s$%r #u"ir ins"ru'en #eru-a "es uraian essay (an s$%r #u"ir an&$e"$uisener
s$ala si$a- (ian&&a- (a"an!a #ers$ala in"er*al. Pen&uian *ali(i"as #u"ir lan&$ah3lan&$ahn!a sa'a (en&an -en&uian *ali(i"as #u"ir un"u$ ins"ru'en (en&an #u"ir "es %#e$"i9. Pern#e(aann!a "erle"a$ -a(a ru'us $%e9isien $%relasi !an& (i&una$an. Un"u$ (a"a #ers$ala in"er*al a"au rasi% #an!a$ (i&una$an $%e9isien $%relasi Product Moment. ;leh $arena i"u/ K%e9isien $%relasi (ihi"un& (en&an 'en&&una$an ru'us $%e9isien $%relasi Product Moment (ari Pears%n Karl Pears%n se#a&ai'ana #eri$u". rX Y= i
n ∑ X i Y −( ∑ X i ) ( ∑ Y )
√( n ∑ X
2
i−
( ∑ X i ) ) ( n ∑ Y −( ∑ Y ) ) 2
2
2
Ke"eran&an: rfg : K%e9isien $%relasi Product Moment @g: S$%r #u"ir n%'%r i : S$%r res-%n(en Beri$u" a(alah 5%n"%h $asus -en&uian *ali(i"as ins"ru'en *ali(i"as e'-iris (ari ins"ru'en #eru-a #eru-a "es uraian essay (an s$%r #u"ir an&$e"$uisener s$ala si$a-. ,%n"%h 2.2: Se%ran& -en!usun ins"ru'en in&in 'en&e"ahui *ali(i"as #u"ir3#u"ir ins"ru'enn!a !an& "er(iri (ari < #u"ir s%al uraian essay. Un"u$ i"u/ ia 'ela$u$an ui 5%#a (en&an sa'-el se#an!a$ 10 %ran&. an&$ah3lan&$ahn!a a(alah: 1 )e'#eri$an ins"ru'en $e-a(a seu'lah res-%n(ensisa !an& $ara$"eris"i$n!a rela"i9 sa'a (en&an res-%n(ensisa !an& a$an (iu$ur (ia'#il (a"an!a. Dala' 5%n"%h ini/ ins"ru'en #eru-a "es
%#e$"i9 !an& "er(iri (ari < #u"ir (i#eri$an $e-a(a 10 %ran& res-%(ensisa. 2 )en!usun a"au 'en&%r&anisasi$an (a"a Casil lan&$ah 1 (isusun se#ai$n!a 'en&&una$an )S3E@,E se#a&ai #eri$u":
Tabel 2.3 Data simulasi uji coba instrumen butir essay
Sumber: Data simulasi pada PESRIPP 4 )ene"a-$an ru'us $%e9isien $%relasi !an& "e-a" sesuai (en&an enis (a"a aa#an ins"ru'en (is$ri" a"au $%n"in!u. Un"u$ 5%n"%h ini (a"an!a $%n"in!u. ;leh $arena i"u/ ru'us $%e9isien $%relasi !an& "e-a" a(alah $%e9isien $%relasi Product Moment )r .i/* (en&an ru'us: r
n ∑ X i Y −( ∑ X i ) ( ∑ Y ) Xi Y =
√( n ∑ X
2
i−
( ∑ X i ) ) ( n ∑ Y −( ∑ Y ) )
Ke"eran&an: rfg : K%e9isien $%relasi Product moment @g: S$%r #u"ir n%'%r i : S$%r res-%n(en
2
2
2
8 )en&hi"un& $%e9isien $%relasi Ber(asar$an susunan (a"a -a(a lan&$ah 2 (i#ua" "a#el rin&$asan s"a"is"i$ se#a&ai #eri$u":
Ta#el 2.4 Rin&$asan S"a"is"i$ Un"u$ )en&hi"un& K%e9isien K%relasi Product Moment
Ber(asar$an rin&$asan s"a"is"i$ -a(a Ta#el 2.4 (a-a" (ihi"un& $%e9isien $%relasi s$%r "ia- #u"ir (en&an s$%r "%"aln!a s$%r res-%n(en. ,%n"%h un"u$ #u"ir n%'%r 1. Dari Ta#el 2.4 (a-a" (i$e"ahui s"a"is"i$ !an& (i-erlu$an un"u$ su#s"i"usi$an $e (ala' ru'us/ !ai"u: n O 10 @ 1 O 71= @1 O 4? @12 O 1>7 O 17< a"au 2 O 40>2< (an 2 O 41=1. K%e9isien $%relasin!a a(alah: rX Y= 1
10 ( 718 ) −(39 )( 718 )
√ ( 10. (167 )− (39 ) ) ( 10 (3181 ) −( 175 ) ) 2
2
=0,84
Di-ersilah$an #u"ir3#u"ir lainn!a (i5%#a se#a&ai la"ihan. Ke'u(ian 5%5%$an hasiln!a (en&an "a#el #eri$u".
< )ene"a-$an $ri"eria $e-u"usan "i(a$n!a #u"ir ins"ru'en. A(a 2 -ilihan: a *ali( (en&an r $ri"eria #e#era-a li"era"ur -alin& ren(ah 'ene"a-$an r 0/20 # 'elalui ui si&ni9i$ansi $%e9isien $%relasi "rans9%r'asi r $e ". > )e'u"us$an *ali( "i(a$n!a #u"ir ins"ru'en.
a Ji$a 'en&&una$an r $ri"eria #erar"i #u"ir (i$a"a$an *ali( a-a#ila nilai $%relasi s$%r #u"ir (en&an s$%r res-%n(en r 0/20. Se#ali$n!a/ #u"ir (in!a"a$an "i(a$ *ali( i$a r ` 0/20. Ber(asar$an hasil -erhi"un&an (i a"as/ 'a$a $e-u"usann!a a(alah a(a sa"u #u"ir !an& "i(a$ *ali(/ !ai"u #u"ir n%'%r 4 $arena 0/0= ` 0/20. Bu"ir3#u"ir n%'%r 1/ 2/ 8/ (an < se'uan!a *ali( $arena r@i Z 0/20. # Ji$a 'elalui ui si&ni9i$ansi $%e9isien $%relasi "rans9%r'asi r $e " #.1 )ene"a-$an hi-%"esis s"a"is"i$ un"u$ $e#er'a$naansi&ni9i$ansi $%e9isien $%relasi/ !ai"u: C%: ] O 0 Ca: ] Z 0 ,a"a"an: Bu"ir ins"ru'en (i$a"a$an *ali( i$a $%e9isien $%relasin!a si&ni9i$an ]Z0 #.2 K%relasi rfg (i"rans9%r'asi $e " (is"i#usi S"u(en"ds 'ena(i " %#ser*asi " %g. ,%n"%h un"u$ #u"ir n%'%r 1. t o =0,84 1
√
10 −2 1 −( 0,84 )
2
= 4,38
#.4 )ene"a-$an "ara9 si&ni9i$an _/ (eraa" #e#as. Dala' 5%n"%h ini (i"e"a-$an "ara9 si&ni9i$anO 0/0< (an (eraa" #e#as/ (# O n32 O 1032 O =. #.8 )eliha" nilai " $ri"is a"au " $ !an& #ersesuaian (en&an _'en&&una$an (an (eraa" #e#as (#On32 "ara9 -a(a si&ni9i$an Ta#el " a"au )S3 E@,E. Dala' -erhi"un&an #esar -eluan& (ihi"un& (ari " O 3 hin&&a " $ a"au (ari $iri $e $anan. Den&an (e'i$ian / "$ 'ena(i "130/0<= a"au "$ O "0/?<=. Nilai " $ ini (a-a" (5ari -a(a Ta#el "
-a(a #aris n O = (an $%l%' "ara9 si&ni9i$an _ O 0/?<. Dari Ta#el a$an (i-er%leh nilai " $ O 1/=>. Ji$a 'en&&una$an )S3E@,E 'en&&u3na$an s!n"aV OT.IN0/?<=.
Kri"eria $e-u"usan: Tolak C%: ] O 0/ i$a " %1 Z 1/=>. Se#ali$n!a/ Ga&al 'en%la$ a"au "eri'a C %: ] O 0/ i $a " %1 Q 1/=>. #.< )en&ui si&ni9i$ansi $%e9isien $%relasi (en&an 5ara 'e'#an(in&$an nilai " %#ser*asi "% (en&an " $ri"eria a"au " $ri"is "$. Ji$a " $ Z "%/ $e-u"usann!a C % (i"%la$. Ar"in!a/ ] Z 0 a"au $%e9isien $%relasi si&ni9i$an. Se#ali$n!a/ i$a " $ Z "%/ $e-u"usann!a &a&al 'en%la$ C % a"au C % (i"eri'a. Ar"in!a/ $%e9isien $%relasi "i(a$ si&ni9i$an. Dala' 5%n"%h ini/ Dala' 5%n"%h ini/ "ern!a"a "%1 O 8/4= Z 1/=>/ #era"i "%la$ C %: ] O 0. Al"erna"i9n!a/ Ca : ] Z 0 !an& #erar"i #u"ir ins"ru'en n%'%r 1 *ali(. #.> )en!i'-ul$an *ali(i"as #u"ir (en&an $ri"eria i$a C % (i"%la$ #erar"i #u"ir ins"ru'en *ali(/ (an se#ali$n!a/ i$a &a&al 'en%la$ C % a"au 'eneri'a C% #erar"i #u"ir ins"ru'en "i(a$ *ali(. Karena C %: ] O 0 (i"%la$/ 'a$a al"erna"i9n!a/ Ca: ] Z 0 !an& #erar"i #u"ir ins"ru'en n%'%r 1 *ali(.
Silah$an 5%#a un"u$ #u"ir3#u"ir lainn!a se#a&ai la"ihan. Ke'u(ian/ hasiln!a 5%5%$an (en&anTa#el 2.8 !an& 'en!ai$an (a"a len&$a- -en&uian *ali(i"as #u"ir (ari 5%n"%h $asus (i a"as. $.'.'
eliailitas emiris utir instrumen erua tes 'ssa$ Uraian
(
Ban!a$ 5ara a"au "e$ni$ un"u$ 'enen"u$an relia#ili"as sua"u ins"ru'en se-er"i "e$ni$ #elah (ua S-li"3 Cal9/ KR 20/ KR21/ C%!"/ (an Al-ha a"au Al-ha ,r%n#a5h. Salah sa"u 5ara un"u$ ins"ru'en !an& #u"ir3#u"irn!a #ers$ala (is$ri" (i$%"%'i 0 (an 1 se-er"i #u"ir -ilihan &an(a/ #e"ul3salah a"au isian sin&$a" a(alah K%e9isien $%relasi (ari Ku(er3Ri5har(s%n 20 a"au (i$enal KR 20 !an& ru'usn!a se#a&ai'ana Ru'us 2.< (i hala'an #eri$u". Un"u$ 'ene"a-$an relia#el "i(a$n!a a(a #e#era-a 5ara/ !ai"u: Un"u$ 'ene"a-$an relia#el "i(a$n!a a(a (ua 5ara/ !ai"u: 1 (en&an 'ene"a-$an nilai #a"as $%e9isien relia#ili"as r $ri"is !an& (ian&&a- si&ni9i$an 'isal r 0/> 2 'e'#an(in&$an (en&an nilai r !an& #ersesuaian (en&an "ara9 si&ni9i$an _ (an #an!a$ sa'-el ui 5%#a n.
Nilai r $ri"is ini (a-a" (iliha" -a(a Ta#el r $%relasi Product Moment. r KR 20=
k
( k −1 )
(
1−
∑ pq 2
sy
)
Ke"eran&an: rKR20: K%e9isien $%relasi KR20 $ : Ju'lah #u"ir !an& *ali( s : arians s$%r res-%n(en - : Pr%-%rsi res-%n(en !an& 'enaa# #enar s$%r 1 H : Pr%-%rsi res-%n(en !an& 'enaa# salah s$%r 0
an&$ah3lan&$ah -en&uiann!a a(alah: 1 )en&u'-ul$an (a"a %#ser*asi"es 2 )en&ui *ali(i"as #u"ir3#u"ir ins"ru'en 4 )e'#uan& #u"ir in"ru'en !an& "i(a$ *ali( (an 'e'#ua" "a#el ulan& 8 )en&hi"un& $%e9isien $%relasi KR 20 < )enen"u$an Kri"eria $e-u"usan > )en&a'#il $e-u"usan. ,%n"%h 2.8: ,%n"%h $asus lanu"an (ari 5%n"%h 2.1.
Ji$a 'en&&una$an )S3E@,E S!n"aV3n!a OARran&e s$%r .
a(alah
an&$ah3lan&$ahn!a a(alah: 1 )en&u'-ul$an (a"a %#ser*asi"es. iha" 5%n"%h 2.1 2 )en&ui *ali(i"as #u"ir3#u"ir ins"ru'en. iha" 5%n"%h 2.1 4 )e'#uan& #u"ir in"ru'en !an& "i(a$ *ali( (an 'e'#ua" "a#el ulan&. Ber(asar$an (a"a hasil ui *ali(i"as #u"ir se#a&ai'ana Ta#el 2.1 (i a"as/ 'a$a se"elah #u"ir !an& "i(a$ *ali( (i$eluar$an (i drop/ (a-a" (isusun "a#el 2.< se#a&ai'ana #eri$u": 8 )en&hi"un& $%e9isien $%relasi KR 20
< )enen"u$an Kri"eria $e-u"usan a Ji$a 'en&&una$an $ri"eria r $ri"i$
#er(asar$an
nilai r "er"en"u. )isal/ (i"e"a-$an r $ri"is3n!a a(alah r O 0/>0. Kri"eria $e-u"usann!a a(alah: ins"ru'en relia#el i$a rKR20 Z 0/>0/ se#ali$n!a ins"ru'en "i(a$ relia#el i$a rKR20 Q 0/>0. # Ji$a 'en&&una$an r $ri"is #er(asar$an "ara9 si&ni9i$an _ "er"en"u (an #an!a$ sa'-el ui 5%#a. )isal/ "ara9 si&ni9i$an (ia'#il _ O 0/0<. Ban!a$ sa'-el ui 5%#a n O 12. Nilai r $ri"is (a-a" (i-er%leh (ari Ta#el K%e9isien K%relasi Product momentX. ,aran!a: "an(ai -a(a $%l%' n an&$a 12 u'lah sa'-el/ $e'u(ian liha" -a(a $%l%' "ara9 si&ni9i$an 0/0< sel !an& "erle"a$ -a(a #aris nO12. A$an (i$e"e'u$an an&$a 0/<7>. Ar"in!a/ r $ri"ir un"u$ _ O 0/0< (an n O 12 a"au r 0/0<12O0/<7>. Den&an (e'i$ian/ $ri"eria $e-u"usann!a a(alah: ins"ru'en relia#el i$a r KR20 Z 0/<7>/ se#ali$n!a ins"ru'en "i(a$ relia#el i$a rKR20 Q 0/<7>. > )en&a'#il $e-u"usan Dala' 5%n"%h ini/ #er(asar$an $e(ua 5ara 'enen"u$an r $ri"is/ 0/=? Z 0/>0 (an 0/ =? Z 0/<7>. Ke-u"usann!a a(alah ins"ru'en se"elah #u"ir !an& "i(a$ *ali( (i drop relia#el. $.'.)
(eliailitas
emiris utir instrumen erua uraian 3 'ssa$4= dan kuisener
Salah sa"u 5ara un"u$ ins"ru'en !an& #u"ir3#u"irn!a #ers$ala in"er*al a"au n%n (i$%"%'i se-er"i #u"ir Essa! a"au an&$e"s$ala si$a- a(alah K%e9isien $%relasi a"au $%e9isien relia#ili"as (ari &lp(a Cronbac( (en&an ru'us: 2
k
Xi r 11= 1− ∑ 2s k −1 sY
( )(
)
Ke"eran&an: r₁₁: K%e9isien $%relasi relia#ili"as Al-ha $ : Ju'lah #u"ir sfg: arians s$r%r #u"ir n%'%r i s : arians s$%r res-%n(en Un"u$ 'ene"a-$an relia#el "i(a$n!a a(a (ua/ !ai"u: 1 (en&an 'ene"a-$an nilai #a"as $%e9isien relia#ili"as r $ri"is !an& (ian&&a- si&ni9i$an 'isal r 0/> 2 'e'#an(in&$an (en&an nilai r !an& #ersesuaian (en&an "ara9 si&ni9i$an _ (an #an!a$ sa'-el ui 5%#a n. Nilai r $ri"is ini (a-a" (iliha" -a(a Ta#el r $%relasi product moment. an&$ah3lan&$ah -en&uiann!a sa'a (en&an lan&$ah3lan&$ah (i a"as. ,%n"%h 2.<: Ber(asar$an (a"a hasil ui *ali(i"as #u"ir se#a&ai'ana Ta#el 2.2 (i a"as/ 'a$a se"elah #u"ir !an& "i(a$ *ali( (i$eluar$an (i (r%-/ (a-a" (isusun "a#el 2.> se#a&ai'ana #eri$u":
Ta#el 2.>
Da"a Casil Ui ,%#a Ins"ru'en Un"u$ )en&ui Relia#ili"as Ins"ru'en Bu"ir Essay A"au S$ala Si$a-
Ke-u"usan: Bai$ 'en&&una$an r $ri"is #er(asar$an nilai r "e"ar Z 0/>0 'au-un 'en&&una$an r $ri"is #er(asar$an "ara9 si&ni9i$an _ (en&an u'ah sa'-el ui 5%#a n/ $e-u"usann!a sa'a3sa'a 'e'u"us$an #aha ins"ru'en relia#el. Cal ini (i(asar$an -a(a 0/=1 Z 0/>0 (an 0/=1 Z 0/<7>. Analisis #u"ir se#a&ai'ana hasiln!a -a(a Ta#el 2.1/ 2. "erse(ia -a(a Pr%&ra' E(u$asi S"a"is"i$ Rise" Il'u Pen(i(i$an (an Pen&aaran PESRIPP.
4 DESKRIPSI DATA T
aha- $e(ua un"u$ #e$era (en&an s"a"is"i$a a(alah "aha- (es$ri-si (a"a !an& &unan!a un"u$ 'enaa# -er"an!aan #a&ai'ana &a'#aran (a"a *aria#el !an& a$an (i"eli"i. Ben"u$ (es$ri-si (a"a/ se5ara u'u'/ (a-a" #eru-a: 1 Dia&ra' #a"an&/ (ia&ra' Ba"an&3(aun leaf diagram/ "a#el (is"ri#usi 9re$uensi/ his"%&ra' (ari "a#el (is"ri#usi 9re$uensi/ (ll 2 Ke5en(erun&an 'e'usa" central tendency !an& (a-a" #eru-a: Rera"a u'u'n!a 'en&a"a$an ra"a3ra"a a"au Mean0 Median/ (an )%(us 4 Se#aran (is-ersi !an& (a-a" #eru-a ran&e/ $uar"il/ si'-an&an an"ara $uar"il/ si'-an&an #a$u/ (an ra&a' *arian. A(a-un #en"u$ (es$ri-si !an& -as"e-a" "er&an"un& $e-a(a enis (a"an!a n%'inal/ %r(inal/ in"er*al a"au rasi%. Pers!ara"an asu'si analisis (en&an s"a"is"i$a -ara'e"ri$ !an& -alin& -en"in& a(alah #aha -%-ulasi (ari $ara$"eris"i$ *aria#el !an& a$an (ianalisis #er(is"ri#usi n%r'al (an sa'-el (ia'#il se5ara ran(%'a5a$. In"i (ari ran(%' a(alah sua"u $%n(isi !an& 'enunu$an #aha seluruh an&&%"a -%-ulasi 'e'ili$i -eluan& !an& sa'a un"u$ "era'#il se#a&ai sa'-el. In"in!a a(alah (en&an 'ela$u$an -en&un(ian (en&an #er#a&ai "e$ni$. Pers!ara"an #eri$u"n!a "er&an"un& $e-a(a analisis a-a !an& a$an (i&una$an: $%relasi%nal re&resi a"au ui #e(a.
Ta#el 4.1 Ben"u$ Des$ri-si Da"a an& Te-a" Ber(asar$an Jenis Da"a
'.1
iagram ?atang-!aun 3ea!*+iagram4 !Dia&ra' #a"an&3(aun a$an "e-a"
un"u$ 'en(es$ri-si$an (a"a *aria#el in"er*al a"au $%n"in!u !an& "er(iri (ari 'a$si'al 2 (i&i" -uluhan (an sa"uan a"au sa"uan (an se-erse-uluhan. Di$a"a$an (ia&ra' #a"an&3 (aun/ $arena 5ara -en!usuan 'au-un "a'-ilann!a se-er"i 'enunu$an #a"an& (an (aun se-er"i &a'#ar 4.1 #eri$u".
an&$ah3lan&$ah un"u$ 'en!usunn!a (a-a" (isi'a$ -a(a 5%n"%h #eri$u".
,%n"%h 4.1: )isal "er(a-a" (a"a s$%r hasil ulan&an 'a"e'a"i$a se#a&ai #eri$u":
1 Da"a !an& a(a (iuru"$an "erle#ih (ahulu sehin&&a 'ena(i:
2 Susun $e #a ah an&$a (i&i" -er"a'a (ar i $iri 'ulai (ari !an& "er$e5il. Ji$a a(a (a"a !an& han!a "er(iri (ari sa"uan #erar"i -uluhann!a 0. 4 Bua" &aris -e'isah/ $e'u(ian susun (i se#elah $anan &aris -e'isah an&$a 'en&i$u"i an&$ase-er"i (i&i" -er"a'a "a(i 'ulai (ari !an& !an& "er$e5il. Casiln!a Ga'#ar 4.1 (i a"as. Ji$a ru'usan 'asalah 'eli#a"$an *aria#el enis $ela'in (an (a"an!a se#a&ai #eri$u":
)a$a (ia&ra' #a"an&3(aunn!a a$an 'ena(i se#a&ai #eri$u".
Di sa'-in& "i(a$ 'enin&&al$an sisi es"e"i$a/ (ia&ra' Ba"an&3Daun ini le#ih in9%r'a"i9 (ari-a(a (ia&ra' lainn!a. Teru"a'a i$a u'lah (a"a "i(a$ "erlalu #esar. Ber(asar$an (ia&ra' Ba"an&3Daun a$an (en&an 'u(ah (iliha": 1 s$%r 'ini'u' (an 'a$si'u' 2 9re$uensi "ia- $el%'-%$ #er(asar$an (i&i" -er"a'a 4 '%(us 8 )e(ian #ah$an < Kuar"iln!a. Selain i"u (ari (ia&ra' ini a$an (en&an 'u(ah 'en!usun Ta#el (is"ri#usi 9re$uensi $elas in"er*aln!a Trans9%r'asi (ari (a"a *aria#el in"er*al a"au rasi% 'ena(i (a"a %r(inal. ;leh $arena i"u/ un"u$ (es$ri-si (a"a *aria#el !an& #er$enaan (en&an #i(an& -en(i(i$an (an -en&aaran/ (isaran$an a&ar 'en&&una$an (ia&ra' Ba"an&3Daun ini. Kele'ahann!a/ han!a e9e$"i9 i$a (a"a "er(iri 'a$si'al 2 (i&i" (an (i&i" -er"a'a harus *aria"i9 'ini'al 2 *ariasi. '.$
Tael
!istriusi
Frekuensi dan
!iagram
?atang
4.2.1
Ta#el Dis"ri#usi Fre$uensi (an Dia&ra' Ba"an&
Da"a aria#el Dis$ri" N%'inal a"au ;r(inal Dia&ra' #a"an& le#ih "e-a" (i&una$an un"u$ (a"a *aria#el (is$ri" n%'inal a"au %r(inal 'urni. Dia&ra' #a"an& (i#ua"/ -a(a (asarn!a/ un"u$ *isualisasi (ari (is"ri#usi 9re$uensi. ,%n"%h 4.2: Un"u$ (a"a *aria#el n%'inal Jenis $ela'in
Ber(asar$an "a#el (is"ri#usi 9re$uensi (i a"as (a-a" (i#ua" (ia&ra' #a"an&n!a/ se#a&ai *isualisasi (ari "a#el (is"ri#usi 9re$uensi "erse#u"/ se#a&ai #eri$u":
,%n"%h 4.4: Un"u$ (a"a *aria#el n%'inal Bu$u Pa$e"
Ta#el (is"ri#usi 9re$uensi (i a"as (a-a" (i*isualisasi$an (en&an (ia&ra' #a"an& se#a&ai #eri$u":
,%n"%h 4.8: Un"u$ (a"a *aria#el n%'inal Ju'lah sisa )isal$an a$an 'en(es$ri-si$an u'lah sisa #er(asar$an "in&$a"an $elas (i sua"u S)P. )isal/ se"elah (i#ua" Ta#el (is"ri#usi 9re$uensin!a (i-er%leh (a"a se#a&ai #eri$u":
isualisasi (ari Ta#el 4.4 (i a"as a(alah (ia&ra' #a"an& se-er"i #eri$u".
4.2.2
Ta#el Dis"ri#usi Fre$uensi (an Dia&ra' Ba"an& 'istogram Da"a aria#el $%n"in!u inter%al a"au rasio
Un"u$ 'en(es$ri-si$an (a"a *aria#el $%n"in!u "i(a$ sese(erhana 'en(es$ri-si$an *aria#el (is$ri". Teru"a'a i$a *ariasi s$%r san&a" #era&a'. Da"a *aria#el $%n"in!u -erlu (i"rans9%r'asi "erle#ih (ahulu 'ena(i (a"a %r(inal. ,%n"%h (an lan&$ah3lan&$ahn!a se#a&ai #eri$u": ,%n"%h 4.<: )isal a$an 'en(es$ri-si$an 'a"e'a"i$a sisa/ !ai"u:
(a"a
hasil
ulan&an
Se#ai$n!a/ (a"a ini (i#ua" (ulu (ia&ra' Ba"an&3Daunn!a.
Ke'u(ian la$u$an lan&$ah3lan&$ahn!a #eri$u": 1 )enen"u$an Ran&e a"au Ren"an& Ren"an& a(alah selisih s$%r 'a$si'u' (en&an. Ji$a (i"ulis$an se#a&ai ru'us formula 'a$a ru'usn!a 'ena(i:
( 7 Sa 9 S Ke"eran&an: R : Ren"an& Range Sa: S$%r a"as s$%r 'a$si'u' S#: S$%r #aah s$%r 'ini'u' Pa(a 5%n"%h ini liha" (ia&ra' Ba"an& Daun R O 8> [ 2< O 21. 2 )ene"a-$an u'lah $el%'-%$ (a"a !an& a$an (i#ua". Be#era-a li"era"ur/ -a(a u'u'n!a 'en&&una$an is"ilah #an!a$ $elas in"er*al. Un"u$ hal ini/ 5ara 'ene"a-$ann!a #er#e(a3#e(a. A(a !an& 'en&&una$an -er$iraan (ari -en&ala'an/ 'isaln!a #en!a$ $el%'-%$ $ an"ara < sa'-ai (en&an 1<. A(a !an& 'en&anur$an 'en&&una$an a"uran S"ur&ess se#a&ai'ana ru'us #eri$u": k = 1 + 3,3log n
Ke"eran&an: $ : Ban!a$ $elas in"er*al $el%'-%$ (a"a n: Ban!a$ (a"a "%"al (a"aseluruh an&&%"a )enuru" -enulis/ u'lah $el%'-%$ (a"a "er&an"un& $e-a(a "uuan a"au $e#u"uhan. )isal: 1
i$a a$an 'en&el%'-%$an 'ena(i s$%r Tin&&i (an Ren(ah 'a$a u'lah $elas in"er*al $el%'-%$ (a"a 5u$u- 2 a"au $ O 2 2 i$a in&in 'en&&a'#ar$an #er(asar$an $a"e&%ri Tin&&i/ se(an&/ Ren(ah a"au Bai$/ ,u$u-/ (an Kuran&/ 'a$a u'lah $elas in"er*al $ O 4 4 i$a a$an 'en&&a'#ar$an $a"e&%ri San&a" Bai$/ Bai$/ ,u$u-/ Kuran&/ (an San&a" Kuran& se-er"i $a"e&%risasi nilai (i Per&uruan Tin&&i/ 'a$a u'lah $elas in"er*al $ O <. Un"u$ $e-erluan ui n%r'ali"as (is"ri#usi -%-ulasi -enulis 'en&anur$an $ O >. Cal ini #er$enaan (en&an 9a$"a se5ara e'-iris ren"an& *ariasi -a(a $ur*a n%r'al s"an(ar 'eren"an& (ari 34 hin&&a 4 se5ara "e%re"is 'eren"an& (ari 3 hin&&a . ;leh $arena i"u/ (ala' 5%n"%h ini $ O >. 4 )en&hi"un& -anan& $el%'-%$ -anan& $elas in"er*al. Da-a" (iilus"rasi$an #aha -anan& $elas in"er*al - ini (en&an -anan& seu"as "ali R $e'u(ian (i#a&i 'ena(i #e#era-a -%"%n& !an& sa'a -anan& $. )asin&3'asin& -%"%n&an a$an "er"en"u -anan& (an "e-i3"e-i (i'ana "ali ini harus (i-%"%n&. Dala' hal ini/ #erar"i -anan& $elas in"er*al a(alah ren"an& (i#a&i #an!a$ $elas in"er*al: p=
R k
Ke"eran&an: -: -anan& $elas in"er*al ara$ an"ar s$%r "e-i #aah (an a"as R: Ren"an& Range $ : Ban!a$ $elas in"er*al $el%'-%$ (a"a
Dala' 5%n"%h ini/ #erar"i - O 21> O 4/<. Selanu"n!a/ hasil #a&in!a ini 4/< (i#ula"$an $e a"as a"au $e #aah sehin&&a 'ena(i 4 a"au 8. Un"u$ 'e'as"i$an 'ana !an& -as/ se#ai$n!a (i5%#a35%#a (ulu/ (isusun $el%'-%$3$el%'-%$ $elas3$elas in"er*aln!a. Nilai (i$a"a$an -as a-a#ila seluruh (a"a "eru"a'a (a"as$%r "er#esar 'asu$ $e (ala' $el%'-%$ "era$hir. Nilai -/ -a(a u'u'n!a (i#ula"$an $e a"as. Pa(a 5%n"%h ini a$an (i&una$an -e'#ula"an $e a"as sehin&&a - O 8. 8 )en!usun "e-i3"e-i $elas in"er*al "e-i $el%'-%$ (a"as$%r. Dari - O 8 (an s$%r 'a$si'u' O 2/ 27/ (an 2=. Den&an (e'i$ian/ -a(a 5%n"%h ini/ $el%'-%$ s$%r $elas in"er*al -er"a'a a(alah 2< [ 2=. Te-i #aahn!a T# a(alah 2< (an "e-i a"asn!a Ta a(alah 2=. Kel%'-%$3$el%'-%$ #eri$u"n!a "in&al 'ena'#ah 8 -a(a 'asin&3'asin& "e-i #aah (an a"as sehin&&a $el%'-%$ len&$a-n!a > $el%'-%$ a(alah 2< 3 2=/ 2? [ 42/ 44 [ 4>/ 47 [ 80/ 81 [ 88/ (an 8< [ 8= -erin&a"an: "an(a [ (i sini #u$an #erar"i %-erasi -en&uran&an/ "a-i -en&&an"i (ari $a"a sa'-ai (en&an. Ji$a (iuru"$an $e #aah 'ena(i se#uah $%l%' !an& 'e'ua" $elas3$elas in"er*al se-er"i -a(a "a#el 4.8 #eri$u".
< )en!usun #a"as3#a"as $el%'-%$ $elas in"er*al. Ba"as3#a"as #aah $el%'-%$in"er*al $e i B #i (i-er%leh (en&an 5ara "e-i #aah T #i (i$uran&i $ali sa"uan "er$e5il s$%r u. Dala' 5%n"%h ini/ sa"uan "er$e5iln!a a(alah u O 1. Ji$a (a"an!a "er(iri (ari sa"uan (an se-erse-uluhan se-er"i: 1/4 2/1 7/< >/> (s"./ 'a$a sa"uan "er$e5iln!a a(alah u O 0/1. Dala' #en"u$ ru'us a$an "erlulis se#a&ai #eri$u":
?i 7 Ti 9 u Ke"eran&an: B#i: Ba"as #aah $elas in"er*al $e i T#i: Te-i #aah $elas in"er*al $e i u : Uni" sa"uan "er$e5il !an& (i&una$an i : L1/2/4/ .../ $M
Ja(i/ #a"as #aah $elas in"er*al -er"a'a a(alah T 0/0< O 2< [ 0/< O 28/<. Selanu"n!a #a"as a"as B
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> )enen"u$an nilai a"au "i"i$ "en&ah "ia- $elas in"er*al. Nilai a"au "i"i$ @i "en&ah "ia- $elas in"er*al (i-er%leh (ari 'enu'lah$an "e-i #aah (en&an "e-i a"as $e'u(ian (i#a&i 2. Dala' #en"u$ ru'us (a-a" (i"ulis se#a&ai #eri$u": X i=
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Pa(a 5%n"%h/ un"u$ $elas in"er*al -er"a'a/ @ 1 O 2<2=2 O 2>/<. De'i$ian se"erusn!a hin&&a @ > O 8<8=2 O 8>/<. ,ara 5e-a" un"u$ 'enen"u$an nilai "en&ah $elas in"er*al #eri$u"n!a a(alah nilai "en&ah se#elu'n!a (i"a'#ah (en&an -anan& $elas in"er*al (ala' 5%n"%h ini - O 8. Cal "erse#u" (a-a" (i"ulis (ala' #en"u$ ru'us se#a&ai #eri$u":
AiB1 7 Ai B Ke"eran&an: @i: Nilai"i"i$ "en&ah $elas in"er*al $e i -: -anan& $elas in"er*al i : 1/ 2/ 4/ .../ $. Ja(i/ @2 O 2>/< 8 O 40/< @4 O 40/< 8 O 48/ #an!a$ an&&%"a $el%'-%$ $e(ua a(a
(an 42. De'i$ian se"erusn!a se#a&ai'ana "a'-a$ -a(a $%l%' $e "i&a (ari Ta#el 4.8 (i a"as. = )enen"u$an -ersen"ase u'lah an&&%"a $el%'-%$ 9i "ia- $elas in"er*al. Persen"ase "ia- $elas in"er*al (i-er%leh (ari -e'#a&ian u'lah an&&%"a $el%'-%$ "ia- in"er*al 9i %leh Ju'lah "%"al an&&%"a n a"au 9i (i$ali$an (en&an 100. )isal un"u$ -ersen"ase an&&%"a $el%'-%$ -er"a'a a(alah 22= V 100 O 7/18 $el%'-%$ $e (ua <2= V 100 O 21/82 (an se"erusn!a. Dala' #en"u$ ru'us (i"ulis se#a&ai #eri$u". Persentase=
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Ke"eran&an: 9i: Fre$uensi in"er*al $e iu'lah an&&%"a $el%'-%$ $elas Perhi"un&an a$an le#ih 5e-a" i$a (ihi"un& "erle#ih (ahulu 1 (ari n a"au 1 (ari 9 i. Pa(a 5%n"%h ini a(alah 12= V 100 O 4/<7. Persen"ase an&&%"a "ia- $elas in"er*al "in&al 'en&ali$an 9i (en&an 4/<7. )isal un"u$ $elas in"er*al -er"a'a -ersen"ase O 2 V 4/<7 O 7/18 (an se"erusn!a. Un"u$ *isualisasi "a#el (is"ri#usi 9re$uensi (ari (a"a *aria#el $%n"in!u !an& (i$el%'-%$an (i#ua" $elas in"er*al (i&una$an his"%&ra' (ia&ra' #a"an& un"u$ (a"a *aria#el !an& (i$el%'-%$an. Su'#u3su'#u his"%&ra'$%n"in!u "er(iri (ari/ #iasan!a/ su'#u 'en(a"ar un"u$ $elas in"er*al (an su'#u "e&a$ un"u$ 9re$uensi sehin&&a a$an (i-er%leh his"%&ra' se#a&ai'ana Ga'#ar 4.>. Perlu (i-erha"i$an $arena serin& (i"e'u$an $esalahan #aha a(a #e#era-a 5iri his"%&ra' !an&
#er#e(a (ari (ia&ra' #a"an& un"u$ (a"a *aria#el (is$ri"/ !ai"u -a(a his"%&ra': 1 -a(a su'#u 'en(a"ar $elas in"er*al a(a -a"ahan &aris an"ara 0 (en&an $elas in"er*al -er"a'a $arena (ari 0 $e #a"as $elas in"er*al -er"a'a 28/< #iasan!a a$an le#ih -anan& (ari-a(a #a"as an"ar $elas in"er*al (ari 28/< sa'-ai 2=/< (s" 2 an"ar #a"an& harus #eri'-i" a"au "i(a$ a(a 5elah $arena #a"as a"as in"er*al se#elu'n!a a$an sa'a (en&an #a"as a"as in"er*al #eri$u"n!a #ersi9a" $%n"in!u 4 "ia- #a"an& -a(a su'#u 'en(a"ar/ se#ai$n!a/ (i&una$an #a"as3#a"as $elas in"er*al a&ar si9a" $%n"in!u3n!a "a'-a$.
Ga'#ar 4.>: Dia&ra' #a"an& Cis"%&ra' (is"ri#usi 9re$uensi Casil Ulan&an )a"e'a"i$a Ben"u$3#en"u$ lain *isualisasi "a#el (is"ri#usi 9re$uensi se-er"i (ia&ra' &aris/ (ia&ra' lin&$aran a"au (ia&ra' -as"el/ (ia&ra' -are"%/ (an %i9 "i(a$ -enulis sai$an/ $arena 'enuru" -en&ala'an aran& (i&una$an. '.'
eenderungan memusat 3Central ,endenc$4 KKe5e(erun&an 'e'usa" 'eru-a$an salah
sa"u #en"u$ (es$ri-si (a"a *aria#el $%n"in!u !an& se$ali&us se#a&ai -era$ilan $ara$"eris"i$ sua"u $el%'-%$. Di$a"a$an $e5en(erun&an 'e'usa" $arena 'en(es$ri-si$an #aha (a"a 5en(erun& 'e'usa" -a(a
sa"u "i"i$ s$%rNilai "er"en"u. Ke5en(erun&an 'e'usa" "er(iri (ari Rera"a is"ilah lain: Ra"a3ra"a/ Ra"aan/ )ean/ )e(ian/ (an )%(us. +alau-un/ -a(a u'u'n!a/ (a-a" (i&una$an un"u$ se'#aran& (a"a *aria#el $%n"in!u/ na'un sesun&&uhn!a a$an le#ih "e-a" (isesuai$an (en&an $ara$"eris"i$ (a"a !an& a$an (i(es$ri-si$an. '.'.1
(erata 3rata-rata4 ;ritmatika
Se5ara in"ui"i9 se"ia- %ran& (easa 'e'aha'i a-a !an& (ise#u" Rera"a a"au ra"a3ra"a. Ji$a se%ran& sisa S)A (i"an!a: 6Bera-a ra"a3ra"a uan& aan'u -er hariX/ 'a$a ia a$an 'enaa# "an-a harus 'en&a'#il ala" "ulis lalu 'en&hi"un& 'en&&una$an ru'us Rera"a se5ara s"a"is"i$. Ten"u saa aa#ann!a #elu' "en"u sesuai (en&an hasil -erhi"un&an s"a"is"i$ $arena "a$siran. Na'un/ (ari sisi $%nse-si/ ia "elah 'a'aha'i a-a !an& (i'a$su( Rera"a a"au ra"a3ra"a. Rera"a (i$el%'-%$an $e (ala' $%nse- $e5en(erun&an 'e'usa"/ $arena se5ara e'-iris Rera"a a$an 'en&&a'#ar$an s$%r !an& -alin& #an!a$ 'un5ul )%(us a"au "i"i$ "en&ah )e(ian (ari se$el%'-%$ (a"a i$a (iuru"$an. ,ara 'enen"u$an #esar Rera"a se$el%'-%$ (a"a/ se5ara -rinsi- u'u'/ a(alah (en&an 5ara 6'enu'lah$an seluruh s$%r a"au #esaran $el%'-%$ (a"a $e'u(ian (i#a&i (en&an #an!a$n!a an&&%"a $el%'-%$ (a"a. Ji$a (i"ulis (ala' #en"u$ ru'us 'ena(i: n
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n: Ban!a$ (a"a an&&%"a hi'-unan (a"a Ti(a$ se'ua $el%'-%$ (a"a (es$ri-si3n!a (a-a" se5ara "e-a" (ises$ri-si$an %leh Rera"a. Kel%'-%$ (a"a !an& "e-a" (i(es$ri-si$an %leh Rera"a a(alah $el%'-%$ (a"a $%n"in!u in"er*al a"au(a"a rasi% !an& "i(a$ 'e'ili$i$e an&&%"a a"au su# $el%'-%$ e$s"ri'/ #ai$ e$s"ri' a"as 'au-un e$s"ri' $e #aah. Un"u$ (a"a *aria#el (is$ri" n%'inal a"au %r(inal -en&&unaan Rera"a se#a&ai (es$ri-si "i(a$lah "e-a". ,%n"%h 4.>: Da"a !an& 'e'ili$i nilai e$s"ri' )isal/ (ari 10 KK (i sua"u RT/ -en&hasilan 'asin&3'asin& KK -er #ulan (ala' ru-iah a(alah 1.=00.000/ 2.<00.000/ 4.000.000/ 4.000.000/ 4.100.000/ 4.100.000/ 4.100.000/ 4.<00.000/ 8.200.000/ (an 2<.000.000. Ji$a (ihi"un& Rera"an!a / 'a$a a$an (i-er%leh <.240.000 !an& "i(a$ -as un"u$ 'en&&a'#ar$an Rera"a -en&hasilan "erse#u". ,%n"%h 4.7: Da"a !an& "i(a$ 'e'ili$i nilai e$s"ri' )isal/ (ari (a"a -a(a 5%n"%h 4.>/ (a"a e$s"ri' (i$eluar$an sehin&&a "in&&al ? KK. Se"elah (a"a e$s"ri' "i(a$ (il#a"$an (ala' analisis/ 'a$a a$an (i-er%leh Rera"a se#esar 4.044.444. Ban(in&$an (en&an Rera"a (ari 5%n"%h 4.>/ 'a$a Rera"a !an& (a-a" (i-an(an& 'ea$ili Rera"a $el%'-%$n!a a(alah Rera"a -a(a 5%n"%h 4.7. S$%r a"au nilai3nilai e$s"ri'/ (ala' analisis s"a"is"i$/ #iasa (ise#u" (a"a outlier. Ji$a #an!a$ (a"a e$s"ri' (ala' sua"u $el%'-%$ (a"a "i(a$ "erlalu #an!a$ 'a$a/ (ala' sua"u analisis s"a"is"i$a/ #iasan!a (i$eluar$an. ,%n"%h 4.=: Kel%'-%$ (a"a #u$an (a"a $%n"in!u )isal/ (ari 10 KK 5%n"%h 4.> (i a"as !an& (ia'a"i a(alah u'lah an&&%"a KK -a(a se"ia- KK/ !ai"u:
2/ / 2/ 8. Ji$a (ihi"un& Rera"an!a a$an (i-er%leh Rera"a O 4/<. Ar"in!a/ Rera"a u'lah KK (i RT "erse#u" se#an!a$ 4/< %ran&. Ini sesua"u !an& "i(a$ lai'. Ti(a$ 'un&$in u'lah %ran& (in!a"a$an (ala' #en"u$ (esi'al. De'i$ian u&a un"u$ (a"a (is$ri" lainn!a/ se-er"i u'lah #u$u -a$e"/ #an!a$ "el%r asin/ (s#. Ti(a$lahlah "e-a" 'en(es$ri-si$ann!a (en&an Rera"a. ,%n"%h 4.?: Da"a (ala' #en"u$ (is"ri#usi 9re$uensi "i"i$ a"au "un&&al A(a $alan!a (a"a !an& a$an (ihi"un& Rera"an!a su(ah (ala' #en"u$ "a#el (is"ri#usi 9re$uensi (a"a "un&&al #u$an (ala' #en"u$ $elas in"er*al. A-a#ila (a"a -a(a 5%n"%h 4.> (i a"as (isusun (ala' #en"u$ "a#el (is"ri#usi 9r$uensin!a/ 'a$a a$an (i-er%leh "a#el (is"ri#usi 9re$uensi se#a&ai #eri$u". Ta#el 4.< Dis"i#usi 9re$uensi -en&hasilan -er #ulan @i (ari 10 KK @i
1.=00.000
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-a(a $%l%' $e 4 $%l%' @i.9i (en&an u'lah -a(a $%l%' 2 $%l%' 9i. A-a#ila (i"ulis (ala' #en"u$ ru'us 'ena(i:
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,%n"%h 4.10: Da"a (ala' #en"u$ (is"ri#usi 9re$uensi $elas in"er*al a"au $el%'-%$ Selain (ala' #en"u$ "a#el (is"ri#usi 9re$uensi "i"i$/ Rera"a u&a (a-a" (ihi"un& (ari (a"a !an& su(ah "ersusun (alah #en"u$ "a#el (is"ri#usi 9re$uensi $elas in"er*al $el%'-%$ se-er"i -a(a Ta#el 4.8. Un"u$ 'en&hi"un& nilai Rera"a (a"a !an& su(ah "ersusun (e'i$ian/ se5ara -rinsi-/ sa'a (en&an un"u$ "a#el (is"ri#usi 9re$uensi "i"i$ se#a&ai'ana Ru'us 4.?. Be(an!a/ han!a -a(a @ i (ia'#il (ari nilai "en&ah in"er*al $e i. Den&an (e'i$ian/ Rera"a s$%r hasil ulan&an 'a"e'a"i$a se-er"i -a(a Ta#el 4.8 (i a"as a(alah:
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)e(ian 'e'-un!ai ar"i 'enen&ah a"au $alau (ala' (a"a "eruru" (a"u' !an& le"a$n!a (i "en&ah3"en&ah.
Dala' $asus lain/ )e(ian (a-a" #erar"i se(an& a"au 5u$u#iasan!a un"u$ u$uran. Ber$ai"an (en&an (a"a s"a"is"i$ #eru-a #ilan&an/ 'a$a )e(ian (iar"i$an se#a&ai an&&%"a $el%'-%$ (a"a (a"u' !an& "erle"a$ (i "en&ah3"en&ah a-a#ila (a"a (ala' $el%'-%$ "erse#u" (iuru"$an "erle#ih (ahulu. Ji$a #an!a$ (a"a &anil/ 'a$a le"a$ )e(ian a$an -ersis 'enunu$an (a"u' se#a&ai )e(ian. Ji$a #an!a$ (a"a &ena-/ 'a$a le"a$ )e(ian #era(a (ian"ara (ua (a"u'. ;leh $arena i"u/ )e(iann!a a(alah u'lah $e(ua (a"u' "erse#u" (i#a&i (ua. )e(ian (a-a" (i&una$an un"u$ 'e(es$ri-si$an $el%'-%$ (a"a *aria#el (is$ri" 'au-un $%n"in!u. )e(ian u&a (a-a" 'en(es$ri-si$an -e'#a"as (ari $el%'-%$ #aah (an $el%'-%$ a"as/ !ai"u <0 $el%'-%$ #aah (an <0 $el%'-%$ a"as. Den&an $a"a lain/ )e(ian 'e'#a"asi 'e'#a&i (ua $el%'-%$ (a"a se5ara sei'#an&/ !ai"u <0 (i #aah )e(ian (an <0 (i a"as )e(ian. Perlu (i-erha"i$an #aha un"u$ (a"a *aria#el (is$ri" u'lah *aria"i9n!a $a"e&%ri 'ini'al 4 $a"e&%ri. Ber#e(a (en&an Rera"a/ )e(ian "i(a$ "er-en&aruh %leh (a"a e$s"ri'. ;leh $arena i"u/ i$a (ala' se$el%'-%$ (a"a "er(a-a" (a"a e$s"ri'/ 'a$a salah sa"u 5ara (es$ri-sin!a a(alah (en&an )e(ian. Karena u'lah (a"a (a-a" &anil a"au &ena- 'a$a 5ara 'enen"u$an )e(ian u&a a(a (ua 5ara/ !ai"u 5ara i$a #an!a$ (a"a &anil (an &ena-. Na'un (e'i$ian/ se5ara ru'us sa'a !ai"u (a"a $e n12. Un"u$ #an!a$ (a"a &anil/ 'a$a n1 'ena(i &ena-. Bilan&an &ena- (i#a&i (ua -as"i #ilan&an #ula". Ji$a #an!a$ (a"a &anil ,%n"%h 4.11: Ban!a$ (a"a &anil (an (a"a "i(a$ (i$el%'-%$an Di$e"ahui (a"a se#a&ai #eri$u": 4/ 8/ 8/
Karena #an!a$ (a"a n O ? a(alah &anil/ 'a$a 'e(iann!a a(alah nilai !an& "erle"a$ (i uru"an n12. Un"u$ 5%n"%h ran&$aian (a"a (i a"as/ )e(ian a(alah nilai !an& "erle"a$ (i uru"an $e ?12/ !ai"u uru"an $e <. Nilai !an& "erle"a$ (i uru"an $e3 (i"ulis )e( O >. ,%n"%h 4.12: Ban!a$ (a"a &ena- (an (a"a "i(a$ (i$el%'-%$an Da"a s$%r uian s"a"is"i$ (ari = 'ahasisa a(alah: 20/ 80/ 70/ se( an&$an (a"a (i uru "an $e < a(alah 7<. Den&an (e'i$ian/ )e(iann!a a(alah )e( O >07<2 O >7/<. ,%n"%h 4.14: Ban!a$ (a"a &ena- (an (a"a (i$el%'-%$an 'ena(i #e#era-a $elas in"er*al a"au $el%'-%$ Un"u$ (a"a #er$el%'-%$ !an& (in!a"a$an (ala' #en"u$ "a#el (is"ri#usi 9re$uensi $elas in"er*al se-er"i Ta#el 4.8 (i a"as/ nilai )e(ian (ihi"un& 'en&i$u"i lan&$ah3lan&$ah #eri$u": 1 Tan(ai $elas in"er *al (i'ana )e(ian #era(a )e(ian "a$siran. Pa(a u'u'n!a a(alah $elas in"er*al !an& 9re$uensin!a "erRen(ah in&a" -en&er"ian $e5en(erun&an 'e'usa". Ji$a "ia- $elas in"er*al 9re$uensin!a rela"i9 sa'a/ 'a$a !an& (i"an(ai a(alah $elas in"er*al !an& a-a#ila 9re$uensi se#elu'n!a (iu'lah$an/ u'lahn!a se"en&ah a"au le#ih (ari u'lah (a"a n. Dari "a#el (i a"as 9re$uensi "erRen(ah #ersesuaian (en&an $elas in"er*al 4434>.
2 Tan(ai 9re$uensi in"er*al "erse#u" (ari Ta#el 4.8 a(alah 9'e( O 11 4 Ten"u$an Ba"as #aah B # in"er*al "erse#u" (ari "a#el (i a"as/ B# O 42/< 8 Ten"u$an -anan& $elas in"er*al liha" "a#el/ -O8. < Ju'lah$an 9re$uensi se'ua $elas in"er*al se#elu' $elas in"er*al )e(ian (ari "a#el (i a"as/ 9sO> 2O =. > )asu$an $e (ala' ru'us liha" hala'an #eri$u". 7 Ber(asar$an "erse#u" a$an (i-er %leh: Med= Bb + p
(
½ n−
Med = 32,5 + 4
∑f
f med
(
14 −8 11
s
)
)
=32,5 + 2,18 = 34,68
½
Med= Bb + p
(
n− f
∑f
med
s
)
Ke"eran&an: )e(: nilais$%r )e(ian B# : Ba"as #aah $elas in"er*al !an& #ersesuaian (en&an )e(ian "a$siran - : Panan& $elas in"er*al n : Ban!a$ (a"a a"au 9i. 9s : Fre$uensi se#elu' $elas in"er*al )e(ian "a$siran 9'e(: Fre$uensi $elas in"er*al )e(ian "a$siran '.'.'
Modus
Dala' $eseharian 'un&$in -ernah 'en(en&ar is"ilah '%(us %-eran(i. )isal/ un"u$ $ea(ian $eaha"an -era'-%$an (i ru'ah3ru'ah/ -iha$ $e-%lisian 'en&a"a$an #aha '%(us %-eran(in!a a(alah si
-era'-%$ -ura3-ura #er"a'u. Ar"in!a/ $ea(ian -era'-%$an (i ru'ah3ru'ah !an& serin& '%(us (ila$u$an -era'-%$ %-eran(i a(alah #er-ura3-ura #er"a'u. Se5ara se(erhana )%(us )%( (a-a" (i(e9inisi$an se#a&ai 9a$"a a"au (a"a !an& -alin& serin& "era(i'un5ul. Dala' is"ilah s"a"is"i $ '%(us a(a"ah (a"a !an& 9re$uensin!a -alin& #esar. ,%n"%h 4.18: Da"a "i(a$ (i$el%'-%$an 1 Kel%'-%$ (a"a: 4/ 8/ 8/ / = = / ? 'e'-un!ai sa"u '%(us !ai"u Mod 7 2 Kel%'-%$ (a"a: 4/ )= )/ >/ = / ?/ 10 'e'-un!ai 2 '%(us #i'%(us !ai"u Mod 7 ) (an Mod 7 4 Kel%'-%$ (a"a: 4/ 8/ / =/ ?/ 10 tida- mempun$ai modus.
,%n"%h 4.1<: Da"a (i$el%'-%$an a"au (ari "a#el (is"ri#usi 9re$uensi ,ara 'enen"u$an '%(us (ari (a"a !an& su(ah #er#en"u$ s"a"is"i$ #eru-a Ta#el (is"ri#usi $elas in"er*al se-er"i Ta#el 4.8 (i a"as.
an&$ah3lan&$ahn!a a(alah:
1 Tan(ai $elas in"er*al (i'ana '%(us a$an #era(a '%(us "a$siran. Sesuai (en&an (e9inisi/ #erar"i $elas in"er*al !an& 'e'ili$i 9re$uensi 9 "erRen(ah. (ari Ta#el 4.8 a(alah $elas in"er*al 4434> 2 iha" 9re$uensi $elas in"e r*al "erse#u". (ari Ta#el 4.8/ 9'%( O 11 4 Ten"u$an Ba"as #aah $elas in"er*al # % "e'-a" '%(us #era(a (ari Ta#el 4.8/ B # O 42/< 8 Ten"u$an -anan& $elas in"er*al - (ari Ta#el 4.8/ - O 8. < Ci"un& 9 1/ !ai"u selisih an"ara 9re$uensi $elas '%(us (en&an 9re$uensi $elas in"er*al se#elu' $elas '%(us (ari Ta#el 4.8/ 91O 113 > O <. > Ci"un& 9 2/ !ai"u selisih 9re$uensi $elas '%(us (en&an 9re$uensi $elas in"er*al sesu(ah $elas '%(us (ari Ta#el 4.8/ 92 O 11 [ < O >. 7 )asu$an $e (ala': Mod = Bb + p
( ) f1
f 1+ f 2
Ke"eran&an: )%(: (a"u' '%(us B#: Ba"as #aah $elas in"er*al '%(us "a$siran - : -anan& $elas in"er*al 91: selisih an"ara 9re$uensi $elas in"er*al '%(us "a$siran (en&an 9re$uensi $elas in"er*al se#elu'n!a. 92: selisih an"ara 9re$uensi $elas in"er*al '%(us "a$siran (en&an 9re$uensi $elas in"er*al sesu(ahn!a. Mod = Bb + p
( ) f1
f 1+ f 2
Mod =32,5 + 4
(+) 5
5 6
Mod =32,5 + 1,182 = 34,52 ≈ 34 '.)
Searan 3disersi4
Des$ri-si se$el%'-%$ (a"a (a-a" u&a #eru-a se#aran (a"a. Se#aran (a"a (a-a" (i"unu$an (en&an: 1 Ren"an&an ran&e 2 Si'-an&an an"ar $uar"il 4 Si'-an&an #a$u standard de%iation (an 8 Ra&a' a"au *arians %ariance. '.).1
(entangan 3Range4
Ren"an&an range se$u'-ulan (a"a (a-a" (i&una$an un"u$ 'enunu$an se#aran (a"a. Ren"an& (a"a (a-a" (i-er%leh (ari selisih an"ara s$%rnilai "er$e5il a"au 'ini'u' (en&an s$%rnilai "er#esar a"au 'a$si'u'. )a$in #esar ran&e/ #erar"i (a"a 'a$in 'en!e#ar. ,%n"%h 4.1>: 1 Kel%'-%$ 1/ (a"a: / 7/ 7/ 7/ / >/ > Ren"an&: 73< O 2 2 Kel%'-%$ 2/ (a"a: >/ 7/ 7/ 7/ 7/ >/ 7/ >/ >/ 7 Ren"an&: 73> O 1 4 Kel%'-%$ 4/(a"a: 2/ 4/ 4/ 8/ / >/ 7/ =/ ? Ren"an&: ?32 O 7 8 Kel%'-%$ 8/(a"a: 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ >/ 7/ =/ ? Ren"an&: ?32 O 7 Ber(asar$an $e"i&a $el%'-%$ (a"a "erse#u"/ "a'-a$ #aha $el%'-%$ 4 le#ih 'en!e#ar ren"an& O 7 (ari-a(a 1 ren"an& O 2 'au-un $el%'-%$ 2 ren"an& $el%'-%$ O 1. Na'un (e'i$ian/ ren"an&an "i(a$ #ai$ (i&una$an un"u$ &a'#aran a"au (es$ri-si *ariasi (a"a. Ar"in!a/ ren"an&an !an& le#ih #esar #elu' 5u$u- un"u$ 'enunu$an *ariasi s$%rnilai. Dari 5%n"%h (i a"as ren"an&
$el%'-%$ 4 (an 8 'e'-un!ai ren"an& !an& sa'a/ na'un $el%'-%$ 4 (a"an!a le#ih #er*ariasi (ari-a(a $el%'-%$ 8. '.).$
Kuartil dan simangan antar kuartil
)e(ian 'e'#a&i (a"a 'ena(i (ua #a&ian sa'a #an!a$/ <0 (i #aahn!a (an <0 (i a"asn!a. K%nse)e(ian (a-a" (i-erluas la&i (en&an 'e'#a&i (a"a 'ena(i e'-a" $el%'-%$ se5ara sei'#an& !an& (i#a"asi %leh Kuar"il 1 K 1/ Kuar"il 2 K 2 sa'a (en&an )e(ian/ (an Kuar"il 4 K 4. Se#a&ai &a'#aran (a-a" (iliha" -a(a ilus"rasi #eri$u":
;leh $arena i"u/ ru'us le"a$ $uar"iln!a u&a (a-a" (i$e'#an&$an Ber(asar$an ru'us le"a$ )e(ian !an& se5ara u'u' (i"ulis se#a&ai'ana #eri$u": n +1 Letak K i : data rtan ke :
i (¿ ) 4
Ke"eran&an: Ki: Kuar"il $e i/ (i'ana i O L1/ 2/ 4M n : Ban!a$ (a"a K1 "erle"a$ -a(a uru"an (a"a $e 1n 18/ K 2 "erle"a$ -a(a uru"an $e 2n18 a"au n12/ (an K 4 "erle"a$ -a(a uru"an $e 4n18. ,%n"%h 4.17: Un"u$ #an!a$ (a"a &anil (an "i(a$ (i$el%'-%$an Dari 1? (a"a #eri$u":
e"a$ K1: (a"a uru"an $e 1?18 O
2 Ten"u$an in"er*al (i'ana K 1 a$an #era(a/ !ai"u 9 !an& 'e'ua" uru"an (a"a $e 1 (ari "a#el (i a"as/ 9: 2> O =. Ja(i/ $elas in"er*al !an& 'e'ua" uru"an (a"a $e 7 a(alah $elas in"er*al 2?342. 4 Ci"un& -anan& $elas in"er*al - (a"a (i a"as - O 8. 8 Ten"u$an #a"as #aah B # $elas in"er*al !an& a$an 'e'ua" K1 (ari "a#el (i a"as B# O 2=/<. < iha" (an "an(ai 9re$uensi $elas in"er*al 9 1 !an& 'e'ua" K1 "erse#u" (ari "a#el (i a"as 9 K1 O >. > Ju'lah$an seluruh 9re$uensi se#elu' $elas in"er*al !an& 'e'ua" K 1 (ari "e#el (i a"as/ se#elu' $elas in"er*al K1 (ari "a#el (i a"as 9s O 2. 7 )asu$an $e (ala' ru'us: K i= B b + p
(
∑
Li − f s f Ki
)
Ke"eran&an: Ki: Kuar"il $e i (i'ana i O L1/ 2/ 4M B#: Ba"as #aah $elas in"er*al !an& 'e'ua" K i - : Panan& $elas in"er*al i: e"a$ Ki 9s: Fre$uensi $elas in"er*al se#elu' $elas in"er*al K i 9Ki: Fre$uensi $elas in"er*al Ki = Ten"u$anhi"un& nilais$%r se"ia- Kuar"il/ !ai"u:
K 1= Bb + p
(
∑
L 1− f s f K1 7 −2
K 1=28,5 + 4 K 2= B b + p
6
= 28,5 +3,33=31,83
(( ) ) ( ) L 2− ∑ f s f K2 14 −8
K 2=32,5 + 4
K 3= B b + p
)
(
11
=32,5 + 2,18 =34,68
L 3− ∑ f s fK3
)
21 −19
K 3=36,5 + 4
(
5
)
=36,5 + 1,6 =38,1
Si'-an&an an"ar $uar"il a(alah selisih an"ara K (en&an K 1 a"au i$a (i"ulis (ala' #en"u$ ru'us:
4
S;K 7 K' 9 K1 Ke"era&an: SAK: Si'-an&an an"ar $uar"il K1 : Kuar"il -er"a'a K4 : Kuar"il $e"i&a Si'-an&an an"ar $uar"il (a-a" (i&una$an un"u$ 'ena$sir se#aran (a"a. )a$in #esar S AK/ 'a$a #erar"i (a"a 'a$in 'en!e#ar. ,%n"%h 4.20: Ber(asar$an (a"a #eri$u": 1 Da"a 1: / >/ >/ >/ 7/ 7/ 7/ 7
K1O K4O7 SAKO 1/< 2 Da"a 2: >/ >/ >/ >/ 7/ 7/ 7/ 7/ 7/ 7 K1O > K2O7 K4O7 SAKO 1 4 Da"a 4 : 2/ 4/ 4/ 8/ / >/ 7/ =/ ? K1O 4 K2O/< SAKO 4/< 8 Da"a 8 : 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ >/ 7/ =/ ? K1O 2 K2O2 K4O>/< SAKO 8/< Pa(a 4 $el%'-%$ -er"a'a/ "a'-a$ #aha 'a$in #esar S AK 'a$in #esar se#aran (a"an!a. Na'un/ un"u$ $el%'-%$ (a"a $e 8/ alau -un S AK3n!a le#ih #esar (ari-a(a S AK $el%'-%$ 4/ se#aran (a"an!a "i(a$ le#ih 'en!e#ar (ari-a(a $el%'-%$ $e"i&a. Perlu (i-erha"i$an #aha -en!e#a#n!a a(alah $arena a(a 8 (a"a !an& e$s"ri'. Ena' (a"a -er"a'a a(alah 2/ se(an&$an 8 (a"a #eri$u"n!a >/ 7/ =/ ? !an& e$s"ri' (i#an(in&$an (en&an 2. ;leh $arena i"u/ si'-an&an $uar"il ini han!a "e-a" un"u$ 'en(es$ri-si$an $el%'-%$ (a"a !an& "i(a$ a(a nilais$%r !an& e$s"ri' se-er"i haln!a/ Rera"a. '.).'
Simangan
(erata= Simangan aku= dan varian atau ragam 3%ariance4
Des$ri-si se#aran (a"a #eri$u"n!a/ a(alah si'-an&an Rera"a/ si'-an&an #a$u/ (an *arians. +alau -un (isai$an "erahir/ na'un $e(ua s"a"is"i$ "era$hir si'-an&an #a$u (an *arian a$an #an!a$ (i&una$an. Pen&&unaan !an& -alin& serin& a(alah $e"i$a 'ela$u$an -en&uian hi-%"esis in9erensi. Si'-an&an #a$u "er(iri (ari (ua(ala' $a"a/ S"a"is"i$a !ai"u si'-an&an (an #a$u. Si'-an&an Rera"a !an& (i'a$su( (i sini a(alah Rera"a si'-an&an (ari si'-an&an se"ia- "i"i$ (a"u' (ari Rera"a seluruh (a"u' (a"a (an (i#eri si'#%l d´ . A(a-un si'-an&an #a$u a(alah Rera"a si'-an&an se"ia- an&&%"a
(a"a (a"u' (en&an Rera"a $eseluruhan !an& (ia(i$an uni" sa"uan -a(a (is"ri#usi -eluan& n%r'al. Si'#%l s (i&una$an un"u$ si'-an&an #a$u (a"a sa'-el (an ^ (i#a5a si&'a un"u$ si'-an&an #a$u -a(a -%-ulasi. A(a-un *arians ra&a' a(alah si'-an&an #a$u (i$ua(ra"$an (en&an si'#%l s 2 un"u$ sa'-el (an ^ 2 un"u$ -%-ulasi. Si'-an&an Rera"a (an si'-an&an #a$u a$an selalu -%si"i9/ $arena #erar"i selisih a"au #e(a. De'i$ian u&a *arian/ $arena *arian 'eru-a$an $ua(ra" (ari si'-an&an #a$u.
'.).'.1
Simangan dan Simangan (erata
Dala' la'#an& s"a"is"i$ si'-an&an (in!a"a$an ´ |atad = ( X − X ´ )2 . Nilai (ala' Nilai 'u"la$. d =| X − X √ 'u"la$ i"u sen(iri/ se5ara 'a"e'a"is (i(e9inisi$an se#a&ai:
{
|x|= f ( x )= −x !∧ x < 0 x !∧ x " 0
Ber(asar$an -en&er"ian (i a"as/ 'a$a Si'-an&an Rera"a si'-an&an (a-a" (in!a"a$an (ala': d´ =
∑ |di| n
Ka"eran&an: d´ : Si'-an&an Rera"a si'-an&an (i: Selisih (a"a $e i @i (en&an Rera"a (a"a X´ n: #an!a$ (a"a a"au
n
d´ =
∑ √ ( X − X´ ) =
2
i
i 1
n
Ka"eran&an: : Si'-an&an Rera"a si'-an&an @di´: (a"a $e i ´ : Rera"a (a"a X n: #an!a$ (a"a Se-er"i haln!a Rera"a/ si'-an&an Rera"a a$an "e-a" i$a (i&una$an un"u$ 'en(es$ri-si$an se#aran (a"a !an& "i(a$ 'e'ili$i (a"u' !an& e$s"ri'. Ji$a se#ali$n!a/ 'a$a (es$ri-si se#aran (a"a (en&an si'-an&an a$an $uran& "e-a". Se#a&ai ilus"rasi/ (a-a" (isi'a$ Ber(asar$ani #e#era-a 5%n"%h #eri$u": ,%n"%h 4.21: 1 Da"a 1: < < < < < < < < < Rera"a : X´ O 8<? O < Si'-an&an "i"i$ a"au │(i│: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ju'lah si'-an&an "i"i$(a"u' : │(i│ O 0 Si'-an&an Rera"a: d´ O 0? O 0 2 Da"a 2: 8 < < < < < < < > Rera"a : X´ O 8<? O < Si'-an&an "i"i$ a"au │(i│: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Ju'lah si'-an&an "i"i$(a"u' a"au │(i│O 2 Si'-an&an Rera"a: d´ O 2? O 0/22 4 Da"a 4: 4 8 < < < < < > 7 Rera"a : X´ O 8<? O < Si'-an&an "i"i$ a"au │(i│: 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 Ju'lah si'-an&an "i"i$(a"u' a"au │(i│O > Si'-an&an Rera"a: d´ O >? O 0/>7 8 Da"a 8: 2 4 8 < < < > 7 =
Rera"a : X´ O 8<? O < Si'-an&an "i"i$ a"au (i: 4 2 1 0 0 0 1 2 4 Ju'lah si'-an&an "i"i$(a"u' a"au │(i│O 12 Si'-an&an Rera"a: d´ O 12? O 1/< < Da"a 1: 4 4 4 4 8 8 < 10 10 Rera"a : X´ O 8<? O < Si'-an&an "i"i$ a"au │(i│: 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 < < Ju'lah si'-an&an "i"i$(a"u' a"au │(i│O 20 Si'-an&an Rera"a: d´ O 20? O 2/22 Ber(asar$an $eli'a 5%n"%h (i a"as/ "a'-a$ #aha si'-an&an Rera"a/ (ari 5%n"%h (a"a 1 hin&&a
Simangan aku
Si'-an&an #a$u 'eru-a$an (es$ri-si se#aran (a"a #eru-a si'-an&an Rera"a $husus. Ke$hususann!a a(alah #aha (a"a (iasu'si$an #er(is"ri#usi n%r'al/ (an Si'-an&an #a$u 'eru-a$an uni" sa"uan "er$e5il (ala' $ur*a n%r'al. a'#an& Si'-an&an #a$u un"u$ (a"a sa'-el a(alah s (an un"u$ (a"a -%-ulasi a(alah ^ (i#a5a si&'a. Il'u s"a"is"i$ a"au S"a"is"i$a (i(asar$an -a(a il'u -eluan&. A(a #e#era-a (is"ri#usi -eluan&. Ji$a (i"inau (ari enis (a"a *aria#el3n!a (i$enal 9un&si (is"ri#usi -eluan& (is$ri" (an (is"ri#usi -eluan& $%n"in!u.Ten"an&
9un&si (is"ri#usi -eluan& n%r'al ini (i#ahas le#ih lanu" (ala' Bu$u II. Ilus"rasi $ur*a 9un&si (is"ri#usi -eluan& n%r'al (a-a" (iliha" -a(a &a'#ar #eri$u":
Un"u$ 'enen"u$an nilai Si'-an&an #a$u s/ arians s2/ (an K%e9isien *ariasi K* (a"a sa'-el (i&una$an ru'us 4.1>a sa'-ai (en&an ru'us 4.1?a . Un"u$ Si'-an&an #a$u ^/ arians ^ 2/ (an K%e9isien *ariasi K* (a"a -%-ulasi (i&una$an Ru'us 4.1># sa'-ai (en&an Ru'us 4.1?# se#a&ai #eri$u": 1 Un"u$ (a"a !an& "i(a$ (i$el%'-%$an n
∑ |X i − X´ | a"au i= 1
s=
s=
√
n
n −1
∑ ( X i− X´ ) i= 1
n−1
2
un"u$ (a"a sa'-el
#=
√
n
∑ ( X i− $ )
2
un"u$ (a"a -%-ulasi
i= 1
%
Ke"eran&an: @i:´ Da"u' $e i (i'ana iOL1/ 2/ 4/ 8/ .../ nM X : Rera"a (a"a sa'-el Y : Rera"a (a"a -%-ulasi n : #an!a$ (a"a sa'-el N: Ban!a$ (a"a P%-ulasi 2 Un"u$ (a"a !an& (i$el%'-%$an k
´| f |X − X ∑ = i
i
s=
k
f
s=
a"au
i 1
√√
∑ i= 1
i−
1
k
´) f ( X −X ∑ = i
i 1
k
i
i 1
k
k i =1 f ∑
2
un"u$ (a"a -%-ulasi
i= 1
√
un"u$ (a"a sa'-el
f −1 ∑ =
∑ f i ( X i− $ ) #=
2
i
i
Ke"eran&an: @i: $el%'-%$ (a"u' $e i a"au "i"i$ "en&ah $elas in"r*al $e i (i'ana iOL1/ .../ $M $ : #an!a$ $el%'-%$ (a"a a"au #an!a$ $elas in"er*al
´ : Rera"a (a"a sa'-el X Y: Rera"a (a"a P%-ulasi f i : 9re$uensi $el%'-%$ (a"u' $e i a"au 9re$uensi $elas in"r*al $e i (i'ana iOL1/ .../ $M $
'.).'.'
arians 3s 4
, arians
a(alah $ua(ra" (ari Si'-an&an #a$u. Fun&sin!a/ (ala' s"a"is"i$a (es$ri-"i9/ sa'a (en&an Si'-an&an #a$u/ !ai"u 'en&&a'#ar$an se#aran a"au *ariasi (a"a. A(a-un ru'usn!a: n
∑|
´ Xi−X
2
s=
|
i=1
n
"aua
n −1
∑ ( X i− X´ ) 2
s=
i =1
2
a"au
n− 1
n
∑ ( X i− $ ) 2
2
i=1
# =
%
Ke"eran&an: s: Si'-an&an #a$u un"u$ (a"a sa'-el ^: Si'-an&an #a$u un"u$ (a"a -%-ulasi @i: Da"u' $e i (i'ana iOL1/ 2/ 4/ 8/ .../ nM ´ : Rera"a (a"a sa'-el X Y: Rera"a (a"a -%-ulasi n: #an!a$ (a"a sa'-el N: Ban!a$ (a"a P%-ulasi '.).'.)
Koe"isien variasi 3Kv4
K%e9isien $%relasi a(alah *arians (i$alila$ 100. K%e9isien $%relasi (i&una$an un"u$ 'en(es$ri-si$an -ersen"ase (ari se#aran (a"a. Ru'usn!a a(alah: K &=
s x 100 ´ X
K &=
# x 100 $´
Ke"eran&an: K*: K%e9isien *ariasi ´ : Rera"a (a"a sa'-el X Y: Rera"a (a"a -%-ulasi ,%n"%h #eri$u"/ 'en!ai$an 5%n"%h35%n"%h un"u$ (a"a (ari sa'-el. Dari 5%n"%h35%n"%h (i #aah ini/ alau-un Rera"a (an u'lah (a"an!a sa'a/ na'un se#aran he"er%&eni"as (a"an!a 'a$in 'en!e#ar #ersesuaian (en&an 'enin&$a"n!a #esaran Si'-an&an #a$u/ arians/ (an K%e9isien *ariasin!a. Besaran3#esaran Rera"a/ #an!a$ (a"a/ *arias/ si'-an&an #a$u/ (an $%e9isien *ariasi 5%n"%h 4.21e sa'a (en&an #esaran3 #esaran -a(a 5%n"%h 4.21(. Na'un/ "ern!a"a se#aran he"er%&eni"as (a"an!a le#ih 'en!e#ar he"er%&en -a(a 5%n"%h 4.21(. Cal ini "era(i $arena -a(a 5%n"%h 4.21e a(a (a"u' e$s"ri'/ !ai"u 10. ;leh $arena i"u/ a-a#ila a(a (a"a e$s"ri' (es$ri-si se#arann!a a(i $uran& "e-a". Biasan!a/ (ala' analisis s"a"is"i$ (a"a e$s"ri' ini (i$eluar$an "erle#ih (ahulu (en&an alasan #aha (a"a "erse#u" 'eru-a$an $asus $husus. Is"ilah !an& #iasa (i&una$an un"u$ (a"a e$s"ri' (ala' s"a"is"i$ serin& (ise#u" (a"a 6%u"lier. ,%n"%h 4.21: Un"u$ (a"a !an& "i(a$ (i$el%'-%$an ,%n"%h 4.21a:
,%n"%h 4.21#:
,%n"%h 4.215:
,%n"%h 4.21(:
,%n"%h 4.21e:
,%n"%h 4.22: Un"u$ (a"a !an& (i$el%'-%$an 'enuru" "i"i$ $el%'-%$ (a"u' ,%n"%h35%n"%h #eri$u" (ia'#il (ari (a"a -a(a 5%n"%h (i a"as !an& $e'u(ian (i$el%'-%$an. ,%n"%h 4.22a:
,%n"%h 4.22#:
,%n"%h 4.225:
,%n"%h 4.22(:
'.*
ategorisasi 3Konversi !ata ?erskala Interval Menjadi Skala @rdinal4
K
A(a $alan!a/ (ala' (es$ri-si (a"a a"au $e-erluan "er"en"u/ (i-erlu$an $a"e&%risasi a"au le%eling -en&el%'-%$an -erin&$a" a"au order (a"a !an& #ers$ala in"er*al a"au rasi%. Un"u$ $a"e&%risasi (a"a #ers$ala
in"er*al a"au rasi% (i-erlu$an $ri"eria #a"as3#a"as an"ar $a"e&%ri. A(a-un (a"a !an& (i$a"e&%ri$an (a-a" #eru-a (a"a i(eal (a"a -%-ulasi/ (an un"u$ $e-en"in&an analisis in9erensi a"au (a"a e'-iris (ari sa'-el/ un"u$ $e-en"in&an (es$ri-si (a"a e'-iris. Ber$enaan (en&an hal "erse#u" (i a"as/ 'a$a -erlu (i"e"a-$an $ara$"eris"i$ !an& (i-erlu$an un"u$ 'en&el%'-%$an (a"a $a"e&%risasi. Dala' hal ini/ (is"ri#usi -%-ulasi (iasu'si$an #er(is"ri#usi n%r'al. A(a-un $ara$"eris"i$ (i'a$su( a(alah: 1 Kara$"eris"i$ (a"a i(eal (ari s$%r ins"ru'en se5ara "e%re"is Skor maksimum ideal:
S$%r sean(ain!a res-%n(en sisa 'eres-%n se'-urna 'enaa# s%al #e"ul se'ua (isin&$a" @'a$si(. Skor minimum ideal:
S$%r sean(ain!a res-%n(en sisa 'eres-%n -alin& ren(ah 'enaa# s%al salah se'ua (isin&$a" @'insi(. Rera"a i(eal: $=
( Skormaksimmidea' + Skor minimm idea' ) 2
Si'-an&an #a$u i(eal: #=
( Skor maksimm idea' − Skor minimm idea' ) 6
Panan& 1 $elas in"er*al "ia- $a"e&%ri i(eal: p= 6 # k
2 Kara$"eris"i$ (a"a e'-iris (ari s$%r hasil ins"ru'en"asi -a(a res-%n(ensisa S$%r 'a$si'u' i(eal:
S$%r 'a$si'u' (ari hasil ins"ru'en"asi"es S$%r 'ini'u' i(eal : S$%r 'ini'u' (ari hasil ins"ru'en"asi"es ,%n"%h 4.24: Se%ran& -erise" 'en!usun ins"ru'en un"u$ 'en&u$ur -en&uasaan 'a"eri -ersa'aan $ua(ra" #eru-a s%al "es #er#en"u$ uraian se#an!a$ < #u"ir "elah (ui 5%#a (an 'e'enuhi *ali(i"as (an relia#ili"asn!a. S$%r 'ini'u' i(ealn!a 0 salah se'ua/ (an s$%r 'a$si'u' i(ealn!a 28 #e"ul se'ua. Se"elah (i#eri$an $e-a(a su#e$ rise" -eneli"ian/ "ern!a"a (i-er%leh s$%r "eren(ah ? (an s$%r "er"in&&i 22/ re"a"a X´ =16 / (an si'-an&an #a$un!a/ s O 2/1. S$%r ini a$an (i&una$an un"u$ 'en&el%'-%$an su#e$ sisa 'ena(i $ $el%'-%$. Diasu'si$an (is"ri#usi s$%r #er(is"ri#usi n%r'al. Ba&ai'ana 5ara -erise" "erse#u" 'e'#ua" $a"e&%ri/ i$a #an!a$ $a"e&%ri: a 2 $a"e&%ri # 4 $a"e&%ri 5 8 $a"e&%ri (an ( < $a"e&%riX. Jaa#: Bua" ilus"rasis$e" $ur*a n%r'al se#a&ai #eri$u":
a Dua $a"e&%ri $O2/ $a"e&%ri -en&uasaan 'a"eri: 1 Tin&&i (an 2 Ren(ah.
Ber(asar$an &a'#ar $ur*a n%r'al/ na'-a$ #aha ´ 'e'#a&i &aris 'en(a"ar @ rera"a Y a"au X 'ena(i (ua #a&ian 'asin&3'asin& >^ a"au >s/ (ari rera"a Y a"au X´ $e a"as 4^ a"au 4s (an (ari rera"a Y a"au X´ $e #aah 4^ a"au 4s. Den&an (e'i$ian/ $a"e&%risasi 'ana(i: a.1 Un"u$ $e-en"in&an analisis in9erensi
Ka"e&%ri 1 Tin&&i: Y ` S$%r Q S$%r 'a$si'u' 12 ` S$%r Q 28 Ka"e&%ri 2 Ren(ah: S$%r 'ini'u' Q S$%r Q Y 0 Q S$%r Q 12 a.2 Un"u$ $e-en"in&an (es$ri-si (a"a e'-iris ´ = 16 (an s O 2/1 X Ka"e&%ri 1 Tin&&i: ´ ` S$%r Q S$%r 'a$si'u' X 1> ` S$%r ` 22 Ka"e&%ri 2 Ren(ah: S$%r 'ini'u' Q S$%r Q Y 0 Q S$%r Q 1> # Ti&a $a"e&%ri/ -en&uasaan 'a"eri: 1 Tin&&i/ 2 Se(an&/ (an 4 Ren(ah.
Ber(asar$an &a'#ar $ur*a n%r'al/ na'-a$ #aha #a"as3#a"as $a"e&%ri 'asin&3'asin& #erara$ m>^O2^ a"au m>sO2s. Den&an (e'i$ian/ $a"e&%risasin!a a(alah: #.1 Un"u$ $e-en"in&an analisis in9erensi
Ka"e&%ri 1 Tin&&i: Y1^ ` S$%r Q S$%r 'a$si'u' 1> ` S$%r Q 28 Ka"e&%ri 2 Se(an&: Y31^ Q S$%r Q Y1^ = ` S$%r Q 1> Ka"e&%ri 4 Ren(ah: S$%r 'ini'u' Q S$%r Q Y31^ 0 ` S$%r Q = #.2 Un"u$ $e-en"in&an (es$ri-si (a"a e'-iris ´ = 16 (an s O 2/1 X Ka"e&%ri 1 Tin&&i: ´ + 1 s ` S$%r Q S$%r 'a$si'u' X 1=/1 ` S$%r ` 22 Ka"e&%ri 2 Se(an&:
´ −1 s X
Q S$%r Q X´ + 1 s 14/? Q S$%r Q 1=/1
Ka"e&%ri 4 Ren(ah: S$%r 'ini'u' Q S$%r Q X´ −1 s ? Q S$%r Q 14/?
5 E'-a" $a"e&%ri/ -en&uasaan 'a"eri: 1 San&a" Tin&&i/ 2 Tin&&i/ 4 Ren(ah/ (an 8 San&a" Ren(ah.
Ber(asar$an &a'#ar $ur*a n%r'al/ na'-a$ #aha #a"as3#a"as $a"e&%ri 'asin&3'asin& #erara$ j>^ O1/<^ a"au j>s O1/
Ka"e&%ri 1 San&a" Tin&&i: Y1/<^ ` S$%r Q S$%r 'a$si'u' 1= ` S$%r Q 28 Ka"e&%ri 2 Tin&&i: Y Q S$%r Q Y1/<^ 12 ` S$%r Q 1= Ka"e&%ri 4 Ren(ah: Y31/<^ Q S$%r Q Y > ` S$%r Q 12 Ka"e&%ri 8 San&a" Ren(ah: S$%r 'ini'u' Q S$%r Q Y31/<^ 0 Q S$%r Q > 5.2 Un"u$ $e-en"in&an (es$ri-si (a"a e'-iris ´ = 16 (an s O 2/1 X
Ka"e&%ri 1 Tin&&i: ´ + 1,5 s ` S$%r Q S$%r 'a$si'u' X 1?/1< ` S$%r Q 22 Ka"e&%ri 2 Se(an&: ´
Q S$%r Q X + 1,5 s 1> ` S$%r Q 1?/1< X ´
Ka"e&%ri 4 Ren(ah: ´ − 1,5 s ` S$%r Q X 12/=< ` S$%r Q 1>
´ X
Ka"e&%ri 8 San&a" Ren(ah: S$%r 'ini'u' ` S$%r Q X´ −1,5 s ? ` S$%r Q 12/=< ( i'a $a"e&%ri/ -en&uasaan 'a"eri: 1 San&a" Tin&&i/ 2 Tin&&i/ 4 ,u$u- Ren(ah/ 8 Ren(ah/ (an < San&a" Ren(ah. Ber(asar$an &a'#ar $ur*a n%r'al/ na'-a$ #aha #a"as3#a"as $a"e&%ri 'asin&3'asin& #erara$ 1 5
( 6 # ) =1,2 # a"au
1 5
( 6 s )=1,2 s .
Den&an (e'i$ian/ $a"e&%risasin!a a(alah:
(.1 Un"u$ $e-en"in&an analisis in9erensi
Ka"e&%ri 1 San&a" Tin&&i: Y1/=^ ` S$%r Q S$%r 'a$si'u'
1?/2 ` S$%r Q 28 Ka"e&%ri 2 Tin&&i: Y0/>^ Q S$%r Q Y1/=^ 18/8 ` S$%r Q 1?/2 Ka"e&%ri 4 ,u$u- Tin&&i: Y30/>^ ` S$%r Q Y0/>^ ?/> ` S$%r Q 18/8 Ka"e&%ri 8 Ren(ah: Y31/=^ ` S$%r Q Y30>^ 8/= ` S$%r Q ?/> Ka"e&%ri < San&a" Ren(ah: S$%r 'ini'u' Q S$%r Q Y31/=^ 0 Q S$%r Q 8/= (.2 Un"u$ $e-en"in&an (es$ri-si (a"a e'-iris Ka"e&%ri 1 San&a" Tin&&i: ´ 1/=s ` S$%r Q S$%r 'a$si'u' X 1?/7= ` S$%r Q 28 Ka"e&%ri 2 Tin&&i: ´ 0/>s Q S$%r Q X´ 1/=s X 17/2> ` S$%r Q 1?/7= Ka"e&%ri 4 ,u$u- Tin&&i: ´ 30/>s ` S$%r Q X´ 0/>s X 1 Ka"e&%ri 8 Ren(ah: ´ 31/=s ` S$%r Q X´ 30>s X 12/22 ` S$%r Q 1
S$%r 'ini'u' Q S$%r Q X´ 31/=s ? Q S$%r Q 12/22 an&$ah3lan&$ah se#a&ai'ana 5%n"%h (i a"as (a-a" (i&una$an (ala' $e&ia"an $%n*ersi (ari s$%r hasil ulan&an a"au uian 'ena(i nilai ulan&an a"au uian. Ji$a 'en&&una$an s$ala 11 (ari 0 sa'-ai (en&an 10/ 'a$a -anan& $elas in"er*aln!a 'ena(i: Nilai < (i-er%leh a-a#ila
´ −0,275 s < Skor < X ´ + 0,275 s X
'.:
Taulasi Silang 3Cross ,abulation4
Un"u$ 'e'-erelas (es$ri-si (ari (ua *aria#el a"au le#ih !an& salin& "er$ai" (i-erlu$an "a#ulasi silan& a"au Ta#el Dis"ri#usi Fre$uensi Bersa'a. Ta#ulasi silan& (isusun #eru-a 'a"ri$ #er(asar$an *ariasi (ari *aria#el !an& salin& "er$ai". Da"a !an& "e-a" (i(es$ri-si$an (en&an "a#ulasi silan& a(alah (a"a (ari *aria#el #es$ala n%'inal a"au %r(inal. Ji$a (ua *aria#el "er(iri (ari *aria#el #e#as (an *aria#el "eri$a"/ 'a$a *aria"i9 a"au $a"e&%ri *aria#el "eri$a" (i-%sisi$an se#a&ai #aris/ (an *aria"i9 a"au $a"e&%ri *aria#el #e#as (i-%sisi$an -a(a $%l%'. Ben"u$ 'a"ri$ "a#ulasi silan& se5ara u'u' (a-a" (iliha" -a(a Ga'#ar 4.7 #eri$u".
Ga'#ar 4.7: Ben"u$ u'u' )a"ri$ Ta#ulasi Silan& (ua aria#el ,%n"%h 4.28: Sua"u se$%lah se"ia- "ahun 'ena(al$an $e&ia"an Study Tour $e luar $%"a (en&an l%$asi sasaran -e&unun&an/ -an"ai/ (an K%"a #esar. Un"u$ 'en&%-"i'al$an la!anann!a/ $e-ala se$%lah "erse#u" in&in 'en&e"ahui (es$ri-si an"ara Pr%9esi ;ran& Tua sisa (en&an -ilihan l%$a si study tour !an& (i-ilih sisan!a.
Ben"u$ Ta#ulasi Silan& !an& (a-a" (isusun a(alah se#a&ai #eri$u".
,%n"%h 4.2<: Sese%ran& &uru %lahra&a in&in 'en&e"ahui &a'#aran $e"er$ai"an an"ara Jenis $ela'in 1. Pria 2 +ani"a (en&an ru"ini"as %lahra&a 1. Ru"in a"au "era(al 2. Ti(a$ ru"in a"au "i(a$ "era(al. Ta#ulasi Silan& un"u$ 'en(es$ri-si$an se#a&ai'ana Ta#el$e"er$ai"an 4.7 #eri$u". (i'a$su( (a-a" (isusun
DAFTAR PUSTAKA A&us Irian"%. 2007. Statisti!1 2onsep Dasar dan Apli!asinya. Ja$ar"a: Prena(a )a(ia Gru-. Allen/ )ar! J. en/ +en(! ). 1?7?. 3ntroduction do measurement theory . )%n"ere!/ ,ali9%rnia: Br%%$s,%le Pu#lishin&. Anas"asi/ Anne Susana/ Ur#ina. 1??=. Tes psi!ologi. E(isi Bahasa In(%nesia. Jili( 1 Sin&a-%re: Si'%n an( S5hul"er Asia P"e "(. 33333333333. 1??=. Tes psi!ologi. E(isi Bahasa In(%nesia. Jili( 2 Sin&a-%re: Si'%n an( S5hul"er Asia P"e "(. An"% Daan. 1?=>. Pengantar Metode Statisti! Jilid 3 . Ja$ar"a: P4ES. Bu"ler/ ,hris"%-her Tr. Sur!an"%. 1??<. Statisti!a dalam linguisti!. Ban(un&: ITB. Daali (an Pu(i )ul%n%. 200=. Pengu!uran dalam bidang pendidi!an. Ja$ar"a: PT Gra'e(ia +i(iasarana In(%nesia. Er'an Suher'an (an a!a Su$a!a. 1??0. Petunu! Pra!tis untu! Mela!sana!an Pendidi!an Matemati!a.
E%aluasi
Ban(un&:
+ia!a$usu'ah. Fernan(es/ C. J. @.. 1?=8. Testing and Measurement. Ja$ar"a: Na"i%nal E(u5a"i%n Plannin&/ E*alua"i%n an( ,urri5ulu' De*el%-'en". Fraen$el/ Ja5$ R./ +allen/ N%r'an E. "". 'o& do design and e%aluate Research in Education4 Se%enth edition4 B%s"%n: )5Gra3Cill Ci&her E(u5a"i%n. Gr%nlun(/ N%r'an E. 1?=2. Constructing Achie%ement Tests. Ne %r$: Pren"i5e3Call In5.
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33333333333. 1?=1. Modern Educational Measurement. Ne %r$: Pren"i5e3Call In5. Pra"i$n!% Prair%ne&%r%. 1?=1. Te!ni! E%aluasi +agian 33 Penilaian dengan "on Tes dalam Proses +elaar Mengaar E%aluasi 'asil +elaar 2husus Analisis Soal +idang Studi Matemati!a4 Ja$ar"a:
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RI+AAT CIDUP Aan Juhana Sena!a/ lahir (i Tasi$'ala!a -a(a "an&&al 14 N%-e'#er 1?<7 se#a&ai ana$ $e(ua (ari se'#ilan #ersau(ara. (ari -asan&an Ba-a$ A#i(in Sur!a'an (an I#u Juhanah. A!ah se%ran& &uru/ se(an&$an i#u se#a&ai i#u ru'ah "an&&a. )ene'-uh -en(i(i$an Se$%lah Dasar SD #er-in(ah3-in(ah se$%lah/ 'ulai (ari SD Ra$!a" (i Ke5a'a"an In(ihian& Tasi$'ala!a/ $e'u(ian -in(ah $e SD Pen&a(ilan 1 (i Ke5a'a"an Taan& Ka#u-a"en Tasi$'ala!a/ (an SD Para$an!asa& Ke5a'a"an In(ihian& Tasi$'ala!a. Kelas < hin&&a 'enelan& uian SD 'ene'-uh -elaaran (i SD Dian se$aran& SD An&$asa alan Paaaran Ban(un& (an 'ena'a"$an SD (i SD Jaaa! 2 Tasi$'ala!a "ahun 1?71. Se"a'a" SD 'elanu"$an $e S)P Ne&eri 2 Tasi$'ala!a lulus "ahun 1?78. )elanu"$an $e S)A Ne&eri 1 Tasi$'ala!a (en&an 'en&a'#il urusan IPA lulus "ahun 1?77. )ene'-uh -en(i(i$an (i Per&uruan Tin&&i (iaali (en&an 'en&a'#il Jurusan Pen(i(i$an Il'u Pas"i se$aran& )a"e'a"i$a (i IKIP %&!a$ar"a Se$aran& UN (an 'en(a-a" iaah Sarana )u(a -a(a "ahun 1?=1. )elanu"$an $e "in&$a" (%$"%ral se$aran& S31 (i Per&uruan Tin&&i (an urusan !an& sa'a (an 'en(a-a" iaah Sarana Pen(i(i$an 'a"e'a"i$a -a(a "ahun 1?=4. Tahun 1??0 'elanu"$an s"u(i $e enan& S32 (i IKIP Ja$ar"a Kel%'-%$ Pen!elen&&ara Kuliah KPK IKIP %&!a$ar"a (en&an 'en&a'#il Jurusan Peneli"ian (an E*aluasi Pen(i(i$an PEP lulus "ahun 1??4. Tahun 2010
'elanu"$an s"u(i $e enan& S34 Jurusan Peneli"ian (an E*aluasi Pen(i(i$an PEP (i Uni*ersi"as Ne&eri Ja$ar"a (an lulus "ahun 201>. Jenan& $arir (i'ulai se"elah lulus S31 (an -ulan& $e (aerah $elahiran Tasi$'ala!a 'ena(i D%sen "e"aa!asan (i Uni*ersi"as Silian&i Tasi$'ala!a 1?=43 1?=>. Di sa'-in& i"u/ 'en&aar -ula (i S)A Ne&eri 4 (an S)A Galun&&un& Tasi$'ala!a 1?=431?=>. )ulai "ahun 1?=> 'ena(i PNS (i #aah naun&an K%-er"is +ila!ah I Jaa Bara" se$aran& Jaa Bara" (an Ban"en (en&an s"a"us (i-e$era$an (-$ (i Uni*ersi"as +iral%(ra In(ra'a!u. Se"elah 'ena(i (%sen (-$ (i Uni*ersi"as +iral%(ra/ (i Uni*ersi"as Silian&i Tasi$'ala!a 'asih "er5a"a" (an a$"i9 se#a&ai (%sen "i(a$ "e"a- hin&&a "ahun 1??0. Selain se#a&ai "ena&a -en&aar D%sen in"i (en&an Ja#a"an Fun&si%nal e$"%r Ke-ala 200< -a(a Jurusan Pen(i(i$an )a"e'a"i$a FKIP Uni*ersi"as +iral%(ra In(ra'a!u/ u&a 'en&aar (i Jurusan Pen(i(i$an Bahasa (an Sas"ra In(%nesia/ Pen(i(i$an Bahasa In&&ris/ (an Pen(i(i$an Bi%l%&i -a(a Fa$ul"as !an& sa'a. Pernah 'en&aar (i Fa$ul"as Per"anian/ Fa$ul"as Te$ni$/ FISIP/ (an Fa$ul"as Keseha"an )as!ara$a" Uni*ersi"as +iral%(ra In(ra'a!u. Pernah 'ena(i Tu"%r Pr%&ra' -en!e"araan D3 2 (an S31 Uni*ersi"as Ter#u$a 1??>31??=/ (%sen )a"e'a"i$a (i A)IK Purna'a Nia&a In(ra'a!u 20003 2001 (an Ke#i(anan P;TEK Keseha"an Tasi$'ala!a (i ,ire#%n 2004. Kar!a "ulis !an& -ernah (i#ua" (ian"aran!a: Pen&an"ar Pe'%&ra'an BASI, -enulis/ 1?=> Per'ainan )a"e'a"i$a (an Pen&e'#an&ann!a -enulis/ 1?=7 Pe'an9aa"an Bahasa Pe'%&ra'an BASI, un"u$ Penilaian -enulis/ 1?== Per'ainan )a"e'a"i$a 'enen"u$an
u'lah -enulis/ 1?=? Fa$"%r39a$"%r -enen"u "in&$a" -en&uasaan (asar 'a"e'a"i$a 'ahasisa PGSD -enulis/ 1??4 K%'-u"er sela!an& -an(an& -enulis/ 1??4 Ke'a'-uan *er#al 'a"e'a"i$a 1??4 Pr%&ra' 5ailing (en&an Tur#% BASI, 1??4 Psi$%l%&i $e-e'i'-inan "e$ni$ 'e'-en&aruhi %ran& lain -enulis/ 1??< Pr%#le' s%l*in& -enulis/ 1??< Kal$ulus I An&&%"a Ti' Pen!usun Bahan aar un"u$ PTS/ 1??> Ala#ar inier An&&%"a Ti' Pen!usun Bahan aar un"u$ PTS/ 1??> )enelusuri K%nse$uensi %&is Penera-an Kuri$ulu' Ber#asis K%'-e"ensi KBK Se#a&ai Bahan Pen!usunan Kuri$ulu' e'#a&a Pen(i(i$an Tena&a Ke-en(i(i$an PTK -enulis/ 2008 Analisis S%" Dala' Pen(i(i$an Dan Perse$%lahan -enulis/ 2012 Kia" )enulis Ar"i$el Un"u$ Jurnal Il'iah Peneli"ian (an K%nse-"ual -enulis/ 201< Filsa9a" -en&e"ahuan/ Il'u/ (an Sains Sua"u -en&enalan aal -enulis/ 201>. Se(an& 'en!usun #u$u re9erensi 6S"a"is"i$a Tera-an un"u$ Rise" Peneli"ian Bi(an& Pen(i(i$an (an Pen&aaran Ja#a"an s"ru$"ural !an& -ernah (i(u(u$i a(alah se#a&ai Se$re"aris Jurusan Pr%&ra' Di-l%'a Pen(i(i$an )a"e'a"i$a Uni*ersi"as Silian&i 1?=831?== Pe'#an"u De$an I FKIP Uni*ersi"as +iral%(ra 1??831??< Ke-ala Bir% A('inis"rasi A$a(e'i$ (an Ke'ahasisaan 1??<3 1??= Ke"ua e'#a&a Peneli"ian 1??831??= Pe'#an"u Re$"%r I 1??=31??? Ke"ua e'#a&a Peneli"ian (an Pen&a#(ian $e-a(a )as!ara$a" 1???32002 (i-er5a!a se#a&ai Re$"%r -eri%(e 20023200> Ps De$an Fa$ul"as Keseha"an )as!ara$a" 200<3200> De$an FKIP -eri%(e 200>32010 (an -eri%(e 201032018.
A$"i*i"as -a(a %r&anisasi s%sial (an $e'as!ara$a"an !an& -ernah (an se(an& (ialani a(alah: An&&%"a I,)I Ke"ua Bi(an& i"#an& 1??=32002 An&&%"a Dean Pa$ar 200?32014 Ke"ua Bi(an& Pen&e'#an&an SD) -a(a DEK;PINDA Ka#u-a"en In(ra'a!u 1???32008 Ke"ua U'u' DEK;PINDA Ka#u-a"en In(ra'a!u 200<32010 (an 'en(a-a" -en&har&aan Sa"!a en5ana Bha$"i K%-erasi (ari Ke'en"rian K%-erasi (an KUK) 2011 An&&%"a i"#an& PT Ka#u-a"en In(ra'a!u 2001 se#a&ai An&&%"a Dean Pen(i(i$an Ka#u-a"en In(ra'a!u 20023 2010 se#a&ai Ke"ua U'u' Fe(erasi Pana" Te#in& In(%nesia FPTI ,a#an& In(ra'a!u -eri%(e 20083200> an&&%"a Ba(an A$re(i"asi Se$%lah BAS Ka#u-a"en In(ra'a!u 200832007 se#a&ai Ke"ua ,a#an&/ Ke"ua Jarin&an/ (an Asis"en Guru Besar ;lah Ra&a Perna9asan )au Seha" Bersa'a )ACAT)A (i #aah a!asan )ACAT)A In(%nesia (ari 200< hin&&a se$aran&.
