MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS AND METROLOGY Subject Title Subject Code Hours Per Week Hours Per Semester
: : : :
Mechanical measurements and metrology M04 64
TOPIC ANALYSIS SL.N o
Hours Allotted
Weightage of Marks
06 08 06
16 21 16
06 08 08
16 20 20
Applied mechanical measurements Miscellaneous measurement Industry innovations Tests
08 06 05 03
20 16 -
Total
64
145
Major Topics SECTION-I
1 2 3
Introduction to measurements Measuring instruments Limits, fits and Tolerance SECTION-II
4 5 6
Machine to tool metrology Transducers an and st strain ga gauges Meas Measur urem emen entt of of for force ce,, tor torqu quee and and pres pressu surre SECTTION-III
7 8 9 10
OBJECTIVES On the completion of the course the students should be able to:
1. Understand the principle of operation op eration and calibration of an instrument. 2. Know different measuring device for a particular application. 3. Understanding the concepts of limits, fits and tolerance 4. Understand various testing tools for checking the alignment of machine tools 5 Understand the various transducers and application of strain gauges 6. Understand the different devices used to measure force, torque, and pressure 7 Understand the different devices used to measure Speed, Flow, and Temperature 8 Understand the different devices used to measure density, humidity, blood pressure
COURSE CONTENTS 1.0
Introduction to measurements 1.1 1.1 Def Definit nition ion of meas measur urem emen entt 1.2 1.2 Sign Signiifican icance ce of of mea measu sure rem ment, ent, 1.4 Methods of of mea meassurements 1.5 1.5 Gene Generrali alized zed meas measur uriing sy system tem 1.3 1.3 Stan Standa darrds of measu easure rem ment ents. 1.6 Factors in selecting the measuring instruments
1.7 1.8
Terms Terms applic applicabl ablee to measuri measuring ng instr instrume uments nts:: Precis Precision ion and and Accurac Accuracy, y, Sensi Sensitiv tivity ity and Repeatability, Range, Threshold, Hysteresis, calibration Errors Errors in in Measure Measuremen ments: ts: Class Classifi ificat cation ion of erro errors, rs, Syst Systema emati ticc and Random Random error. error.
2.0
Measuring instruments 2. 1 Introduction 2.2 2.2 Thre Thread ad mea measu sure reme ment nts: s: Thr Threa ead d gaug gaugee micr microm omet eter er 2.3 Angle measurements: Bevel protractor, Sine Bar, 2. 4 Gauges: plain plug gauge, ring Gauge, snap gauge, limit gauge 2.5 Comparators: Characterstics of comparators, Types of comparators 2.6 2.6 Surf Surfac acee fini finish sh -De -Defi fini niti tion on,, Termi Terminol nolog ogy y of sur surfa face ce fin finis ish h Talysurf surface roughness tester 2.7 2.7 CoCo-ordi ordina natting meas measur urin ing g mac machi hine ne
3.0
Limits, Fi Fits, To Tolerances 3.1 3.1 Limi Limit: t: Maxi Maxium um lim limit it,, Mini Minium um lim limit it,, Basi Basicc size, size, Nom Nomin inal al siz sizee 3.2 3.2 Fit: Fit: Type Typess of of fit fitss-Ho Hole le basi basiss and and Shaf Shaftt bas basis is syst system em 3.3 3.3 Tole Tolera rance nce:: Basic Basic term termin inol olog ogy, y, unil unilat atre rell and bila bilate teral ral tol toler eran ance ce 3.4 3.4 Inte Interc rcha hang ngab abil ilit ity y and and sel selec ecti tive ve ass assem embl bly y
4.0
Machine tool metrology 4.1 4.1 Test Testin ing g inst instru rume ment ntss for for mach machin inee tool toolss alig alignm nment ent test testin ing g 4.2 Checking Checking Parall Parallelism elism,, Strai Straightnes ghtness, s, runout, runout, alignm alignment ent testing testing of of machine machine tool as per IS standard procedure.
5.0
Transd nsducers ers an and St Strain gaug auges 5. 1 Introduction. 5.2 5.2 Tran Transd sduc ucer erss: Char Charac actteri eristi stics, cs, clas classsifi ificat cation of trans ansduce ducerrs, two coi coil self elf inductance transducer, Piezoelectric transducer 5.3 5.3 Stra Strain in Measu Measure reme ment nts: s: Strai Strain n gauge gauge,, Clas Classi sifi fica cati tion, on, mount mountin ing g of strai strain n gauge gauges, s, Strain gauge rosettes-two and three elements
6.0 6.0
Meas Measur urem emen entt of of forc force, e, torq torque ue,, and and pres pressu sure re 6. 1 Introduction. 6.2 6.2 Forc Forcee mea measu sure reme ment nts: s: Spri Spring ng Balan Balance ce,, Pro Provi ving ng ring ring,, Load Load cell cell 6.3 6.3 Torq Torque ue mea measu sure reme ment nt:: Prony Prony brak brake, e, Hyd Hydra raul ulic ic dyn dynam amom omet eter er 6.4 6.4 Pres Pressu sure re meas measur urem emen ent: t: Mclo Mcloed ed gaug gauge, e, Applied mechanical measurements 7.1 7.1 Spee Speed d meas measur urem emen entt- Class Classif ific icat atio ion n of tacho tachome mete ters rs,, Revo Revolu luti tion on counte counters rs Eddy Eddy current tachometers 7.2 Displacement measurement- Linear variable Differential transformers (LVDT), 7.3 7.3 Flow Flow measu easure rem mentent-Ro Rottomet ometer ers, s, 7.4 Temper Temperatu ature re measur measureme ementnt- Resist Resistanc ancee ther thermom momete eters, rs, Optica Opticall Pyro Pyromet meter. er. Miscellaneous measurements 8.1 8.1 Humi Humidi dity ty meas measur urem emen entt –ha –hair ir hygr hygrom omet eter er,, 8.2 8.2 Dens Densit ity y measu measurremen ementt-hy -hydrom dromet eter er,, 8.3 8.3 Liqui Liquid d lev level el meas measur urem ement ent –-si –-sigh ghtt gla glass ss,, Flo Float at gaug gaugee 8.4 8.4 Biom Biomed edic ical al mea measu sure reme ment nt-S -Sph phyg ygmo mo mon monom omet eter er
7.0
8.0
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES 1.0
INT INTRODUCTION ION TO ME MEASUREMENTS 1. 1 Define me measurement. 1.2 1.2 Expl Explai ain n the the sign signif ific ican ance ce of meas measur urem emen ent. t. 1.3 1.3 Expl Explai ain n direc directt and and indi indire rect ct com compa pari riso son n meth method odss of mea measu sure reme ment nt 1.4 1.4 Expl Explai ain n with with bloc block k diag diagra ram m gener general aliz ized ed mea measu suri ring ng sys syste tem. m. 1.5 1.5 Expl Explai ain n prim primar ary y and and seco second ndar ary y sta standa ndard rdss of meas measur urem emen ents ts 1.6 1.6 List List the the fac facto tors rs to to be cons consid ider ered ed whil whilee select selectin ing g the ins instr trum umen ents ts.. 1.7 Define: Precision and Accuracy, Sensitivity and Repeatability, Reproducibility, Range, Threshold, Hysteresis, calibration with respect to measuring instruments 1.8 1.8 Clas Classi sifi fica cati tion on of erro errors rs in meas measur urin ing g ins instr trum umen ents ts 1.9 1.9 Expl Explai ain n sys syste tema mati ticc and and rand random om erro errors rs..
2.0
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 2. 1 Expla plain the measurement of screw thread eads eleme ements using Thre hread gauge micrometer 2.2 2.2 Expl Explai ain n the the cons constr truc ucti tion on and and wor worki king ng of of sine sine bar bar.. 2.3 2.3 Expl Explai ain n the the con const stru ruct ctio ion n and and work workin ing g of bevel bevel prot protra ract ctor or 2.4 Sketch Sketch and explai explain: n: plai plain n plug plug gauge gauge,, ring ring Gaug Gauge, e, snap snap gauge, gauge, limi limitt gauge, gauge, feeler feeler gauge 2.5 2.5 Expl Explai ain n the the cha chara ract cter eris isti tics cs of of com compa para rato tors rs 2.6 2.6 Expl Explai ain n with with sketc sketch h the the worki working ng of mec mecha hani nica call compar comparat ator or (Ree (Reed d type) type) 2.7 2.7 Expl Explai ain n with with sket sketch ch the the work workin ing g of of Ele Elect ctri rica call comp compar arat ator or 2.8 2.8 Expl Explai ain n with with sket sketch ch the the wor worki king ng of opti optica call com compar parat ator or 2.9 2.9 Expl Explai ain n bas basic ic term termss of surf surfac acee fini finish sh 2.10 Explain Explain the measurement measurement of surface surface finish finish by Talysurf Talysurf surface surface roughnes roughnesss tester tester 2.11 Explain Explain the role role of co ordi ordinat natee measu measurin ring g machi machines nes (CMM) (CMM)
3.0
LIMITS, FI FITS, TO TOLERANCES 3.1 3.1 Outli Outline ne the the imp impor orta tance nce of conc concep epts ts of lim limit itss and and tole tolera ranc ncee 3.2 Explain Explain differ different ent types types of fits-C fits-Clea learan rance, ce, transi transisti stion, on, interf interfere erence nce 3.3 3.3 Expl Explai ain n unil unilat ater eral al and and bil bilat ater eral al tol toler eran ance ce 3.4 3.4 Expl Explai ain n hol holee bas basis is and and sha shaft ft basi basiss sys syste tem m 3.5 3.5 Expl Explai ain n Int Inter erch chan angab gabil ilit ity y and and sele select ctiv ivee ass assem embl bly y
4.0
MACHINE TOOL METROLOGY 4.1 List List the the vario various us test testing ing instru instrumen ments ts for for mach machine ine tools tools alignm alignment ent testin testing g 4.2 Explain the checking of parallelism of spindle axis to carriage movement in lathe 4.3 Explain Explain the checki checking ng of of str straig aightn htness ess of the carria carriage ge movem movement ent in lathe lathe 4.4 4.4 Expl Explai ain n the the che checki cking ng of of run run out out of axis axis of of cent centre re in lath lathee 4.5 Explain the checking for the vertical straightness of knee of milling machine
5.0
TRANSDUCE UCERS AN AND ST STRAIN GAUGES 5.1 5.1 Expl Explai ain n the the cha chara ract cter eris isti tics cs of of tra trans nsdu duce cers rs 5.2 5.2 Stat Statee the the requ requiirem rement ent of tra trans nsdu duce cerrs 5.3 5.3 Out Out lin linee the the clas classi sifi fica cati tion on of of tra trans nsdu duce cers rs
5.4 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.8 5. 9
Expl Explai ain n work workin ing g of two two coil coil self self induc inducta tance nce tran transd sduce ucers rs Explain working of Piezo electric transducers Expl Explai ain n the the pri princ nciiple ple of stra straiin gaug gaugee Expl Explai ain n the the mount ountin ing g of of str strai ain n gau gauge ge Explain Explain with with diag diagram ram two elemen elementt and and thre threee eleme element nt stra strain in gauge gauge rose rosette ttess Expla plain opt optiical st strain ga gauge
6.0 6.0
MEAS MEASUR UREM EMEN ENT T OF OF FOR FORCE CE,, TOR TORQU QUE, E, AND AND PRE PRESS SSUR URE E 6. 1 Outline th the co concepts 6.2 6.2 Sket Sketch ch and and exp expllain ain the the spri pring bala balanc ncee 6.3 6.3 Sket Sketch ch and and exp expllain ain the the Provi roving ng ring ing 6.4 6.4 Expl Explai ain n the the piez piezoe oellect ectric ric loa load d cel cell 6.5 Explain measurement of torque by proney brake 6.6 6.6 Expl Explai ain n wor worki king ng of hydr hydrau auli licc dyn dynam amom omet eter er 6.7 6.7 Expl Explai ain n wor worki king ng of Mcloe cloed d gaug gaugee
7.0
APPLIED MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS 7.1 7.1 Outl Outlin inee the the cla class ssif ific icat atio ion n of tach tachom omet eter erss 7.2 7.2 Sket Sketch ch and and expl explai ain n revo revolu luti tion on coun counte ter r 7.3 7.3 Sket Sketch ch and and exp expla lain in Eddy Eddy curr curren entt tac tacho home mete ter r 7. 4 Expla plain the the working of LVDT 7.5 Explain the measurement of flow of liquid using rotameter 7.5 7.5 Expl Explai ain n the the prin princi cipl plee of of work workin ing g of of ther thermo mo coup couple le.. 7.6 7.6 Expl Explai ain n work workin ing g of of res resis ista tanc ncee the therm rmom omet eter er 7.7 7.7 Expl Explai ain n wor working king of of opti optica call pyr pyromet ometer er
8.0
MISCE ISCEL LLANEOUS ME MEASUREMENTS 8.1 8.1 Expl Explai ain n the the work workin ing g of of hair hair hygr hygrom omet eter er 8. 2 Sketch and and ex expla plain hyd hydrome ometer 8.3 8.3 How the the lev level el of of liq liqui uid d can can be meas measur ured ed usi using ng sight sight glas glasss 8.4 8.4 Expl Explai ain n the pri princ ncip iple le of floa floatt gauge gauge for for liq liqui uid d level level mea measu sure reme ment nt 8.5 8.5 How the the blood blood pres pressu sure re is is meas measur ured ed usi using ng sphy sphygm gmom oman anom omet eter er
REFERENCES
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
“Mechanical measurements” by Beckwith Marangoni and Lienhard, Pearson Education, 6th Ed., 2006 “ Metrology & Measurement” by Anand K Bewoor,Vinay kulakarni ,Tata McGraw hill New delhi 2009 “Principles of Industrial instrumentation and control systems” by Channakesava .R.Alavala,DELMAR cenage learning,2009 “Principles of Engineering metrology” by Rega Rajendra Jaico publishers-2008 publishers-2008 “Dimensional Metrology “by Connie Dotson,DELMAR,cenage learning,2007 “Instrumentation measurement and analysis” by B.C.Nakara,K.K.chaudarysecond edition,Tata cgraw hill,2005 “Engineering Metrology” by R.K.Jain, Khanna Publishers, 1994. Mecha echani nica call Mea Measu sure rem ments ents by DOEB DOEBL LIN
DERARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION DIPLOMA COURSE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING THIRD SEMESTER MODEL QUESTION PAPER MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS AND METROLOGY
Time: 3Hrs Max marks: 100 Note: 1.Part-I is compulsory 2. Answer any six full questions from Part-II, Part-III, and Part-IV Choosing at least two from each section PART- I 5X1=5 1 A) Fill in the blanks blanks with appropriat appropriatee words: words:-I) The actual actual diffe differen rence ce betw between een the true true value value and indica indicated ted value value is is _____ ________ ______ ______ ___.. ii) ii) Rose Rosett ttee is ___ _____ ____ ____ ____ ____ __g grid rid stra strain in gau gauge ge iii) iii) ______ _________ ______ _____ __ devi device ce is is used used for for bloo blood d press pressure ure measur measuremen ementt iv) The spring spring balanc balancee is is used used for measu measureme rement nt of ______ _________ ______ _____. __. v) The fluctu fluctuati ating ng expe experim riment ental al cond conditi ition on resu results lts in ______ _________ ______ ______ ___Err Error or
B) Write Write a note piezo piezoele electr ctric ic transd transduce ucer. r. 2 a)
b) c)
5
PART-II Define Define the follow following ing terms terms w.r.t w.r.t measu measurin ring g inst instrum rument ent i) Sensitivity ii) Hysteresis iii) Range
6
Explai Explain n with with bloc block k diagr diagram am gene general ralize ized d measu measurin ring g syste system. m. Clas Classi sify fy the the err error orss in mea measu suri ring ng ins instr trum umen ents ts..
5 4
3 a) b) c) 4 a) b) c)
Explain with sketch bevel protractor Descr escrib ibee bri brief efly ly the role ole of of co co ord ordin inat atee mea measu suri rin ng mac mach hines ines (CMM (CMM)) State the characteristics of comparators Sket Sketch ch and and exp expla lain in opt optic ical al com compa para rato tor r Explai Explain n Trans Transiti ition on fit fit and clea clearan rance ce fit fit with with an exam example ple.. Differ Different entiat iatee betwe between en hole hole basis basis and shaft shaft basi basiss syste system m PART-III
5 a) b)
4 State various testing instruments for machine tools alignment testing Expl Explai ain n wit with h dia diagr gram am checking of parallelism of spindle axis to carriage movement in lathe. 6 5 How the vertical straightness of knee of milling machine being checked .
c) 6 a) How are Transducers classified b) Explain piezoelectric transducers . c) State the characteristics of transducers 7 a) How How are are stra strain in gaug gauges es clas classi sifi fied ed b) What are ROSSET ROSSETTE TE gauges? gauges? Explain Explain two two element element Rosette Rosette gauge. gauge. c) How the the torqu torquee is measur measured ed by by prone proney y brake brake PART-IV 8 a) Sketch and label Mcloed gauge b) How How the the force force is meas measur ured ed by Prov Provin ing g rin ring g c) Stat Statee the adv advan anta tage gess of resi resist stan ance ce ther thermo mome mete ters rs.. 9 a) b) c) 10
Explain with sketch Eddy current tachometer How How the the flow flow of of liqu liquid id is is mea measu sure red d by by roto rotomet meter er Describe briefly linear variable Differential transformers (LVDT), Write short note on any three of the following
. .
.
5 5 5 5 6 4
5 6 4 4 6 4 5 5 5
.
5 5 5 5x3=15
i) ii) iii) iv)
Hygrometer
Interchangability and selective assembly Plain plug gauge Optical Pyrometer.
