WS^CZULWCO L@OSW_ZLHM _ZHL@L@I ZC^DZ_ @H_LD@HM _ZH@WKLWWLD@ H@O OCW^H_GB GDK^H@\ (@_OG) ^HALW_H@
JWg CMCG_ZLGHM C@IL@CCZL@I _CGB@DMDI\
WSJKL__CO J\6
---------
Zdmm @d6
--------
Zcilstrhtld` @d6
:>---IGSE- >-----
_rhl`l`i ^crldo6
>8->:---- td 78->3---
8
OC^HZ_KC@_ DE CMCG_ZLGHM C@ILCCZL@I IDUCZ@KC@_ GDMMCIC S@LUCZLWL_\ EHLWHMHJHO
WS^CZULWCO L@OSW_ZLHM _ZHL@L@I ZC^DZ_ @H_LD@HM _ZH@WKLWWLD@ H@O OCW^H_GB GDK^H@\ (@_OG) ^HALW_H@
WSJKL__CO L@ ^HZ_LHM ESMELMMKC@_ DE _BC ZCXSLZCKC@_W EDZ _BC HYHZO DE _BC OCIZCC DE
JWg CMCG_ZLGHM C@IL@CCZL@I _CGB@DMDI\
WSJKL__CO _D _BC EHGSM_\ DE _BC CMCG_ZLGHM C@IL@CCZL@I OC^HZ_KC@_ DE IDUCZ@KC@_ GDMMCIC S@LUCZLWL_\ EHLWHMHJHO.
WSJKL__CO J\
@hkc de Wtuoc`t -------------
Zdmm @d. -------
_rhl`l`i ^crldo >8->:-89 td 78->3---:
IDUCZ@KC@_ GDMMCIC S@LUCZLWL_\ EHLWHMHJHO
GCZ_LELGH_C L bcrcjy gcrtley gcrtley tbht tbht L bhvc gdkpmctco tbc Wlxtcc` wccas _rhl`l`i l` phrtlhm eumelmmkc`t de tbc tbc rcqulrckc`ts edr tbc hwhro de JWg CMCG_ZLGHM C@IL@CCZL@I _CGB@DMDI\ . L olo ky trhl`l`i l` @htld`hm _rh`sklssld` h`o Ocsphtgb Gdkph`y (@_OG) 3>>av/::>av Irlo Wthtld` Ihttl Ehlshmhjho erdk >8->:---- td 78->3----. _bc khttcr prcsc`tco l` tbls Zcpdrt bhs `dt `d t jcc` sujklttco jy kc edr tbc hwhro de h`y dtbcr ocircc oc ircc cmscwbcrc.
Wli`hturc de Wtuoc`t ---------------------------
C xhkl xhkl `co `co jy6 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT Wli`hturc wltb ohtc
L@GBHZIC/BDO
Cmcgtrlghm C`il`ccrl`i Ocphrtkc`t
7
_HJMC DE GD@_C@_W ^hic @d.
Hga`dwmcoickc`t
2
Mlst de _hjmcs Olsgds Olstrljutld` @ctwdra
8>
Zcild` Ylsc Irlo Wthtld`s
8>
Wlx ml`cs 3>>av hrc gdkl`i l` 3>>av/::>av I/W Ihttl Ehlshmhjho
87
Gdkphrlsd` Gbhrt
:?
L`sumhtld` tcst rcsumt de 3>>/::av trh`sedrkcr _-7(Jmuc ^bhsc)
:2
L`sumhtld` tcst rcsumt de 3>>/::av trh`sedrkcr _-7(\cmmdw ^bhsc)
:<
L`sumhtld` tcst rcsumt de 3>>/::av trh`sedrkcr _-7(Zco ^bhsc)
:<
Yl`ol`i Zcslsth`gc tcst rcsumt de 3>>/::av trh`sedrkcr _-7(Zco ^bhsc)
7:
__Z _cst Zcsumt de 3>>/::>av Hutd _rh`sedrkcr _-7 (Jmuc ^bhsc)
75
__Z _cst Zcsumt de 3>>/::>av Hutd _rh`sedrkcr _-7 (\cmmdw ^bhsc)
75
__Z _cst Zcsumt de 3>>/::>av Hutd _rh`sedrkcr _-7 (Zco ^bhsc)
79
G & OE _cst Zcsumt de 3>>/::>av Hutd _rh`sedrkcr _-7 (Jmuc ^bhsc)
7<
G & OE _cst Zcsumt de 3>>/::>av Hutd _rh`sedrkcr _-7 (\cmmdw ^bhsc)
?>
G & OE _cst Zcsumt de 3>>/::>av Hutd _rh`sedrkcr _-7 (Zco ^bhsc)
?>
OW _cst Zcsumt de 3>>/::>av Hutd _rh`sedrkcr _-7 (Jmuc, \cmmdw, Zco ^bhsc)
??
Gd`thgt Zcslsth`gc Uhmuc
?2
Chrtb Zcslsth`gc _cst
?<
?
Mlst de Eliurcs sl`imc ml`c olhirhk de 3>>av/::>av irlo sthtld` de Ihttl Ehlshmhjho
87
Wykjdms de swltgbichr
87
Wuric Hrrcstcr
83
GGU_
85
Ghphgltlvc Ghphgltlvc vdmthic trh`sedrkcr“s trh`sedrkcr“s prl`glphm gd`strugtld`
85
@hkcpmhtc @hkcpmht c de GU_ ht ihttl I/W Eso
85
Yhvc _rhp
89
Chrtb swltgb
82
Lsdmhtdr
8<
WE5 Ihs Glrgult Jrchacr
:8
Wbu`t Zchgtdr
::
Gurrc`t _rh`sedrkcr
:7
^dtc`tlhm _rh`sedrkcr
:?
Hutd _rh`sedrkcr
:5
^drthjmc chrtbl`i
:9
_rh`sedrkcr rhtld tcst olhirhk, usl`i h Wl`imc pbhsc __Z tcst sct. ^bdtd6 Kciicr.
7?
_brcc-pbhsc _rh`sedrkcr _brcc-pbhsc _rh`sedrkcr _ur`s Zhtld (__Z) Gd``cgtld` olhirhk.
7?
_bc jrchaodw` vdmthic tcst edr l`sumhtl`i dlm _cst
?:
Gd`thgt Zcslsth`gc _cstl`i
?3
Chrtb Zcslsth`gc _cstl`i
3>
Gmhkp d` tcst kctbdo
38
3
Oleecrc`gc Jctwcc` @cutrh`,Irdu`o h`o Chrtb
3?
Gbhptcr 86L`trdougtld` De Gdkph`y
8. @_OG
<
8.8 Khl` Eu`gtld`
<
8.: _rh`sklssld` @ctwdras
<
8.:.8 Ulcw 8.:.8 Ulcw ^dtc`tlhm Gd`sukcrs
<
8.:.: 3>>av Irlo Wthtld`s
8>
8. 7 Mlst de 3>> av Irlo Wthtld`s
88
8.7.8 Irlo Wthtld` Ihttl Ehlshmhjho
88
Gbhptcr :6 _rhl`l`i Ydra
:.8 Wl`imc ml`c olhirhk de 3>>av/::>av irlo sthtld` de Ihttl Ehlshmhjho :.8.: Wlx ml`cs 3>>av hrc gdkl`i l` 3>>av/::>av I/W Ihttl Ehlshmhjho
8: 87
:.: Wykjdms de swltgbichr
87
:.:.8 Wuric Hrrcstcr
8?
:.:.: Ghphgltdr gdupmc vdmthic trh`sedrkcr dr ghphgltdr vdmthic trh`sedrkcr
83
:.:.7 Yhvc _rhp
85
5
:.:.? Chrtb Wwltgb
89
:.:.3 Lsdmhtdr dr Ml`c Olsgd``cgt swltgb
82
:.:.5 Glrgult Jrchacr
8<
:.:.9 Wbu`t Zchgtdr
:8
:.:.2 Gurrc`t trh`sedrkcr
:8
:.:.< ^dtc`tlhm _rh`sedrkcr
::
:.:.8> Hutd _rh`sedrkcr
:?
:.7 ^drthjmc chrtbl`i
:5
Gbhptcr 76 Walmm Htthl`co
7.8 Jhslg _rh`sedrkcr tcst
:5
7.8.8 L`sumhtld` Zcslsth`gc _cst dr Kciicr _cst de _rh`sedrkcr 7.8.: _rh`sedrkcr Yl`ol`i Zcslsth`gc Kchsurckc`t
:9 :<
7.8.:.8 Gurrc`t Udmthic Kctbdo de Kchsurckc`t de Yl`ol`i Zcslsth`gc
7>
7.8.7 ^dwcr 7.8.7 ^dwcr _rh`sedrkcr _ur`s Zhtld _cst
7:
7.8.? Olsslphtld`/^dwcr Ehgtdr Kchsurckc`t (_h` Ocmth)
79
7.8.3 Olcmcgtrlg strc`itb de trh`sedrkcr dlm
?>
7.8.5 Gd`thgt Zcslsth`gc _cst
??
7.8.9 Chrtb rcslsth`gc tcst
?9
7.: @cutrhm
38
7.7 Chrtb dr Irdu`o
38
HJZLUH_LD@W
33 9
ZCEZH@GC
33
Hga`dwmcoikc`t6 Elrst de hmm L hk irhtceum td HMMHB HMKLIB_\ wbd ilvcs kc sdu`o kl`o h`o sdu`o bchmtb td hggdkpmlsb ky l`tcr`sblp pmhgckc`t. _bc gdkpmctld` de tbc thsa ilvcs kc kugb pmchsurc. _bc`, L wlsb td cxprcss ky sl`gcrc irhtltuoc td C`ir. Skhr Ehrddq WC (suprloc`t c`il`ccr) edr prdvlol`i kc h dppdrtu`lty td od ky l`tcr`sblp wdra wdra l` ”@_OG‛ L sl`gcrcmy tbh`a HRLH@ C`ir.Kuhzzhk & WOD (Khl`tc`h`gc) C`ir.Zhl Hbsh` Cmhbl edr tbclr iuloh`gc h`o c`gdurhickc`t l` ghrryl`i dut tbls l`tcr`sblp wdra. L hmsd wlsb td cxprcss ky irhtltuoc td tbc deelglhms h`o dtbcr sthee kckjcrs de @_OG wbd rc`ocrco tbclr bcmp ourl`i tbc pcrldo de ky l`tcr`sblp wdra. L hmsd tbh`a tbc WOD (Gd`trdm Zddk) C`ir.Vhblo h`o Edrkh` Kr.Hrle edr prdvlol`i kc tbc dppdrtu`lty td ckjhra d` tbls l`tcr`sblp.
_bh`a \du.
HBWH@ HML
2
GBH^_CZ # 8 L`trdougtld` De Gdkph`y
8. @_OG @htld`hm _rh`sklssld` & Ocsphtgb Gdkph`y (@_OG) whs l`gdrpdrhtco l`gd rpdrhtco d` 5tb @dvckjcr, 8<<2 h`o gdkkc`gco gdkkcrglhm dpcrhtld` d` :?tb Ocgckjcr, 8<<2. Lt whs drih`lzco td thac dvcr hmm tbc prdpcrtlcs, rlibts h`o hsscts djmlihtld`s h`o mlhjlmltlcs de ::> AU h`o 3>>AU Irlo Wthtld`s h`o _rh`sklssld` Ml`cs/@ctwdra dw`co jy ^halsth` Yhtcr h`o ^dwcr Ocvcmdpkc`t Hutbdrlty (YH^OH). @_OG dpcrhtcs h`o khl`thl`s edurtcc` 3>> AU h`o tblrty clibt ::> AU Irlo Wthtld`s, 388>.?2 ak de 3>> AU trh`sklssld` ml`c h`o <525.7: ak de ::> AU trh`sklssld` ml`c l` ^halsth`.
8.8 KHL@ ES@G_LD@
8. :. 7.
Wystck Dpcrhtdr _rh`sklssld` @ctwdra Dpcrhtdr Gd`trhgt Zcilstrhr h`o ^dwcr Cxgbh`ic Hokl`lstrhtdr
8) Wystck Dpcrhtdr6 Edr scgurc, shec h`o rcmlhjmc dpcrhtld`, gd`trdm h`o ocsphtgb de ic`crhtld` ehglmltlcs. :) _rh`sklssld` @ctwdra Dpcrhtdr6 Edr Dpcrhtld` & Khl`tc`h`gc, ^mh``l`i, Ocsli` h`o cxph`sld` de tbc 3>> aU h`o ::> aU trh`sklssld` `ctwdra. 7) Gd`trhgt Zcilstrhr h`o ^dwcr Cxgbh`ic Hokl`lstrhtdr (GZ^CH)6 Hs GZ^CH, td rcgdro h`o kd`ltdr gd`trhgts rcmhtl`i td jlmhtcrhm trhol`i systck.
8.:._ZH@WKLWWLD@ 8.:._ZH@WKLWWLD@ @C_YDZAW
8.:.8Ulcw ^dtc`tlhm Gd`sukcrs
<
@htld`hm _rh`sklssld` & Ocsphtgb Gdkph`y Gdkph` y (@_OG) dpcrhtcs h`o khl`thl`s `l`c ::> AU Irlo Wthtld`s h`o twc`ty tbrcc ::> Irlo Wthtld`s AU trh`sklssld` ml`c l` ^halsth`. OLWGDW OLW_ZLJS_LD@ @C_YDZA MCWGD
bttp6//mcsgd.idv.pa
ACWG
bttp6//www.acsg.gdk.pa
ECWGD
bttp6//www.ecsgd.gdk.pa
KC^GD
bttp6//www.kcpgd.gdk.pa
LCWGD
bttp6//www.lcsgd.gdk.pa
IC^GD
bttp6//www.icpgd.gdk.pa
BCWGD
bttp6//www.bcsgd.idv.pa
XCWGD
bttp6//www.qcsgd.gdk.pa
^CWGD
bttp6//pcsgd.idv.pa
_CWGD
bttp6//tcsgd.idv.pa
8.:.: 3>>AU IZLO W_H_LD@W @_OG dpcrhtcs h`o khl`thl`s edurtcc` 3>> AU h`o tblrty clibt ::> AU Irlo Wthtld`s, 3>99 ak de 3>> AU trh`sklssld` ml`c h`o 973< ak de ::> AU trh`sklssld` ml`c l` ^halsth`.
Ulcw :>>av Irlo Wthtld`
ZCILD@ YLWC IZLO W_H_LD@W @hkc de tbc rcild`
3>> AU
::> AU
_dthm
Lsmhkhjho
:
9
<
Mhbdrc
7
85
8<
Kumth`
?
3
<
Byocrhjho
?
<
87
8>
I. _dthm
8.7. 8
8?
Lsmhkhjho
WBCLAB KSBHKKHOL ^CWBHYHZ ZHYH_
Mhbdrc
WBCLABS^SZH
?
IH__L (EHLWHMHJHO)
3
@DABHZ
5
Kumth`
@CY KSM_H@
9
KSVHEEHZ IHZB
2
O.I ABH@
<
\DSWHE YHMH
8>
3:
MLW_ DE 3>> AU IZLO W_H_LD@W
: 7
72
Byocrhjho
ISOOS
88
OHOS
8:
FHKWBDZD
87
@AL (AHZHGBL)
8.7.8 IZLO W_H_LD@ IH__L EHLWHMHJHO 3>> AU Ihttl I/Wt`. (Ehlshmhjho) whs gdkpmctco h`o gdkklssld`co d` :9.>5.8<9<. ?x?3>KUH, 3>>/:>>AU Hutd _/E Jh`as wltb edur Jh`as de 3>>AU Wbu`t Zchgtdrs bhvl`i tdthm ghphglty de 7x889.2KUHZ (_wd @ds. jh`a de ghphglty 7x::KUHZ) hrc l`sthmmco ht tbc I/Wt`. _bc I/W ls jcl`i eco tbrduib 3>>AU Kuzhehrihrb I/W, 3>>AU Zdusb ^.Bdusc, 3>>AU Kumth` I/W & 3>>AU Wbclabupurh I/W tbrduib 3>>AU Wl`imc Glrgults h`o gd``cgtco wltb Jhrdtbh ^dwcr Bdusc tbrduib 3>>AU Odujmc Glrgults. Edr 3>> AU hs wcmm hs ::> AU jhys odujmc jus jhr wltb d`c & bhme jrchacr sgbckc ls usco
88
GBH^_CZ # : _ZHL@L@I YDZA
8.8 Wl`imc ml`c olhirhk de 3>>av/::>av 3>>av/::>av irlo sthtld` de Ihttl Ehlshmhjho L` pdwcr L` pdwcr c`il`ccrl`i, h c`il`ccrl`i, h d`c-ml`c olhirhk dr sl`imc-ml`c olhirhk (WMO) ls h slkpmlelco `dthtld` edr rcprcsc`tl`i h tbrcc-pbhsc h tbrcc-pbhsc pdwcr pdwcr systck. _bc d`c-ml`c olhirhk bhs lts mhricst hppmlghtld` l` pdwcr l` pdwcr emdw stuolcs. Cmcgtrlghm stuolcs. Cmcgtrlghm cmckc`ts sugb hs glrgult jrchacrs, trh`sedrkcrs, ghphgltdrs, jus ghphgltdrs, jus jhrs, h`o jhrs, h`o gd`ougtdrs hrc sbdw` jy sth`ohrolzco sgbckhtlg sykjdms. L`stcho de rcprcsc`tl`i chgb de tbrcc pbhscs wltb h scphrhtc ml`c dr tcrkl`hm, d`my d`c gd`ougtdr ls rcprcsc`tco. Lt ls h edrk de jmdga olhirhk irhpblghmmy ocplgtl`i tbc phtbs edr pdwcr emdw jctwcc` c`tltlcs de tbc systck. Cmckc`ts d` tbc olhirhk od `dt rcprcsc`t tbc pbyslghm slzc dr mdghtld` de tbc cmcgtrlghm cqulpkc`t, jut lt ls h gdkkd` gd`vc`tld` td drih`lzc tbc olhirhk wltb tbc shkc mcet-td-rlibt, tdp-td-jdttdk scquc`gc hs tbc swltgbichr tbc swltgbichr dr dtbcr hpphrhtus rcprcsc`tco. H d`c-ml`c olhirhk gh` hmsd jc usco td sbdw h blib mcvcm vlcw de gd`oult ru`s edr h ^MG h ^MG gd`trdm systck.
8:
:.8.:Wlx ml`cs 3>>av hrc gdkl`i l` 3>>av/::>av 3>>av/::>av I/W Ihttl Ehlshmhjho @hkc Kuzheehrihrb Jrdtbh-L Jrdtbh-LL Mhbdrc Kumth` Zdsbc
Hkpcrc“s 8?3
Udmthic av 3>>av 3>>av 3>>av 3>>av 3>>av 3>>av
C`crilzc“s :8->2-:>>2 8>->2-8<23 ::->9-8<9< 8?-8>8<<7 :2->5-8<<3 82-88-8<25
:.: Wykjdms de swltgbichr
Wuric hrrcstcr
GGU_
87
Ml`c _rhp
Chrtb Wwltgb
Ml`c Lsdmhtdr
WE5 G/J
Hlr Jmhst G/J
Wbu`t Zchgtdr
Hutd _rh`sedrkcr _rh`sedrkcr
Gurrc`t _rh`sedrkcr
Ocsgrlptld` de swltgbichrs de Irlo Wthtld` :.:.8 Wuric Hrrcstcr H suric hrrcstcr ls h ocvlgc td prdtcgt cmcgtrlghm cqulpkc`t erdk dvcr-vdmthic trh`slc`ts ghusco jy j y cxtcr`hm (mlibt`l`i) dr l`tcr`hm (swltgbl`i) cvc`ts. Hmsd ghmmco h suric prdtcgtld` ocvlgc (W^O) dr trh`slc`t vdmthic suric supprcssdr (_UWW), tbls gmhss de ocvlgc ls usco td prdtcgt cqulpkc`t l` pdwcr trh`sklssld` trh`sklssld` h`o olstrljutld` h`o olstrljutld` systcks. _bc c`criy grltcrld` edr vhrldus l`sumhtld` khtcrlhm gh` jc gdkphrco j y lkpumsc rhtld, tbc suric hrrcstcr sbdumo bhvc h mdw lkpumsc rhtld, sd tbht h suric l`gloc`t d` tbc suric hrrcstcr khy jc jyphssco td tbc irdu`o l`stcho de phssl`i tbrduib tbc hpphrhtus.
8?
Oleecrc`gc jctwcc` mlibtl`i hrrcstcr h`o suric hrrcstcr Mlibt`l`i hrrcstdr ilvcs tbc prdtcgtld` hihl`st mlibt`l`i d`my, hs ydu gh` scc tbcsc hrc l`sthmmco d` tbc tdp de tbc buic julmol`is. _bht mlibt`l`i hrrcstdr ls gd``cgtco td h gd`ougtdr wblgb ru`s hmd`i tbc whmms h`o idcs l`td tbc chrtb. Ybcrchs Wuric hrrcstdr ilvcs tbc prdtcgtld` hihl`st suric gurrc`ts dr vdmthics l` h glrgult. Wurics gh` jc prdougco jcghusc de sbdrt glrgult, mlibt`l`i, sphral`i ctg. Bc`gc, h suric hrrcstdr gh` hmsd jc usco hs h mlibt`l`i hrrcstdr jut h mlibt`l`i hrrcstdr gh`'t jc usco hs h suric hrrcstdr l` ghsc de sbdrt sbd rt glrgults.
:.:.: Ghphgltdr gdupmc gdupmc vdmthic trh`sedrkcr trh`sedrkcr (GU_) (GU_) dr ghphgltdr vdmthic trh`sedrkcr(GGU_)6 H ghphgltdr vdmthic trh`sedrkcr (GU_ dr GGU_), ls h trh`sedrkcr h trh`sedrkcr usco l` pdwcr l` pdwcr systcks td stcp odw` cxtrh odw` cxtrh blib vdmthic sli`hms h`o prdvloc h mdw h mdw vdmthic sli`hm, edr kctcrl`i dr dpcrhtl`i h prdtcgtlvc h prdtcgtlvc rcmhy.
83
GGU_ ht Ihttl Irlo sthtld`
_bc glrgult olhirhk edr h slkpmc ghphgltdr vdmthic trh`sedrkcr
Gd`strugtld` Ghphgltdr Udmthic _rh`sedrkcrs gd`slst de twd prlkhry hssckjmlcs, 8. _bc blib vdmthic ghphgltdr scgtld`s h`o :. _bc jhsc jdx, bdusl`i tbc cmcgtrdkhi`ctlg gdkpd`c`ts.
Ghphgltlvc vdmthic trh`sedrkcr“s prl`glphm gd`strugtld`
@hkcpmhtc de GU_ ht ihttl I/W Eso
Wcrlcs gd``cgtco ghphgltdr cmckc`ts, bdusco l` pdrgcmhl` sbcmms, chgb bcrkctlghmmy (l` hlrtlibt kh``cr) schmco, hrc rcecrrco td hs ghphgltdr scgtld`s. _bc olcmcgtrlg de tbc ghphgltdr cmckc`ts ls khoc up de blib quhmlty pdmyprdpymc`c elmk/phpcr h`o lkprci`htco wltb blibmy prdgcssco sy`tbctlg emulo.
85
Chgb ghphgltdr scgtld` ls cqulppco wltb h sthl`mcss stccm jcmdw wblgb wlmm hmmdw tbc sy`tbctlg emulo td cxph`o h`o gd`trhgt wltb gbh`ics l` hkjlc`t dpcrhtl`i tckpcrhturc wblmc khl`thl`l`i tbc bcrkctlg schml`i.
:.:.7 Yhvc _rhp H ml`c trhp (blib-ercquc`gy stdppcr) ls h khl`tc`h`gc-ercc phrhmmcm rcsd`h`t glrgult, kdu`tco l`ml`c d` blib-vdmthic (BU) HG trh`sklssld` pdwcr ml`cs td prcvc`t tbc trh`sklssld` de blib ercquc`gy (?> aBz td 8>>> aBz) aBz ) ghrrlcr sli`hms de pdwcr ml`c gdkku`lghtld` td u`wh`tco ocstl`htld`s.
Yhvc trhp plg ht ihttl I/W Eso
Yby GU_ l` gdkjl`htld` gdkjl`htld` wltb whvc trhps4
Ghphgltdr Udmthic _rh`sedrkcrs hmsd scrvc hs gdupml`i ghphgltdrs edr gdupml`i blib ercquc`gy pdwcr
ml`c
ghrrlcr
sli`hms
td
tbc
trh`sklssld`
ml`c.
GU_s l` gdkjl`htld` wltb whvc trhps hrc usco edr elmtcrl`i blib ercquc`gy gdkku`lghtld` sli`hms erdk pdwcr ercquc`gy. _bls edrks h ghrrlcr gdkku`lghtld` `ctwdra tbrduibdut tbc trh`sklssld`
`ctwdra.
L` h` cmcgtrlghm pdwcr sujsthtld`, Ghphgltdr Ghp hgltdr Udmthic _rh`sedrkcr l` gdkjl`htld` wltb Yhvc _rhp ls pmhgco ht tbc sc`ol`i h`o rcgclvl`i c`os de tbc sujsthtld`. Ht tbc rcgclvl`i c`o tbcy hrc edu`o fust hetcr mlibtc`l`i mlibtc`l`i hrrcstcr h`o jcedrc ml`c lsdmhtdr.
89
:.:.? Chrtb Wwltgb Lt's eu`gtld` ls td lsdmhtc tbc glrgult hetcr dpcrhtld` de glrgult jrchacr h`o olsgbhric tbc irhpcs gbhrics td chrtb tbrduib chrtb swltgb. Hmsd lt ls vcry usceum l` khl`tc`h`gc pcrldo. Chrtbl`i swltgb. Chrtbl`i swltgb ls usco td olsgbhric tbc gbhrics tbht hrc trhppco l` ml`c hetcr dpc`l`i de ml`c jy glrgult jrchacr.
Chrtb swltgb
:.:.3 Lsdmhtdr dr Ml`c Olsgd``cgt swltgb L` cmcgtrlghm c`il`ccrl`i, h olsgd``cgt dr, olsgd``cgt swltgb dr lsdmhtdr swltgb ls usco td c`surc tbht h` cmcgtrlghm glrgult ls gdkpmctcmy oc-c`crilzco edr scrvlgc dr khl`tc`h`gc. Lsdmhtdr ls h kcgbh`lghm swltgb wblgb lsdmhtcs h phrt de glrgult erdk systck hs wbc` rcqulrco. Cmcgtrlghm lsdmhtdrs scphrhtc h phrt de tbc systck erdk rcst edr shec khl`tc`h`gc wdras. Lsdmhtdrs hrc usco hetcr dr jcedrc glrgult jrchacrs edr cxtrh prdtcgtld`. Lsdmhtdrs hrc `dt usco edr mdho gurrc`t jrcha. _bc wdra od`c jy cmcgtrlghm lsdmhtdrs ls khoc chslcr td hgblcvc usl`i h` lsdmhtdr. H` lsdmhtdr ls h kcgbh`lghm swltgb tbht ls kh`uhmmy dpcrhtco. Ocpc`ol`i d` tbc rcqulrckc`t de h ilvc` systck, tbcrc hrc oleecrc`t typcs de lsdmhtdrs. Yltb lsdmhtdrs, d`c ls hjmc td scc h`y dpc` glrgult pbyslghmmy hs gdkphrco td glrgult jrchacrs wbcrc `d pbyslghm djscrvhtld` gh` jc khoc.
^hrts de lsdmhtdr 82
8. ^dmcs :. Lsdmhtdr ^dsts 7. Gd`ougtl`i phrts (kdvchjmc h`o Elxco)
Lsdmhtdr bhs twd dr tbrcc pdmcs tbht Gd`slst twd dr tbrcc lsdmhtdr pdsts. Gd`ougtl`i phrts gd``cgt ht tbc tdp de lsdmhtdr pdsts. Gd`ougtl`i phrts gd`slst elxco h`o kdvl`i phrt tbht khoc de gdppcr dr hmukl`uk. Kdvchjmc phrt gh` jc dpcrhtco usl`i h kdtdrlzco kcgbh`lsk hs wcmm hs jy bh`o td dpc` dr gmdsco cmcgtrlghm glrgults. Bh`o dpcrhtld` bhppc`s td jc gbchpcr, gdkphrco td h kdtdrlzco hrrh`ickc`t.
Lsdmhtdr ht Ihttl I/W Eso
Wwltgbl`i prdgcourc jcedrc h`o hetcr khl`tc`h`gc
Wtcp td dpc` glrgult 8. Dpc` tbc glrgult jrchacr :. Dpc` tbc lsdmhtdr 7. Gmdsc tbc chrtb swltgb
Wtcp td gmdsc glrgult 8. Dpc` tbc chrtb swltgb :. Gmdsc tbc lsdmhtdr 7. Gmdsc tbc glrgult jrchacr 8<
_ypcs de lsdmhtdr 8. Ucrtlghm Jrcha _ypcs Lsdmhtdrs :. Bdrlzd`thm Jrcha _ypcs Lsdmhtdr 7. Ucrtlghm ^h`tdirhpb typc Lsdmhtdr
Zdthr y Lsdmhtdr ?. Wl`imc Jrcha & Odujmc Jrcha Zdthry
:.:.5 Glrgult Jrchacr H glrgult jrchacr ls h` hutdkhtlghmmy dpcrhtco cmcgtrlghm dpcrhtco cmcgtrlghm swltgb swltgb ocsli`co td prdtcgt h` cmcgtrlghm h` cmcgtrlghm glrgult erdk ohkhic ghusco jy cxgcss gurrc`t, cxgcss gurrc`t, typlghmmy rcsumtl`i erdk h` dvcrmdho h` dvcrmdho dr sbdrt sbdrt glrgult. Lts glrgult. Lts jhslg eu`gtld` ls td l`tcrrupt gurrc`t emdw hetcr h ehumt ls octcgtco. S`mlac h eusc, h eusc, wblgb wblgb dpcrhtcs d`gc h`o tbc` kust jc rcpmhgco, h glrgult jrchacr gh` jc rcsct (cltbcr kh`uhmmy dr hutdkhtlghmmy) td rcsukc `drkhm dpcrhtld`.
WE5 Ihs Glrgult Jrchacr L` sugb jrchacrs, sumpbur bcxhemudrloc ihs (WE5) ls usco hs tbc hrg quc`gbl`i kcoluk. _bc sumpbur bcxhemudrloc ihs (WE5) ls h` cmcgtrd`cihtlvc ihs h`o bhs h strd`i tc`oc`gy td hjsdrj ercc cmcgtrd`s. WE5 Ihs (Wumeur bcxhemudrloc)
Wumeur bcxhemudrloc ls h` l`crt, `d`tdxlg, gdmdrmcss, dodrmcss, thstcmcss, h`o `d`emhkkhjmc ihs gd`slstl`i de h sumeur htdk surrdu`oco jy h`o tlibtmy jd`oco td slx emdurl`c htdks. Lt ls hjdut elvc tlkcs hs oc`sc hs hlr. WE5 ls usco l` ILW ht prcssurcs erdk ?>> td 5>> a^h hjsdmutc. _bc prcssurc ls gbdsc` sd tbht tbc WE5 wlmm `dt gd`oc`sc l`td h mlqulo ht tbc mdwcst tckpcrhturcs tbc cqulpkc`t cxpcrlc`gcs. WE5 bhs twd td tbrcc tlkcs tbc l`sumhtl`i hjlmlty de hlr ht tbc shkc prcssurc. WE5 ls hjdut 8>> tlkcs jcttcr tbh` hlr edr l`tcrruptl`i hrgs. Lt ls tbc u`lvcrshmmy usco l`tcrruptl`i kcoluk edr blib vdmthic glrgult jrchacrs, rcpmhgl`i tbc dmocr kcoluks de dlm h`o hlr. WE5 ocgdkpdscs l` tbc blib tckpcrhturc de h` cmcgtrlg hrg, jut tbc ocgdkpdsco ihs rcgdkjl`cs jhga l`td WE5 sd wcmm tbht lt ls `dt `cgcsshry td rcpmc`lsb tbc WE5 l` ILW.
Hovh`thics de WE5 Ihs 8) Lt l`sumhtcs :.3 tlkcs jcttcr tbh` hlr (@:), :) Dvcr 8>> tlkcs jcttcr hrg quc`gbl`i ghphjlmlty ghphj lmlty tbh` hlr (@:), h`o
:>
7) ?) 3) 5) 9) 2) <)
Jcttcr bcht olsslphtld` tbh` hlr1 Wlzc rcougtld` Yclibt rcougtld` Zcmlhjmc dpcrhtld` Chsc de l`sthmmhtld` Chsc de bh`oml`i Chsc h`o rcougtld` de khl`tc`h`gc
WE5 Ihs Glrgult Jrchacr ht Ihttl I/W Eso
:.:.9 Wbu`t Zchgtdr H sbu`t rchgtdr ls rchgtdr ls h` hjsdrjcr de rchgtlvc pdwcr, tbus l`grchsl`i tbc c`criy ceelglc`gy de tbc systck. Lt ls tbc kdst gdkphgt ocvlgc gdkkd`my usco edr rchgtlvc pdwcr gdkpc`shtld` l` md`i blib-vdmthic trh`sklssld` ml`cs h`o l` ghjmc systcks.
:8
Wbu`t Zchgtdr ht Ihttl I/W Eso
Khl` Oleecrc`gcs Wbu`t Zchgtdr h`o _rh`sedrkcr jdtb hppchr slkl slkl mhr mhr l ` gd`st gd`strr ugt ugtl d`. Zchgtdrs hrc hmsd detc` cqulppco wltb Eh`s edr gddml`i slklmhr td ^dwcr _rh`sedrkcrs. _rh`sedrkcrs. Bdwcvcr, tbcrc hrc khfdr oleecrc`gcs jctwcc` tbc twd. Yblmc h ^dwcr _rh`sedrkcr ls ocsli`co edr ceelglc`t pdwcr trh`secr erdk d`c vdmthic systck td h`dtbcr, h sbu`t rchgtdr ls l`tc`oco d`my td gd`sukc rchgtlvc UHrs (dr (dr l` dtbcr wdros lt gh` jc sthtco hs td prdougc mhiil`i UHrs). UHrs). _bus, tbcrc hrc kdrc tbh` d`c wl`ol`i d` h ^dwcr _rh`sedrkcr wltb khi`ctlg gdrc wblgb ghrry tbc kutuhm emux jctwcc` tbc twd. L` rchgtdr tbcrc ls fust ls fust d`c wl`ol`i . _bc gdrc ls `dt tbcrcedrc kch`t d`my td prdvloc h mdw rcmugth`gc phtb edr emux de tbht wl`ol`i td l`grchsc tbc L`ougth`gc.
:.:.2 Gurrc`t trh`sedrkcr H gurrc`t trh`sedrkcr ls h ocvlgc wblgb ls usco edr tbc trh`sedrkhtld` de gurrc`t ht h blibcr vhmuc td h mdwcr vhmuc wltb rcspcgt td tbc chrtb pdtc`tlhm. Lt ls usco wltb tbc HG l`strukc`ts edr kchsurl`i tbc blib vhmuc de gurrc`t.
::
_bc ml`c gurrc`t ls tdd blib, h`o lt ls vcry oleelgumt td kchsurc tbck olrcgtmy. _bus, tbc gurrc`t trh`sedrkcr ls usco wblgb ocgrchsc tbc blib vhmuc de gurrc`t l`td h erhgtld`hm vhmuc wblgb ls chsy td kchsurc jy tbc l`strukc`t. _bc prlkhry de tbc gurrc`t trh`sedrkcr ls gd``cgtco olrcgtmy td tbc ml`c wbdsc vhmuc ls td kchsurc. _bc scgd`ohry de tbc gurrc`t trh`sedrkcr ls gd``cgtco td tbc hkkctcr dr kctcr wblgb kchsurco tbc ml`c vhmuc rcihrol`i erhgtld`s.
Gurrc`t _rh`sedrkcr
:.:.< ^dtc`tlhm _rh`sedrkcr H vdmthic trh`sedrkcr ls tbc typc de l`strukc`t trh`sedrkcr wblgb ls usco edr tbc trh`sedrkhtld` de tbc vdmthic erdk h blibcr vhmuc td h mdwcr vhmuc.
:7
^dtc`tlhm _rh`sedrkcr
_bc prlkhry tcrkl`hm de tbc pdtc`tlhm trh`sedrkcr ls gd``cgtco td tbc ml`c edr kchsurl`i tbc ml`c vdmthic. _bc pdtc`tlhm trh`sedrkcr rcougco tbc blib vhmuc de vdmthic l`td tbc skhmm vhmuc wblgb gh` chslmy jc kchsurco jy tbc vdmtkctcr dr kctcr.
Gdkphrlsd` Gbhrt Jhsls edr Gdkphrlsd` Ocel`ltld`
Gurrc`t _rh`sedrkcr
^dtc`tlhm _rh`sedrkcr
_rh`sedrk tbc gurrc`t erdk blib vhmuc td tbc mdw vhmuc.
_rh`sedrk tbc vdmthic erdk blib vhmuc td tbc mdw vhmuc.
Lt ghrrlcs tbc gurrc`t wblgb ls td jc kchsurco Lt ls gd``cgtco td tbc gurrc`t wl`ol`i de tbc l`strukc`t. Gd``cgtco l` scrlcs wltb tbc l`strukc`t Bhs h skhmm `ukjcr de tur`s Bhvc h mhric `ukjcr de tur`s h`o gh``dt jc dpc` glrgult. 3H dr 8H Blib
Lt ghrrlcs tbc vdmthic wblgb ls td jc kchsurco. Lt ls gd``cgtco td tbc kctcr dr l`strukc`t. Gd``cgtco l` phrhmmcm wltb tbc l`strukc`t. Bhs h mhric `ukjcr de tur`s Bhvc h skhmm `ukjcr de tur`s h`o gh` jc dpc` glrgult. 88>v Mdw
Glrgult Wykjdm
^rlkhry Yl`ol`i Wcgd`ohry Yl`ol`i Gd``cgtld` ^rlkhry Glrgult Wcgd`ohry Glrgult Zh`ic _rh`sedrkhtld` Zhtld
:?
Juroc` L`put Eumm ml`c gurrc`t
Odcs `dt ocpc`os d` scgd`ohry juroc` Gd`sth`t gurrc`t _bc prlkhry wl`ol`i gd`slsts tbc eumm ml`c gurrc`t.
Ocpc`os d` tbc scgd`ohry juroc` Gd`sth`t Udmthic _bc prlkhry wl`ol`i gd`slsts tbc eumm ml`c vdmthic.
Gurrc`t _rh`sedrkcr _wd typcs ( Ydu`o h`o Gmdsco Gdrc ) Mdw
_wd typcs (Cmcgtrdkhi`ctlg h`o Ghphgltdr vdmthic)
Kchsurl`i gurrc`t h`o pdwcr, kd`ltdrl`i tbc pdwcr irlo dpcrhtld`, edr dpcrhtl`i prdtcgtlvc rcmhy Ssuhmmy julmt up wltb mhkl`htld` de slmlgd` stccm.
Kchsurckc`t, pdwcr sdurgc, dpcrhtl`i prdtcgtlvc rcmhy,
_ypcs
Lkpcoh`gc
Hppmlghtld`s
Gdrc
Blib
Lt ls khoc up de wltb blib quhmlty stccm dpcrhtl`i ht mdw emux oc`sltlcs
:.:.8> Hutd _rh`sedrkcr Hutd trh`sedrkcr ls al`o de cmcgtrlghm cmcgtrlghm trh`sedrkcr wbcrc prlkhry h`o scgd`ohry sbhrcs shkc gdkkd` sl`imc wl`ol`i. Wd jhslghmmy lt“s h d`c wl`ol`i trh`sedrkcr. trh`sedrkcr. Jhslg trh`sedrkcr phrts
L`put/ prlkhry Gd``cgtld`s
Dutput/scgd`ohry Dutput/scgd`ohry Gd``cgtld`s
Yl`ol`i
Gdrc
Khl` phrts de pdwcr trh`sedrkcr 8. :. 7. ?. 3. 5. 9.
Wtccm th`a Gdrc Yl`ol`i Gd`scrvhtdr Jrhtbcr _bcrkdkctcr ^rcssurc rcmlce plpc :3
2. Uhmvcs <. Jhgumm rcmhy 8>. MU & BU Jusbl`is 88. _hp gbh`icr swltgb 8:. Dlm tujcs 87. Dlm ihfc 8?. Zcholhtdr 83. Gddml`i eh`s 85. Dlm pukps 89. L`sumhtld` dlm
Hutd _rh`sedrkcr
:.7 ^drthjmc chrtbl`i
Olshjml`i pdwcreum mlvc phrts cmcgtrlghm, trh`sedrkcr dr pdwcr ml`cs erhikc`t odcs `dt iuhrh`tcc eumm scgurlty de tbc pcdpmc wdral`i d` scphrhtc cmckc`ts de tbc cmcgtrlghm systcks de tbc mcsld`s. D` tbc sltc de tbc pdwcr suppmy ls tur`co dee khy jc u`l`tc`oco dr l`ougco blib vdmthic. _d cmlkl`htc bukh` cxpdsurc td u`edrcscc` ehgtdrs hppmlco hooltld`hm kch`s de prdtcgtld` :5
Irdu`ol`i pdrthjmc, odcs `dt hmmdw hppchrl`i d` tbc zd`c l`sthmmhtld` vdmthic bhzhrodus td bukh` vhmucs. Irdu`ol`i pdrthjmc ocvlgc
^drthjmc chrtbl`i systck gd`slsts de 7 khl` phrts hrc6
gd`ougtlvc gdkpd`c`t1 tbc gd`thgt pdrtld`1
_bc l`sumhtl`i cmckc`t dr scvcrhm l`sumhtl`i cmckc`ts
GBH^_CZ # 7 WALMM H__HL@CO
_cstl`i de _rh`sedrkcr
7.8 Jhslg _rh`sedrkcr _rh`sedrkcr tcst 8. :. 7. ?.
Dpc` glrgult tcst Wbdrt glrgult tcst L`sumhtld` rcslsth`gc tcst dr khiicr tcst de trh`sedrkcr Yl`ol`i rcslsth`gc tcst
:9
3. _rh`sedrkcr tur` rhtld tcst 5. Ghphglth`gc h`o olsslphtld` tcst 9. Olcmcgtrlg tcst
Bcrc wc pcredrkco d`my edur typc trh`sedrkcr trh`sedrkcr tcst 7.8.8 L`sumhtld` Zcslsth`gc Zcslsth`gc _cst dr Kciicr _cst de _rh`sedrkcr _rh`sedrkcr L`sumhtld` rcslsth`gc tcst de trh`sedrkcr ls cssc`tlhm typc tcst. _bls tcst ls ghrrlco dut td c`surc tbc bchmtbl`css de dvcrhmm l`sumhtld` systck de h` cmcgtrlghm pdwcr trh`sedrkcr.
^rdgcourc de L`sumhtld` Zcslsth`gc _cst de _rh`sedrkcr
. Elrst olsgd``cgt hmm tbc ml`c h`o `cutrhm tcrkl`hms de tbc trh`sedrkcr. . Kciicr mchos td jc gd``cgtco td MU h`o BU jusbl`i stuos td kchsurc l`sumhtld` rcslsth`gc LZ vhmuc l` jctwcc` tbc MU h`o BU wl`ol`is. . Kciicr mchos td jc gd``cgtco td BU jusbl`i stuos h`o trh`sedrkcr th`a chrtb pdl`t td kchsurc l`sumhtld` rcslsth`gc LZ vhmuc l` jctwcc` tbc BU wl`ol`is h`o chrtb. . Kciicr mchos td jc gd``cgtco td MU jusbl`i stuos h`o trh`sedrkcr th`a chrtb pdl`t td kchsurc l`sumhtld` rcslsth`gc LZ vhmuc l` jctwcc` tbc MU wl`ol`is h`o chrtb. @J 6 Lt ls u``cgcsshry td pcredrk l`sumhtld` rcslsth`gc tcst de trh`sedrkcr pcr pbhsc wlsc l` tbrcc pbhsc trh`sedrkcr. LZ vhmucs hrc thac` jctwcc` tbc wl`ol`is gdmmcgtlvcmy hs jcghusc hmm tbc wl`ol`is d` BU sloc hrc l`tcr`hmmy gd``cgtco tdictbcr td edrk cltbcr sthr dr ocmth h`o hmsd hmm tbc wl`ol`is d` MU sloc hrc l`tcr`hmmy gd``cgtco tdictbcr td edrk cltbcr sthr dr ocmth. Kchsurckc`ts hrc td jc thac` hs edmmdws6 Edr hutd trh`sedrkcr6 BU-LU td MU, BU-LU td C, MU td C. Edr twd wl`ol`i trh`sedrkcr6 BU td MU, BU td C, MU td C. _brcc wl`ol`i trh`sedrkcr6 BU td LU, BU td MU, LU td MU, BU td C, LU td C, MU td C. Dlm tckpcrhturc sbdumo jc `dtco ht tbc tlkc de l`sumhtld` rcslsth`gc tcst de trh`sedrkcr. Wl`gc tbc LZ vhmuc de trh`sedrkcr l`sumhtl`i dlm khy vhry wltb tckpcrhturc. LZ vhmucs td jc rcgdroco ht l`tcrvhms de 83 scgd`os, 8 kl`utc h`o 8> kl`utcs. Yltb tbc ourhtld` de hppmlghtld` de vdmthic, LZ vhmuc l`grchscs. _bc l`grchsc l` LZ ls h` l`olghtld` de ory`css de l`sumhtld`. Hjsdrptld` gdceelglc`t ; 8 kl`utc vhmuc/ 83 scg. Uhmuc. ^dmhrlzhtld` l`ocx ; 8> kl`utcs vhmuc / 8 kl`utc vhmuc.
Bcrc wc pcredrk l`sumhtld` tcst de hutd trh`sedrkcr h`o thac edmmdwl`i rchol`i L`sumhtld` tcst rcsumt de 3>>/::av trh`sedrkcr _-7(Jmuc ^bhsc) WZ.@D KDOC Hppmlco Udmthic 5>WCG 83WCG :2
DLM
_CK^ 8 : 7 ? 3
_-I 3AU BR@-I 3AU BR@_-I 3AU BR@-_ 3AU Gdrc Irdu`ol`i ^mui 3>>U
7>8I℥ 72>I℥ :<>I℥ 7?7I℥
2>I℥ 8.:
<5>I℥
L`sumhtld` tcst rcsumt de 3>>/::av trh`sedrkcr _-7(\cmmdw ^bhsc) Hppmlco WZ.@D KDOC Udmthic 5>WCG 83WCG 8 _-I 3AU 859.?I℥ 55.3I℥ : BR@-I 3AU 87>.
.>U 3:>I℥ ??9I℥
L`sumhtld` tcst rcsumt de 3>>/::av trh`sedrkcr _-7(Zco ^bhsc) Hppmlco WZ.@D KDOC Udmthic 5>WCG 83WCG 8 _-I 8AU <5.:I℥ <7.7I℥ ? BR@-_ 8AU 88>I℥ :5.3I℥ Gdrc Irdu`ol`i 3 ^mui 3>>U :?3I℥
73 73 73 73 73
DLM _CK^ ?: ?: ?: ?: ?:
DLM _CK^ 73 73 73 73 73
B;BU (blib vdmthic) R;MU (mdw vdmthic) I; irdu`o _;_rhtlhry wl`ol`i
_rhtlhry wl`ol`i L` sdkc blib rhtl`i trh`sedrkcr, d`c wl`ol`i l` hooltld` td lts prlkhry h`o scgd`ohry wl`ol`i ls usco. _bls hooltld`hm wl`ol`i, hphrt erdk prlkhry h`o scgd`ohry wl`ol`is, ls a`dw` hs _crtlhry :<
wl`ol`i de trh`sedrkcr . Jcghusc de tbls tblro wl`ol`i, tbc trh`sedrkcr ls ghmmco tbrcc wl`ol`i trh`sedrkcr 7 wl`ol`i trh`sedrkcr . dr
Hovh`thics de Ssl`i _crtlhry Yl`ol`i l` _rh`sedrkcr _crtlhry wl`ol`i ls prdvloco l` cmcgtrlghm pdwcr trh`sedrkcr td kcct d`c dr kdrc de tbc edmmdwl`i rcqulrckc`tsLt rcougcs tbc u`jhmh`gl`i l` tbc prlkhry ouc td u`jhmh`gl`i l` tbrcc pbhsc mdho. Lt rcolstrljutcs tbc emdw de ehumt gurrc`t. Wdkctlkc lt ls rcqulrco td suppmy h` huxlmlhry mdho l` oleecrc`t vdmthic mcvcm l` hooltld` td lts khl` scgd`ohry mdho. _bls scgd`ohry mdho gh` jc thac` erdk tcrtlhry wl`ol`i de tbrcc wl`ol`i trh`sedrkcr . Hs tbc tcrtlhry wl`ol`i ls gd``cgtco l` ocmth edrkhtld` l` 7 wl`ol`i trh`sedrkcr , lt hsslsts l` mlklthtld` de ehumt gurrc`t l` tbc cvc`t de h sbdrt glrgult erdk ml`c td `cutrhm.
7.8.: _rh`sedrkcr Yl`ol`i Zcslsth`gc Zcslsth`gc Kchsurckc`t Kchsurckc`t _rh`sedrkcr wl`ol`i rcslsth`gc kchsurckc`t ls ghrrlco dut td ghmgumhtc tbc L:Z mdsscs h`o td ghmgumhtc wl`ol`i tckpcrhturc ht tbc c`o de h tckpcrhturc rlsc tcst. Lt ls ghrrlco dut hs h typc tcst hs wcmm hs rdutl`c tcst. Lt ls hmsd od`c ht sltc td c`surc bchmtbl`css de h trh`sedrkcr tbht ls td gbcga mddsc gd``cgtld`s, jrdac` strh`os de gd`ougtdr, blib gd`thgt rcslsth`gc l` thp gbh`icrs, blib vdmthic mchos h`o jusbl`is ctg.
7>
_bcrc hrc oleecrc`t kctbdos edr kchsurl`i de trh`sedrkcr wl`ol`i, mlacwlsc 8- Gurrc`t vdmthic kctbdo de kchsurckc`t de wl`ol`i rcslsth`gc. :- Jrloic kctbdo de kchsurckc`t de wl`ol`i rcslsth`gc.Acmvl` rcslsth`gc.Acmvl` jrloic kctbdo de Kchsurl`i Yl`ol`i Zcslsth`gc. Kchsurl`i wl`ol`i rcslsth`gc jy Hutdkhtlg Yl`ol`i Zcslsth`gc Kchsurckc`t Alt. @J6- _rh`sedrkcr wl`ol`i rcslsth`gc kchsurckc`t sbhmm jc ghrrlco dut ht chgb thp.
7.8.:.8 Gurrc`t Udmthic Udmthic Kctbdo de Kchsurckc`t Kchsurckc`t de Yl`ol`i Yl`ol`i Zcslsth`gc Zcslsth`gc _bc trh`sedrkcr wl`ol`i rcslsth`gcs gh` jc kchsurco jy gurrc`t jy gurrc`t vdmthic kctbdo. L` tbls kctbdo de kchsurckc`t de wl`ol`i rcslsth`gc, tbc tcst gurrc`t ls l`fcgtco td tbc wl`ol`i h`o gdrrcspd`ol`i vdmthic ordp hgrdss tbc wl`ol`i ls kchsurco. Jy hppmyl`i slkpmc Dbk's slkpmc Dbk's mhw l.c. Z x ; U ⁏ L, d`c gh` chslmy octcrkl`c tbc vhmuc de rcslsth`gc.
^rdgcourc de Gurrc`t Udmthic Kctbdo de Kchsurckc`t de Yl`ol`i Zcslsth`gc . Jcedrc kchsurckc`t tbc trh`sedrkcr sbdumo jc acpt l` DEE gd`oltld` wltbdut cxglthtld` ht mchst edr 7 td ? bdurs. Ourl`i tbls tlkc tbc wl`ol`i tckpcrhturc wlmm jcgdkc cquhm td lts dlm tckpcrhturc. . Kchsurckc`t ls od`c wltb O.G. . _d kl`lklzc djscrvhtld` crrdrs, pdmhrlty de tbc gdrc khi`ctlzhtld` sbhmm jc acpt gd`sth`t ourl`i hmm rcslsth`gc rchol`is. . Udmtkctcr mchos sbhmm jc l`ocpc`oc`t de tbc gurrc`t mchos td prdtcgt lt erdk blib vdmthics wblgb khy dggur ourl`i swltgbl`i d` h`o dee tbc gurrc`t glrgult. . _bc rchol`is sbhmm jc thac` hetcr tbc gurrc`t h`o vdmthic bhvc rchgbco stchoy sthtc vhmucs. L` sdkc ghscs tbls khy thac scvcrhm kl`utcs ocpc`ol`i upd` tbc wl`ol`i lkpcoh`gc. . _bc tcst gurrc`t sbhmm `dt cxgcco 83% de tbc rhtco gurrc`t de tbc wl`ol`i. Mhric vhmucs khy ghusc l`hggurhgy jy bchtl`i tbc wl`ol`i h`o tbcrcjy gbh`il`i lts rcslsth`gc. . Edr cxprcssl`i rcslsth`gc, tbc gdrrcspd`ol`i tckpcrhturc de tbc wl`ol`i ht tbc tlkc de kchsurckc`t kust jc kc`tld`co hmd`i wltb rcslsth`gc vhmuc. Hs wc shlo chrmlcr tbht hetcr rckhl`l`i l` swltgb dee gd`oltld` edr 7 td ? bdurs, tbc wl`ol`i tckpcrhturc wdumo jcgdkc cquhm td dlm tckpcrhturc. _bc dlm tckpcrhturc ht tbc tlkc de tcstl`i ls thac` hs tbc hvcrhic de tdp dlm h`o jdttdk dlm tckpcrhturcs de trh`sedrkcr.
78
. Edr sthr gd``cgtco tbrcc pbhsc wl`ol`i, tbc rcslsth`gc pcr pbhsc wdumo jc bhme de kchsurco rcslsth`gc jctwcc` twd ml`c tcrkl`hms de tbc trh`sedrkcr. . Edr ocmth gd``cgtco tbrcc pbhsc wl`ol`i, tbc rcslsth`gc pcr pbhsc wdumo jc >.59 tlkcs de kchsurco rcslsth`gc jctwcc` twd ml`c tcrkl`hms de tbc trh`sedrkcr. . _bls gurrc`t vdmthic kctbdo de kchsurckc`t de wl`ol`i rcslsth`gc de trh`sedrkcr sbdumo jc rcpchtco edr chgb phlr de ml`c tcrkl`hms de wl`ol`i ht cvcry thp pdsltld`.
Bcrc wc pcredrk wl`ol`i rcslsth`gc tcst de hutd trh`sedrkcr h`o thac edmmdwl`i rchol` i Yl`ol`i Zcslsth`gc tcst rcsumt de 3>>/::av trh`sedrkcr _-7(Zco ^bhsc) _hp Hppmlco Z Z Wr.`d ^dsltld` wl`ol`i gd``cgtld` gurrc`t kchsurco rcerh`gc 8 8 B-@ 8>H 29?.:k℥ 8.>27℥ : : B-@ 8>H 9>9.3k℥ 2?>.3k℥ 7 7 B-@ 8>H 55?.7k℥ 922.H 95<.5k℥ <8?.:k℥ 3 3 B-@ 8>H >.<5H :8>.:k℥ :3>.3k℥ 9 7 M-@ 8>H 5.372k℥ 9.9<5k℥
7:
7.8.7 ^dwcr 7.8.7 ^dwcr _rh`sedrkcr _ur`s Zhtld _cst
^dwcr _rh`sedrkcr _ur`s Zhtld _cst
_ur`s rhtld jctwcc` tbc wl`ol`is
_bc tur`s _bc tur`s rhtld tcst ls h` HG H G mdw mdw vd vdmth mthic tc tcst wblgb octcrkl`cs tbc rhtld de tbc blib vdmthic wl`ol`i td hmm dtbcr wl`ol`is ht `d-mdho. _bc tur`“s rhtld tcst ls pcredrkco d` hmm thps de cvcry wl`ol`i. _bc _rh`sedrkcr _ur`s Zhtld tcst cr (__Z rhtld jctwcc` (_ _Z ) ls ocvlgc usco td kchsurc tbc tur`“s rhtld jctwcc` tbc wl`ol`is (cxhkpmc sbdw` jcmdw). Udmthic ls hppmlco d` tbc B khrac jy tbc tcst sct. hra co mcho mchoss h`o kchsurco de tbc R kh khr aco aco mch mcho jy Zhtld kchsurckc`ts hrc gd`ougtco d` hmm thp pdsltld`s h`o ghmgumhtco jy olvlol`i tbc l`ougco vdmthic rchol`i l`td tbc hppmlco vdmthic vhmuc. Ybc` rhtld tcsts hrc jcl`i khoc d` tbrcc-pbhsc d` tbrcc-pbhsc trh`sedrkcrs, tbc trh`sedrkcrs, tbc rhtld ls thac` d` d`c pbhsc ht h tlkc wltb h tbrcc-pbhsc __Z u`tlm tbc rhtld tbc rhtld kchsurckc`ts de hmm tbrcc pbhscs hrc gdkpmctco.
77
_rh`sedrkcr rhtld tcst olhirhk, usl`i h Wl`imc pbhsc __Z tcst sct. ^bdtd6 Kciicr. de Wl`imc-^bhsc Kdocms6 Gd``cgt tbc cxgltl`i mchos (R8 h`o R:) td tbc mdwcr-vdmthic wl`ol`i de tbc twd wl`ol`is td jc gdkphrco. Khtgb trh`sedrkcr pdmhrlty jy gd``cgtl`i tbc B8 scgd`ohry mcho td tbc blibcr-vdmthic tcrkl`hm wblgb gdrrcspd`os td tbc R8 gd``cgtld`. Wcc Eliurc. Gd``cgt Eliurc. Gd``cgt tbc B: mcho td tbc dtbcr blib vdmthic tcrkl`hm. Ybcrc jdtb wl`ol`is hrc irdu`oco d` d`c sloc, gd``cgt R8 h`o B8 td tbc irdu`oco slocs. Hmwhys cxgltc tbc c`tlrc mdw-vdmthic wl`ol`i. Edr pdmypbhsc trh`sedrkcrs, rcpcht prdgcourc d` chgb sct de wl`ol`is td jc kchsurco
8
‗
_brcc-pbhsc _rh`sedrkcr _brcc-pbhsc _rh`sedrkcr _ur`s
Zhtl
7?
(__Z)
Gd``cgtld`
Eliurc olhirhk.
Kc K chsurco surco r htl d vhr lhtl lhtl d`s sbdumo sbdumo jc wl tbl` >.3% >.3% de tbc tbc `hk `hkcpmht mhtc khral ra l `is. Wdkc __Z gh` pcredrk trh`sedrkcr pcredrk trh`sedrkcr rhtld kchsurckc`t h`o hmsd hsscss le le d`-mdho d`-mdho thp gbh`icr gd`thgts hrc khal`i shtlsehgtdrlmy ourl`i lts trh`sltld` erdk d`c thp pdsltld` td tbc `cxt pdsltld`.
Cxhkpmc de sl`imc pbhsc, bh`o-grh`aco __Z ‗ _rh`sedrkcr _ur`s Zhtld _cst Wct (Kchsurcs tbc tur`s tbc tur`s rhtld h`o cxgltl`i gurrc`t de wl`ol`is l` pdwcr, pdtc`tlhm h`o gurrc`t trh`sedrkcrs gurrc`t trh`sedrkcrs.) .) _ur`s Zhtld _cst ^rdgcourc, Wtcp jy Wtcp
Wtcp 8.
L sdmhtc tbc cqul cqulpk pkc c`t , hppmy wdral`i irdu`os td hmm l`gdkl`i h`o dutidl`i ghjmcs h`o olsgd``cgt hmm l`gdkl`i h`o dutidl`i ghjmcs erdk tbc trh`sedrkcr tbc trh`sedrkcr jusbl`i jusbl`i tcrkl`hms gd``cgtld`s. sueel glc`t `t gmch gmchr h`gc `gc erdk tbc swltgbichr tcrkl`hms irchtcr Olsgd``cgtco ghjmcs sbdumo bhvc sueelglc tbht tbc pbhsc sphgl`i olsth`gc. Ssc `ymd` rdpc td bdmo ghjmc hwhy erdk l`gdkl`i h`o dutidl`i tcrkl`hms hs rcqulrco.
Wtcp :.
ocsl slii `htco `htco tbr tbrcc cc--pbhsc tcst tcst mcho mcho wltb Gd``cgt tbc B oc wltb tbc klmlthry stymc gd``cgtdr ht d`c c`o td tbc khtl`i gd``cgtld` d` tbc tcst sct khraco wltb h` B. C`surc tbht tbc gd``cgtdr“s l`ocx `dtgb ml`cs up prdpcrmy. Wtcp 7.
sli `httco tbrc tbrcc c-pbh -pbhsc sc tcst de Gd``cgt tbc R ocsli`h de mcho klmlthry stymc gd``cgtdr ht d`c c`o td tbc khtl`i gd``cgtld` d` tbc tcst sct khraco wltb h` R. C`surc tbht tbc gd``cgtdr“s l`ocx `dtgb ml`cs up prdpcrmy. Wtcp ?. Gd``cgt
tbc
B8,
B:,
B7
ocsli`htco
tcst 73
mcho
td
tbc
gdrrcspd`ol`i B8,
B:,
B 7 trh`sedrkcr tcrkl`hm / jusbl`i . Gd``cgt tbc B > tcst tcst mcho mcho le B> tcrkl`hm/jusbl`i ls prcsc`t. Zcecr td E liurc 8. Wtcp 3. Gd``cgt tbc R8, R:, R7 ocsli`htco tcst mchos td tbc gdrrcspd`ol`i R8, R:,R7 trh`sedrkcr R:,R7 trh`sedrkcr tcrkl`hms / jusbl`is. Gd``cgt tbc R> tcst mcho le R> tcrkl`hm/jusbl`i ls prcsc`t. Wtcp 5. ^credrk tur`s rhtld tur`s rhtld kchsurckc`ts edr hmm thp pdsltld`s. Wtcp 9.
Gd`elrk tbht tbc kchsurco rhtlds ls wltbl` >.3% de tbc ghmgumhtco rhtlds. Bcrc wc pcredrk trh`sedrkcr tur` rhtld tcst de hutd trh`sedrkcr h`o thac edmmdwl`i rchol`i __Z _cst Zcsumt ^bhsc) _H^ BU ^DW. 8 38:3>> : 3>>>>> 7 ?293>> ? ?93>>> 3 ?5:3>> _H^ BU ^DW. 8 38:3>> : 3>>>>> 7 ?293>> ? ?93>>> 3 ?5:3>>
5
de 3>>/::>av Hutd _rh`sedrkcr _-7 (Jmuc
MU
Ghmgumhtco Kchsurco
::>>>> ::>>>> ::>>>> ::>>>> ::>>>>
M
:.7:< :.:9: :.:83 :.83< :.8>:
U
Ghmgumhtco Kchsurco
th Z U dt
MU 88>>> 88>>> 88>>> 88>>> 88>>>
::>>>> 88>>>
__Z _cst Zcsumt ^bhsc) _H^ BU ^DW. 8 38:3>> : 3>>>>>
dl
Y
B
:5.< :5.:?7 :3.329 :?.<78 :?.:93
_ dt dl th
U
B Z MU td _crtlhrt 88.3?9 Zhtld
:.7:3 :.:52 :.:88 :.833 :.><<
:5.57: :3.<28 :3.773 :?.52 :?.>78 88.?7?
de 3>>/::>av Hutd _rh`sedrkcr _-7 (\cmmdw
U M
MU ::>>>> ::>>>>
Ghmgumhtco Kchsurco
dt B
U
dl Z
th
:.7:< :.:9: 75
:.7:3 :.:52
7 ? 3 _H^ ^DW. 8 : 7 ? 3 5
?293>> ::>>>> ?93>>> ::>>>> ?5:3>> ::>>>>
:.:83 :.83< :.8>:
BU
MU
Ghmgumhtco Kchsurco
38:3>> 3>>>>> ?293>> ?93>>> ?5:3>>
88>>> 88>>> 88>>> 88>>> 88>>>
::>>>> 88>>>
Y _ dt U
th
dl
:5.< :5.:?7 :3.329 :?.<78 :?.:93
B Z MU td _crtlhrt 88.3?9 Zhtld
:.:88 :.833 :.><<
:5.5:8 :3.<52 :3.78 :?.553 :?.>58 88.?7<
__Z _cst Zcsumt de 3>>/::>av Hutd _rh`sedrkcr _-7 (Zco ^bhsc) _H^ BU MU Ghmgumhtco Kchsurco ^DW. 8 38:3>> ::>>>> :.7:< :.7:7? : 3>>>>> ::>>>> :.:9: :.:52 dl th 7 ?293>> ::>>>> :.:83 :.:8 Z ? ?93>>> ::>>>> :.83< :.833 U M 3 ?5:3>> ::>>>> :.8>: :.><< dt _H^ BU MU Ghmgumhtco Kchsurco U ^DW. B 8 38:3>> 88>>> :5.< :5.588 _ : 3>>>>> 88>>> :5.:?7 :3.<52 dt 7 ?293>> 88>>> :3.329 :3.788 dl ? ?93>>> 88>>> :?.<78 :?.55? th U 3 ?5:3>> 88>>> :?.:93 :?.>87 B Z MU td _crtlhrt 5 ::>>>> 88>>> 88.3?9 88.??8 Zhtld
79
7.8.? Olsslphtld`/^dwcr Ehgtdr Kchsurckc`t (_h` Ocmth)
_bc gd`oltld` de tbc l`sumhtld` ls cssc`tlhm edr scgurc h`o rcmlhjmc dpcrhtld` de ydur trh`sedrkcr. Kchsurl`i ghphglth`gc h`o olsslphtld`/pdwcr ehgtdr bcmps ydu td octcrkl`c l`sumhtld` gd`oltld` l` jusbl`is dr jctwcc` wl`ol`is. Gbh`ics l` ghphglth`gc gh`, edr cxhkpmc, l`olghtc kcgbh`lghm olspmhgckc`ts de wl`ol`is dr phrtlhm jrchaodw` l` jusbl`is. Hil`i H il`i h`o ocirhohtld` de tbc l`sumhtld`, gdupmco wltb tbc l`ircss de whtcr, l`grchsc tbc hkdu`t de c`criy tbht ls gd`vcrtco td bcht l` tbc l`sumhtld`. _bc rhtc de tbcsc mdsscs ls kchsurco hs olsslphtld` ehgtdr. Yltb dur tcstl`i systcks, ydu gh` cvc` octcrkl`c tbc ghphglth`gc h`o olsslphtld`/pdwcr ehgtdr ht vhrlhjmc ercquc`gy. _bcrcedrc, hil`i pbc`dkc`h gh` tbc` jc octcgtco chrmlcr, h`o gdrrcspd`ol`i hgtld` sugb hs rcphlr, dlm trchtkc`t dr oryl`i g h` jc l`ltlhtco Ghphglth`gc h`o Olsslphtld` Ehgtdr _cst ^rdgcourc (_wd wl`ol`i ory-typc trh`sedrkcr) Wtcp 8.
L sdmhtc tbc cqul cqulpk pkc c`t , hppmy wdral`i irdu`os td hmm l`gdkl`i h`o dutidl`i ghjmcs h`o olsgd``cgt hmm l`gdkl`i h`o dutidl`i ghjmcs erdk tbc trh`sedrkcr jusbl`i trh`sedrkcr jusbl`i tcrkl`hms. sueel glc`t `t gmch gmchr h`gc `gc erdk tbc swltgbichr tcrkl`hms irchtcr Olsgd``cgtco ghjmcs sbdumo bhvc sueelglc tbht tbc pbhsc sphgl`i olsth`gc.
Ssc `ymd` `ymd` rdp r dpc c td bdmo ghj ghjmc mc hwh hwhyy er dk l `gdkl `gdkl `i h`o dutidl`i dutidl `i tcr tcr kl `hms hs rc r cqulr ul r co. Wtcp :.
Lsdmhtc tbc `cutr tbc trh`sedrkcr irdu`ol`i jhr. `cutrhm hm jusbl jusbl`i `i gd``cg gd``cgtl tld` d` le hppmlghjmc erdk tbc trh`sedrkcr Wtcp 7.
72
Wbdrt-glrgult hmm blib vdmthic jusbl`i vdmthic jusbl`i tcrkl`hms tdictbcr. Wtcp ?.
Wbdrt-glrgult hmm mdw vdmthic jusbl`i vdmthic jusbl`i tcrkl`hms h`o tbc `cutrhm jusbl`i tcrkl`hm tdictbcr. Wtcp 3.
Gd``cgt tbc ghphglth`gc tbc ghphglth`gc h`o olsslphtld` h`o olsslphtld` ehgtdr tcst sct. Zcecr td E liurc 8 hjdvc. Wtcp 5.
Zcgdro tbc ghphglth`gc tbc ghphglth`gc h`o olsslphtld` h`o olsslphtld` ehgtdr vhmucs d`gc tbc `umm kctcr ls jhmh`gc edr jdtb pbhsl`i pdsltld`. Zcgdro vhmucs v hmucs edr tbc elvc tcst-vhrlhjmc tcst-vhrlh jmc scmcgtdr scmcg tdr swltgb pdsltld`.
^dwcr _rh`sedrkcr _cstl`i ‗ Kchsurl`i ghphglth`gc Kchsurl`i ghphglth`gc h`o h`o pdwcr ehgtdr dr olsslphtld` dr olsslphtld` ehgtdr
_bc gd`oltld` de tbc jusbl`is h`o tbc dvcrhmm l`sumhtld` de pdwcr trh`sedrkcrs gh` jc l`vcstlihtco jy kchsurl`i tbc ghphglth`gc h`o olsslphtld` h`o olsslphtld` ehgtdr, ehgtdr, hmsd a`dw` hs tbc th`ic`t ocmth, dr pdwcr pdwcr ehgtdr. ehgtdr. Hil`i h`o ocgdkpdsltld` de tbc l`sumhtld`, dr tbc l`ircss de whtcr, l`grchscs tbc mdsscs h`o tbus kdrc c`criy ls tur`co l`td bcht l` tbc l`sumhtld`. _bc mcvcm de tbls olsslphtld` tbls olsslphtld` ls cxprcssco jy tbc olsslphtld` tbc olsslphtld` ehgtdr dr pdwcr pdwcr ehgtdr. Bcrc wc pcredrk G&OE tcst de hutd trh`sedrkcr h`o thac edmmdwl`i rchol`i G & OE _cst Zcsumt de 3>>/::>av Hutd _rh`sedrkcr _-7 (Jmuc ^bhsc) Mchahic Wr.@d Ocvlgc Kdoc _dthm Ghp OE gurrc`t av pE/`E % kH 8 BU Jusb (@cw) SW_ 8> ?>5.?2?pE >.:282 8.:99 : MU Jusb SW_ 8> ?2:.53?pE >.:958 8.385 7 @cutrhm Jusb SW_ 8> ?39.?2?`E >.?92? 8?.728 ? IW_ 8> 3.5259`E >.78?8 8?.297 _rh`sedrkcr 3 SW_ 8> 5<.393>pE -8.8><7 :82.32³ Jdoy IW_i5 8> H
7<
G & OE _cst Zcsumt de 3>>/::>av Hutd _rh`sedrkcr _-7 (\cmmdw ^bhsc) Mchahic Wr.@d Ocvlgc Kdoc _dthm Ghp OE gurrc`t av pE/`E % kH 8 BU Jusb (@cw) SW_ 8> 7<3.>.:9>8 8.:?88 : MU Jusb SW_ 8> ?<>.:58pE >.>29: 8.3?>8 7 @cutrhm Jusb IW_ 8> 8<.::77`E >.3>3: 5>.?>8 ? SW_-H 8> 52.<7:>pE >.835< :85.3?³ _rh`sedrkcr 3 IW_ 8> 8<.:?32`E >.7?7< 5>.?59 Jdoy IW_i5 H
G & OE _cst Zcsumt de 3>>/::>av Hutd _rh`sedrkcr _-7 (Zco ^bhsc) Mchahic Wr.@d Ocvlgc Kdoc _dthm Ghp OE gurrc`t av pE/`E % kH SW_8 BU Jusb (@cw) 8> ?>7.8:7pE >.:27< 8.:553 H SW_: MU Jusb 8> ?2?.353pE >.7>29 8.3::8 H SW_7 @cutrhm Jusb 8> ?.73578`E >.322? 87.5 ?.73>3<`E >.3<:3 87.<59 _rh`sedrkcr 3 SW_ 8> 93.2>2>pE ->.?72: :72.8? Jdoy 5
?>
7.8.3 Olcmcgtrlg strc`itb strc`itb de trh`sedrkcr dlm
_bc jrchaodw` vdmthic tcst edr l`sumhtl`i dlm...
L` pbyslgs, tbc tcrk olcmcgtrlg strc`itb bhs tbc edmmdwl`i kch`l`is6 De h` l`sumhtl`i khtcrlhm, tbc khxlkuk cmcgtrlg elcmo tbht h purc khtcrlhm gh` wltbsth`o u`ocr lochm gd`oltld`s wltbdut jrchal`i odw` (l.c., wltbdut cxpcrlc`gl`i ehlmurc de lts l`sumhtl`i prdpcrtlcs). prdpcrtlcs).
Olcmcgtrlg Wtrc`itb ls h kchsurc de tbc cmcgtrlghm strc`itb de h khtcrlhm hs h` l`sumhtdr. Olcmcgtrlg strc`itb ls ocel`co hs tbc khxlkuk vdmthic rcqulrco td prdougc h olcmcgtrlg jrchaodw` tbrduib tbc khtcrlhm h`o ls cxprcssco hs Udmts pcr u`lt tblg a`css Olcmcgtrlg strc`itb de trh`sedrkcr dlm ls hmsd a`dw` hs jrchaodw` vdmthic de trh`sedrkcr dlm dr JOU de trh`sedrkcr dlm. Jrcha odw` vdmthic ls kchsurco jy djscrvl`i ht wbht vdmthic, sphral`i strhlts jctwcc` twd cmcgtrdocs ckcrico l` tbc dlm, scphrhtco jy spcglelg ihp.
_rh`sedrkcr dlm, h typc de l`sumhtl`i l`sumhtl`i h`o gddml`i dlm usco l` trh`sedrkcrs l` trh`sedrkcrs h`o dtbcr cmcgtrlghm cqulpkc`t, `ccos td jc tcstco jc tcstco pcrldolghmmy pcrldolghmmy td c`surc tbht lt ls stlmm elt edr purpdsc. _bls ls jcghusc jc ghusc lt tc`os td octcrldrhtc dvcr tlkc. _cstl`i scquc`gcs h`o prdgcourcs hrc ocel`co jy vhrldus
?8
l`tcr`htld`hm sth`ohros, kh`y de tbck sct jy HW_K. jy HW_K. _cstl`i gd`slsts de kchsurl`i jrchaodw` kchsurl`i jrchaodw` vdmthic h`o dtbcr pbyslghm pbyslghm h`o gbcklghm h`o gbcklghm prdpcrtlcs prdpcrtlcs de shkpmcs de tbc dlm, cltbcr l` h mhjdrhtdry dr usl`i pdrthjmc tcst cqulpkc`t d` sltc. Edr h `cw l`sumhtl`i trh`sedrkcr dlm(ghmmco vlril` dlm), tbc, vhmuc ls 9>av edr h iddo shtlsehgtdry mcvcm jut, wbcrc hs dlm l` usc (ghmmco l` scrvlgc) bhs vhmucs v hmucs rh`il`i erdk :3 av td 3>av , ocpc`ol`i upd` vhrldus ehgtdrs mlac ,ru``l`i bdurs de usc, lkpurltlcs, kdlsturc gd`tc`t, smuoic gd`tc`t ctg, jut lt ls hovlshjmc td olsghro dmo dlm, le vhmuc odcs `dt lkprdvc hetcr ocbyorhtld` h`o elmtrhtld` hjdvc 5> AU l` mhjdrhtdry sctup dr tbc dlm bhs `dt phssl`i h gdkphtljlmlty/klxljlmty tcst wltb `cw trh`sedrkcr dlm ht oleecrc`t rhtld td gdkc td ht phr l` ushjmc rh`ics hs pcr sth`ohros, d` tbc dtbcr bh`o tbc cxhgt vhmucs h`o gdrrcgt eliurcs edr Ulril` Ulril` dlm hrc hvhlmhjmc l` LCG-5>:<5 LCG-5>:<5 H@O edr dlm l` scrvlgc tbcrc ls h gdkpmctc iuloc h`o spcglelghtld` hvhlmhjmc hs LCG-5>:?9 wbcrc hmm tbc `csscgghry l`edrkhtld`“s hrc hvhlmhjmc, l`gmuol`i tbc tcst kctbdos h`o hpphrhtus h`o hpphrhtus rcqulrco.
_wd sth`ohro-gdkpmlh`t tcst cmcgtrdocs wltb h typlghm gmchrh`gc de :.3 kk hrc surrdu`oco jy tbc olcmcgtrlg dlm . H tcst vdmthic ls hppmlco td tbc cmcgtrdocs h`o ls gd`tl`udusmy l`grchsco up td tbc jrchaodw` vdmthic wltb h gd`sth`t , sth`ohro-gdkpmlh`t smcw rhtc de c.i. : aU/s
?:
OCW _cst De 3>>av Hutd _/E _8 ht 3>>avh Ihttl irlo sthtld`. Jrchaodw` vdmthic tcstl`i prdgcourc
_d hsscss tbc l`sumhtl`i prdpcrty de olcmcgtrlg trh`sedrkcr dlm, h shkpmc de tbc trh`sedrkcr dlm ls thac` h`o lts jrchaodw` lts jrchaodw` vdmthic ls kchsurco. _bc mdwcr tbc rcsumtl`i jrchaodw` vdmthic, tbc pddrcr tbc quhmlty de tbc trh`sedrkcr dlm. _bc trh`sedrkcr dlm ls elmmco l` tbc vcsscm de tbc tcstl`i ocvlgc. _wd sth`ohro-gdkpmlh`t tcst cmcgtrdocs wltb h typlghm gmchrh`gc de :.3 kk hrc surrdu`oco jy tbc olcmcgtrlg dlm. H tcst vdmthic ls hppmlco td tbc cmcgtrdocs h`o ls gd`tl`udusmy l`grchsco up td tbc jrchaodw` vdmthic wltb h gd`sth`t, sth`ohro-gdkpmlh`t smcw sth`ohro-gdkpmlh`t smcw rhtc de c.i. : aU/s. Ht h gcrthl` vdmthic mcvcm jrchaodw` dggurs l` h` cmcgtrlg h` cmcgtrlg hrg, mchol`i hrg, mchol`i td h gdmmhpsc de tbc tcst vdmthic. H` l`sth`t hetcr li`ltld` de tbc hrg, tbc tcst vdmthic ls swltgbco dee hutdkhtlghmmy jy tbc tcstl`i ocvlgc. Smtrh ehst swltgb dee ls blibmy ocslrhjmc, hs tbc ghrjd`lzhtld` ouc td tbc cmcgtrlg hrg kust jc mlkltco td accp tbc hooltld`hm pdmmutld` hs mdw hs pdssljmc.
?7
_bc trh`sedrkcr dlm tcstl`i ocvlgc kchsurcs h`o rcpdrts tbc tbc rddt kch` squhrc vhmuc de tbc jrchaodw` vdmthic. Hetcr tbc trh`sedrkcr dlm tcst ls gdkpmctco, tbc l`sumhtld` dlm ls stlrrco hutdkhtlghmmy h`o tbc tcst scquc`gc ls pcredrkco rcpchtcomy6 typlghmmy 3 rcpctltld`s, ocpc`ol`i d` tbc sth`ohro. Hs h rcsumt tbc jrchaodw` vdmthic ls ghmgumhtco hs kch` vhmuc de tbc l`olvlouhm kchsurckc`ts.
L`sumhtl`i prdpcrty6 ‗
• Wbdumo `dt l`tcrecrc wltb h`y phrt. _bcrcedrc, lt kust jc gdkpmctcmy ercc erdk olrt, oust, eljcrs, kdlsturc
•
Oust,
•
Wbdumo
•
Zlibt
•
h`o
olrt jc
h`o
kdlsturc
s thjmc
vlsgdslty
Wbdumo
dtbcr
hihl`st
h`o
`dt
hrc
c`cklcs
dxlohtld`
tbcrkhm
bhvc
h
sdmlo
ht
de
wdral`i
cmcgtrlglty, tckpcrhturc
gd`ougtlvlty
td
tc`oc`gy
td
khttcrs.
jc
h`
rckdvc de
<>
ceelglc`t
olssdmvc
h`y
tbck. oci.
G
gddmh`t. khttcr.
• Oc`slty de dlm ls >.2< ir/gk7 ht :<.3 ¾G.
Wpcglelghtld` Wpcglelghtld` de l`sumhtl`i dlm6 Gcrthl` prdpcrtlcs de l`sumhtl`i dlm hrc vcry lkpdrth`t. ^rdvloc
h
blib
cmcgtrlg
strc`itb.
^crklt iddo trh`secr de bcht. Bhvc mdw spcglelg irhvlty Bhvc h mdw vlsgdslty Bhvc mdw pdur pdl`t Bhvc h blib emhsb pdl`t. @dt
htthga
l`sumhtl`i
khtcrlhms
h`o
strugturhm
b. Bhvc gbcklghm sthjlmlty td c`surc mlecmd`i scrvlgc.
Z ^bhsc 8 : 7 ? 3 Hvrhic
27.8av 27.av 97.9av 99.3av 92.8av
\ ^bhsc 8 : 7 ? 3 Hvrhic
2?.>av 9:.>av 27.>av 27.?av 53.3av 99.:av
??
J ^bhsc 8 : 7 ? 3 Hvrhic
93.9av 97.7av 2?.8av 93.>av 2>.>av 99.7av
khtcrlhms.
Uhmuc de OCW tcst de Wphrc u`lt de _8
8 : 7 ? 3 Hvrhic
93.9av 97.7av 2?.8av 93.>av 2>.>av 99.7av
7.8.5 Gd`thgt Zcslsth`gc _cst Acmvl` (?-wlrc) rcslsth`gc kchsurckc`t
Dbk“s mhw ocel`cs rcslsth`gc, ”Z‛, hs tbc rhtld de vdmthic ”U‛ hgrdss h gdkpd`c`t, td tbc gurrc`t ”L‛ phssl`i tbrduib lt6 Z ; U/L
_d kchsurc rcslsth`gc, wc hppmy h tcst gurrc`t td h wlrc h`o octcgt tbc vdmthic ordp ocvcmdpco. Erdk tbls, wc chslmy ghmgumhtc tbc rcslsth`gc hs sbdw` l` tbc edmmdwl`i eliurc.
?3
Yc kchsurc tbc rcslsth`gc de l`tcrcst, ZY, jctwcc` tbc gd`ougtdr “s twd khtl`i pl`s. _bc c`tlrc glrgult, bdwcvcr, l`gmuocs tbc rcslsth`gc de tbc mcho wlrcs, ZM8 h`o ZM:, sd tbc vdmthic ordp usco l` tbc ghmgumhtld` l`gmuocs hmm tbrcc de tbcsc rcslsth`gcs. L` kh`y sltuhtld`s tbc mcho wlrc rcslsth`gc ls kugb mdwcr tbh` tbc rcslsth`gc de tbc gd`ougtdr dr gdkpd`c`t wc hlk td kchsurc h`o tbcrcedrc gh` jc olsrcihroco. L` sdkc sltuhtld`s, bdwcvcr, tbc rcslsth`gc de l`tcrcst, ZY, hpprdhgbcs tbc rcslsth`gc vhmuc de tbc mcho wlrcs usco td kchsurc lt rcsumtl`i l` h` l`hggurhtc rchol`i. Yc gdrrcgt tbls prdjmck jy kdvl`i tbc vdmthic kchsurckc`t pdl`ts dut td tbc c`opdl`ts de tbc khtl`i pl`s, tbus, jyphssl`i h`y vdmthic ordp tbht khy dggur l` tbc mcho wlrcs. Zcecr td tbc eliurc jcmdw6
_bc Dbkkctcr tbc` hppchrs td bhvc edur wlrcs gdkl`i erdk lt. _bc lkhic ht tbc rlibt sbdws
?5
tbcsc tcrkl`hms d` h typlghm OKK. Jcghusc wc `dw usc edur mcho wlrcs l`stcho de twd, wc rcecr td tbls hpprdhgb hs ”?”?-wlrc kchsurckc`t‛, dr hmtcr`htlvcmy ”?”?-Ylrc Acmvl`‛ kchsurckc`t l` bd`dr de tbc 8
@dtc tbht tbc gurrc`t emdwl`i tbrduib tbc vdmthic-kchsurl`i glrgult de h ?-wlrc systck ls cxtrckcmy skhmm, typlghmmy d` tbc drocr de erhgtld`s de h klgrd hkp (slx dr kdrc drocrs de khi`ltuoc mcss tbh` tbc sdurgc gurrc`t), sd vlrtuhmmy `d vdmthic ordp dggurs hgrdss tbcsc mcho wlrcs, h`o lt“s lt“s ceecgt d` tbc rcslsth`gc kchsurckc`t ls `cimliljmc. L` sukkhry, le tbcrc ls `d gurrc`t emdwl`i tbrduib h wlrc, tbcrc ls `d vdmthic ordp hgrdss lt rcihromcss de lts mc`itb. _bls lkpdrth`t pdl`t kch`s tbht mcho wlrcs khy `dw jc qultc md`i, sdkctlkcs cxgccol`i 8> ecct (7 kctcrs), wltbdut bhvl`i h`y ceecgt d` tbc kchsurckc`t. Md`i mcho wlrcs jcgdkc `cgcsshry wbc` tcstl`i mhric, kumtl-jrh`gb wlrc bhr`css hssckjmlcs, sd tbls sltuhtld` ls `dt hs u`gdkkd` hs lt klibt scck. _bc prl`glphm hovh`thic de ?-wlrc kchsurckc`t ls tbht lt cmlkl`htcs h`y ceecgt de elxturc rcslsth`gc (tbc mcho wlrcs) td djthl` h prcglsc rcslsth`gc vhmuc de tbc SS_. Jcghusc ?-wlrc kchsurckc`ts typlghmmy ckpmdy tcst gurrc`ts wcmm hjdvc tbdsc `ccoco edr twd-wlrc tcstl`i, h scgd`ohry hovh`thic gdkcs tbrduib tbc usc de h blib-gurrc`t strcss tcst edr wlrl`i jy orlvl`i h gurrc`t de 8 H dr kdrc tbrduib chgb gd`ougtdr, h`o tbc hjlmlty td sct h owcmm tlkc erdk 8>> ks td kh`y kl`utcs ‗‗ kl`utcs ‗‗ djscrvl`i djscrvl`i h smdwmy-l`grchsl`i rcslsth`gc ourl`i h md`i owcmm pcrldo rcsumtl`i erdk tbcrkhm bchtl`i khy rcvchm prdjmcks `dt octcgtco wltb h sbdrtcr kchsurckc`t l`tcrvhm. Wdetwhrc orlvl`i h ?-wlrc kchsurckc`t systck sbdumo pcrklt l`olvlouhm gd`ougtdrs wltbl` h SS_ td jc l`ocpc`oc`tmy olshjmco erdk h ?-wlrc tcst jy Sscr scmcgtld` td hvdlo pdtc`tlhm ohkhic td euscs dr dtbcr gdkpd`c`t `dt l`tc`oco td ghrry blib tcst gurrc`t. Sscrs sbdumo hmsd jc hmmdwco td l`ocpc`oc`tmy sct oleecrc`t tcst gurrc`ts h`o owcmm tlkcs edr oleecrc`t gd`ougtdrs.
?9
Gd`thgt Zcslsth`gc Uhmuc J3X:: ^bhs Gd`thgt c
Hppmy gurrc`t
Z
8
8>>H
\
8
8>>H
J
8
8>>H
J7X:: ^bhs Gd`thgt c
Hppmy gurrc`t
Z
8
8>>H
\
8
8>>H
J
8
8>>H
J8X:: ^bhs Gd`thgt c
Hppmy gurrc`t
Z
8
8>>H
\
8
8>>H
J
8
8>>H
J?X:: ^bhs Gd`thgt c
Zcsumt
872³ ℥ 8?:³ ℥ 879³ ℥
8:3³ ℥ 8:9³ ℥ 87:³ ℥
Zcsum t
Z
8
8>>H
93³℥
\
8
8>>H
95³℥
J
8
8>>H
93³℥
Hppmy gurrc`t
Zcsum t
J:X:: ^bhs Gd`thgt c
Zcsumt
Hppmy gurrc`t
Z
8
8>>H
27³℥
\
8
8>>H
92³℥
J
8
8>>H
9<³℥
Zcsumt
8>:³ ℥ 8>5³ ℥ <<³℥
7.8.9 Chrtb rcslsth`gc tcst L` jrdho tcrks, "chrtb rcslsth`gc" ls ocel`co hs rcslsth`gc de sdlm djscrvco l` tbc phtb de emdw de cmcgtrlg gurrc`t. L` ic`crhm, Chrtb ls rcmhtlvcmy pddr gd`ougtdr de tbc cmcgtrlglty l` gdkphrlsd` td
?2
`drkhm gd`ougtdrs sugb hs gdppcr wlrc. Zcslsth`gc gh` jc vcry mdw wbc` hrch de tbc phtb wbcrc gurrc`t ls emdwl`i ls mhricr l` slzc. Bc`gc l` tbls gd `oltld` Chrtb ls gd`slocrco hs iddo gd`ougtdr. Lt ls lkpdrth`t td a`dw chrtb rcslsth`gc hs lt bcmps l` el`ol`i tbc mdghtld` wblgb ls lochm td irdu`o tbc cqulpkc`ts h`o bcmp td prdtcgt bukh` jcl`is. Lt hmsd bcmps td octcrkl`c wbht mlcs ht ecw olsth`gc jcmdw tbc chrtb's surehgc. Chrtb rcslsth`gc tcstl`i
_bc Chrtb _bc Chrtb rcslsth`gc tcstl`i wlmm bcmp el`o tbc jcst chrtb mdghtld` h`o ocptb td elx mdw rcslsth`gc cmcgtrdocs. _bc rcslstlvlty de chrtb ls usco td l`olghtc ocircc de gdrrdsld` usceum l` u`ocrirdu`o plpcml`cs. _bcsc plpcml`cs hrc usco edr dlm, whtcr, ihs ctg. _yplghmmy, mdghtld`s wltb mdw rcslstlvlty vhmucs wlmm bhvc blibcr gdrrdsld`. L` chrtb L` chrtb rcslsth`gc tcstl`i, chrtb tcstcr ic`crhtcs HG sli`hm. _bls sli`hm ls eco td tbc WS_ (Wystck (W ystck u`ocr _cst). Jy kchsurl`i emdw de gurrc`t h`o ic`crhtco vdmthic wlmm ilvc us systck rcslsth`gc. _bc chrtb rcslsth`gc gh` jc kchsurco l` tbc rh`ic jctwcc` >.>>8 td :> ADbk.
Eliurc ocplgts gd`gcpts de chrtb chrtb rcslsth`gc tcstl`i ckpmdyco l` tcstcr cqulpkc`ts. Hs sbdw` l` tbc eliurc, Zdo-7 ls kdvco h`o kchsurckc`t de vdmthic h`o gurrc`t ls rcgdroco ht vhrldus pdl`ts jctwcc` Zdo-8 h`o Zdo-:. Jy usl`i Dbk's Mhw (Z ; C/L), Chrtb rcslsth`gc gh` jc octcrkl`co ht vhrldus pdl`ts h`o mdghtld` bhvl`i mdw rcslsth`gc gh` chslmy jc ocrlvco erdk tbc pmdt (chrtb rcslsth`gc vcrsus olsth`gc l` ecct de Zdo-7 erdk Zdo-8.
Chrtb Zcslsth`gc _cst
Zh`ic;:>℥
Cqulpkc`ts
Zɲ
\ɲ
Jɲ
M.U ^dst
>.>?
>.>?
>.>?
Chrtb Zcslsth`gc _cst De _8 Z ɲ >.>3/>.>5 @ >.>5/>.>3 \ >.> >.>?/>.>3 @ >.> >.>3/>.>5 ?<
>.>?/>. >? Elrc Elibtl`i >.>?/>. ^OC >? >.>7/>. Chrtb kht >7 ^._ Jusbhr >.>?/>. ^dst >? >.>7/>. G._ >7 Ordpcr ^dst >.>? Gd`trdm Jdx >.>7 J?X8 >.>?/>. Blib Ic`try >? >.>7/>. Jrloic Ic`try >7 >.>7/>. Yhtcr ^lpc >7 >.>7/>. Chrtb Wwltgb >7 >.>?/>. G.U._ >? >.>?/>. Yhvc _rhp >? _/E Jdoy
>.>?/>. >? >.>?/>. >? >.>7/>. >7 >.>?/>. >? >.>7/>. >7 >.>?
>.>?/>. >? >.>?/>. >? >.>7/>. >7 >.>?/>. >? >.>7/>. >7 >.>?
>.>7
>.>7
>.>7/>. >7 >.>7/>. >7 >.>7/>. >7 >.>?/>. >? >.>7/>. >7 >.>7/>. >7
>.>7/>. >7 >.>7/>. >7 >.>7/>. >7 >.>7/>. >7 >.>7/>. >7 >.>7/>. >7
ɲ J ɲ
Edmmdwl`i hrc tbc tbrcc tcst kctbdos usco 8. Ehmm de pdtc`tlhm kctbdo DZ tbrcc tcrkl`hm tcst kctbdo
:. _wd pdl`t tcst kctbdo dr Ocho Chrtb kctbdo
3>
td
>.>5/>.>3
kchsurc
@ >.>5/>.>5
Chrtb
rcslsth`gc.
”Ocho
Chrtb‛
7. Gmhkp d` tcst kctbdo
38
_cst
7.: @cutrhm @cutrhm ls rctur` phtb edr h` HG glrgult wblgb ls suppdsco td ghrry gurrc`t l` `drkhm gd`oltld`. gd`o ltld`. _bls gurrc`t khy jc jcghusc de kh`y rchsd`s, prlkhrlmy jcghusc de pbhsc gurrc`t lkjhmh`gc h`o sdkc tlkc jcghusc 7ro h`o 3tb bhrkd`lgs hmsd _bcrc khy jc dtbcrs rchsd`s tdd jut tbc khi`ltuoc de tbls gurrc`t ls l` erhgtld` de pbhsc gurrc`t h`o l` ecw ghsc lt gh` jc cvc` odujmc de pbhsc gurrc`t. Wd @cutrhm wlrc ls hmwhys hssukco td jc gbhrico ( l` hgtlvc glrgult). glrgult). _bls `cutrhm wlrc ls ilvc` td irdu`o (jy irdu`ol`i) td khac tbc scgd`o tcrkl`hm de `cutrhm wlrc ht zcrd pdtc`tlhm.
7.7 Chrtb dr Irdu`o ls edr shecty gd`gcr`s hihl`st mchahic dr rcslouhm gurrc`ts d` tbc systck vlh mchst rcslsth`gc phtb. Yblmc pbhsc h`o `cutrhm ls gd``cgtco td khl` pdwcr wlrl`i, chrtb khy jc gd``cgtco td jdoy de cqulpkc`t dr td h`y systck wblgb l` `drkhm gd`oltld` odcs`“t ghrry gurrc`t jut l` ghsc de sdkc l`sumhtld` ehlmurc, ls suppdsco td ghrry sdkc kl`dr gurrc`t.
3:
_bls gurrc`t ls `dt olrcgtmy gdkl`i erdk mlvc dr pbhsc wlrc, jut ls erdk scgd`ohry ml`as wblgb whs `dt l` tdugb wltb mlvc systck l` `drkhm gd`oltld`. _bls gurrc`t ls usuhmmy kugb mcsscr tbh` khl` ml`c gurrc`t dr ^bhsc gurrc`t h`o kdstmy ls l` drocr de kH. Jut tbls mchahic gurrc`t ls iddo c`duib td almm sdkcd`c dr khy rlsa elrc. Wugb gurrc`t hrc jcl`i prdvloco h mdw rcslsth`gc phtb h`o sc`t td chrtb vlh chrtb vlh chrtb wlrc. Jcghusc de tbc oleecrc`gc l` hppmlghtld` wc `cvcr klx irdu`ol`i de `cutrhm h`o chrtb. Bdwcvcr jdtb hrc khoc irdu`oco (de-gdursc tbc prdgcss p rdgcss khy jc j c oleecrc`t). Le jdtb wlmm jc klxco tbc` tbc chrtb wlrc wblgb ls `dt suppdsco td ghrry h`y gurrc`t l` `drkhm gd`oltld`, khy bhvc sdkc gbhrics hgrdss h`o wlmm jcgdkc bhzhrodus.
Wd l` gd`gmusld` (d` tbc oleecrc`gc jctwcc` @cutrhm h`o Irdu`o/Chrtb)6 8.8 Erdk tbc Ic`crhtld` sloc, tbc @cutrhm h`o Chrtb bhvc tbc shkc gdkkd` pdl`t. @cutrhm/Chrtb ls tbls ghsc wdumo hgt hs tbc rctur` phtb p htb de tbc suppmy.
8.: Erdk tbc Olstrljutld` sloc, wc sthrt td ru` tbc @cutrhm ml`cs. @cutrhm l` tbls ghsc wdumo jc tbc rctur` phtb de tbc suppmy. 8.7 Chrtb ls stlmm hvhlmhjmc jut `drkhmmy tbcrc wlmm jc `d gurrc`t emdwl`i, d`my ourl`i suppmy mchahic Irdu`ol`i ls tbc gdkkd`my wdro usco edr chrtbl`i l` tbc @drtb Hkcrlgh` sth`ohros mlac LCCC, @CG, H@WL h`o SM ctg wblmc, Chrtbl`i ls usco l` Curdpch` , Gdkkd` wchmtb gdu`trlcs h`o Jrlthl` sth`ohros mlac LW h`o LCG ctg.
L` slkpmc wdros, Chrtbl`i wdros, Chrtbl`i h`o Irdu`ol`i hrc sy`d`yks. Jdtb hrc slklmhr wdros usco edr tbc shkc tbl`i
Hs tbc `cutrhm pdl`t de h` cmcgtrlghm suppmy systck ls detc` gd``cgtco td chrtb irdu`o, irdu`o h`o `cutrhm hrc gmdscmy rcmhtco. S`ocr gcrthl` gd`oltld`s, h gd`ougtdr usco td gd``cgt td h systck `cutrhm ls hmsd usco edr irdu`ol`i (chrtbl`i) de cqulpkc`t h`o strugturcs. Bdw irdu`ol`i ls oleecrc`t tbh` chrtbml`is4
Yblmc chrtbl`i ls od`c `dt edr rctur` phtb jut d`my edr prdtcgtld` de ocmlghtc cqulpkc`ts. Lt ls h` hmtcr`htc mdw rcslsth`gc phtb edr gurrc`t. Ybc` wc thac dut tbc `cutrhm edr h tbrcc pbhsc u`jhmh`gco gd``cgtld` h`o sc`o lt td irdu`o, lt ls ghmmco irdu`ol`i
37
_bls ilvcs h skhmm vdmthic jctwcc` tbc irdu`oco kcthm phrts de ocvlgcs gd``cgtco td lt h`o truc irdu`o le pbhscs hrc u`jhmh`gco, wblgb ls gmchrmy sujdptlkhm, jut le ydu bhvc h ehumty ocvlgc wbcrc h bdt wlrc tdugbcs tbc ghsc, tbht wlmm ht mchst jmdw tbc eusc. Lt ls bdwcvcr wrd`i td gd``cgt irdu`o td `cutrhm l` tbc whmm
Yby _/E `cutrhm ls scphrhtcmy irdu`oco
@d, tbc `cutrhm h`o irdu`o sbdumo `cvcr jc wlrco tdictbcr. _bls ls wrd`i, h`o pdtc`tlhmmy oh`icrdus. Ybc` ydu pmui l` sdkctbl`i l` tbc dutmct, tbc `cutrhm wlmm jc mlvc, hs lt gmdscs tbc glrgult. Le tbc irdu`o ls wlrco td tbc `cutrhm, tbc irdu`o de tbc hppmlh`gc wlmm hmsd jc mlvc. _bls gh` jc ecmt hs h tl`iml`i le ydu tdugb tbc irdu`oco ghsl`i de tbc hppmlh`gc, jcghusc kdst de tbc gurrc`t stlmm idcs tbrduib tbc `cutrhm wbcrc tbc mdwcst rcslsth`gc ls. Bdwcvcr, le tbcrc ls sdkctbl`i wrd`i h`o tbc `cutrhm ls olsgd``cgtco, lt wlmm khac tbc hppmlh`gc oh`icrdus. Le ydu tdugb tbc ghsl`i, h`o sdkc rchm irdu`o (mlac h whtcr plpc) ht tbc shkc tlkc, ydu wlmm gmdsc tbc glrgult h`o ghrry ghrr y hmm de tbc gurrc`t. Wd, gd``cgtl`i tbc irdu`o td `cutrhm tdthmmy ocechts tbc purpdsc de bhvl`i h irdu`o, h`o hgtuhmmy khacs lt kdrc oh`icrdus tbh` `dt bhvl`i tbc irdu`o ht hmm. Ybc` tbc l`spcgtdr whs kchsurl`i tbc irdu`o, bc whs hgtuhmmy kchsurl`i tbc `cutrhm, wblgb
3?
`hturhmmy sbdws h gurrc`t wbc` sdkctbl`i ls gd``cgtco sdkcwbcrc l` tbc glrgult
Lkpdrth`gc de `cutrhm
L` tbc cmcgtrlghm trhoc, tbc gd`ougtdr de h :-wlrc glrgult gd``cgtco td tbc suppmy `cutrhm pdl`t h`o chrtb irdu`o ls rcecrrco td hs tbc "`cutrhm ". ... Hmm `cutrhm wlrcs de tbc shkc chrtbco (irdu`oco) cmcgtrlghm systck sbdumo bhvc tbc shkc cmcgtrlghm pdtc`tlhm, jcghusc tbcy hrc hmm gd``cgtco tbrduib tbc systck irdu`o. Hmm `cutrhm
wlrcs de
tbc
shkc cmcgtrlghm pdtc`tlhm,
shkc jcghusc
chrtbco (irdu`oco) cmcgtrlghm systck sbdumo tbcy
hrc
hmm
gd``cgtco
tbrduib
bhvc
tbc
tbc
systck
irdu`o. @cutrhm gd`ougtdrs hrc usuhmmy l`sumhtco edr tbc shkc vdmthic hs tbc ml`c gd`ougtdrs, wltb l`tcrcstl`i cxgcptld`s
33
HJZLUH_LD@W
@_OG MCWGD ACWG ECWGD KC^GD LCWGD IC^GD BCWGD XCWGD ^CWGD I/W GGU_ GU_ G/J G_ ^_ MOW WE5 __Z G&OE BU MU OCW
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
ZCEZH@GC YYY.CMCG_ZLG?S.GDK YYY.XSCZH.GDK
35
