Seminar Report On
3D PRINTING Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY In
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Guide:
Submitted By:-
Mrs. AEKTA SINGH
Srijan Upadhyay (05410403011)
Department of Instrumentation & Control Engineering AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY GGS Indraprastha University, New Delhi (2011-2015) 1
CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the seminar report entitled “3D PRINTING” submitted bySRIJAN UPADHYAY
05410403011
has been accomplished under my guidance. This report is submitted for partial fulfillment of award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Instrumentation and Control Engineering at Amity School of Engineering and Technology, affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi.
Date: 24, September, 2014
Guide:Mrs. Aekta Singh ICE Department Amity School of Engineering & Technology Bijwasan, New Delhi- 61
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to Dr. Rekha Aggarwal (Director, Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Delhi) for her encouragement and inspiring me to do the best of my ability. I would also like to thank our esteemed Ms. Pinki Nayak and Ms. Bindu E. (HOD, Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, ASET, Delhi), for their support and guidance they had given me time to time. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude and deep regards to my guide Mrs. Aekta Singh (Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, ASET, Delhi) for her exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course
SRIJAN UPADHYAY (05410403011)
3
ABSTRACT 3D printing is a form of additive manufacturing technology where a three dimensional object is created by laying down successive layers of material. It is also known as rapid prototyping, is a mechanized method whereby 3D objects are quickly made on a reasonably sized machine connected to a computer containing blueprints for the object. The 3D printing concept of custom manufacturing is exciting to nearly everyone. This revolutionary method for creating 3D models with the use of inkjet technology saves time and cost by eliminating the need to design; print and glue together separate model parts. Now, you can create a complete model in a single process using 3D printing. The basic principles include materials cartridges, flexibility of output, and translation of code into a visible pattern. The 3D printing concept of custom manufacturing is exciting to nearly everyone. This revolutionary method for creating 3D models with the use of inkjet technology saves time and cost by eliminating the need to design; print and glue together separate model parts. Now, you can create a complete model in a single process using 3D printing. The basic principles include materials cartridges, flexibility of output, and translation of code into a visible pattern. 3D Printers are machines that produce physical 3D models from digital data by printing layer by layer. It can make physical models of objects either designed with a CAD program or scanned with a 3D Scanner. It is used in a variety of industries including jewellery, footwear, industrial design, architecture, engineering and construction, automotive, aerospace, dental and medical industries, education and consumer products. Typical 3D printer: 3D Printers are machines that produce physical 3D models from digital data by printing layer by layer. It can make physical models of objects either designed with a CAD program or scanned with a 3D Scanner. It is used in a variety of industries including jewelry, footwear, industrial design, architecture, engineering and construction, automotive, aerospace, dental and medical industries, education and consumer products.
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE
PAGE NO.
CERTIFICATE
I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
II
ABSTRACT
III
LIST OF FIGURES
IV
1: Introduction
8
1.1: Typical 3D Printer
8
2: History of 3D Printing
9
3: Current 3D Printing Technologies
10
3.1: Stereo lithography
10
3.2: Selective laser sintering (SLS)
10
3.3: Multi-jet modeling (MJM)
10
3.4: Inkjet 3D printing
11
4: Manufacturing a model with the 3D Printer 4.1: Algorithm
12 12
5: Workflow
13
6: Process
14
6.1: CAD Preparation (Pre Process)
14
6.2: 3D Printing
15
6.3: Cleaning 3D Printouts
16
6.3.1: Powder Removal
17
6.3.2: Heating
17 5
6.3.3: Finishing Touch
18
7: Benefits of 3D Printing
19
8: Applications 8.1: Design Prototypes 8.2: Education 8.3: Health
20 20 21 22
9: 3D Printing Success Stories
23
10: Conclusion
25
11. References
26
LIST OF FIGURES 6
FIGURE 4.1.1 : Algorithm
12
FIGURE 5.1
13
: Workflow
FIGURE 6.1.1 : CAD Preparation (Pre Process)
14
FIGURE 6.2.1 : 3D Printing
15
FIGURE 6.3.1 :
Cleaning 3D Printouts
16
FIGURE 6.3.1.1:
Powder Removal
17
FIGURE 6.3.1.2:
Heating
18
FIGURE 6.3.1.3:
Finishing Touch
20
FIGURE 8.1.1 :
Design Prototypes
21
FIGURE 8.2.1 : Education
22
FIGURE 8.3.1 : Healthcare
23
FIGURE 9.1-9.2 : 3D Printing Success Stories
24
1. INTRODUCTION TO 3D PRINTING 7
3D printing is a form of additive manufacturing technology where a three dimensional object is created by laying down successive layers of material. It is also known as rapid prototyping, is a mechanized method whereby 3D objects are quickly made on a reasonably sized machine connected to a computer containing blueprints for the object. The 3D printing concept of custom manufacturing is exciting to nearly everyone. This revolutionary method for creating 3D models with the use of inkjet technology saves time and cost by eliminating the need to design; print and glue together separate model parts. Now, you can create a complete model in a single process using 3D printing. The basic principles include materials cartridges, flexibility of output, and translation of code into a visible pattern.
1.1 Typical 3D Printer 3D Printers are machines that produce physical 3D models from digital data by printing layer by layer. It can make physical models of objects either designed with a CAD program or scanned with a 3D Scanner. It is used in a variety of industries including jewelry, footwear, industrial design, architecture, engineering and construction, automotive, aerospace, dental and medical industries, education and consumer products.
8
2. HISTORY OF 3D PRINTING The technology for printing physical 3D objects from digital data was first developed by Charles Hull in 1984. He named the technique as Stereo lithography and obtained a patent for the technique in 1986. While Stereo lithography systems had become popular by the end of 1980s, other similar technologies such as Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) were introduced. In 1993, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) patented another technology, named "3 Dimensional Printing techniques", which is similar to the inkjet technology used in 2D Printers. In 1996, three major products, "Genisys" from Stratasys, "Actua 2100" from 3D Systems and "Z402" from Z Corporation were introduced. In 2005, Z Corp. launched a breakthrough product, named Spectrum Z510, which was the first high definition color 3D Printer in the market. Another breakthrough in 3D Printing occurred in 2006 with the initiation of an open source project, named Reprap, which was aimed at developing a self-replicating 3D printer.
9
3. CURRENT 3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGIES 3.1 Stereo lithography: Stereo lithographic 3D printers (known as SLAs or stereo lithography apparatus) position a perforated platform just below the surface of a vat of liquid photo curable polymer. A UV laser beam then traces the first slice of an object on the surface of this liquid, causing a very thin layer of photopolymer to harden. The perforated platform is then lowered very slightly and another slice is traced out and hardened by the laser. Another slice is then created, and then another, until a complete object has been printed and can be removed from the vat of photopolymer, drained of excess liquid, and cured. Fused deposition modeling - Here a hot thermoplastic is extruded from a temperaturecontrolled print head to produce fairly robust objects to a high degree of accuracy. 3.2 Selective laser sintering (SLS) This builds objects by using a laser to selectively fuse together successive layers of a cocktail of powdered wax, ceramic, metal, nylon or one of a range of other materials. 3.3 Multi-jet modeling (MJM) This again builds up objects from successive layers of powder, with an inkjet-like print head used to spray on a binder solution that glues only the required granules together. The V-Flash printer, manufactured by Canon, is low-cost 3D printer. It’s known to build layers with a light-curable film. Unlike other printers, the VFlash builds its parts from the top down. Desktop Factory is a startup launched by the Idea lab incubator in Pasadena, California. Fab@home, an experimental project based at Cornell University, uses a syringe to deposit material in a manner similar to FDM. The inexpensive syringe makes it easy to experiment with different materials from glues to cake frosting.
10
3.4 Inkjet 3D printing It creates the model one layer at a time by spreading a layer of powder (plaster, or resins) and inkjet printing binder in the cross-section of the part. It is the most widely used 3-D Printing technology these days and the reasons beyond that are stated below. This technology is the only one that
Allows for the printing of full color prototypes.
Unlike stereo lithography, inkjet 3D printing is optimized for speed, low cost, and ease-of-use. No toxic chemicals like those used in stereo lithography are required. Minimal post printing finish work is needed; one needs only to use the printer itself to blow off surrounding powder after the printing process. Allows overhangs and excess powder can be easily removed with an air blower.
11
4. MANUFACTURING A MODEL WITH THE 3D PRINTER The model to be manufactured is built up a layer at a time. A layer of powder is automatically deposited in the model tray. The print head then applies resin in the shape of the model. The layer dries solid almost immediately. The model tray then moves down the distance of a layer and another layer of power is deposited in position, in the model tray. The print head again applies resin in the shape of the model, binding it to the first layer. This sequence occurs one layer at a time until the model is complete
4.1 ALGORITHM The algorithm used in the Inkjet 3-D Printing is depicted in the figure mentioned below.
FIGURE 4.1.1
12
5. WORK FLOW The workflow can be easily understood with the help of the flowchart given below. A 3-D prototype of a desired object is created in three basic steps and these steps are:
Pre-Process
3-D Printing
Post-Process
FIGURE 5.1
13
6. PROCESS 6.1 CAD Preparation (Pre-Process) Computer-aided design (CAD), also known as computer-aided design and drafting (CADD), is used to prepare a 3-D or 2-D model of the desired object. Modern CAD packages can also frequently allow rotations in three dimensions, allowing viewing of a designed object from any desired angle. Most 3D printers require a special file (typically .stl format) to print. Additionally, we need to modify the design to make up for limitations of the printer and build material.
FIGURE 6.1.1
6.2 3D Printing: The 3D printer runs automatically, depositing materials at layers ~.003″ thick. This is roughly the thickness of a human hair or sheet of paper. The time it takes to print a given object depends primarily on the height of the design, but most designs take a 14
minimum of several hours. The average cost for printing a full color prototype is somewhere between 50 - 100 $.
FIGURE 6.2.1
6.3 Cleaning 3D Printouts (Post-Process): Every 3D printer uses some sort of material to support parts of the design that have an overhang. Some printers use a loose powder which can be blown off and reused in future models.
15
FIGURE 6.3.1
6.3.1
Powder Removal:
This is the sculpture with most of the support dust removed and it is then dipped in special glue that makes them stronger and more colorful.
FIGURE 6.3.1.1 16
6.3.2
Heating
The models are heated to set the glue. It is funny to see the oven in this picture is a standard consumer grade.
FIGURE 6.3.2.1
6.3.3
Finishing Touches
The output of all existing 3D printers is rough. The textures vary from pronounced “wood grain” to merely “sandy”, With a little elbow grease you can get stunning results.
FIGURE 6.3.3.1
17
7. BENEFITS OF 3D PRINTING The most successful companies have adopted 3D printing as a critical part of the iterative design process to: Increase Innovation
Print prototypes in hours, obtain feedback, refine designs and repeat the cycle until designs are perfect.
Improve Communication
Hold a full color, realistic 3D model in your hands to impart infinitely more information than a computer image.
Create physical 3D models quickly, easily and affordably for a wide variety of applications.
Speed Time to Market
Compress design cycles by 3D printing multiple prototypes on demand, right in your office.
Reduce Development Costs
Cut traditional prototyping and tooling costs.
Identify design errors earlier.
18
Reduce travel to production facilities.
Win Business
Bring realistic 3D models to prospective accounts, sponsors and focus groups
8. APPLICATIONS 8.1 Design Prototypes: 3-Dimensional Printing concept model, functional prototypes and presentation models for evaluating and refining design, including Finite Element Analysis (FEA) results and packaging.
FIGURE 8.1.1
Now, here we have created a dummy of a Nokia mobile phone for further study and demonstration: Size: 3.5 x 2 x 0.7 inches (9 x 5 x 2 cm) 19
Printing Time: 0.5 hours
8.2 Education:
Engage students by bringing digital concepts into the real world, turning their ideas into real-life 3D color models that they can actually hold in their hands. Here an electronic device circuit has come to life with the help of a 3-D Printer:
Size: 8 x 5 x 2.5 inches (20 x 13 x 6 cm) Printing Time: 3 hours
20
FIGURE 8.2.1
8.3 Healthcare: Rapidly produce 3D models to reduce operating time, enhance patient and physician communications, and improve patient outcomes. A 3-D Prototype of the horizontal crossection of a human skull has been prepared to allow its better study: Size: 9.8 x 7.9 x 3.9 inches (25 x 20 x 10 cm) Printing Time: 5.5 hours
21
FIGURE 8.3.1
9. 3D PRINTING SUCCESS STORY
Camera mounts for the M1 tank and Bradley fighting vehicle were built and tested directly from digital files using the Dimension 3D Printer.
22
FIGURE 9.1
A 3D printer proved to be a valuable asset and played a key role in developing the concepts for the AMP Research Alloy Fuel Door for General Motors' Hummer H2 sport utility vehicle. 23
FIGURE 9.2
10.
CONCLUSION
24
Nothing communicates ideas faster than a three-dimensional part or model. With a 3D printer you can bring CAD files and design ideas to life – right from your desktop. Test form, fit and function – and as many design variations as you like – with functional parts. In an age in which the news, books, music, video and even our communities are all the subjects of digital dematerialization, the development and application of 3D printing reminds us that human beings have both a physical and a psychological need to keep at least one foot in the real world. 3D printing has a bright future, not least in rapid prototyping (where its impact is already highly significant), but also in medicine the arts, and outer space. Desktop 3D printers for the home are already a reality if you are prepared to pay for one and/or build one yourself. 3D printers capable of outputting in color and multiple materials also exist and will continue to improve to a point where functional products will be able to be output. As devices that will provide a solid bridge between cyberspace and the physical world, and as an important manifestation of the Second Digital Revolution, 3D printing is therefore likely to play some part in all of our futures.
11.
REFRENCES
Articles: 25
The object of 3D printing —from Advertising & Marketing Review Printers produce copies in 3D —from BBC NEWS 'Gadget printer' promises industrial revolution –from NewScientist.com
From different websites including dimensionprinting.com,
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing, etc.
Major 3D printer companies: Z Corporation 3D System
Xpress3D
Dimensions Printing
26
