MUST TO KNOW IN MYCOLOGY
Fluoresces on Wood’s lamp Agent of dandruff Mycosel Medium for dermatophytes Chloramphenicol: inhibit bacteria Cycloheximide: inhibit fungal contaminants Aspergillus Czapek’s medium Forms at 35’C (yeasts) Germ tube Candida Gram (+), oval cells w/ or w/o buds and pseudomycelia SDA General culture media Basic structure of Hyphae fungi Spore Cornmeal agar Chlamydospore M. furfur Media w/ olive oil T. mentagrophytes Hair baiting test Trichophyton Infects hair, skin, and nails T. rubrum Red color Teardrop conidia T. schoenleinii Favic chandelier (antler) Coenocytic (aseptate) Phycomycetes/Zygomycetes S. cerevisiae Ascospores C. neoformans (+) Nigerseed/Birdseed (+) Urease (+) India ink (+) Phenoloxidase “TACGeo” Arthrospores Trichosporon beigelii Aureobasidium Coccidioides Geotrichum candidum Blastospores Yeast 10% KOH Direct microscopic Clearing LPCB Lactic acid: preservative Phenol: killing agent Cotton blue: stains the chitin (cell wall) Commonly used stain (fungal culture) Swab Unsuitable for fungal culture Suitable for bacteria and viruses only H. capsulatum Wright’s/Giemsa stain Aspergillus Dichotomous C. albicans Thrush Diaper rash Moniliasis In tissue: mold/yeast form Dermatophytes Macroconidia and microconidia Sputum Specimen for systemic mycoses M. canis
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CHO assimilation BHIA C. immitis
ID of yeast Free of CHO Dimorphic fungi High risk to lab personnel
Molds
Filamentous Room temperature Yeasts Round/tissue form 37’C Chitin Fungal cell wall Ergosterol Fungal cell membrane Hyphae Aerial/vegetative/substrate Spores Reproductive Sporangiophore Aseptate hyphae Conidiophore Septate hyphae Sexual spores Ascospores Basidiospores Oospores Asexual spores Chlamydospores: rounding terminal hyphae or intercalary (within) Blastospores: budding off (yeasts) Conidia (macro/micro): dermatophytes Arthrospores: barrel-shaped, produced from fragmentation of mycelium 10% KOH preparation Skin and hair Hyphae, yeasts, spores Dissolves tissue Calcofluor white Fluorescent dye Stains the chitin (cell wall) Green Giemsa/Wright’s stain H. capsulatum: the only fungi seen in blood smear Periodic Acid Schiff Glycogen: purple No glycogen: pink Gomori silver Black Dermatophyte test SDA + phenol red medium Inhibitory mold agar SDA + cycloheximide + gentamicin Potato dextrose agar Pigment Chlamydospore of C. albicans Cornmeal Tween 80 agar (+) M. canis Rice medium (-) M. audouinii Staib’s nigerseed agar C. neoformans (black (black colonies) (+) T. mentagrophytes Urea agar (+) C. neoformans B. dermatitidis Cottonseed agar Biochemical tests API20C, ID32C lec.mt 04 |Page | 97
CHROMagar Germ tube test Cornmeal agar Mannan antigen Galactomannan Fungicidal agents
AST methods Genus-spp ID (molds) Superficial Mycoses
M. furfur
Piedra agents P. hortai
T. beigelii
Phaeoannelomyces (Exophiala) werneckii
Cutaneous mycoses
Dermatophytes
Candida For unknown yeast Dalmau-Plate Candida Aspergillus Target: Ergosterol -Amphotericin B: systemic fungi (most common) -Nystatin -Azole (Fluconazole): fungistatic -Griseofulvin (IV): dermatophytes Broth microdilution method E-test method Microscopic exam
Non invasive No immune response from the host MOT: person-to-person (garment) -M. furfur -P. hortai -T. beigelii -P. werneckii Ptyriasis versicolor (An-An) Hypo/Hyperpigmentation of skin KOH: budding yeast cells and hyphae PAS: “Spaghetti and meatballs” Lipophilic: require lipids for growth (SDA + olive oil) Hair Black piedra Dematiaceous Ascospores (sexual) White piedra Cream colored Arthrospores (asexual) Tinea nigra Brownish spot (dark pigmentation) Dematiaeous: moist, shiny-black and yeast-like colonies Trichophyton = skin, hair, nails Microsporum = skin, hair Epidermophyton = skin, nails Keratinophilic Tinea or ringworm Endothrix: -T. tonsurans: dandruff (Tinea capitis) -T. violaceum Ectothrix: -M. gypseum -M. canis -T. verrucosum lec.mt 04 |Page | 98
Tinea barbae Tinea capitis Tinea corporis Tinea cruris Tinea pedis Tinea unguium T. rubrum
T. mentagrophytes
T. tonsurans
T. schoenleinii
T. verrucosum M. canis M. gypseum
M. audouinii
E. floccosum
Tx: Dermatophytes
Subcutaneous Mycoses
Beard Scalp Body Groin Foot (Athlete’s foot) Nails Red pigment Microconidia: tear-drop shaped (side) Macroconidia: pencil-shaped Colony: Fluffy white w/ red color reverse Microconidia: grape-like (cluster) (+) Hair penetration test: V-shaped (+) Urease Thiamine-requiring Black dot tinea capitis Microconidia: Balloon-shaped Colony: Creamy white w/ crater-like depression Require thiamine and inositol Cause Favus: chronic hair infection Favic chandelier hyphae Microconidia: clavate/pyriform Macroconidia: rat-tail/string-bean-shaped Macroconidia: spindle-shaped, echinulate (+) Wood’s lamp Geophilic Macroconidia: oblong (ellipsoidal) w/ blunt/rounded ends (-) Wood’s lamp Anthropophilic Tinea capitis (old) (NG) Rice medium Macroconidia: club shaped in pairs Dutch pants fuseaux Local antifungal creams: -Miconazole -Tolnaltate Oral -Griseofulvin -Ketoconazole MOT: skin trauma/prick Habitat: soil Biopsy, granules (PAS, H&E) -Sporothrix schenckii -Madura foot agents -Chromoblastomycosis agents -Rhinosporidium seeberi -Loboa loboi lec.mt 04 |Page | 99
S. schenckii
Madura foot agents
P. boydii
Chromoblastomycosis agents
R. seeberi
L. loboi
Systemic Mycoses
Mold form: flowerette/daisy-like conidia Yeast form: Cigar-shaped (asteroid) bodies Rose Gardener’s disease -Cord-like multiple subcutaneous nodules Colony: White to black Maduromycosis: mycetoma = most common cause P. boydii = Madurella Leptosphaeria Actinomycetes Tissue form: Granules Lesion: granulomatous lesions on foot w/ multiple draining sinus tracts Cleistothecia Teleomorph/sexual form Scedosporium apiospermum: anamorph/asexual form Dematiaceous fungi Type of sporulation: ID of genus and species 1. Phialophora verrucosa -Vase-like -TOS: phialophore 2. Fonsecaea pedrosoi -Short chain -w/ 1’, 2’, 3’ conidia -TOS: Acrotheca 3. Cladosporium carrionii -Long chain (branching) -TOS: Cladosporium Infected tissue: Brown sclerotic bodies (Medlar bodies) Lesion: Cauliflower-like Colonies: Dark w/ jet black reverse Size: 300 μm Rhinosporidiosis MOT: swimming Polypoid masses in nose and pharynx Tissue form: Sporangium (sac-like structures filled w/ endospores) Lobomycosis Lesion: Keloid-like subcutaneous nodule involving the extremities Tissue form: Multiple budding cells in chain (Sampaloclike/Longganisa-like) Dimorphic MOT: inhalation of spores (mold) – infectious Specimen: Sputum BSL III = require BSC class II No person-to-person contact Colonies: cottony white to brown lec.mt 04 |Page | 100
B. dermatitidis
P. brasiliensis
H. capsulatum
H. duboisii
Sepedonium C. immitis
Exoantigen test -B. dermatitidis -P. brasiliensis -H. capsulatum -C. immitis Agent of: -North American blastomycosis -Chicago disease -Gilchrist disease Pneumonia and skin infections Mold form: Lollipop in appearance Yeast form: Single-budding yeast w/ broad based (double centered) – diagnostic Mickey mouse cap Culture: Medium w/ cycloheximide Tissue: KOH Tx: Amphotericin B Agent of: -South American Blastomycosis -Lutz Splendore-Almeida disease Infects spleen, liver, lymph node, skin, lungs Mold form: Lollipop in appearance Yeast form: Multiple budding yeast resembling Mariner’s wheel RES parasite Agent of Darling’s disease “Arise of Tutankhamen’s tomb” USA = endemic dimorphic ffungus MOT: inhalation of spores from guanos (droppings of birds, starlings/chickens, and bats) Mold form: Tuberculate macroconidia Yeast form: Yeast cells intracellular in macrophages Culture: Medium w/ cycloheximide (BM, sputum, tissue) Double cell Figure of 8 Causes African histoplasmosis Grows in N2 Tuberculate macroconidia (resembles H. capsulatum) To differentiate: Sepedonium is monomorphic Agent of: -Desert fever -San Joaquin Valley fever Alkaline soil High humidity Lab. acquired infection Mold form: Barrel-shaped arthroconidia (200μm) Yeast form: spherule w/ endospores Culture: medium w/ cycloheximide (30’C) Not processed ---(send)---> Reference lab lec.mt 04 |Page | 101
Lab. Diagnosis (Systemic mycoses)
Exoantigen Test
Opportunistic Mycoses
C. albicans
1. Direct examination a. Histoplasma: Wright’s/Giemsa b. Blastomyces, Paracoccidioides, Coccidioides - KOH: tissue form - PAS - H&E 2. Cultures a. SDA = RT’ (mold) b. BHIA + blood = 37’C (yeast) 3. Immunological tests a. Coccidioidin b. Histoplasmin Principle: Double Diffusion A = B. dermatitidis HS, HL, F = C. immitis H & M = H. capsulatum 1, 2, 3 = P. brasiliensis Normal flora (Ex. Candida) At risk: immunocompromised person -Candida -Cryptococcus -Aspergillus Normal flora: skin, mucous membrane, GIT Produce yeast and hyphae in vivo -Germ tube -Chlamydospore -Blastoconidia -Pseudohyphae -True hyphae (+) Sucrose EMB: feathering colonies Diseases: -Thrush -Diaper rash -Candidiasis (Old: Moniliasis): cutaneous, oropharyngeal (white patches), esophagitis, cheilitis, onchomycosis, vulvovaginitis, invasive infection (CNS, blood) Predisposing factors: -Prolong antibiotic use especially broad spectrum = disturb pH -Pregnancy -DM -Malnutrition Lab. Diagnosis: 1. (G) SDA 2. Screening test: Germ tube test = Organisms + Serum ---(35’C for 2-3 hours)---> (+) Germ tube 3. Confirmatory test: Chlamydospore Cornmeal agar = C. albicans Inoculate: CMA ---(RT’ for 48-72 hours)---> (+) lec.mt 04 |Page | 102
Other Candida spp
Lab. Diagnosis (Candida)
(+) Germ tube test
Cryptococcus (Filobasidiella) neoformans
Rhodotorula
Aspergillus
A. flavus A. fumigatus A. niger Lab. Diagnosis
Chlamydospore C. tropicalis = = infection on immunocompromised host C. glabrata = 2nd common spp = hematological disorders C. krusei = = endocarditis C. parapsilosis = Vaginal pH: 4.5 Rule out vaginosis/Trichomoniasis = alkaline pH Vaginal discharge = 10% KOH (Whiff’s test) Fungal culture C. albicans = (+) Chlamydospores, (+) Sucrose, (G) 42’C C. stellatoidea = (-) Chlamydospores, (-) Sucrose, (NG) 42’C G. candidum = (+) Arthrospores C. dubliniensis = (NG) 42’C, double conidia Found in pigeon droppings and soil MOT: inhalation of airborne organism Encapsulated yeast (India ink) Diseases: -Meningitis -Torulosis (Old: Cryptococcosis) -Pneumonia Lab. Diagnosis: -Old: India ink preparation = CSF, pulmonary tissue -New: Latex agglutination (Ag): capsule -Biochemical tests: = (+) Inositol = (+) Urease = (-) NO3 assimilation = yellow = (+) Phenoloxidase = makes the colonies black = (+) Phospholipase -(G) Birdseed agar = Assimilate creatinine = Colonies: Yeastlike, mucoid, cream to brown -Culture: SDA w/o cycloheximide Tx: Amphotericin B, Fluconazole Resemble C. neoformans Encapsulated To differentiate: Rhodotorula = pink colonies, (+) Urease, (+) NO3 assimilation Bread mold Septate hyphae Found in nature: soil, plant, air Vesicles: swollen conidiophores Aflatoxin (toxicoses) = HCC Fungus ball Aspergilloma Brown to black spore 10% KOH lec.mt 04 |Page | 103
(Aspergillus ) Zygomycosis/ Mucormycosis
Penicillium Fusarium
Phaeohyphomycosis
P. jiroveci (Old: P. carinii )
SDA Ag detection (serum) = Galactomannan Agents: Zygomycetes -Rhizopus -Absidia -Mucor MOT: inhalation of airborne conidia Infections: -Rhinocerebral: Rhino-facial-cranial -Lungs, GIT, skin Lab. Diagnosis: -Culture w/ SDA Brush-like conidiophores Colony: white to bluish green, yellow/brown Sickle or canoe shaped, multiseptate macroconidia Colony: Cottony white to pink or purple colony Dematiaceous fungi (Except Chromoblastomycosis agents) -Alternaria -Bipolaris -Curvularia -Dreschlera -Exophiala Old: Protozoan cyst (parasite) because it has no ergosterol New: Fungi because of DNA homology Diseases: -#1 cause of pneumonia in AIDS patient -#1 opportunistic infection in AIDS patient Lab. Diagnosis: -Masson-Fontana silver stain -Mucicarmine: stain for spherule
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MUST TO KNOW IN VIROLOGY
Ether-resistant Ether-sensitive Acid-labile Acid-stable Infantile diarrhea Myxoviruses Hemagglutination/ Hemadsorption Reye’s syndrome
Bronchiolitis in children Hepatitis
Reservoir of Togavirus dsRNA ssDNA Tzanck smear
Naked virus Enveloped virus Rhinovirus Enterovirus Rotavirus H&N Influenza Parainfluenza Mumps Chicken pox Influenza RSV Yellow fever HBV CMV Birds
Reovirus Parvovirus HSV VZV Latent infection HSV Rubeola virus Measles Rubella virus German measles SSPE Measles virus PML JC virus (polyoma) Prion Spongiform encephalopathy Viroid RNA (HDV) Human Embryonic CMV Fibroblast cell PMKC, MDCK, Influenza Hen’s egg 5th disease Parvovirus B19 6th disease HHV-6 Kaposi’s sarcoma HHV-8 Filoviridae Marburg and Ebola Coronavirus SARS Bird’s flu = H5:N1 Influenza virus Use cotton swabs Virus 4’C Delay of 3 days Delay of 4 days -70’C, not -20’C CPE Tissue culture 33’C Rhinovirus EM Negative stain Gold, silver stain lec.mt 04 |Page | 105
PTA Roller drum Hold cell culture tube Dmitri Iwanowsky Father of virology Nucleic acid DNA or RNA genome Capsid Protective protein coat Envelope Lipid derived from host cell membrane Icosahedral Helical Complex EM (inverted microscope) LM
DNA virus (+) Sense RNA virus (-) Sense RNA virus Poxvirus Viral morphology
Inclusion bodies: -Negri bodies: Rabies -Councilman bodies: Yellow fever Direct IF Viral antigen Eggs (G) Pock formation on CAM (Chrorioallantoic membrane) Primary cell Passed only once Ex. 1’ monkey kidney cells (fluvirus) Semi-continuous Passed 50x Ex. HDF/HEK cells Continuous Malignant Passed indefinitely Ex. Hela, Hep-2 Transport medium Dry ice (4’C) 1. Stuart’s: viral transport medium 2. Leibovitz-Emory 3. Earles/Hanks balance salt solution Viral growth Cytopathic effect Hemadsorption (ex. flu virus) Interference: Rubella and Enterovirus Rounding necrosis Enterovirus Ballooning/Giant HSV cells Grapelike cluster Adenovirus Syncytium form RSV Measles Rubella (giant cells) Hemadsorption Influenza Parainfluenza Measles Mumps Refractile, round Rhinovirus (33’C) cell lec.mt 04 |Page | 106
Multiplication cycle
1. Adsorption = attachment 2. Penetration = entry 3. Uncoating = (-) capsid 4. Eclipse (Synthetic) = replication transcription translation viral CHON 5. Assembly = creation of new virus particle 6. Release “HHAPPPy” DNA Viruses Herpesvirus Hepadnavirus Adenovirus Poxvirus Papovavirus (Papilloma, Polyoma, Simian Vacuolating Virus) Parvovirus Rule: DNA viruses All are dsDNA except: Parvovirus (ssDNA) All are icosahedral except: Poxvirus (complex) All multiply in the nucleus except: Poxvirus (cytoplasm)
Poxvirus
Parvovirus
All are enveloped except: PAP (Naked) -Parvovirus -Adenovirus -Papovavirus Brick-shaped Largest DNA virus: 225 x 300 nm Inclusions: Guarnieri bodies Vesicular skin lesions in host a. Variola major = smallpox b. Variola minor = alastrim c. Vaccinia virus = cowpox (vaccine against smallpox) Molluscum contagiosum = wartlike tumors Lab. Diagnosis: -CPE on cell culture -Pocks on Chorioallantoic membrane -Viral antigens in vesicle fluid = precipitin tests, IF -Convalescent serum phase = 4-fold increase in antibody titer Tx: Methisazone Strain B19: Cause aplastic crisis (RBC: sickle cell anemia) Erythema infectiosum -5th disease -Slapped cheeks Hydrops fetalis: miscarriages Lab. Diagnosis: -(+) IgM -PCR: viral DNA from blood specimen or amniotic lec.mt 04 |Page | 107
Herpesviridae
HSV-1
HSV-2
Lab. Diagnosis (HSV-1 & 2)
VZV
EBV
CMV
fluid 1’ and latency infection Alpha = HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV Beta = CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7 Gamma = EBV, HHV-8 1’ infection: Gingivostomatitis Latent infection -Herpes labialis -Fever blister -Cold sore -Keratitis Common cause of viral encephalitis Latency site: Trigeminal ganglion Genital herpes Neonatal herpes Aseptic meningitis Cervical cancer (HPV) Latency site: Sacral ganglion 1. Tzanck smear: multinucleated giant cells w/ cowdry inclusion 2. Cell culture: most diagnostic -CPE: 1-5 days -Virus ID: IFT 3. PCR 1’ infection: Varicella/Chicken pox Recurrent/Reactivation: Zoster/Shingles Latency site: Dorsal root of ganglia Association in Reye’s syndrome Lab. Diagnosis: 1. Tzanck smear: multinucleated giant cell w/ cowdry type A inclusion (HSV, VZV) 2. IFT: method of choice Infects B cells (CD 21) (+) Heterophile antibodies Agent: IM Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma Lab. Diagnosis: -Not cultured 1. Heterophil Ab test: monospot 2. EBV specific Ab test: EBVCA IgM, EBNA 3. Hematology: Downey cells MOT: Transplacental, oral, sexual, blood, tissue transplant #1 congenital infection Mononucleosis-like but (-) Heterophile Ab “Owl’s eye” inclusion (PAP or Giemsa) = urine/tissue Culture: lec.mt 04 |Page | 108
HHV-6
HHV-7 HHV-8 Polyomavirus
Papillomavirus
Adenovirus
Hepadnavirus
RNA viruses
-HDF cell = method of choice Roseola infantum 6th childhood disease: skin rash Reactivation in AIDS: -Encephalitis -Pneumonitis -Chorioretinitis No known disease Kaposi’s sarcoma (HIV) BK virus = renal disease JC virus = PML: Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Tropism for squamous epithelial cells = Warts (fingers, sole, face) Cervical, squamous cell, vulvar, penile cancer Condylomata acuminate = anogenital warts #1 Viral conjunctivitis Serotypes: 1.) 3, 4, 7, 21 = acute respiratory disease 2.) 8, 19 = epidemic keratoconjunctivitis 3.) 11, 21 = hemorrhagic cystitis 4.) 40, 41 = infantile gastroenteritis Acute and chronic hepatitis B #1 Blood borne disease HCC Co-infection/superinfection w/ HDV Lab. Diagnosis: -ELISA -PCR -Markers: a. HBsAg b. HBeAg c. anti-HBc d. anti-HBs e. anti-HBe All are ssRNA except: Reovirus (dsRNA) All are enveloped except: PCR (naked) -Picornavirus -Calicivirus -Reovirus All are nonsegmented except: ROBA (segmented) -Reovirus -Orthomyxovirus -Bunyavirus -Arenavirus Generally helical: -(+) sense virus (icosahedral) lec.mt 04 |Page | 109
-(-) sense virus (helical) Positive-Sense virus: = Call (Calicivirus) = Pico & (Picornavirus) = Flo (Flavivirus) = To (Togavirus) = Come (Coronavirus) = Right (Retrovirus) Negative-Sense virus: = Pairing (Paramyxovirus) = Of (Orthomyxovirus) = Rats at (Rhabdovirus) = Bunny’s (Bunyavirus) = Area (Arenavirus) Picornaviridase Acid Resistance: -Enterovirus: acid-resistant -Rhinovirus: acid-stable Site to multiply: -Enterovirus: GIT -Rhinovirus: Nasal Aseptic meningitis Poliovirus Poliomyelitis MOT: fecal-oral, respiratory droplets Anterior horn cells of the spinal cord Vaccines: 1. Salk vaccine = killed/inactivated virus (injected) 2. Sabin vaccine = live attenuated virus (oral) Coxsackie A Herpangina Coxsackie B Pleurodynia ECHOvirus Enteric Cytopathic Human Orphan virus Aseptic meningitis HAV Enterovirus 72 Rhinovirus Acid-labile (33’C) Common cause of common colds Orthomyxoviridae Hemagglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase (N) Antigenic changes: a. Shift: genetic reassortment (pandemic) b. Drift: point mutation (epidemic)
Influenza virus
Flu virus Type A: Pandemic (Ag shift and drift) -AH1:N1 = Spanish flu/Swine flue -AH2:N2 = Asian flu -AH3:N2 = Hongkong flu -AH5:N1 = Avian flu Type B: Epidemic (Ag drift) Type C: Stable lec.mt 04 |Page | 110
Lab. Diagnosis: 1. Ag detection = IFT, ELISA -Throat washing -Nasopharyngeal aspirate 2. Virus isolation -Throat swab -Nasopharyngeal aspirate -Medium: PMKC, MDCK, Embryonated egg (hemadsorption) 3. Serology: Ab assay -HAI -IFT -EIA -CFT Tx: Amantidine, Rimantidine Prevention: Vaccine Paramyxoviridae Hemagglutinin (H), Neuraminidase (N) and Fusion (F) antigen Parainfluenza Croup: Laryngotracheobronchitis virus Specimen: NPA/W Culture: PMK, LLC-MK2 ID: Hemadsorption, IF, EIA Tx: Aerosolized ribavirin No vaccine Mumps virus Parotitis, orchitis, aseptic meningitis (+) in saliva and urine = IFA, EIA, HAI Culture: PMK, HEK, Embryonated egg Measles (Rubeola) Koplik spots virus/ 2nd infection: SSPE (Subacute sclerosing Morbillivirus panencephalitis) Specimen: NPS, urine Culture: PMK (multinucleated cells) Serology: (+) IgM Ab’s RSV #1 Bronchiolitis in children Specimen: NPS DFA, EIA Culture: PMK (syncytia), HDFC Tx: Ribavirin Henipavirus Nipah virus: Encephalitis = Pig Man Hendra virus: Respiratory disease in horses Togaviridae Arbovirus Alphavirus Rubivirus Arbovirus Arthropod borne (mosquito) Includes: -Flavivirus -Bunyavirus Flavivirus
a. Dengue fever virus lec.mt 04 |Page | 111
-Aedes aegypti -Acute hemorrhagic fever -“Saddleback fever”, “Breakbone fever” b. St. Louis encephalitis virus = Culex c. Yellow fever virus = Councilman bodies d. Japanese B encephalitis virus e. West Nile encephalitis virus Bunyavirus California encephalitis virus Rift Valley fever Hantavirus: Hantaan (Korean) virus Hemorrhagic fever w/ renal involvement Alphaviruses Encephalitis: -Western equine encephalitis (WEE) -Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) -Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) Rubivirus (Rubella German measles: 3-day rash “Blueberry muffin” baby virus) Teratogenic virus (fetal defect) Lab. Diagnosis: -IF -EIA -HA test: sensitive Rhabdoviridae 1. Rabies virus (Lyssavirus) -Bullet-shaped -Cause encephalitis Lab. Diagnosis: Negri bodies (dog brain) = Seller’s stain 2. Vesicular stomatitis -Cattle, horse, pig Filoviridae Filamentous 1. Marburg-Ebola virus 2. Hemorrhagic fever Reoviridae 1. Rotavirus = Wagon wheel like (EM) 2. Orbivirus = Colorado tick fever Coronavirus Club-shaped SARS agent; common colds Gastroenteritis Lab. Diagnosis: EM, IF, EIA Calicivirus Norwalk-like virus Astrovirus #1 gastroenteritis (adults) Diarrhea Lab. Diagnosis: EM Retrovirus Reverse transcriptase: RNA DNA 1. Lentivirus -HIV: AIDS 2. Oncornavirus -HTLV-I: Human T cell Leukemia -HTLV-II: Hairy Cell Leukemia lec.mt 04 |Page | 112
Arenaviridae
HAV HBV HCV HDV HEV HGV Prion-caused diseases (Slow disease)
Lab. Diagnosis: a. Serology: -ELISA (screen) -WB (confirm) -PCR: HIV-DNA Arena-Sandy hemorrhagic fever 1. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus 2. Junin virus = Argentina 3. Machupo virus = Bolivia 4. Lassa fever virus = Zoonotic (rats) Picornavirus (Enterovirus 72) Infectious hepatitis Hepadnavirus Serum hepatitis Flavivirus Non-A, Non-B/post-transfusion hepatitis Viroid-like Require HBV infection Calicivirus Water-borne Flavivirus Blood-borne hepatitis 1. Scrapie = sheep/goat 2. Kuru 3. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) = man 4. Gerstmann-Straussler Scheinker syndrome (GSS) 5. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy = mad cow disease
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