2.Literature review review on 3d printing: A Study of the State-of-the-Art Rapid Prototyping Technologies [1]Each rapid prototyping (RP)
process has its special and unique advantages and disadvantages. The The paper presents a state-of-the-art study of RP technologies and classifies roadly all the different types of rapid prototyping !ethods. "usequently# "usequently# the funda!ental principles and technological li!itations of different !ethods of RP are closely e$a!ined. % co!parison co!parison of the present and ulti!ate perfor!ance of the rapid prototyping processes is !ade so as to highlight the possiility of future i!prove!ents for a ne& generation generation of RP syste!s. 'ives a general overvie& of current rapid prototyping techniques including droplet deposition (*). Anisotropic Anisotrop ic aterial aterial properties properties of fused deposition odeling A!S [+]Rapid Prototyping
technologies provide the aility to faricate initial prototypes fro! various !odel !aterials. "tratasys used eposition *odeling (*) is a typical RP process that can faricate prototypes out of %," plastic. To predict the !echanical ehavior of * parts# it is critical to understand the !aterial properties of the ra& * process !aterial# and the effect that * uild para!eters have on anisotropic !aterial properties. This paper characteries the properties of %," parts faricated y the * 1/0. sing a esign of E$peri!ent approach# the process para!eters of *# such as raster orientation# air gap# ead &idth# color# and !odel te!perature &ere e$a!ined. Tensile Tensile strengths and co!pressive strengths of directionally faricated speci!ens &ere !easured and co!pared &ith in2ection !olded * %," P300 !aterial. or the * parts !ade &ith a 0.004 inch overlap et&een roads# the typical tensile strength ranged et&een /5 and 6+5 6+5 of the strength of in2ection !olded %," %," P300. The co!pressive strength ranged fro! 705 to 805 of the in2ection !olded * %,". "everal uild rules for designing * parts &ere for!ulated ased on e$peri!ental results. "easureent of anisotropic copressive strength of rapid prototyping parts [4]Rapid prototyping
(RP) technologies provide the aility to faricate initial prototypes fro! various !odel !aterials. used deposition !odeling (*) and 4 printer are co!!ercial RP processes &hile nano co!posite deposition syste! (9:") is an RP tested syste! that uses nano co!posites !aterials as the part !aterial. To predict the !echanical ehavior of parts !ade y RP# !easure!ent of the !aterial properties of the RP !aterial !aterial is i!portant. Each process &as characteries y process para!eters such 1
as raster orientation# air gap# ead &idth# color# and !odel te!perature for *. 4 printer and 9:" had different process para!eters. "peci!ens to !easure co!pressive strengths of the three RP processes &ere faricated# and !ost of the! sho&ed anisotropic co!pressive properties. Paraetric appraisal of echanical property of fused deposition odelling processed parts [3]
used deposition !odelling (*) is a fast gro&ing rapid prototyping (RP) technology due to its aility to uild functional parts having co!ple$ geo!etrical shape in reasonale ti!e period. The quality of uilt parts depends on !any process variales. ;n this study# five i!portant process para!eters such as layer thic
%). Response surface plots for each response is analysed and opti!al para!eter setting for each response is deter!ined. The !a2or reason for &ea< strength !ay e attriuted to distortion &ithin or et&een the layers. inally# concept of desiraility function is used for !a$i!iing all responses si!ultaneously. "echanical characteri#ation of parts fa$ricated using fused deposition odeling [/]?ayered
!anufacturing is an evolution of rapid prototyping (RP) techniques &here the part is uilt in layers. @hile !ost of the previous applications focused on uilding AprototypesB# recent develop!ents in this field enaled so!e of the prototyping !ethods to achieve an agile farication technology to produce the final product directly. % shift fro! prototyping to !anufacturing of the final product necessitates roadening of the !aterial choice# i!prove!ent of the surface quality# di!ensional staility# and achieving the necessary !echanical properties to !eet the perfor!ance criteria. The current study is part of an ongoing pro2ect to adapt fused deposition !odeling to farication of cera!ic and !ultifunctional co!ponents. This paper presents a !ethodology of the !echanical characteriation of products faricated using fused deposition !odeling. "echanical $ehavior of acrylonitrile $utadiene styrene %A!S& fused deposition aterials. '(periental investigation[]%n e$peri!ental study of the !echanical ehavior of fused-deposition
() %," plastic !aterials is descried. Elastic !oduli and strength values are deter!ined for the %," !onofila!ent feedstoc< and various unidirectional -%," !aterials. The results sho& a reduction of 11 to 46 per cent in !odulus and ++ to /6 per cent in strength for -%," !aterials
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relative to the %," !onofila!ent. These reductions occur due to the presence of voids and a loss of !olecular orientation during the e$trusion process. The results can e used to ench!ar< co!putational !odels for stiffness and strength as a function of the processing para!eters for use in co!putationally opti!iing the !echanical perfor!ance of -%," !aterials in functional applications. '(periental investigation and epirical odelling of )*" process for copressive strength iproveent [6]used deposition !odelling (*) is gaining distinct advantage in !anufacturing
industries ecause of its aility to !anufacture parts &ith co!ple$ shapes &ithout any tooling require!ent and hu!an interface. The properties of * uilt parts e$hiit high dependence on process para!eters and can e i!proved y setting para!eters at suitale levels. %nisotropic and rittle nature of uild part !a
parts &ith locally controlled properties# &hich provides an opportunity for !anufacturing a &hole ne& class of products. To a certain e$tent# fused deposition !odeling (*) has the potential to faricate parts &ith locally controlled properties y changing deposition density and deposition orientation. To fully e$ploit this potential# this paper reports a study of the !aterials# the farication process# and the !echanical properties of * prototypes. Theoretical and e$peri!ental analyses of !echanical properties of * processes and prototypes &ere carried out to estalish the constitutive !odels. % set of equations is proposed to deter!ine the elastic constants of * prototypes. The !odels are then evaluated y e$peri!ents. %n e$a!ple of * prototype &ith locally controlled properties is provided to de!onstrate the ideas.
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*esign of )used-*eposition A!S +oponents for Stiffness and Strength [8]The high degree of
auto!ation of "olid reefor! arication (") processing and its aility to create geo!etrically co!ple$ parts to precise di!ensions provide it &ith a unique potential for lo& volu!e production of rapid tooling and functional co!ponents. % factor of significant i!portance in the aove applications is the capaility of producing co!ponents &ith adequate !echanical perfor!ance (e.g.# stiffness and strength). This paper introduces a strategy for opti!iing the design of used-eposition %crylonitrile-,utadiene-"tyrene (-%," P300) co!ponents for stiffness and strength under a given set of loading conditions. ;n this strategy# a !athe!atical !odel of the structural syste! is lin
pro2ect F an ongoing pro2ect that has !ade and distriuted freely a replicating rapid prototyper. @e give the ac
&ithin technology develop!entH Iopen designJ. ;!prove!ents in co!!unications and co!puting technology have !ade collaoration over geographically vast distances possile. This technology has already had a !a2or i!pact on the field of engineering# fro! the develop!ent of :%K:%EK:%* practices to the e!ergence of concurrent engineering. Ta
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and an e$peri!ental rig designed and asse!led. ;nitial test results indicated that resin e$trusion is viale for the RepRap. An pen Source /ardware-$ased "echatronics Proect: The Replicating Rapid 3-* Printer [1+]
This contriution revie&s the e$ecution of an open source hard&are (="C@) pro2ect as part of the *aster in *echatronics egree Progra!!e at the niversity of "outhern en!ar<. There &ere a nu!er of reasons that !otivated us to carry out this pro2ect educational# intellectual and research reasons. =pen source pro2ects provide unique opportunities for students to gain e$perience solving real-&orld prole!s. There &as also a research consideration in pursuing an ="C@ pro2ect. Three of the authors of this contriution are &or
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R')'R'0+'S: 1) :. N. :hua# ". *. :hou# and T. ". @ong# O% "tudy of the "tate-of-the-%rt Rapid Prototyping TechnologiesO#The ;nternational ournal of %dvanced *anufacturing Technology# vol.131#pg noH 13-1/+# 1887. +) "ung-Coon %hn# *ichael *ontero# an =dell# "had Roundy# and Paul N @right# A%nisotropic !aterial
properties of fused deposition !odeling %,"B# Rapid Prototyping ournal# vol.76#pg
noH +37-+/6# +00+. 4) :.". ?ee# ".'. Ni!# C.. Ni!# Q ".C. %hn# O*easure!ent of anisotropic co!pressive strength of rapid prototyping partsO# ournal of *aterials Processing Technology#vol.14+#pg noH 176-177# +6-40# +006. 3) %. N. "ood# R.N. =hdar# and ".". *ahapatra# APara!etric appraisal of !echanical property of fused deposition !odelling processed parts#B *aterials Q esign# vol.41# pg noH+76-+8/# +010. /) %. ,ellini and ". 'Seri# A*echanical characteriation of parts faricated using fused deposition !odeling#B Rapid Prototyping ournal# vol.8/#pg noH +/+-+3# +004. ) . . Rodrigue# . P. Tho!as and . E. Renaud# A*echanical ehavior of acrylonitrile utadiene styrene (%,") fused deposition !aterials. E$peri!ental investigation#B Rapid Prototyping ournal#vol. 63# pg noH137-1/7# +001. 6) %. N. "ood# R.N. =hdar# and ".". *ahapatra# AE$peri!ental investigation and e!pirical !odelling of * process for co!pressive strength i!prove!ent#B ournal of %dvanced Research# vol.103# 16-183# +011. 7) ?. ?i# D. "un# :. ,ellehu!eur# and P. 'u# A:o!posite *odeling and %nalysis for arication of * Prototypes &ith ?ocally :ontrolled Properties#B ournal of *anufacturing Processes# vol. 3+# pg noH1+8-131# +00+. 8) . . Rodrigue# .P. Tho!as# and .E. Renard# Aesign of used-eposition %," :o!ponents for "tiffness and "trength#B ournal of *echanical esign# vol.1+/#pg noH /3/-//1# +004. 10) R. ones# P. Caufe# E. "ells# P. ;ravani# >. =lliver# :. Pal!er and %. ,o&yer# ARepRap F the replicating rapid prototyper#B Rootica# vol.+8# pg noH166-181# +011. 11) . Colland# '. =Gonnell# and '. ,ennett# A=pen esign and the Reprap Pro2ect#B +6th ;nternational *anufacturing :onferenceG#vol. /6#pg noH 86-10# +010.
1+) . Nenter# ,. Noch# *. Thii!# R.@. ones# and E. >illu!sen# A%n =pen "ource Card&are ased *echatronics Pro2ectH The Replicating Rapid 4- Printer#B +011 3th ;nternational :onference on *echatronicsG#vol.140#pg noH 1-7# +011. 14) . *. Pearce# :.*. ,lair# N.. ?acia<# R. %ndre&s# %. 9osrat# and ;. eleni
