Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, World, sixth edition
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Chapter 2 – Investigating System Requirements Solutions to End-of-Chapter Problems Review Questions 1. List and briefly describe the five activites of systems analysis.
Gather detailed information – information – meet meet with users to understand the business processes and needs Define requirements requirements – – document document findings by building models such as use case diagram and Define class diagram rioriti!e requirements – requirements – Decide Decide which requirements "such as use cases# should be done first Develop user$inte user$interface rface dialogs dialogs – – wor% wor% with the users to define e&actly how they will use the Develop system and what interactions with the system are required 'valuate requirement requirementss with users – ensure ensure that the requirements are complete( accurate( and 'valuate prioriti!ed correctly
2. What are three types of models?
)e&tual models( graphical models( and mathematical models . What is the difference bet!een functional re"uirements and nonfunctional re"uirements? re"uirements?
*unctional requirements describe the business rules that must be supported by the new system( while non$functional requirements are the system characteristics such as speed( throughput( response time( and security+ security+ ,oth are important+ #. $escribe the steps in preparin% for& for& conductin%& and follo!in% up an intervie! session.
repare for an interview by establishing the ob-ective( de termining the users and pro-ect team members( write questions( review preliminary materials( set up the interview time and location and tell everybody everybo dy++ Conduct the interview by as%ing questions( loo%ing for e&ception conditions and probing for good details+ .lso ta%e good notes( and document all the follow$up items+ *ollow$up the interview by reviewing everybody/s notes( building the models as necessary( document open issues( then follow$up with them+ ,e sure to than% contributors+ '. What are the benefits of doin% vendor research research durin% information-%atherin% activities?
It can inform the current team and users of new ideas and possibly more effective methods )he team can possibly find out about more current state$of$the$art solutions that vendors have created+ It may even be cheaper( cheap er( faster( faster( and more effective to purchase a solution instead of building+ (. What types of sta)eholders should you include in fact findin%?
,oth internal and e&ternal sta%eholders+ sta%eholders+ Internal sta%eholders would include include operational people
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who wor% with the system and e&ecutive sta%eholders who may receive e&ecutive reports( or depend on the success of the system+ '&ternal sta%eholders may include customers or partner organi!ations( who also receive information directly from the system+ .t the e&ecutive level( e&ternal sta%eholders may be investors or regulators+ *. Describe the open-items list and then explain why it is important.
During fact finding activities( and in fact throughout all the pro-ect( some issues can be answered immediately( but others cannot be answered immediately+ Some questions may not be answered because more research may need to be done( or other items may need to be decided first( or the user procedure has not be finali!ed( etc+ )hose items will need to be trac%ed so that they are not left out of the solution system+ )he open$items list provides that trac%ing function by noting the item( assigning a responsible person( and trac%ing the completion of the open item+ +. List and briefy describe the six inormation gathering techniques.
Information gathering techniques include Interview users and sta%eholders – the most effective for information gathering( but the most e&pensive Distribute questionnaires – good for finding overview or summary information from many people Review current system documentation – good for understanding current processes 0bserve current business processes – also good for understanding the user/s processes and requirements Research vendor solutions – good for generating new ideas and learning what already has been done Collect user comments – good for finding out about problems with current processes ,. What is the purpose o an activity diagram?
0ne purpose of an activity diagram is to document current user wor%flows+ .ctivity diagrams are often called wor%flow diagrams+ )hey can be used to document a user procedure as he1she interacts with the computer system+ 1. Draw and explain the symbols used on an activity diagram.
See *igure 2$3+
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, sixth edition
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Problems and Exercises 1. Provide an eample of each of the three types of models that mi%ht apply to desi%nin% a car& a house& and an office buildin%.
Car4 5athematical model might be a set of calculatations having to do with horse$power( torque and acceleration+ Graphical model might be a set of 6 dimensional drawings of the body style+ )e&tual model might be some written specification of the materials to be used+ 7ouse4 5athematical model might be some calculations to deteremine angle of roof and types of materials needed+ Graphical would be a set of blueprints+ Descriptive te&tual model might be a description of the materials to be used+ 0ffice building4 .n office building might have all types of mathematical mod els of the stresses and earthqua%e requirements+ Graphical would be blueprints or even a 6 dimensional physical model+ Descriptive te&tual model could be of materials or steps in the construction process+ 2. /ne of the tou%hest problems in investi%atin% system re"uirements is to ma)e sure they are complete and comprehensive. 0o! !ould you ensure that you %et all the ri%ht information durin% an intervie! session?
.nswers should include the following points4 'nsure that all sta%eholders are identified and included in the requirements definition activities+ Review every e&isting form and report to ma%e sure that all information needs are understood+ Identify and understand every business activity+ ,e sure that all business procedures have been discussed+ 'nsure that all e&ception conditions have been identified and associated processing has been defined+ 5aintain an open$items list and ensure that all items are resolved+
. /ne of the problems you !ill encounter durin% your investi%ation is scope creep ! i.e.& user re"uests for additional features and functions. Scope creep happens because users sometimes have many unsolved problems and the system investi%ation may be the first time anybody has listened to their needs. 0o! do you )eep the system from %ro!in% and includin% ne! functions that should not be part of the system?
)his problem is really a pro-ect management issue+ )he pro-ect manager should establish guidelines to control this problem+ 0ne preventative method is to be sure that the initial scope definition is adequate and
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comprehensive+ . partial definition during the scoping activities will e&acerbate the problem of scope creep+ 'ven for .gile pro-ects( the users and the pro-ect team should attempt to do a thorough -ob of identifying all of the functional requirements+ .n effective way to control scope creep is to establish a committee that consists of both pro-ect team members and user "or client# members+ .ll new additions to the scope of the system need to be approved by the committee+ rior to approval( an estimate should be done to determine the criticality of the request and the impact on the pro-ect schedule+ )he client and the users should participate in the decision so that it is a combined decision and not dictated by the pro-ect manager+
An additional technique is to begin a list of enhancements for the next version of the system. Some requests can easily be deferred to a later version. #. What !ould you do if you %ot conflictin% ans!ers for the same procedure from t!o different people you intervie!ed? What !ould you do if one !as a clerical person and the other !as the department mana%er?
)he first thought would be to ta%e the opinion of the department manager as the correct answer+ 7owever( it is not uncommon for the department manager to be behind on some of the latest details of business procedures+ )he best solution in this case is to get the two people together and let them discuss the differences until they both agree on the correct procedure+ )he systems analyst should not ma%e the decision as to which answer is correct( nor should he or she try to resolve the difference+ It is the users8 responsibility to do so+ '. 3ou have been assi%ned to resolve several issues on the open-items list& and you are havin% a hard time %ettin% policy decisions from the user contact. 0o! can you encoura%e the user to finali4e these policies?
Delayed policy decisions impact the pro-ect schedule+ Sometimes the user does not understand the impact of delayed decisions+ )hus( the first approach should be to e&plain the negative impact that a given decision is having on the pro-ect+ If that doesn8t wor%( then stronger measures can be ta%en( such suggesting that the pro-ect steering committee review the outstanding$items list+ .lso( if the outstanding$items list indicates the length of time that items have been open( the analyst can assign or ad-ust the priority of those items that have become critical+ (. 5n the runnin% case of 67/& assume that you have set up an intervie! !ith the mana%er of the shippin% department. 3our ob8ective is to determine ho! shippin% !or)s and !hat the information re"uirements for the ne! system !ill be. 7a)e a list of "uestions "open ended and closed ended "that you !ould use. 5nclude any "uestions or techni"ues you !ould use to ensure you find out about the eceptions.
)hree areas should be addressed in this answer4 "# closed$ended questions( "2# open$ ended questions( and "6# questions related to e&ception conditions+
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, sixth edition
Sample closed$ended questions4 9hat is the volume of shipments on an average day: 7ow does the volume vary across time: 7ow many employees are there in shipping: Sample open$ended questions4 9hat is the procedure for getting an order ready for shipment: 9hat forms are used: 7ow is the system updated when a shipment is sent: 7ow are bac%$orders handled: 7ow are returns handled: 9hat information is updated when a shipment is sent: 9hat reports does the system produce: 7ow are employee responsibilities divided among the various procedures: Sample e&ception condition questions4 9hat happens when items are not in stoc% for an order: 7ow do you handle errors in the inventory system and physical counts: 9hat happens when shipments are returned due to a bad address: 9hat do you do about lost shipments: 7ow are you notified:
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*. $evelop an activity dia%ram based on the follo!in% narrative. 9ote any ambi%uities or "uestions that you have as you develop the model. 5f you need to ma)e assumptions& also note them. :he purchasin% department handles purchase re"uests from other departments in the company. People in the company !ho initiate the ori%inal purchase re"uest are the customers ! of the purchasin% department. ; case !or)er !ithin the purchasin% department receives the re"uest and monitors it until it is ordered and received. Case !or)ers process re"uests for the purchase of products under <1&'& !rite a purchase order& and then send it to the approved vendor. Purchase re"uests over <1&' must first be sent out for bid from the vendor that supplies the product. When the bids return& the case !or)er selects one bid and then !rites a purchase order and sends it to the vendor. In -h ou se Cus tome r
Pu rc ha sin g D ep art men t
Ven do r
H
Make purchase request Receive requests <15! &es 'o
Request #id
Deve$op #id
%e$ect #id
"rite purchase order
%end out #id
H
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, sixth edition
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+. $evelop an activity dia%ram based on the follo!in% narrative. 9ote any ambi%uities or "uestions that you have as you develop the model. 5f you need to ma)e assumptions& also note them. :he shippin% department receives all shipments on outstandin% purchase orders. When the cler) in the shippin% department receives a shipment& he or she finds the outstandin% purchase order for those items. :he cler) then sends multiple copies of the shipment pac)in% slip. /ne copy %oes to Purchasin%& and the department updates its records to indicate that the purchase order has been fulfilled. ;nother copy %oes to ;ccountin% so a payment can be made. ; third copy %oes to the re"uestin% in- ouse customer so he or she can receive the shipment. ;fter payment is made& the accountin% department sends a notification to Purchasin%. ;fter the customer receives and accepts the %oods& he or she sends notification to Purchasin%. When Purchasin% receives these other verifications& it closes the purchase order as fulfilled and paid.
%hipping
Purchasing
(ccounting
In-house Customer
H
Receive shipment
)ind purchse order*cop+
,pdate purchse records
Make pa+ment
%end notiication
C$ose purchase order
H
Receive shipment
%end notiication
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,. Conduct a fact-findin% intervie! !ith someone involved in a procedure that is used in a business or or%ani4ation. :his person could be someone at the university& in a small business in your nei%hborhood& in the student volunteer office at the university& in a doctor #s or dentist #s office& or in a volunteer or%ani4ation. 5dentify a process that is done& such as )eepin% student records& customer records& or member records. 7a)e a list of "uestions and then conduct the intervie!. 6emember& your ob8ective is to understand that procedure thorou%hly i.e.& to become an epert on that sin%le procedure.
Responses will vary+ .nswers should include both closed$ended questions and open$ended questions+ .nwers might also include some questions to address e&ception conditions+ .nswers to the questions can be written in te&t form or presented in an activity diagram+
1. =sin% 67/ and the CS7S as your %uide& develop a list of all the procedures that may need to be researched. 3ou may !ant to thin) about the eercise in the contet of your eperience !ith such retailers as L.L. >ean& Lands # End& or ;ma4on.com. Chec) out the 5nternet mar)etin% done on the retailers # Web sites and then thin) about the underlyin% business procedures that are re"uired to support those sales activities. List the procedures and then describe your understandin% of each.
.nswers will vary( but a good set of procedures might include all of the use cases identified in *igure 6$ of the ne&t chapter+ *igure 6$ has five subsystems( each with several use cases+
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Solutions to End-of-Chapter Cases Case Study !acob and !acob, "nc# $n%&ine 'rading System 1. What is the best method for Ed!ard to involve the bro)ers users in development of the ne! online tradin% system? Should he use a "uestionnaire? Should he intervie! the bro)ers in each of the companys offices& or !ould one or t!o bro)ers representin% the entire %roup be better? 0o! can Ed!ard ensure that the information about re"uirements is complete& yet not lose too much time doin% so?
)his situation is a viable candidate for a questionnaire+ )he users are dispersed and probably diverse+ )he questionnaire should focus on needs and preferences and can also help to establish which topics need further refinement+ It will probably cost too much to interview the bro%ers in all of the offices+ 0ne way to select offices is to develop a set of characteristics that distinguish the various offices( and then to select a representative office from each set of similar offices+ If the answers to questions are very similar as interviews progress( it may be possible to abbreviate or shorten later visits to offices+ If there is a wide variation between needs and procedures( then additional interviews can be scheduled+ 2. Concernin% customer input for the ne! system& ho! can Ed!ard involve customers in the process? 0o! can he interest them in participatin%? What are some !ays that Ed!ard can be sure that the customers he does involve are representative of @acob and @acobs entire customer %roup?
)his may also be a viable candidate for a questionnaire+ Statistically( sampling can guarantee that a large enough group can be studied( at least for the questionnaire+ )he questionnaire should focus on the types of services and reports "statements# that the customer receives from the system+ If interviews are needed( some distinguishing characteristics should first be identified+ )hen( representative samples of customers could be interviewed+ )he cost of interviewing can also be controlled through the use of telephone interviews+ . ;s Ed!ard considers !hat other sta)eholders he should include& !hat are some criteria he should use? $evelop some %uidelines to help him build a list of people to include.
Guidelines include4 ;oo% at all the e&isting reports and destinations+ .ll of the destination persons will have an interest in the information provided by the system+ ;oo% at all the different departments in the company to see if they currently receive or need to receive information from the new system+ Consider senior management to see if strategic information needs to be maintained and reported+
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Running Cases Community (oard o) Realtors 1. Who are the sta)eholders for the issues related to real estate in your community& and !hat are their main interests?
.nswers will vary+
. Division of Real 'state for the state+ 0ften in a state/s department of commerce
. state .ssociation of Realtors
. state 5ultiple ;isting Service
;ocal Realtor ,oards and .ssociations
Real 'state 0ffices and .gents
2. What types of information does the board collect and ma)e available to its members and to the community?
.nswers will vary+
Real 'state 0ffices4 ◦
Collects information about offices
◦
Collects information about agents and bro%ers
◦
rovides search and display of offices( agents( and bro%ers with addresses
◦
rovides services to real estate offices( such as advertising( training( ban%ing information( lender information etc+
Real 'state ;istings4 ◦
Collects Information about property listings
◦
Collects Information about sales of property
◦
rovides seach and display about listed properties
◦
rovides maps of listed properties
. 6esearch the real estate industry in at least t!o countries other than the =nited States. Aor each of these countries& !hat are some of the cultural and le%al issues that differ from those in the =nited States? 5f you !ere !or)in% on support for an international real estate cooperative system& in !hat !ays !ould the information collection activity process be complicated?
.nswers will vary+
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Running Cases 'he S*ring (rea+s R -s 'ravel Service 1. Who are the sta)eholders for S>6=? Aor each type of sta)eholder& !hat aspects of the S>6= boo)in% system are of particular interest?
Students – Student boo%ing( Social =etwor%ing( .ccounting and *inance
Resorts – Resort relations( Student ,oo%ing( Social =etwor%ing( .ccounting and *inance
2. What are the main functional re"uirements for the ma8or subsystem areas i.e.& resort relations& student boo)in%& accountin% and finance& and social net!or)in%? Resort Relations ◦ Sign up with S,R< "get an account# ◦ 'dit account information ◦ Create1enter resort information for S,R< website ◦ ost availability and prices of rooms1facilities ◦ >iew1edit room availability ◦ Retrieve completed reservations ">iew( report( or system interface# ◦ Submit damage report Student (oo+ing ◦ ?oin S,R<1enter personal and financial information ◦ >iew resort information and availability of rooms1facilities ◦ 5a%e a reservation "boo% a room1facility# ◦ 5a%e a payment for reservation ◦ Cancel a reservation Accounting and .inance ◦ rocess student payments ◦ 5a%e refunds1correct payment errors ◦ rocess payouts to resorts ◦ 'dit1update1correct payouts Social /etwor+ing ◦ Set personal privacy settings "viewable by friends only( resort users( resort employees( etc+# ◦ ;in% up with @friendsA ◦ Chat with friends ◦ ost comments on personal page ◦
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. $escribe some usability re"uirements for students& boo)in% interactions& and social net!or)in% interactions.
Students will be using all types of laptops( tablets "iads#( smartphones "ihones# to ma%e reservations( chec% status( and especially social networ%ing+ Displays must be adap table for all these types of computing devices+ Internet access will also be through ethernet( 9ifi( and telephone access( with the varying speeds associated with each+ 7ence images and te&t should be combined -udiciously+ #. ;ssumin% that social net!or)in% at the resorts !ill re"uire !ireless communication and connection to the 5nternet& !hat are some reliability re"uirements that resorts mi%ht be as)ed to maintain? What are some performance re"uirements? 5s this a bi%%er issue because resorts are in international locations?
Social networ%ing capabilities can be provided two ways( either through S,R
6=? What issues mi%ht be anticipated?
)here are many security issues that must be addressed+ + Resorts have accounts with resort availability( reservations( accounts( and payments+ Different levels of security( data transmittal( and authori!ation is required+ Resort information only requires protection from hac%ing and defacing+ Reservations contain personal information and use 7))S sites with );S+ Consideration should be given to encryption+ .ccount and payment information most definitely requires );S and encryption+ 2+ Student information is also personal and private+ It will include payment and credit card information+ .ll financial information requires );S and encryption+ 6+ Social networ%ing capabilities require protection of personal information and @friendA information+ It S,R< should be able to support students from throughout the world+ 7owever( supporting international students may require web pages to be translated into other languages+ It will also require establishing relationships with international ban% clearing houses to handle different currency systems+
(. :o collect information on functional re"uirements for the social net!or)in% subsystem& !hat are some techni"ues that mi%ht be used? >e specific and include some sample "uestions you mi%ht as) by usin% various techni"ues.
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.ssuming S,R< has an e&isting system( with e&isting student customers and desires to add social networ%ing "thus an e&isting customer base does e&ist#+ )he social networ%ing system should be heavily driven by student desires and requests+ Some possible ways to determine the functional requirements are4 + Review other social networ%ing sites to see how they wor%+ 2+ Send out questionnaires to e&isting customers on the desirability and possible use of social networ%ing+ 6+ 0n selected customers conduct telephone interviews to elaborate student desires+ 3+ .fter a social networ%ing capability has been added( then use ongoing evaluation questionnaires to refine the usability and functional effectiveness of the system+ "*or e&le after a vacation give an incentive to collect student feedbac% on the resort( the boo%ing system( and the social networ%ing system#
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Running Cases $n the S*ot Courier Services 1. Who are the sta)eholders for /n the Spot? 0o! involved should /n the Spots customers be in system definition? ;s the business %ro!s& !ho else mi%ht be potential sta)eholders and interested in system functions?
Sta%eholders include4
,ill 9iley – owner Customers( usually businesses Delivery persons 9arehouse staff
Since ,ill was the visionary for the business and the system( he will understand the needs of the system+ 7owever( since he is letting business customers use the system to schedule pac%ages( it would be a good idea to form a focus group of users who would be willing to help in requirements definition+ ,oth the delivery persons and the warehouse staff will have suggestions on how to ma%e their -obs easier+ )hey should be involved in requirements definition+ ,ill/s accountant should be involved to ensure that the system has sufficient financial information and controls+ 2. 5f you !ere commissioned to build a system for >ill& ho! !ould you determine the re"uirements? >e specific in your ans!er. 7a)e a list of the "uestions you need ans!ered.
Since this is a small start$up company( the wor% procedures are very probably not efficient and probably are not scaleable+ )herefore( care should be ta%en not to build the system to only support these small scale wor% procedures+ 'ither of two approaches can be ta%en+ If ,ill has a good vision of how he wants his business to function as it e&pands and grows( then interviewing ,ill is a good starting place+ 7owever( if ,ill is still focusing on the current procedures( it may be a good idea to start by research commercial solutions from vendors+ )he courier business is well established with many players and several commercial systems available+ Researching commercial solutions can e&pand the vision and view of how 0n )he Spot can provide e&panded services+ .fter researching commercial solutions( ,ill should be interviewed to discuss the e&act requirements for 0n )he Spot+ 0ther sta%eholders( as identified in .nswer ( should also be interviewed+ inds of questions that need answers+ Services offered by 0n )he Spot4 Same$day delivery( 0vernight delivery( ac%age pic%up( si!es and rates Customers4 Cash only customers( account customers( new customers( billing Scheduling of pic%up4 9hat is allowed( phone( web page( fa&
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, sixth edition
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ayment4 Cash only( on web page( monthly account Routes4 7ow to organi!e( pic%up and delivery( standard routes( ad hoc routes( multiple per day 9arehouse4 9indows of processing( equipment required( what information is trac%ed ac%age delivery4 routes( trac%ing of pac%ages(
. What technolo%y and communication re"uirements do you see?What are the hard!are re"uirements& and !hat )ind of e"uipment !ill provide viable options to the system? What !ould you recommend to >ill?
)here appear to be four locations that will require interaction with the system+ + Customer 9eb pages where customers can list pac%ages for pic%up and also ma%e payment+ Regular customers may also print out their own labels+ 2+ . wor% station where a cler% can handle phone requests for pic%up+ 6+ )he warehouse where sorting occurs and trac%ing information is entered+ 3+ )he delivery truc%s where pic%ups are noted( payments are accepted( labels are printed( deliveries are noted+ )hese delivery truc%s are mobile( and should have real time interaction with the home server+ 'quipment to support these functions might be4
. central server for the 9eb pages and for cler% entered pic%up requests
9arehouse equipment( such as scanners( to note trac%ing information+
5obile devices for the truc%s+ robably tablet computers Internet access and with scanning wand+ .lso a mobile printer in the truc%+ "If rates are by si!e( then they can be measured+ If rates are by weight( then set of scales is also needed+# )he mobile devices will need Internet access to communicate with the home office+ )his can be provided either with cell phone technology and support( or with wide$area 9i$fi that is available in some cities+ Cell phone access to the Internet is more widespread+
#. What are the primary functional re"uirements for the system as described so far in the case?
*unctional requirements can be listed as use cases+
.dd1update a customer Request a pic%up ic%up a pac%age Deliver a pac%age 'nter pac%age trac%ing information )rac% a pac%age Sort pac%ages by route Display a route "print( view# "list of pic%ups1deliveries#
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, sixth edition
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Running Cases Sandia 0edical Devices 1. Who are 6:B7s sta)eholders? Should 970Ss patients be included in definin% the system re"uirements? Why or !hy not? Should 6:B7 interact !ith medical professionals other than physicians? Why or !hy not?
Sta%eholders include4
atients "users of the monitoring device and of the phone application# Doctors "users of the information transmitted# 0ther medical staff "those who enter patient medical information on phone ap p# 5edical equipment engineers "developers of the mobile monitoring equipment# )echnical staff "developers of the central server system( and the database# ro-ect team members "developers of the phone app#
atients should be included in defining system requirements for those areas that impact their use+ )his would include the medical device "comfort( wearability( maintenance#( and the phone app "installing( e&ecuting( user interface screen#+ 0ther medical professionals other than physicians may need to be involved+ )his would include medical staff that are involved in the design of the device "is it sensitive enough to read glucose levels( etc+#+ 0ther medical professionals may want to research results for medical studies+ .s such they will dictate what data should be captured+ 2. 5f you !ere the lead analyst for 6:B7& ho! !ould you determine the re"uirements? >e specific in your ans!er. List several "uestions you need ans!ered.
.ssuming we are limiting the fact finding and requirements definition to the smartphone app+ Euestions for the medical equipment engineers would include4 9hat are the specifications for the device – range( transmit parameters( data formats( occuranc e of transmittal( ranges of values for normal( abnormal( and dangerous: 9hat @testA capabilities does it have and how is it enabled: Euestions for the patient would be about the user interface for the phone app – how readable( how understandable( signalling for normal and abnormal con ditions( message format: 7ow usable are the screens for entering data( reading information( @testingA the equipment: Euestions for the medical professionals include information about the data formats to be sent( how often data should be sent( how to notify the system about abnormal( emergency situations( what other patient information needs to be cap tured: . What are the primary functional re"uirements for the system as described so far in the case?
'nter user "patient# information )est monitoring device
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, sixth edition
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Receive monitor$device data Send monitoring data to server Receive data from server .lert patient "user# of abnormal situation
#. ;re the parameters for alertin% patients and medical personnel the same for every patient? Can they vary over time for the same patient? What are the implications for the systems functional re"uirements?
)he case does not describe medical parameter variation by patient( but it may be assumed that depending on severity of illness( or weight of the patient( or se& may impact the acceptable and dangerous levels+ 7ence entering patient may need to be done by trained medical personnel( or it needs to be accessed from the central server+ )he case does not address if alerts can change over time+ ,ut assuming that severity of illness will cause the parameters to change( patient information should be updated as appropriate+ )he functional requirements may need to change to maintain or access from the server( history information to automatically update alert levels+
'. >riefly describe some possible nonfunctional re"uirements for 6:B7.
