77314784-Nokia-BSS.pdf

2003330 Nokia BSC S10.5 ED, Vers. 2, Product Documentation

Nokia Base Station Subsystem Description

dn9761682 Issue 6-1 en

# Nokia Corporation Nokia Proprietary and Confidential

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The information in this documentation is subject to change without notice and describes only the product defined in the introduction of this documentation. This documentation is intended for the use of Nokia's customers only for the purposes of the agreement under which the documentation is submitted, and no part of it may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or means without the prior written permission of Nokia. The documentation has been prepared to be used by professional and properly trained personnel, and the customer assumes full responsibility when using it. Nokia welcomes customer comments as part of the process of continuous development and improvement of the documentation. The information or statements given in this documentation concerning the suitability, capacity, or performance of the mentioned hardware or software products cannot be considered binding but shall be defined in the agreement made between Nokia and the customer. However, Nokia has made all reasonable efforts to ensure that the instructions contained in the documentation are adequate and free of material errors and omissions. Nokia will, if necessary, explain issues which may not be covered by the documentation. Nokia's liability for any errors in the documentation is limited to the documentary correction of errors. NOKIA WILL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE IN ANY EVENT FOR ERRORS IN THIS DOCUMENTATION OR FOR ANY DAMAGES, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL (INCLUDING MONETARY LOSSES), that might arise from the use of this documentation or the information in it. This documentation and the product it describes are considered protected by copyright according to the applicable laws. NOKIA logo is a registered trademark of Nokia Corporation. Other product names mentioned in this documentation may be trademarks of their respective companies, and they are mentioned for identification purposes only. Copyright © Nokia Corporation 2003. All rights reserved.

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Contents

Contents Contents 3 Summary of changes 7 1

Overview to Nokia Base Station Subsystem 15

2 2.1 2.2

GSM network architecture 17 Advantages of Nokia Base Station Subsystem 18 Benefits of having Nokia Base Station Subsystem and Network Switching System (NSS) 19

3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.4.5 3.5 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.6

Nokia Base Station Subsystem elements 21 Nokia Base Station Controller 21 Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer 24 Nokia Base Station 25 Nokia UltraSite EDGE Base Station 25 Nokia EDGE MetroSite Base Station 28 Nokia ConnectSite 10 Base Station 29 Nokia ConnectSite 100 Base Station 30 Nokia Base Station Subsystem cellular transmission 30 Base station transmission 31 Nokia microwave radios 31 Nokia cross-connect nodes 32 Optical line equipment 33 Copper line equipment 34 Nokia NetAct" framework for network and service management 34 Nokia NetAct" functionality for network and service management 36 Nokia NetAct" architecture 38 Nokia NetAct" Planner 39 Nokia power supply systems & site support systems 40

4 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.1.5 4.1.6 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.2.6 4.2.7 4.3

Nokia Base Station Subsystem solutions 43 BSS outdoor coverage 43 Nokia UltraSite Solution 43 Nokia Smart Radio Concept (SRC) 44 Masthead Amplifier 44 Nokia Intelligent Coverage Enhancement 44 Extended cell 45 Masthead BTS 46 Nokia Base Station Subsystem outdoor capacity 46 Extended GSM band 46 Nokia Intelligent Frequency Hopping solution (IFH) 46 Dual Band solution 48 Advanced Multilayer Handling 49 Direct Access to Desired Layer/Band 50 Common BCCH Control 50 Multi BCF Control 50 BSS indoor solutions 51



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4.3.1 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.4.4 4.4.5 4.4.6 4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 4.5.4 4.5.5 4.5.6 4.5.7 4.5.8

Signal distribution systems 51 Nokia Base Station Subsystem data 53 High Speed Circuit Switched Data, HSCSD 53 General Packet Radio Service, GPRS 53 Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution, EDGE 54 Dynamic Abis Allocation 56 Support of PCCCH/PBCCH 57 Priority class based quality of service 58 Advanced features of Nokia Base Station Subsystem 59 GSM-WCDMA Inter-System Handover 59 Nokia mPosition" Solution 61 Automated Planning 62 Voice Coding 62 Acoustic Echo Canceller 62 Tandem Free Operation (TFO) 62 Noise Suppression (NS) 63 Wireless Priority Service in BSC 63

5

Nokia Base Station Subsystem compatibility with other NSSs and GPRS Core networks 65

6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8

Nokia Base Station Subsystem interfaces 67 A interface 68 Ater interface 68 Abis interface 68 Radio interface 68 Q3 interface 68 Q1 interface 69 Gb interface 69 User interface 69

7 7.1 7.2

GSM system security 71 Call security 71 Operation and Maintenance security

8 8.1 8.2 8.3

Nokia professional services 73 Optimised Deployment for early market entry 73 Total support for complete system offering 75 Nokia Removal Service Family 75

9 9.1 9.2

GSM network operation 77 Network Management 77 Network Operation and Maintenance Services

10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5

Nokia Base Station Subsystem quality 79 Equipment 79 Software 80 Documentation 80 Operation 80 Services 81


71

78


Contents

11 11.1 11.2 11.3


Nokia Base Station Subsystem and environment 83 DX 200 Packages 84 Recycling 84 Environmentally sensitive materials 85


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Summary of changes

Summary of changes

Summary of changes

Changes between document issues are cumulative. Therefore, the latest document issue contains all changes made to previous issues. Changes made between issues 6V and 6 ConnectSite

nformation on ConnectSite 10 and ConnectSite 100 added. Changes made between issues 5 and 6

New frequency pair 800/1800 added. Gb over IP

Information on the feature removed. GSM-WCDMA Inter-System Handover

Text updated to S10.5 level. Wireless Priority Service in BSC

Information on the feature added. Dual Band Solution

Information on GSM/EDGE 800/1800 Dual Band added. Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution, EDGE

Text updated to S10.5 ED level. Dynamic Abis Allocation

Text updated to S10.5 ED level. BSC3i

Text modified. Nokia UltraSite EDGE Base Station

Extended Cell removed from being as a supporting feature.



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Nokia microwave radios

Text updated. Extended Cell

Coverage corrected from 65 km to 70 km. Common BCCH Control

Text updated. GSM/EDGE 800/1900 Common BCCH

Chapter removed. Locationing

Feature name changed to Nokia mPosition" Solution. Nokia Base Station Subsystem compatibility with other NSSs and GPRS Core networks

European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) replaced by 3GPP. Nokia UltraSIte Optima Outdoor

Removed under Nokia power supply systems and site support systems. Nokia InSite Base Station

Information removed. Nokia Talk-family Base Stations

Information removed. Nokia power supply systems and site support systems

Information on Nokia Extratalk II/II+ removed. Nokia Site Packaging

Information removed.

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Summary of changes

Operations support system, Nokia NetAct"

Title changed as: Nokia NetAct" framework for network and service management. Text partially updated. Changes made between issues 4 and 5

Changes made between issues 1 and 2 removed from Summary of Changes. BSS indoor solutions

The whole section updated. Figure 'Nokia Indoor solutions' replaced by a new picture. Base Station Controller

Picture of the Base Station Controller replaced with a new one. Transcoder Submultiplexer

Picture of the Transcoder Submultiplexer removed. Common BCCH

Title complemented with a word 'Control' Multi BCF

Title complemented with a word 'Control' Nokia UltraSite EDGE Base Station

Chapter on Nokia UltraSite Optima added. Booster BTS

Chapter on Booster BTS removed. Technical information tables

of Nokia Citytalk, Intratalk and Flexitalk Base Stations removed. Nokia cross-connect nodes

Text partially updated.



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Network planning tools

Title changed to Nokia NetAct" Planner. GSM-WCDMA Interworking

Feature added. GSM/EDGE 800/1900 Common BCCH

Chapter added. BSC3i

Chapter added. Gb over IP

Feature added. Dual Band GSM 900 / 1800 and 800 / 1900

Information added. Nokia microwave radios

STM-1 capacity removed. Nokia UltraSite Optima Indoor

Information omitted. Nokia Intelligent Coverage Enhancement

Figure about ICE modified. Voice coding

Information updated. Changes made between issues 3 and 4

The document has been revised throughout to comply with the latest documentation standards.

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Summary of changes

Nokia cross-connect nodes

Information about Nokia BSS Abis transport added. Modified information of MetroHub added. Masthead BTS

Nokia MetroSite EDGE added Optical line equipment

Information changed Network Management System

Title removed and renamed as Operations support system, Nokia NetAct. The whole chapter is updated by new Nokia NetAct information. Nokia Network Data Warehouse, Nokia Configuration Data Warehouse and Implementation removed. Planning tools

Title changed toNetwork planning tools. The whole chapted removed and replaced by new Nokia NetAct information. Section Nokia PrimeSite Base Station and Nokia PrimeSite for indoors

Removed as well as all references to Nokia PrimeSite Appendix A, Technical Information

removed Chapter Nokia Base Station Subsystem elements, section Base Station Controller

Added Table 1.Technical information of normal capacity BSC2, and Table 2. Technical information of large capacity BSC2 from the removed Appendix A. Chapter Nokia Base Station Subsystem elements, section Transcoder Submultiplexer

Added Table 3. Technical information of TSCM2 from the removed Appendix A. Chapter Nokia Base Station Subsystem elements, section Nokia Talk-family Base Stations, Citytalk

Added table 4. Nokia Citytalk Base Station from the removed Appendix A.



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Chapter Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution, EDGE

Added Chapter Nokia UltraSite Solution

EDGE added. Chapter Nokia UltraSite GSM Base Station

BTS name changed to Nokia UltraSite EDGE Base Station everywhere it is mentioned. Smart Radio Concept (SRC) added to replace Booster BTS. Chapter Nokia Smart Radio Concept (SRC)

Added Chapter Dynamic Hotspot

removed All references to Nokia NMS changed to Nokia NetAct. Nokia UltraSite EDGE Base Station

Nokia UltraSite EDGE Base Station's output power changed from 63 Watts (48 dBm) to 28.2 Watts (44.5 dBm) due to SRC. Booster removed from this chapter. SRC added and the extra coverage it provides added. Packages

DX 200 added to the title. Text updated. Nokia microwave radios

Text updated concerning radio indoor units.Nokia UltraSite and WCDMA Base Stations added. Mention about rural areas deleted. Advanced features

Sections for Locationing and Automated Planning added. Intelligent Underlay-Overlay

Title changed to Intelligent Frequency Hopping. Subsections Intelligent Underlay-Overlay and Frequency Hopping changed as topics under the main title.

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Summary of changes

Documentation

Mention about paper documentation removed Dynamic Abis Allocation

Chapter added Support of PCCCH/PBCCH

Chapter added Priority class based quality of service

Chapter added. Common BCCH

Chapter added Multi BCF

Chapter added Network administration and maintenance

removed Indoor solutions

GSM Intranet Office removed Nokia power supply systems & site support systems

Information of the chapter updated: Nokia BBU1900, Nokia PSSS6600, Nokia SSS1100 Indoor, Nokia PSSS2200 and Nokia Extratalk Mini removed, Nokia Empower 1900/1900E, Nokia Empower 1100/1100E added. Chapter Microcell

removed GSM 800 / 1900

References to ANSI added.



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Chapter Base Station Controller

Information on normal capacity BSC removed, high capacity BSC added.

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Overview to Nokia Base Station Subsystem

1

Overview to Nokia Base Station Subsystem Base Station Subsystem Description describes Nokia solution for Base Station Subsystem (BSS) of GSM network in BSS10.5 level. The aim of this description is to give a general overview of the parts and operations of Nokia BSS. Also other operational entities and services related to the BSS are described. In this description the abbreviation GSM represents GSM 800, GSM 900, GSM 1800 and GSM 1900 systems. Also GSM 800 / 1900, GSM 900 / 1800 and GSM 800 / 1800 for Nokia UltraSite EDGE Base Station and for Nokia MetroSite EDGE Base Station are presented. Nokia Base Station Subsystem consists of base station controller (BSC), transcoder submultiplexer (TCSM), base station (BTS), cellular transmission (CT), power systems, antenna line, the network service and management system (Nokia NetAct) and network planning. In this document, the general network element names are used for Nokia equipment. Nokia is capable of providing the complete BSS network comprising of:


.

Radio network elements: BSC and wide range of BTSs.

.

Integrated cellular transmission including short- and long-haul microwave radios, copper-based transmission and PDH cross-connection. For optical transmission there is a full SDH product family from Marconi.

.

Integrated and stand-alone power systems, battery backup and site support solutions

.

Management of all the above with Nokia NetAct network service and management system.

.

Full range of antenna line elements

.

GSM-WCDMA Inter-System Handover feature, which enables the interworking between the 2G and 3G networks.


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Related topics:

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.

GSM Network architecture

.

Nokia Base Station Subsystem elements

.

Nokia Base Station Subsystem solutions

.

Nokia Base Station Subsystem compatibility with other NSSs and GPRS Core networks

.

Nokia Base Station Subsystem interfaces

.

GSM system security

.

Nokia professional services

.

GSM network operation

.

Nokia Base Station Subsystem quality

.

Nokia Base Station Subsystem and environment



GSM network architecture

2

GSM network architecture GSM network is functionally divided into three elements. Base Station Subsystem (BSS) is one of the main functional elements of the GSM network. The other elements in the GSM network are network switching system (NSS), GPRS core network to SGSN and the network service and management subsystem (Nokia NetAct). The main function of the BSS is to connect the mobile subscriber's mobile station (MS) to the GSM network and through it to the mobile switching centre (MSC), to GPRS core network, serving GPRS support node (SGSN). The BSS also takes care of the mobility management of the cellular network including, for example, handover management and various measurements. SGSN

Nokia NetAct

BSS MSC

TCSM2

BTS

BSC BTS

MS

BTS

Figure 1.


Nokia Base Station Subsystem in the GSM network


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2.1

Advantages of Nokia Base Station Subsystem Nokia's high capacity Base Station Subsystem is based on a fully integrated system approach. Therefore Nokia offers a unique system solution with built-in intelligence and flexibility. The use of advanced features with the greatest potential for capacity, coverage and quality result in the maximum performance of the GSM network. The Nokia BSS comprises a number of base stations (BTS), base station controllers (BSC), transcoder submultiplexers (TCSM), power systems, antenna line and cellular transmission (CT). The Nokia BSC and TCSM have been designed to allow a flexible locationing within the GSM network. For example, the TCSM can be co-located on the same site with the BSC or with the MSC to economise transmission costs. The modular design of Nokia equipment has many advantages. It makes the upgrades of hardware and software easier causing minimal disturbance to the network. The modularity also makes Nokia equipment easily expandable. Due to the modularity, the size of Nokia BSC, Nokia TCSM and Nokia BTS is relatively small and compact. The small-sized equipment is easy to place enabling fast rollout. Nokia equipment conforms to the GSM specifications. Nokia Statement of Compliance describes in more detail how Nokia equipment corresponds to the GSM specifications. The individual network elements of the BSS are linked together with cellular transmission (CT) or leased line connection. Nokia integrated transmission solution provides an automatic path protection by the formation of loops with secure radio links. The base station integrated cross connection functionality reduces the transmission costs between the BTSs and BSCs. Providing high quality services to end users is also enabled by the capability of full mobile services availability by protecting the BTS against mains voltage breaks and keeping services running. The Nokia power systems have been specified, tested and optimised to secure the Nokia BTS site element functions, ensuring safe DC distribution for BTSs and LTEs. The prerequisites for the availability of the BSS network elements are simplicity and speed of the servicing procedures, such as fault repair time. In Nokia BSS this is guaranteed in many ways. Built-in redundancy functionalities and efficient supervision functionalities minimise the time spent in maintenance. In addition, reliable network elements and automatic fault detection and recovery procedures cause less need for site visits. As a result, the network maintenance is more economical.

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GSM network architecture

Nokia Network Planning System aids the operator to plan the network to be as cost-effective as possible. The network service and management system (Nokia NetAct) provides the means to implement and modify the plans to the network. Nokia Customer Operations provides planning, implementation, training and technical support services as a part of complete Nokia BSS system solution.

2.2

Benefits of having Nokia Base Station Subsystem and Network Switching System (NSS) There are several benefits of having both Nokia Base Station Subsystem and NSS in the same GSM network. For example, Nokia NetAct can handle the whole Nokia GSM network and Nokia GPRS Core network resulting in operational cost reduction and overall cost-efficiency. All Nokia network elements are also compatible with each other and their features are designed to support each other. This becomes more and more important with the advanced GSM features, such as data services. For more information on network interworking, see Nokia Base Station Subsystem Compatibility with other NSSs and GPRS Core networks. Substantial savings can be made when using Nokia equipment throughout the network for several reasons. Firstly, common components and spare parts can be used in several Nokia equipment. Secondly, uniformed platforms and software decrease the efforts in employee training and make the network easier to operate. Thirdly, the Nokia network is very flexible in operations and planning as expansions are made only when needed. The network investments are also made only according to real requirements. The Nokia network also saves in site costs. For example, the site usage is optimised by small sites due to compact Nokia equipment. Due to many system solutions that enhance the coverage and capacity of traditional BSS sites with Nokia equipment, less sites are needed.



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3

Nokia Base Station Subsystem elements Nokia Base Station Subsystem consists of base station controller (BSC), transcoder submultiplexer (TCSM), base station (BTS), cellular transmission (CT), the network service and management system (Nokia NetAct) and network planning.

3.1

Nokia Base Station Controller Based on Nokia's long experience in cellular networks, the Nokia Base Station Controller (BSC) is designed for efficient use of radio resources, easy operability and maintainability. It is also designed to gather and convey comprehensive information about the quality of service. Moreover, it is cost-efficient and has high capacity. Nokia Base Station Controller is a stable, mature product, which has field-proven high reliability. One major feature of Nokia Base Station Controller is also field-proven multivendor functionality. Nokia BSC provides a connection between the MSC, the BTSs, and the SGSN. The main function of the BSC is to control and manage the BSS and the radio channels. It transfers signalling information to and from the mobiles and manages handovers between the cells. BSC3i

Nokia High Capacity Base Station Controller BSC3i is a new solution for the evolving GSM markets. The maximum circuit handling capacity of BSC3i is 660 TRX, 3920 Erl. BSC3i is compact with only one cabinet design and modular in order to enable easy expansion. It has a built-in IP connectivity for enhanced feature support with IP based interfaces. It uses transmission and radio resources efficiently in order to enable a flexible traffic mix between voice and data. It has a swift fault detection and hot standby units to allow minimal system downtime. BSC3i is based on BSC S10.5 software. It includes the same features as BSC, BSC2i and BSC2E/A products.



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Figure 2.

Nokia Base Station Controller, BSC3i

For more information, see BSC3i . BSC2i

Nokia Base Station Controller, DX 200 BSC2i, is a digital switching product for GSM networks. Nokia BSC belongs to the DX 200 Switching System Product Family. The DX 200 Switching System Product Family is based on a Fault Tolerant Computing Platform, which constitutes a base for a Switching Platform.

Figure 3.

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Nokia base station controller, DX 200 BSCi, BSC2i




Nokia Base Station Controller is easily expandable. The modular architecture of the DX 200 Switching System Product Family and the use of the latest hardware components enable the expanding. In the design of Nokia Base Station Controller great attention has been paid to the reliability of operation. The distributed architecture of Nokia Base Station Controller is implemented by a multiprocessor system. In a multiprocessor system the data processing capacity is divided among several computer units, each of which have a microcomputer of their own. For example, call handling capacity depends on the number of call control computer units. By adding more call control computer units the capacity of Nokia base station controller can be easily increased. In the BSS, Nokia Base Station Controller is a stand-alone network element. It is connected to the surrounding network elements with standard PCM interfaces. This offers flexibility and cost-efficiency in transmission. Nokia Base Station Controller has an X.25 and a LAN connection to Nokia NetAct called Q3 interface. The Q3 interface is used for data transfer between Nokia Base Station Controller and Nokia NetAct. For further information on Nokia base station controller, see High Capacity Base Station Controller, BSC2i, BSCi. High capacity BSCi and BSC2i

TRX number (max.)

512, or 256

FR , or HR

512 (ANSI)

FR (ANSI)

Erl

3040

Size (height x width x depth)

2200 mm x 1200 mm x 500 mm

two racks

2020 mm x 1200 mm x 500 mm (ANSI) Power consumption

max. 620 W max. 595 W (ANSI)

BSC3i

TRX number (max.)

660

FR

330

HR

Erl

3920


2000 mm x 900 mm x 600 mm



one rack

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Power consumption

3.2

1700 W

Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer, DX 200 TCSM2, is used on the A interface between the BSC and the MSC to enable full use of network capacity. Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer performs transcoder functions in the base station subsystem and provides a submultiplexing scheme that is used between the transcoder and the BSC. Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer units are functional units of the BSC, but can be located either at the BSC or MSC site. Submultiplexing is used between the BSC and TCSM to reduce transmission costs. When Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer is located at the MSC site, the reduction is greatest. Submultiplexing also reduces the amount of pulse code modulation (PCM) lines needed between the MSC and the BSC sites. Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer converts the 64 kbit/s traffic channels arriving from the MSC into 16 kbit/s or 8 kbit/s channels and multiplexes these channels to fit the PCM line time slots going towards the BSC. The same principle in reverse applies in the other direction (from the BSC to the MSC). Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer performs speech coding according to the speech compression methods mentioned in GSM specifications. It also supports Full Rate (FR), Half Rate (HR) and Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) codecs. Also Nokia features Acoustic Echo Canceller (AEC), Noise Suppression (NS) and Adaptive Gain Control can be used in Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer to further improve network speech quality for mobile subscribers. The modular architecture of the DX 200 Switching System Product Family enables the easy expandability of Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer. Its capacity depends on the number of equipped plug-in units. Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer supports downloading of the entire software from the BSC or a PC via the Visual Display Unit (VDU) interface. The operation and maintenance functions of Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer are also coordinated with the BSC. A standard rack can house eight Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer units, which may belong to different BSSs. Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer units that handle the A interface of one BSC usually fit into one rack. For further information on Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer, see Functional Description of the TCSM2 .

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TCSM2

Table 1.

Technical information of TCSM2

TCH number (max.)

960 (FR) 1680 (HR)


2030 mm x 880 mm x 500 mm

Power consumption

360W (FR) 940W (HR)

3.3

Nokia Base Station The base station (BTS) is connected to the base station controller (BSC) via the Abis interface and to the mobile stations (MS) via the Radio interface. The BTS connects the mobile subscriber's mobile station to the GSM network through Radio interface and performs the radio functions of the BSS. Nokia offers a great variety of base station types for indoors and outdoors for different climatic or other environmental conditions. Micro base station solutions for capacity enhancements and coverage extension are also available. All Nokia BTSs are fully controllable from Nokia NetAct and the BSC site with a remote connection. Their software can also be downloaded either from the BSC or through the BSC from Nokia NetAct. The Man-Machine Interface (MMI), or Site Wizard enable commissioning, fast fault localisation, and efficient testing locally at the BTS site using the MMI and a service terminal, or remotely from the BSC over the Abis interface.

3.3.1

Nokia UltraSite EDGE Base Station Triple-mode Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station is a compact high capacity base station for multiple standards. Combinations of GSM, EDGE and WCDMA configurations can exist in the same cabinet. Nokia UltraSite GSM/ EDGE Base Station supports GSM/EDGE on 800, 900, 1800 and 1900 MHz frequency bands and it also has capability for 900/1800, 800/1800 and 800/1900 dual bands. Additionally, Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station Indoor can host WCDMA carriers. Nokia UltraSite EDGE Base Station supports sectored and omni configurations.



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Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station Indoor and Nokia UltraSite GSM/ EDGE Base Station Outdoor cabinets can house up to 12 GSM/EDGE TRXs, or they can be configured to hold up to 6 GSM/EDGE TRXs and an integrated battery backup system, IBBU. Additionally, without IBBU Nokia UltraSite GSM/ EDGE Base Station Indoor and Outdoor can house up to 6 GSM TRXs and 6 WCDMA carriers. A 1-6 TRX Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station Midi Indoor and Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station Midi Outdoor are also available.

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Figure 4.

Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station Indoor

Figure 5.

Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station Outdoor




Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station is optimised for high capacity and wide coverage macrocellular applications. The number of sites is reduced, seamless voice and data coverage area is provided, and high call quality is maintained due to an improved link budget. The extremely wide coverage area built by Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station, with 44.5 dBm (28.2 Watts), provides a wide service area per site and a large user base coverage. With Nokia Smart Radio Concept (SRC) Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station provides even up to 5 dB extra coverage . Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station provides high capacity with reduced number of BTS cabinets and sites. It is a compact, high capacity voice and data BTS, containing up to 12 TRXs per BTS cabinet. Cabinets can be chained for large configurations up to 108 TRXs in 9 BTS cabinets. Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station can also be used in cases where the expansion of existing Talk-family sites is needed. Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station can be placed side by side with the Talk-family sites and can be integrated into a Talk-family site as an extension cabinet. With the versatile Nokia UltraSite transmission options, the most suitable transmission media can be used. Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station can house up to 4 transmission units. The supported transmission medias are microwave radios (Nokia FlexiHopper Microwave Radio and Nokia MetroHopper Radio), and wire line (E1/T1). For optical transmission a separate SDH ADM or TM multiplexer can be used. Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station provides full data support with HSCSD and GPRS and EGDE compatibility, with simple plug-in unit extensions. Nokia's soft capacity features, such as Intelligent Frequency Hopping, are fully supported. Supported are also the advanced coverage enhancing features such as Nokia Intelligent Coverage Enhancement (ICE), and Nokia Smart Radio Concept (SRC) options.



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Nokia UltraSite EDGE Base Station

Table 2. TRX number

Technical information of Nokia UltraSite EDGE Base Station 1 to 12 per cabinet 108 TRXs per site 36 TRXs per sector can be divided between different bands

1 to 6 sectors per cabinet combining by-pass and wideband combining 2:1 1 to 3 sectors per cabinet with wideband combining 4:1 1 to 2 sectors per cabinet with remote tune combining 1 sector can have 1 to 12 TRXs


1940 mm x 770 mm x 750 mm

1800mm x 600 mm x 570 mm

1180 mm x 600 mm 570 mm

1320 mm x 770 mm x 750 mm

3.3.2

Nokia UltraSite EDGE Base Station Outdoor Nokia UltraSite EDGE Base Station Indoor Nokia UltraSite EDGE Base Station Midi Indoor Nokia UltraSite EDGE Base Station Midi Outdoor

Nokia EDGE MetroSite Base Station Nokia EDGE MetroSite Base Station is designed for dense microcellular applications and for coverage in fill-in applications. It is a high capacity base station with four transceivers in a single cabinet. Nokia EDGE MetroSite Base Station has support for dual band systems. Nokia EDGE MetroSite Base Station is a compact BTS with a pleasant appearance for blending easily into almost any environment. Both the size and the appearance make site acquisition easier for the operator. Nokia EDGE MetroSite Base Station's ability to be deployed vertically or horizontally also facilitates installation in locations that previously were unsuitable. In addition to traditional sites, potential location for Nokia GSM/EDGE MetroSite Base Station include billboards, bus stops and lamp posts. Nokia EDGE MetroSite Base Station supports many Nokia capacity solutions, such as Nokia Intelligent Frequency Hopping Solution. Nokia EDGE MetroSite Base Station also supports data features, such as High Speed Circuit Switched Data, GPRS and EDGE (EGPRS). For transmission Nokia EDGE MetroSite Base Station can house the indoor unit of Nokia MetroHopper Radio and Nokia FlexiHopper Microwave Radio, or leased line connection.

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Nokia EDGE MetroSite Base Station

Table 3. TRX number

Technical information of Nokia EDGE MetroSite Base Station 1 to 4

1 to 4 sectors

can be divided between GSM 900, GSM 1800, GSM 800 / 1900

1 sector can have 1 to 4 TRXs


871 mm x 310 mm x 215 mm and 954 mm with a cable cover

Power consumption

200 W

output power 5W

max. < 410 W

optionally 10W for 900 and 1800

3.3.3

Nokia ConnectSite 10 Base Station The Nokia ConnectSite 10 base station is a complete, all-climate BTS for the GSM 900 and 1800 frequency bands. GSM 800 and 1900 bands and upgrading to EDGE will be available in later releases. ConnectSite 10 BTS can contain between one and four transceivers (TRXs) in omni or sectored configuration. Mast, pole and wall installations are supported. A ConnectSite 10 BTS cabinet can accommodate up to four 10W transceiver units. Not all transceiver units need to be installed in the cabinet when setting up the site, but additional TRXs may be installed later when the demand for capacity grows. These installations can be carried out without interrupting the BTS service. Moreover, with chaining it up to 12 TRX, Nokia ConnectSite 10 BTS compact size and integrated system elements help achieve fast rollout. A Nokia ConnectSite 10 BTS with two or more TRXs can be configured to use frequency hopping and receiver diversity, which adds to the quality of calls going through Nokia ConnectSite 10 Base Station. The flexible radio transmission solution of the Nokia ConnectSite 10 BTS enables a reliable transmission connection for distances from a few kilometres to over 50 kilometres by using the Nokia FlexiHopper microwave radio. To ensure an uninterrupted power supply to the Nokia ConnectSite 10 BTS, battery backup can be provided externally by the Nokia MetroSite Battery Backup. The fast start-up and quick integration into the network enable substantial savings to the the network operator. Furthermore, operational costs are low as the BTS management can be carried out remotely from the OSS.



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3.3.4

Nokia ConnectSite 100 Base Station The Nokia ConnectSite 100 is a compact, high-capacity Base Station for GSM and EDGE networks. It can host 12 GSM/EDGE TRXs in a single cabinet and features an improved link budget that achieves a wide area of voice and data coverage. Nokia ConnectSite 100 supports configurations of up to 4+4+4 TRXs per cabinet and the BTS can be used in GSM 900 or 1800 systems. GSM 800 and 1900 will be available in later releases.The BTS is available in both Indoor and Outdoor versions. Nokia ConnectSite 100 BTS uses the Site Concept Approach based on standard installation environments by using standard site constructions and gives clear guidelines for network planning, and minimises variation in customer specific installation environments by defining optimal construction solutions. The following site solutions are available for ConnectSite 100. .

Urban capacity site, rooftop

.

Urban capacity site, mast

.

Rural coverage site

In addition to basic functionality, five optional software packages are available for the Nokia ConnectSite 100 Base Station:

3.4

.

Capacity enhancement, including synthesised, freeform and baseband hopping.

.

Operability enhancement, including external alarm control and TX/RX antenna supervision.

.

Coverage enhancement, including Smart Radio Concept.

.

GPRS functionality

.

EDGE functionality

Nokia Base Station Subsystem cellular transmission Cellular transmission system interconnects the network components: base stations, base station controllers, and mobile switches.

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3.4.1

Base station transmission Nokia BTSs contain a highly integrated cross-connection unit that plays an integral part in the GSM transmission line. The BTS can operate as a transmission relay, cross-connect, and add-and-drop multiplexer offering a wide range of different branching, grooming, and add-and-drop functions. The add-and-drop functions range from 2 Mbit/s level down to 8kbit/s level. Multidrop function can be used in BTS chains or in loops where several BTSs are connected on a single 2 Mbit/s line. The BTS transmission equipment can be managed from Nokia NetAct integrated network management system, which simplifies network maintenance and operation.

3.4.2

Nokia microwave radios Nokia microwave radios are so called split-mount equipment having a microwave part and antenna mounted outdoors, the solution being always the same, and a base band functionality mounted indoors. Indoor solution can be either integrated or standalone. Outdoor and indoor parts are interconnected with a single coaxial cable, the Nokia Flexbus. The indoor units of Nokia PDH microwave radios, the Nokia FlexiHopper microwave radio and Nokia MetroHopper radio are integrated into Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station, Nokia GSM/EDGE MetroSite Base Station and Nokia Talk-family base stations as plug-in units that fit directly to the base station cabinet. Standalone TDM crossconnect node Nokia MetroHub also provides housing for these plug-in indoor units with Flexbus interfaces for Nokia FlexiHopper and Nokia MetroHopper microwave radios. A 19" rack mountable standalone indoor unit, FIU 19, provides a separate E1 access, to MetroHopper and FlexiHopper microwave radios, if a standalone transmission solution is required. The indoor unit of Nokia SDH radio, the PowerHopper, needs a separate 19" installation space as well as the external third party SDH multiplexer which provides the E1 access to the STM-1input of the radio. Nokia microwave radios can be centrally managed by Nokia NetAct.



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Nokia FlexiHopper microwave radio

The Nokia FlexiHopper PDH microwave radio family includes models for 7, 8, 13, 15, 18, 23, 26 and 38GHz frequency bands. The radio transport capacity of all Nokia FlexiHopper frequency variants is 2x2, 4x2, 8x2 or 16x2 Mbit/s. This can be selected by using the node manager or the network management system (Nokia NetAct) without any hardware changes. Nokia FlexiHopper radios use forward error correction (FEC) and interleaving to improve signal quality which make them an ideal media of transporting E1 traffic carrying the Abis interface. Nokia MetroHopper radio

The capacity of Nokia MetroHopper PDH radio is 4 x 2 Mbit/s. It uses the 58 GHz-frequency band, which does not require co-ordinated frequency planning and thus minimises the approval and planning procedure. The 58 GHz band has the unique natural characteristic of additional oxygen absorption. This attenuation limits feasible hop lengths to less than 800m (depending on climate conditions). Nokia MetroHopper is an optimal solution for GSM/WCDMA microcellular access. Nokia PowerHopper

Nokia PowerHopper is an SDH radio that provides STM-1 (155 Mbit/s) transmission capacity. It consists of an outdoor unit and an 19" rack mountable stand-alone indoor unit. The interconnection between these two is made by using a single coaxial cable that also feeds power to the outdoor unit. The STM-1 interface of the indoor unit can be connected directly to the STM-1 interface of an external SDH add/dropp multiplexer which can provide various smaller capacity interfaces to be transported over STM-1. The Nokia PowerHopper SDH microwave radio is available for 7, 8, 15, 18, 23, 26 and 38 GHz frequency bands. Protection method against equipment faults is 1+1 HSB.

3.4.3

Nokia cross-connect nodes Nokia BSS Abis transport is based on the PDH technology. The main aspect of implementing the BSS transport network is that the BSC ET port allocation meets the desired BTS and that BSC synchronisation can be delivered through the network to the BTSs. The transport network capacity optimisation and management is done by using cross connection devices. Nokia BTSs provide inbuilt cross connection and grooming functionalities for capacity optimisation and traffic (loop) protection. Nokia BSC supports Nokia Q1 managed DN2 and MetroHub and provides the polling functionality also for other network elements that are not polled by the BTS. The loop protection functionality of MetroHub and DN2 match with Nokia BTSs, which are usually used as loop sleves. Other

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standard PDH cross connection devices, for example, MartisDXX family, can be used as transparent PDH layers. Transparent layers refer to devices that provide the bit stream and synchronisation, but which Nokia BSS does not specifically support. Nokia MetroHub Transmission Node is a dynamic 2 Mbit/s digital cross-connect, which is developed especially to support radio link based BSS transport networks. Its main traffic protection feature is the loop protection. The MetroHub provides a flexible, expandable and cost-effective solution for the purposes required by a GSM/EDGE operator. The maximum cross connection capacity of the MetroHub is 56 x 2 Mbit/s with switching granularity of 8 kbit/s. MetroHub has integrated transmission interfaces for E1, T1 and Flexbus. The Nokia Flexbus is an optimised interface for Nokia FlexiHopper and MetroHopper radio link products. Every UltraSIte GSM/EDGE contains a virtual MetroHub, which can be utilised for decentralised traffic collection, media change and grooming. This is helpful especially when network configurations evolve towards WCDMA. Nokia DN2 is a dynamic 2 Mbit/s digital cross-connect, which also has add-anddrop, primary multiplexing, and various protection features. The DN2 provides a rack-based alternative for MetroHub. The maximum interface capacity of the DN2 is 40 x 2 Mbit/s circuits. When the capacity exceeds the limit, multiple DN2s can be used. Switching granularity of Nokia DN2 is 8 kbit/s. Nokia SXC T is a high capacity PDH cross-connect device with up to 1904 x 2 Mbit/s capacity and 64 kbit/s switching granularity. SXC T can be used as a replacement for a digital distribution frame, or for various PDH traffic routing purposes.

3.4.4

Optical line equipment If there is a need for SDH transmission for capacity reasons and there are fibers available, Nokia recommends world leading SDH and DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) equipment from Marconi to be used in the Mobile Networks. The collaboration supports Marconi in developing these products towards the Mobile Networks requirements with the help of Nokia. By working together on the transmission layer 1 issues in partnership mode ensures that both companies understand the specific needs of mobile networks. This enables the companies to offer the most efficient solution in this area. Marconi's comprehensive product portfolio extends from modem size compact access SDH to terabit DWDM systems.



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3.4.5

Copper line equipment Capacities of up to 2 Mbit/s can be transmitted through copper pair cables for distances up to several kilometres using HDSL baseband modems. This is an economical solution in the access network, especially if existing copper cables can be used.

3.5

Nokia NetAct" framework for network and service management Nokia NetAct" is a network and service management framework that addresses the operator's challenges to handle more network elements, larger networks, greater complexity and explosive growth in traffic and data expected in future networks. In an increasingly multivendor, multiservice and multitechnology environment it is even more important to have a single OSS system at the controls. Openness, efficiency, modularity and scalability are key issues of Nokia NetAct. Nokia NetAct provides a pre-integrated management solution that can be taken into use quickly and cost-efficiently. This reduces the operator's time-tomarket and allows them to focus on doing their core business. The same evolving Nokia NetAct will also support all existing and future network technologies and related services thus providing a secured growth path towards IP-based networks. Nokia NetAct consists of functionality areas, such as Monitor and Reporter that provide management capabilities grouped together according to the most relevant operator processes. A unified mediation and adaptation layer is the interface towards different types of networks and network elements. It hides the network complexity and allows easy inter-operability with various technologies and 3rd party systems. The cornerstones of the Nokia NetAct management solution are:

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.

The entire network can be accessed and viewed with one system, Nokia NetAct. A clear view of the network and QoS indicators is always available.

.

Open interfaces - to enable easier integration integration and to allow operators to build the most suitable solution for their needs.

.

Modularity and flexibility of architecture.




Figure 6.


Nokia NetAct manages different network technologies


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3.5.1

Nokia NetAct" functionality for network and service management

Nokia NetAct

Framework

Workflow Manager Planner

Configuration Provisioning

Monitor

Reporter Common network topology

Administration

3rd party tools

Common WEB GUI

Service Quality Manager

Rating

Charging

Unified Mediation and Adaptation

Network

Figure 7.

Nokia NetAct framework

The functionality areas of Nokia NetAct provide management functionality that is available network-wide. The adaptation layer interfaces the managed network and provides services for higher-level systems. The purpose of Nokia NetAct Planner is to provide the best possible structure for a network, taking into consideration coverage, capacity and quality requirements. An advanced tool set is provided for planning, for example, radio and transmission networks and microwave links. The close co-operation between NetAct Planner, other Nokia NetAct areas and radio network elements enables fluent interworking and reduces significantly the effort in transferring information between applications.

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Nokia NetAct Configurator and Provisioning covers management functionality for both radio access packet core networks. The objective of Radio Access Configurator is to provide full support for network roll-out, expansion and optimisation. Network-wide configuration management is an optimal solution for plan manipulation and regional border area handling, for example automated handling of inter-regional dependencies. Optimizer is provided for statistical and/ or network-wide optimisation of the managed network in order to deliver optimum performance and quality targets set by the operator. It offers detailed analysis methods and effective algorithms for solving performance problems in 2G, 3G and multi-technology networks. Packet Core Configurator allows a controlled and secure access to the packet data services, ensuring the agreed quality of service. Packet Core Configurator provides means for Access Point provisioning in the packet core network. Nokia NetAct Monitor provides a set of tools for pre-processing, storing and displaying real-time alarm and performance information from the network. A constant visibility of the network status enables efficient fault detection and analysis. The same monitoring tools can flexibly be used for regional and global monitoring needs. Nokia NetAct Traffica complements the monitoring solution by allowing the operator to monitor both quality of service and quality of network. By providing end-user specific information about successful and unsuccessful call attempts, NetAct Traffica is a versatile application for various operator processes. Nokia NetAct Service Quality Manager enables the operator to work in a proactive manner by showing the impact of network problems on end-user service, such as SMS or WAP. Service Quality Manager can calculate and display service levels, prioritise fault investigation, provide customer care information and track important customer segments. All service relevant information that is available in the operator environment can be collected. With monitoring packages operators can, for example, monitor 3G services. With Nokia NetAct Reporter a network-wide view of network and service performance is always available. Operators can analyse and interpret data coming from multiple sources. Raw data becomes meaningful information that is visualised in various textual and graphical reports accessible via web. These reports can reflect a variety of aspects, such as QoS or traffic profiles. A dedicated global database is able to store performance data for various vendors, as well. Long-term data can be displayed in trend reports.

Nokia NetAct Administrator incorporates a centralised place for carrying out network-wide administrative tasks, such as system security, system capacity, backups and management of hardware and software configurations of network elements. Inventory Manager is able to handle both active network elements and passive parts, such as spares and racks.



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NetAct Workflow Manager is a workflow management solution that bridges the network and service monitoring process to workflow and workforce management functionality. This helps operators automate their business processes within and between different groups. Furthermore, it is used to assign and track the necessary tasks along the service assurance process. Nokia NetAct Rating and Charging functionality enables access and content charging of mobile data services like WAP and SMS. This feature is managed through interfaces to Nokia Charging Gateway (CG) and Nokia Charging Center (NCC). CG collects and preprocesses GPRS or 3G access CDRs from the packet core network. These and the content SDRs gathered from the WAP gateway, SMSC and the various application servers are then rated and charged by NCC. Ability to perform In Advance Credit Check and barring or unbarring access and usage of high value data services provide additional support for controlling prepaid subscriptions. Processed postpaid records are forwarded to a customer care and billing system for billing, whereas prepaid records are handled by a prepaid billing platform like the Nokia mCreate. The future converging network technologies require faster end-to-end management capabilities with different technology infrastructures. To meet these needs, the open interfaces of Nokia NetAct allow efficient integration of various 3rd party tools.

3.5.2

Nokia NetAct" architecture Nokia NetAct consists of a common core, a number of functionality areas and third party tools that interface with each other via a common messaging bus. The core includes for example, a common network model, network topology and standard interfaces. Centralised servers are high-end machines with enough capacity to handle the necessary number of interactive users. The Unified Mediation and Adaptation layer provides scalability for the whole system. Hardware solution

The hardware solution of Nokia NetAct is built of one or more server clusters and operator seats. Regional clusters manage a specific region, while global clusters are intended for centralised network management tasks. When distributing the operations between regional and national management centres, the regional server clusters and third party management systems are connected to the global cluster via a Data Communication Network (DCN). In the OSS3 releases the hardware setup contains the following:

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.

High-availability servers (HP-UX)

.

Application servers (Windows and HP-UX)

.

Operator seats




3.5.3

.

Storage Area Network (SAN) with disk array

.

DCN backbone

Nokia NetAct" Planner Nokia NetAct Planner is an integrated set of tools for planning voice and data for both radio and transmission networks. It is part of Nokia NetAct Framework.

Nokia NetAct Radio Planner provides planning for all types of GSM radio networks. It includes planning of both real time and non-real time services that support the network evolution path from GSM to GPRS and ultimately next generation EDGE technologies. WCDMA Planner is designed for WCDMA radio network planning. This planning system is part of the Nokia WCDMA system solution and has been developed in co-operation with both Nokia and a leading planning tool supplier thus enabling the latest WCDMA technology utilisation. In addition to highquality radio network planning functionality, WCDMA Planner offers an evolutionary approach to planning and optimising networks based on data service requirements. Nokia NetAct Link Planner provides efficient and flexible microwave link planning. It gives an advanced solution for line-of-sight checking, link frequency allocation, interference analysis, logical routing, link performance, and quality calculation. Nokia NetAct Transmission Planner enables planning of the transmission and datacom network, including dimensioning and network architecture comparisons. It covers 2G and 3G Cellular, ATM/IP, and PSTN networks. Nokia NetAct Quality Planner for field measurement analysis is an intelligent software package that provides automated detail and trend analysis of test mobile measurement files. It also produces diagnostic reports to resolve radio network problems. Nokia NetAct Rollout Planner is a site acquisition and project process tracking tool for network roll-out and expansion projects, providing full visibility of project milestones, progress and productivity. Nokia NetAct Planner runs on the PC/Windows platform using Oracle 8 database.



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3.6

Nokia power supply systems & site support systems Nokia's power supply systems provide essential battery backup and site support functions for a variety of GSM and WCDMA base station configurations, including indoor and outdoor versions. In addition, the Nokia Site Support System also provides space for transmission and customer equipment. PSM (Power System Management) is the remote management of the BBUs (Battery Back-Up Units) and SSSs (Site Support Systems) from Nokia NetAct. The PSM provides network operators with real time information on power supply status, the option to control the power supply remotely, and to maximise the electrical efficiency of the batteries and charging system. This enables more reliable information on the power supplies, and thus, fewer service visits. Nokia MetroSite Battery Back-up Unit, Outdoor and Indoor

Nokia MetroSite Battery Back-up Unit (BBU) is developed and designed specifically for Nokia MetroSite solutions and functions as an offline UPS. It supports Nokia MetroSite Base Station, Nokia ConnectSite 10 Base Station and Nokia MetroHub Transmission Node. On the outside the product looks the same as Nokia MetroSite Base Station and Nokia MetroHub Transmission Node. Nokia MetroSite BBU is a smart outdoor BBU with versatile mounting options. Small size and pre-installed units and ready factory set system configurations enable fast roll-outs. The maximum output power is 800W with up to 16Ah battery capacity. Nokia UltraSite Support range

The Nokia UltraSite Support Outdoor battery back-up and site support systems are one of the major components in the Nokia UltraSite offering. The Nokia UltraSite power systems ensure continuous operation of the network by providing uninterrupted power supply to the site. The Nokia UltraSite Support systems are designed with a high degree of inbuilt environmental protection. It operates in a wide temperature range and has a fully EMC protected cabinet and modules. The UltraSite Support uses the same cabinet design as the UltraSite Base Stations which harmonizes the site requirements. The high power density minimises the required foot print and allows site expansions for new generation services. The Nokia UltraSite Support consists of the compact cabinet, a preconfigured power distribution unit, an intelligent controller, high power rectifiers and operator equipment space. For extended backup, an extension cabinet can be added.

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Operation of the Nokia UltraSite Support systems is carried out through Nokia Power System Management (PSM). Remote operation through Nokia NetAct provides substantial savings in operational expenditures. Nokia UltraSite Support BBU, Outdoor

The Nokia UltraSite Support is a state of the art solution for supporting Nokia UltraSite applications from low capacity road sites to high capacity urban sites. Due to its modular design, Nokia UltraSite Support has the flexibility to enable variable applications. The maximum output power is 15,6 kW with up to 368 Ah battery capacity with the basic cabinet and the extension cabinet. The cabinet facilitates up to 12 pcs of 1300W rectifiers and 10 HUs for customer equipment. The Power System Management's functionality is integrated into the cabinet controller unit (CCUA). Nokia UltraSite Support Optima and Support Supreme Site Support Systems, Outdoor

Nokia Optima and Supreme site support systems support Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTSs and in co-siting, Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE BTSs and Talkfamily of base stations. The modular systems use the same cabinet design as the Nokia WCDMA base station and consist of a Site Support cabinet with rectifiers, a cabinet controller unit, a power distribution unit, batteries and integrated customer equipment space. Configuration specifically for the customer equipment space enables up to 11 HU in Optima and up to 18 HU in Supreme basic cabinets. The extension cabinet provides additional space for up to 21 HU in Optima and up to 35 HU in the Supreme extension cabinet. The maximum configuration of Support Optima and Support Supreme consist of a basic site support cabinet, 1st battery extension cabinet, 2nd battery extension cabinet and LTE extension cabinet. The maximum output power of Support Optima is up to 7,8 kW with up to 552 Ah battery capacity. Support Supreme maximum output power is up to 15,6 kW with up to 736 Ah battery capacity. The systems have Power System Management (PSM) functionality integrated into the cabinet controller unit (CCUA). The Nokia Empower battery back-up is the indoor variant for Nokia UltraSite Support Optima. Nokia Empower range

The Nokia Empower 1100 and 1900 series are battery back-up systems for Indoor Nokia UltraSite (GMS, EDGE, and WCDMA) and Intratalk base stations. The modular system consists of the cabinet with space for rectifiers, the cabinet controller unit, distribution and other mechanics and either an integrated battery compartment or a separate battery rack. The Nokia Empower BBUs are operated with the Nokia Power System Management (PSM) through the Nokia Network Management System (NMS or Nokia NetAct).



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Nokia Empower 110014

The high capacity Nokia Empower 110014 indoor BBU supports Nokia BTS and BSC (RNC) sites in all areas from high capacity urban sites to rural areas. The latest technology is used to fulfill the special requirements of macro-cellular sites. The small foot print solution provides an output power up to 15,4 kW with up to 465 Ah battery capacity. There are several optional features available and the PSM functionality is integrated for advances remote real-time system management. Nokia Power System Management

One of the key elements in providing high quality services is the ability to provide uninterrupted power supply to a base station site. To achieve constant and cost-effective network operation, a well-designed power supply with common management of other site elements is essential. Periodic checking requires site visits which can be minimised by operating Nokia power supplies through the Nokia Power System Management (PSM) and the Nokia network management system (NMS/Nokia NetAct). Nokia NetAct is the operational and maintenance part of the network and is needed to control the whole network. A network operator measures and maintains the network quality and services offered through the network management system. Nokia PSM provides network operators with reliable real-time information about power supply status providing maximum electrical efficiency of the batteries and the charging system, substantial reductions in service visits and accurate preventive maintenance to eliminate unnecessary site visits such as changing batteries for a reason other than their age. PSM transfers power supply data to NetAct via the Q1 bus and the PSMMan node manager provides a graphical user interface for the management of the Nokia power supply systems. The user can perform commissioning and maintenance tasks on Nokia power systems also locally at the site. The default commissioning values are stored and edited in a database. The PSMMan has all the same functions which can be accessed remotely from the Nokia NetAct site and also locally at the site. In the third method, PSMMan is used remotely via a modem link connection to Nokia NetAct and PSM, for example from home.

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4

Nokia Base Station Subsystem solutions Nokia has developed advanced solutions, which solve both the initial roll-out needs and the future capacity needs in a cost-effective manner. Thus, Nokia is able to support operator business in years to come. Nokia BSS supports the advanced new features, not only capacity coverage and cost-efficiency, but also the operator service needs.

4.1

BSS outdoor coverage The coverage need varies a lot depending on the environment. Nokia offers a number of solutions for the BSS to enhance the outdoor coverage of the GSM network. Nokia coverage extension solutions are most applicable in suburban and rural areas. The complete Nokia BSS solution for coverage building includes planning services and tools, implementation services and products, and optimising services.

4.1.1

Nokia UltraSite Solution In order to provide high quality solutions for the support of multimedia services, a high capacity macrocellular network is needed. There must be enough capacity for both voice and data traffic and, more importantly, there must be ability to carry higher data loads per each time slot. Additionally high traffic capacity requirements in urban environments and wide coverage in rural areas set challenges for macrocellular networks. Nokia UltraSite provides a solution for these challenges. Nokia UltraSite is a complete macrocellular solution for GSM networks. It provides the operators with the needed high traffic and transmission capacity along with wide cell ranges. Nokia UltraSite provides a platform that can be used for years to come, for both voice and data. Nokia UltraSite has been designed in such a way that it not only provides the platform for data features, but also provides the operator with virtually unlimited capacity for cell and site extensions.



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4.1.2

Nokia Smart Radio Concept (SRC) The unique Nokia Smart Radio Concept (SRC) optimises the radio link performance to bring significant improvements to existing coverage and Quality of Services, as well as increasing capacity by boosting EDGE data rates in Nokia UltraSite EDGE Base Station and Nokia MetroSite EDGE Base Station. They can reach to a 50 percent improvement in voice and data coverage; to a 40 percent increase in data throughput, and to a 40 percent higher network data capacity. Uplink and downlink performance increases can also be achieved independently with the following features:

4.1.3

.

Intelligent Downlink Diversity (IDD)

.

2way Uplink Diversity (2UD) with Interference Rejection Combining (IRC)

.

4way Uplink Diversity (4UD) with IRC

.

High gain Mast Head Amplifier (MHA)

Masthead Amplifier Masthead Amplifiers (MHA) provide a cost-effective and efficient way to enhance coverage. They can also be used to enhance the receive path with other coverage extension solutions. Depending on the actual network uplink/downlink balance, the MHA allows an MS to use lower transmitting power. The benefits obtained by lower transmitting power are increased battery call time in the mobile station and increased cell size, especially if the MHA is used together with booster or Smart Radio Concept. Simple implementation, high reliability and low maintenance are also among the benefits related to the MHAs. An additional advantage is that by using the MHA it is possible to use cheaper antenna feeder cables without affecting the performance of a site.

4.1.4

Nokia Intelligent Coverage Enhancement Nokia Intelligent Coverage Enhancement (ICE) is designed to be used in locations where it is necessary to cover as large an area as possible with one cell. Nokia Intelligent Coverage Enhancement provides an advanced solution for reduced infrastructure cost, capacity increase, higher network quality and better frequency management. It affects the outer areas of a cell providing good coverage and capacity for the entire cell. Call handling capacity is also improved with the Nokia Intelligent Coverage Enhancement feature.

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When using dual duplexing combined with the bypass configuration the TRXs can be divided to coverage and capacity cells with a totally overlapping service area.

Coverage Capacity

Coverage Capacity

Figure 8.

4.1.5

The principle of ICE

Extended cell Nokia extended cell solution provides an economical way to extend the coverage from the normal GSM range (35 km) up to 70 km. It is excellent in rural areas with low population and special coverage situations, such as in the archipelagos. Nokia extended cell solution is also useful when there are environmental restrictions to build new sites. Nokia implementation of extended cell is based on two TRXs. One TRX serves the normal area and the other TRX (E-TRX) serves the extended area. The main benefit of Nokia extended cell solution is that by doubling the range of a cell there is less need for additional sites. Reducing the number of new sites results in substantial savings when building the network.



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4.1.6

Masthead BTS Nokia MetroSite EDGE Base Station has been designed to support extreme temperatures allowing flexibility for choosing the location of the BTS. It can be installed outdoors on a pole, on the top of a building or in a mast. When installed on a mast Nokia MetroSite EDGE Base Station gives larger cell range to minimal RF-cable losses. The high RF performance of Nokia MetroSite EDGE Base Stations provide good coverage for better call success rate, good quality and reduced dropped call rate. All these characteristics reflect the perceived quality of the radio network and directly affect customer satisfaction.

4.2

Nokia Base Station Subsystem outdoor capacity Nokia offers a number of solutions for the BSS to enhance outdoor capacity of the GSM network. With cost-efficient capacity planning and implementation the revenue of the operator increases.

4.2.1

Extended GSM band In some countries it may be possible to allocate extra frequency band for GSM 900. For a GSM operator the extension band can represent the most cost-effective way to add capacity to the network, if all other standard GSM spectra is used. In Nokia the extension band and regular band frequencies can be configured in the same cell with the aid of Common BCCH feature. For more information, see Common BCCH Control in BSC .

4.2.2

Nokia Intelligent Frequency Hopping solution (IFH) Nokia BSS supports all hopping schemes (radio frequency, baseband, cyclic and random) and frequency planning methods. Nokia Frequency Hopping Solution can be combined with Nokia Intelligent Underlay-Overlay Solution resulting in Nokia Intelligent Frequency Hopping Solution (IFH). Nokia Intelligent Frequency Hopping Solution brings the benefits of Frequency Hopping to Intelligent Underlay-Overlay Solution networks, supporting even higher traffic requirements. Downlink power control (DL PC) with variable step size and discontinuous transmission as optimisation techniques improve the performances of IFH and FH.

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Nokia Intelligent Underlay-Overlay solution (IUO)

Nokia Intelligent Underlay-Overlay Solution (IUO) is a powerful means to get the most out of the existing GSM network. With Nokia Intelligent UnderlayOverlay Solution the capacity of the radio network can be enhanced by as much as 40% without increasing the number of sites. Nokia Intelligent UnderlayOverlay Solution also improves the network quality by minimising the number of dropped calls and congestion in the network. Because of its capacity and coverage enhancing features, Nokia Intelligent Underlay-Overlay Solution offers better network performance in city centres and traffic hotspots. Nokia Intelligent Underlay-Overlay Solution implements a two-layer network structure, where one layer provides seamless coverage and the other high capacity. The benefits of Nokia Intelligent Underlay-Overlay Solution are capacity gain, quality gain or reduction in sites. The operator can emphasise any of these benefits by means of network planning. The capacity gain is achieved by using the existing frequency band in a more effective way. By continuously monitoring the co- and adjacent channel interference and saving the call to less interfered frequency, the network quality is improved. No additional sites are required for the implementation of Nokia Intelligent Underlay-Overlay Solution, on the contrary, the number of sites needed for the same capacity and quality as without Nokia Intelligent UnderlayOverlay Solution is smaller only the number of the TRXs is greater. Nokia Intelligent Underlay-Overlay Solution supports rapid implementation; it may take as little as one to three months to implement the whole Nokia Intelligent Underlay-Overlay Solution. All the other capacity enhancement features can be used simultaneously with Nokia Intelligent Underlay-Overlay Solution. This gives an ultimate possibility to combine the benefits of several capacity enhancement features and thus multiply the capacity gain. For more information, see Intelligent Underlay-Overlay. Frequency Hopping

Frequency Hopping (FH) is another powerful means to maximise the capacity of the existing GSM networks. With Nokia Frequency Hopping Solution, remarkable capacity may be gained without increasing the number of sites, because frequencies can be reused more efficiently. By reducing interference, Nokia Frequency Hopping Solution also improves the link quality between the base station and the mobile station. The improvement results in better call quality.



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Frequency Hopping Solution provides Frequency Diversity gain, which further enhances the cell coverage and quality. For more information, see Frequency Hopping. Back to Overview to Nokia Base Station Subsystem.

4.2.3

Dual Band solution Nokia Dual Band solution gives an opportunity to expand the existing network by an additional bandwidth. The main benefits of implementing a dual band network are capacity gain, quality gain, more efficient coverage, and additional roaming traffic. The capacity gain is achieved by additional frequency allocation. Higher call quality is achieved by using the larger number of frequencies provided by the two bands and thus reducing the interference level. Also the frequency separation between the two bands causes less interference and improves quality gain. The use of both frequency bandwidths with their different behaviour in different environments results in more efficient coverage. By providing a dual band service, operators have the possibility to gain additional roaming traffic, because they can reach both dual band mobile stations. The combination of the two bands allows the mobile subscriber with a dual band mobile to have the benefit of a wide coverage and improved service availability. All Nokia network elements support dual band operation without any special limitations. With Nokia equipment the implementation and expansion of a dual band network is flexible. Dual Band GSM 800 / 1800, GSM 900 / 1800 and GSM 800 / 1900

The Dual Band GSM 800 / 1800, GSM 900/1800 and 800/1900 Network Operation features provide means to manage traffic between GSM 800 and GSM 1800, GSM 900 and GSM 1800 and between GSM 800 and GSM 1900 frequency bands.

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.

One BSC is able to handle GSM 800 and GSM 1800, GSM 900 and GSM 1800, and GSM 800 and GSM 1900 cells, which can be set as neighbour cells.

.

A handover is possible between the cells of a different band.




.

There is no common BCCH and cell identity, so there is no need to have a single cell serving these different frequencies. There is also no need for specific support of intra-cell handover between the bands.

.

The frequency hopping between bands is not required (see ETR 366.1997. ) and therefore it is not supported.

.

The BSC supports the extension of the GSM 900 frequencies. The extended GSM 900 (EGSM 900) functionality is implemented as a generic feature. In other words, a handover between PGSM 900 and EGSM 900 frequency bands is a generic feature. Optional dual band means the handovers between GSM 900 and GSM 1800 and GSM 800 and GSM 1900 frequency bands.

Extended GSM 900 frequencies are supported as separate cells in the BSC. The Dual Band GSM 800 / 1800, GSM 900 / 1800 and GSM 800 / 1900 Network Operation are optional features in the BSC. The support of EGSM 900 band is a generic functionality. The Dual Band GSM 800 / 1800, GSM 900 / 1800 and GSM 800 / 1900 parameter affects the interface to Nokia NetAct. For more information, see Dual Band Network Operation .

4.2.4

Advanced Multilayer Handling Nokia Advanced Multilayer Handling (AMH) concept is useful especially in dual band (GSM 800 / 1800, GSM 800 / 1900 and GSM 900 / GSM 1800), microcellular, or multi layer networks. It provides the operator both with improved quality and capacity. The AMH redistributes traffic to the appropriate layer or frequency band according to the prevailing load of the network. Therefore, the AMH can relieve the load of the congested cells and balance the traffic over the network. With the AMH the operator can direct the traffic to use only overlay network during low traffic periods. Thus any additional handovers between two layers are avoided producing more trunking gain. Moreover, the AMH is able to redistribute the traffic from congested regular layer to other cells, selecting the best mobile and cell combination, which is likely to survive and give good quality on the new cell. In general, by using Nokia AMH, operators can move the capacity between different layers according to prevailing traffic.



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4.2.5

Direct Access to Desired Layer/Band The Direct Access to Desired Layer/Band (DADL/B) directs the traffic to lower layer cells in call setup phase. For example, if the call is set up in a macrocell or GSM 900 cell, when the call is established, it is handed over to lower layer microcell or GSM 1800 cell whenever possible. This functionality reduces the number of unnecessary TCH reservations in macro cells and thus provides more trunking efficiency in the network. For more information, see Direct Access to Desired Layer / Band .

4.2.6

Common BCCH Control The Common BCCH Control feature allows the integration of resources from different frequency bands into one cell. TRXs of different frequency bands can be configured in the same cell by letting them share a common BCCH that has been allocated from one frequency band used in the cell. The feature enhances the functionality of a cell to offer service to multiband mobile terminals in all the frequency bands which they support. The feature provides improved trunking gain, tighter reuse of non-BCCH carriers, better quality due to the decrease in the number of handovers, and improved spectral efficiency. A common BCCH of a cell is configured in only one of the bands of operation when resources across all bands are co-located and synchronized. Common BCCH Control utilises the segment architecture. TRXs of different frequency bands are gathered as different BTSs within a cell and a cell of this kind is called a segment. For more information, see Common BCCH Control in BSC.

4.2.7

Multi BCF Control Multi BCF Control feature allows the combination of several BTSs into one logical cell, allowing the operator to increase the capacity of a cell while maintaining the maximum spectral efficiency. The feature increases the cell capacity for Nokia Talk-family BTSs to 24 TRXs and for Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTSs to 36 TRXs while requiring no extra BCCH. Multi BCF also provides a path for site expansion from Nokia Talk-family to Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS and therefore an evolution path to EDGE services.

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The operator can arrange base stations so that TRXs in different base stations (operating on the same frequency band) can serve the same cell with a single BCCH. At the base station site, the operator makes some installations, for example, synchronisation is needed between the base stations. At the BSC, the operator uses a new SEGMENT (SEG) object where operator sets all BTS objects sharing the same BCCH. For more information, see Multi BCF Control in BSC .

4.3

BSS indoor solutions Nokia has the complete system solution for indoor networks. Nokia can offer planning services and tools, a range of BTSs and signal distribution methods that enable the operator to choose the best solution for each environment. The BSC functions for optimal traffic management between layers and the network monitoring capability of the network service and management system (Nokia NetAct) help to guarantee excellent system performance. Nokia services help to ensure fast and efficient implementation and care of an indoor solution.

Figure 9.

4.3.1

Nokia's complete indoor solution

Signal distribution systems There are several signal distribution methods available for indoor solutions for different buildings and different needs (capacity, building footprint, ease of rollout, ease of customer care). To fulfill all these needs Nokia offers three different indoor radio access solutions:



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.

Pico BTS Nokia InSite

.

Optical RF distribution Nokia InLite

.

Distributed Antenna System Nokia DAS

APP

The APP is initiated with an easy-to-use tool - Nokia InSite Wizard - for planning, commissioning, integration and verification. One person can integrate Nokia InSite Base Stations into the network during one site visit. This is made possible by: .

Nokia Autoconfiguration for Abis transmission

.

Frequency allocation for Nokia InSite Base Station: scanning for and selecting a frequency free of interference

.

BTS parametrisation according to the predefined indoor-specific parameter sets

.

Fully automatic detection and creation of handover neighbours

.

Tools for coverage and performance verification

In addition, the Channel Finder (CF) feature is available for maintaining good quality in the office. It is triggered by changes in the surrounding network and it helps to react to changes before indoor quality decreases. Nokia Distributed Antenna System

Nokia Distributed Antenna System (DAS) is typically used to cover buildings with a need for dedicated indoor capacity and coverage. Typical applications for a DAS are office buildings, hotels, factories and public buildings such as shopping malls, airports and railway stations. DAS connects to a sector from an outdoor BTS, or, if the capacity demand is sufficient, a dedicated indoor BTS. The RF signal is distributed to several antennas by using RF signal splitters/couplers. DAS is easy to operate. Once the distribution network is in place it is easy to add capacity just by increasing the number of transceivers. The limitations of the size of the distribution network i.e. losses in cables and power splitters, must be taken into account. The installation of thick RF cables may also cause additional work.

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Hybrid solutions

Hybrid solution comes feasible if there is a need, for instance, to add capacity locally. For example, in high rise buildings the basic indoor solution is done by using Nokia InLite. If a corporate uses only mobiles, the traffic may increase considerably in one floor. In this situation Nokia InSite BTS can be a very sensible solution to add capacity. Interferences are very limited and it is easier to find the clean frequency. Naturally the heavy user subscribers get the perfect coverage and quality at the same time. Hybrid combinations can be Nokia InLite and Nokia InSite or Nokia DAS and Nokia InSite.

4.4

Nokia Base Station Subsystem data Nokia provides efficient solutions for data transmission.

4.4.1

High Speed Circuit Switched Data, HSCSD GSM system supports maximum 9.6 kbit/s user data rate with a single time slot. There is also an accelerated user data rate of 14.4 kbit/s. The 14.4 kbit/s data service can be combined with High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD). The HSCSD provides accelerated data rates for subscriber applications. Current trend shows increased demand for high data rate applications, such as the World Wide Web (WWW), file transfer and facsimile. Nokia is actively participating in future data developments and services, such as GERAN (GSM/EDGE Radio Access network completely 3G) standardisations. Fore more information, see HSCSD and 14.4 kbit/s Data Services in BSC.

4.4.2

General Packet Radio Service, GPRS Nokia offers a total end-to-end General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) solution in Nokia GPRS system including GPRS core, network management and charging gateway with high capacity, scalability and carrier class availability. As a part of GPRS system release 1, Nokia offers GPRS support in BSS with powerful radio resource management algorithms, optimised BSS network topology and transmission solutions to ensure optimal investment to operators and high capacity and quality service for end users. GPRS is a major step forward in mobile data. It gives customers the benefits of continuously connected and instant IP connectivity on-the-move. GPRS provides the possibility of being charged only for transferred data and a more efficient use of limited air interface resources.



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All Nokia BTSs support GPRS release 1 (channel coding schemes CS-1 and CS2) without any hardware changes. BSC requires new Packet Control Units (PCU) to be installed in each BCSU unit to support GPRS. GPRS provides packet radio access for a GSM mobile. The benefit of GPRS is that it can use the same resources as circuit-switched connections by sharing the overhead capacity. This means that one mobile uses the resources only for a short period of time, that is, when it is sending or receiving data. The sharing of resources together with a very fast method of reserving radio channels makes the air interface usage even more efficient. For more information, see GPRS in BSC .

4.4.3

Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution, EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) is an optional feature. EDGE increases the data capabilities of GSM networks towards 3rd generation services. With the new modulation, EDGE increases the air interface data throughput on average triple-fold compared to today's GSM and boosts both circuit switched and packet switched services. In S10.5 ED, EDGE comprises EGPRS only. EDGE is being specified in such a way that it enhances the throughput per time slot triple-fold. In EGPRS, the maximum standardised data rate per time slot triples and the peak throughput, with eight time slots in the radio interface, is up to 473 kbit/s. Increasing the data rates is made possible by a linear higher order modulation, an 8-PSK (Phase Shift Keying), in addition to the existing GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying). An 8-PSK signal is able to carry three bits per modulated symbol over the radio path, while a GMSK signal carries only one bit per symbol. The carrier symbol rate (270.833 ksym/s) of a standard GSM is kept the same for an 8-PSK, and the burst length is identical to the current GMSK using the same 200 k carrier spacing. The new air interface modulation enables the handling of a lot higher data rates. Transceiver units in the base station need to be EDGE-capable. These transceiver units simultaneously also support current GMSK modulation since the modulation choice can be made per time slot. Also, new mobile terminals are required. However, as an add-on functionality in the GSM network, EDGE does not entail any new network elements.

Benefits of EDGE:

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.

Migration to wireless multimedia services : The operator can increase data revenues by offering a completely new type of services to end-users.

.

Improved end user satisfaction: Increased data capacity and higher data throughput decrease response times for all data services, thus keeping the end users satisfied and connected.

.

Potentially lower price per bit: Lower cost of data capacity for high-speed data applications gives the operator flexibility in pricing.

.

Fast network implementation EDGE does not require new network elements. EDGE capability can be introduced incrementally to the network.

.

Optimised network investment as GSM enhancement. Flexible data capacity deployment where needed.



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Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS Nokia MetroSite EDGE BTS GSM compatible

OSS EDGE functionality in network elements and higher user rates GGSN Gn

BTS

A-bis

Gb A

MSC

BTS 8.6.0-

0

GSM/EDGE coverage EDGE capable terminal, GSM compatible

Figure 10.

More capacity in interfaces to support higher data usage

EDGE builds on the existing GSM network

For more information, see GPRS in BSC.

4.4.4

Dynamic Abis Allocation Dynamic Abis is an optional feature in BSS10.5 ED and is included in EGPRS optionality. Dynamic Abis is needed in optimising the use of Abis transmission capacity. Dynamic Abis needs to be used once EDGE is introduced in the network. As the Abis interface transmission requirement varies a lot depending on the MCS used in EGPRS connections, it is sensible to share common transmission resources between several traffic channels. Dynamic Abis makes it possible to define a common transmission resource (Dynamic Abis Pool) for EDGE-capable TRXs that are situated in the same Abis ETPCM. The transmission capacity for signalling links and the basic transmission capacity (16 kbit/s) for every radio timeslot is allocated fixedly from the Abis ETPCM. The Dynamic Abis Pool resource is used as an additional transmission capacity for EGPRS call when the

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fixedly allocated Abis transmission capacity is not enough for the MCS used. Normal GPRS calls with CS2 also need additional transmission capacity from the Dynamic Abis Pool when allocated to EGPRS territory, that is, when EDGEcapable TRXs are configured to use Dynamic Abis. Dynamic Abis cannot be used together with the ISDN Abis, because Dynamic Abis pool timeslots cannot be connected via ISDN connections. (E)GPRS utilizing the Dynamic Abis does not work with Satellite Abis due to delays in the satellite connections. Therefore there is no point in using Dynamic Abis with Satellite Abis. For information on Dynamic Abis dependencies, see BSS10, BSS10.5 and BSS10.5 ED dependencies in GSM/EDGE Feature Description.

4.4.5

Support of PCCCH/PBCCH This feature brings dedicated CCCH capacity for (E)GPRS services. PCCCH comprises logical channels for packet common control signalling. The following common control channels are available: PRACH is used by an MS to initiate uplink transfer for sending data or signalling information. Packet Access burst and Extended Packet Access burst are used on PRACH. PPCH is used to page an MS prior to downlink packet transfer. PPCH uses paging groups in order to allow usage of DRX mode. PPCH can be used for paging of both circuit switched and packet data services. The paging for circuit switched services on PPCH is applicable for class A and B GPRS MSs in Network operation mode I. PAGCH is used in the packet transfer establishment phase to send resource assignment to an MS prior to packet transfer. PBCCH broadcasts packet data specific System Information (for example C31 and C32 cell selection criteria). C31/C32 are used to direct the GPRS traffic on the cells which can serve EGPRS to CS traffic most efficiently and free of interference. C31/C32 apply in cells using PBCCH/PCCCH, otherwise existing C1/C2 are used. If PBCCH is not allocated, the packet data specific system information is broadcast on BCCH .



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Note PCCCH/PBCCH are mapped to an own timeslot.

Common Channels

BCCH/CCCH

PBCCH

Figure 11.

4.4.6

PPCH

PBCCH/PCCCH

PDTCH

PAGCH

PRACH

Support of PCCCH/PBCCH

Priority class based quality of service At a system level the concept of 'Priority class' is introduced. This is based on combinations of GPRS Delay class and GPRS Precedence class values. Packets will be evenly scattered within (E)GPRS territory between different time slots. After that packets having higher 'Priority' are sent before the packets having lower 'Priority'. Currently all TBFs (GPRS calls) have the same priority. All users and all applications have the same service level. The needs of different applications differ and mechanisms having separate service levels are required. ETSI specifications define QoS functionality, which gives a possibility to differentiate TBFs by delay, throughput and priority. Priority Based Scheduling is introduced as a first step towards QoS. With Priority Based Scheduling operator can give users different priorities. Higher priority users will get better service than lower priority users. There will be no extra blocking to any user, only the experienced service quality changes.

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4.5

Advanced features of Nokia Base Station Subsystem In addition to the other advanced solutions, Nokia provides many more BSS features for various purposes. This list is not exhaustive, but mentions only a few main features. For more information, see GSM/EDGE Feature Description.

4.5.1

GSM-WCDMA Inter-System Handover The GSM-WCDMA Inter-System Handover feature enables the BSC to send the WCDMA related idle state parameters both on the BCCH and on the PBCCH to dual mode GSM/WCDMA mobiles which are camped on a GSM cell in an idle state or in a packet idle mode. If the PBCCH is not provided by the GSM network, all WCDMA capable dual mode mobiles use the WCDMA related idle state parameters received from the BCCH. The dual mode GSM/WCDMA mobiles are divided into two separate categories according to the GPRS capabilities: GPRS and non-GPRS capable mobiles. There are both common and category-specific operator parameters for the adjustment of mobile functionality in the idle state, packet idle mode, dedicated state and packet transfer mode. For the BSC radio network parameter handling, this means that most of the WCDMA related idle state parameters are applicable for all mobiles. However, the operator is also able to define the GPRS capability specific neighbour WCDMA cell measuring and re-selection threshold values for the WCDMA capable mobiles. GSM-WCDMA Inter-System Handover (ISHO) is an optional feature. It is always active if the operator has deployed it in the GSM network.



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Network Architecture BTS

Abis

A BSC

BTS

MSC/VLR

GMSC

HLR

SCP

PSTN/ ISDN

GSM BSS Gb

Dual mode UE

lub WBTS SGSN

RNC WBTS lur WBTS

3G-SGSN

RNC WBTS

GGSN

lu

IP NETWORKS

WCDMA RAN

Figure 12.

GSM-WCDMA RAN network architecture

The GSM-WCDMA Inter-System Handover feature enables mobile controlled inter-system cell re-selections for the WCDMA capable dual mode mobiles from: .

GSM to WCDMA RAN in idle state

.

GPRS to WCDMA RAN in packet idle mode

.

GPRS to WCDMA RAN in packet transfer mode for PS connections

Mobile controlled inter-system cell re-selections towards WCDMA RAN are always initiated due to dowlink signal quality reasons. The dual mode mobiles make inter-system cell re-selection attempt decisions according to the WCDMA related idle state parameters, neighbour cell measurements and inter-system cell re-selection algorithms.

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The ISHO feature also enables BSC controlled inter-system handovers from the GSM BSS to WCDMA RAN for circuit switched (CS) connections during which dual mode WCDMA mobile is in a dedicated state. The ISHO feature enables the BSC receive all incoming inter-system handovers (that is, from the WCDMA RAN) and inter-system cell re-selections. Network controlled inter-system cell re-selection for packet switched (PS) connections is not supported in the first phase (S10.5) of ISHO implementation. Benefits of GSM-WCDMA Inter-System Handover: .

When the networks overlap, handovers from GSM BSS to WCDMA RAN can be made in order to release traffic load in the GSM system.

.

Handovers from WCDMA RAN to GSM BSS can be made in order for the operator to provide a seamless coverage in areas where WCDMA RAN is not available. The handover extends the radio network coverage.

.

Due to the inter-system handover, seamless continuity of speech connections and certain data services between WCDMA RAN and GSM networks are available for all dual mode subscribers. Dual mode mobiles support both GSM and WCDMA systems. In addition to this, dual mode mobiles may also support GPRS.

Both the circuit switched (handover and mobile cell re-selection) and packet switched (mobile cell re-selection) modes are supported. For more information, see GSM-WCDMA Inter-System Handover.

4.5.2

Nokia mPosition" Solution The purpose of the optional feature Nokia mPosition" Solution in the BSC is to locate subscriber and/or valid mobile equipment or to send assistance data to the MS. Nokia mPosition" Solution can be used to locate emergency calls more accurately than when based on cell identity alone. It can also be used for commercial purposes. The MS user may enjoy different services provided by external applications via LCS Client. The user can, for example, request the location of a nearest restaurant. Also the operator may use MS location information for a better network performance, for example, hotspot positioning or finding dropped calls. For more information, see Location Services .



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4.5.3

Automated Planning This feature enables improving the network quality and helps planning an effective network. It also helps the frequency planning by establishing a more accurate interference matrix and assists in neigbour cell planning. For more information, see Statistical Support for Automated Planning.

4.5.4

Voice Coding Nokia Transcoders (TCMS2) support GSM Fullrate, GSM Halfrate, Enhanced Fullrate (EFR) as well as Adaptive Multirate (AMR) speech coding.

4.5.5

Acoustic Echo Canceller On the mobile station (MS) side, voice coming from the earpiece of the MS is picked up by the microphone, that is, there is an acoustic echo travelling by air and along the body of the MS. According to the GSM specifications, the mobile should have a built-in echo suppressor or canceller. However, some mobiles are not capable of removing the acoustic echo sufficiently and the subscriber may sometimes hear mobile originated echo. The Acoustic Echo Canceller (AEC) is aimed to remove acoustic echo on the network side. Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer performs the AEC. For more information, see TCSM2 Functionalities

4.5.6

Tandem Free Operation (TFO) The primary objective of Tandem Free Operation (TFO) is to improve the speech quality in mobile to mobile calls by avoiding double transcoding. By using TFO, speech is transported in its compressed form across the network(s), which minimises the number of transcodings that are done. Subjective tests performed by ETSI show significant gain in the subjective quality for all speech codecs (FR, EFR, and HR). Tandem free should apply to mobile to mobile calls independently, regardless of whether the mobiles are located within the same PLMN network or in different networks. Tandem free can be established if the same speech codec for example, EFR - is used on both mobile calls. It applies to all existing codecs (FR, HR, and EFR) if the same codec is used on both mobile calls. Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer performs the TFO. For more information, see TCSM2 Functionalities .

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4.5.7

Noise Suppression (NS) When activated, the noise suppression algorithm processes the uplink and/or downlink speech samples in order to reduce the background noise level during speech calls. This feature can be activated separately for each speech codec (FR/ HR/EFR/AMR) and transmission direction (uplink/downlink) using TCSM2 MMI. The level of noise suppression can also be adjusted. The noise suppression algorithm continuously estimates the background noise power spectrum based on input speech samples and voice activity detection. The speech signal power spectrum is then modified based on the background noise estimate and additional constraints. This results in increased subjective quality and intelligibility in adverse conditions, with no perceptible degradation in clean speech. The tuning of the noise suppression level is optimised to avoid degradation in tandem situations, for example, when noise suppression is implemented in both the mobile station and the transcoder, or both transcoders, in a mobile-to-mobile call. The main benefits of the feature are: .

Nokia Noise Suppression improves voice quality by removing the background noise and thus increasing the end-user satisfaction

.

Compatible with all FR/EFR/HR codecs and AEC feature, easy to manage

.

Only a software upgrade, easy to implement

For more information, see TCSM2 Functionalities .

4.5.8

Wireless Priority Service in BSC The Wireless Priority Service (WPS) feature allows qualified and authorized National Security and Emergency Preparedness (NS/EP) users to obtain priority access to the next available radio traffic channels during situations where Commercial Mobile Radio Service (CMRS) network congestion is blocking call attempts. The WPS is an optional feature in the BSC. The feature is applicable only in ANSI environment. WPS is implemented in S10.5 and will be further developed and documented in S11.



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Note The use of WPS IOC SOFTWARE is restricted in the U.S. and U.S. TERRITORIES to NS/EP users authorized by the Office of the Manager, National Communication System (OMNCS). ELIGIBLE CMRS PROVIDER deployment of these WPS IOC SOFTWARE must be coordinated with the OMNCS at the following address: Office of the Manager National Communications System Attn: GETS Program Office 701 South Courthouse Rd. Arlington, VA 22204-2198 Email: [email protected] For more information, see Wireless Priority Service in BSC.

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Nokia Base Station Subsystem compatibility with other NSSs and GPRS Core networks

5

Nokia Base Station Subsystem compatibility with other NSSs and GPRS Core networks Nokia BSS needs to be compatible not only with Nokia Network System (NSS) but also with other suppliers' NSSs. In addition, Nokia BSS has to be fully compatible with network service and management system (Nokia NetAct) and other support equipment. Therefore the compatibility issues are an essential part in the design of Nokia BSS and its network elements. Nokia BSS compatibility is defined per release level. Nokia BSS is based on the GSM/EDGE specifications set by the 3GPP. These specifications are designed to guarantee inter-operability of equipment from different manufacturers in the same GSM network. Nokia is a company that has committed to the idea of open interfaces. In the GSM network the interface between the Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) and the Base Station Subsystem (BSS), the so called A interface, can be considered such an open interface. Therefore Nokia has carried out extensive testing concerning the A interface. Nokia has tested its BSS with all the major switch suppliers on the market during several years. Nokia MSC has also been proved to interwork with other manufacturers' BSSs. At the moment Nokia BSSs are working in live operational networks around the world with Alcatel, Motorola, Siemens, Ericsson and Nortel MSCs. In BSS multivendor integration Nokia follows the so called Ladder Model when introducing new software releases. It means that whenever Nokia produces new software, Nokia is the driving force to ensure compatibility on specification level. Furthermore, Nokia is active in making the required verification arrangements.



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6

Nokia Base Station Subsystem interfaces GSM standard open interfaces and Nokia-specific interfaces are used in Nokia BSS. SGSN

Nokia NetAct

Gb Q3

MS MSC A

Figure 13.


BSC

TCSM2 Ater

BTS Abis

Radio

Interfaces in Nokia Base Station Subsystem


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6.1

A interface The interface between the mobile switching centre (MSC) and the base station controller (Nokia Base Station Controller) is implemented according to the GSM specifications. Due to Nokia implementation of the BSS the actual A interface is between the MSC and the TCSM (Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer). The physical interface consists of one or more PCM lines.

6.2

Ater interface Ater interface is a Nokia-specific interface. It is between Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer and Nokia Base Station Controller. The physical interface consists of one or more PCM lines.

6.3

Abis interface Abis interface telecommunication part between Nokia Base Station Controller and the Base Station (BTS) is implemented according to the GSM specifications. The physical interface is a PCM line. The Abis operation and maintenance (O & M) part is Nokia-specific supporting additional features, such as alarm consistency, remote transmission equipment management and BTS database management.

6.4

Radio interface The Radio interface is implemented according to the GSM specifications. The BTS forms the Radio interface through air to the mobile station (MS).

6.5

Q3 interface The implementation of Q3 interface is based on the O & M framework of the ITU-T and the International Standards Organisation (ISO). It is located between Nokia Base Station Controller and the network service and management system (Nokia NetAct).

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Nokia Base Station Controller provides the following types of interfaces between Nokia NetAct and Nokia Base Station Controller, depending on the network operator's requirements:

6.6

.

an X.25 connection via a semipermanent time slot on the A interface

.

an X.25 interface, connected directly or via the Packet Switched Public Data Network (PSPDN)

.

a Local Area Network (LAN) interface

Q1 interface Q1 interface is a Nokia-specific interface. It is a transmission management bus connecting Nokia NetAct with Nokia PDH transmission elements. Also Transmission Unit (TRU) and Hopper microwave radios are connected to Nokia NetAct via the Q1 interface.

6.7

Gb interface Gb is an open interface between a BSC and an SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node). It is implemented using Frame Relay. Frame Relay can be either point-topoint (PCU-SGSN) or there can be a frame relay network located between the BSC and SGSN. The protocol stack comprises of BSSGB, NS and L1. The physical layer is implemented as one or several PCM-E1 lines with G.703 interface.

6.8

User interface The network element's local user interface is usually an option to using the Graphical User Interface (GUI) from Nokia NetAct. The whole GSM network can be managed through Nokia NetAct GUI. A standard terminal (VT 52 or VT 100) is used as the man-machine interface (MMI) terminal of a network element. Nokia Base Station Controller and Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer have a user-friendly interface with plain-text messages and man-machine language (MML) commands, which are easy to learn and use. The user interface complies with the recommendations of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T).



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GSM system security

7

GSM system security In the GSM system much attention has been paid to the security and call privacy. Both speech and equipment are secured against misusage as stated in the GSM specifications.

7.1

Call security Ciphering is one of the security procedures designed to protect the subscriber identity and data. It is an optional procedure in GSM. When ciphering is active, all information exchanged between the mobile and the network on the dedicated radio channels is encrypted. The key previously set between the network and the mobile station (MS) is used to encipher and to decipher the encrypted information. The encryption algorithms applied in a GSM network are extremely sophisticated and make it virtually impossible to break the code. Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer performs speech coding according to the speech compression methods mentioned in the GSM specifications. It restricts tapping in the radio network. The GSM system also applies temporary caller identities in the course of a call, which makes it impossible to an outsider to trace the call by any means.

7.2

Operation and Maintenance security To ensure security in the DX 200 system, that is, for Nokia Base Station Controller and Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer, a number of precautions have been designed to minimise security risks. There is, for example, a special authority system in the Man-Machine Interface (MMI) system for operation and maintenance. To avoid external misusage, the MMI system can be operated only by a person with defined user ID and password. Internal security is ensured by restricting the rights of the users, that is, some users may use only certain Man-Machine Language (MML) commands.



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The users can also be divided into groups, usually according to their expertise. The groups are given certain profiles that define which commands the users can use according to their need. If MML terminals are situated in a place with open access, profiles may be defined also for them. The login to Nokia NetAct system is password protected. For more safety, the password is allocated only for a specified period of time and cannot be used after it is expired. Generally the login to Nokia NetAct and its applications can be controlled by NMS system administrator. It is possible to define, for example, separate user groups for certain geographical areas or for certain applications only. At the base station site, external alarms can be used to indicate over heating, excess humidity, or vandalism, for example.

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8

Nokia professional services Nokia can help plan, deploy, manage, and develop an operator's mobile network with a full house of service solutions. Nokia Professional Services offers the operator a wide range of services to ensure quick implementation of new network elements as well as successful operation and administration of an existing network.

8.1

Optimised Deployment for early market entry Nokia has highly integrated deployment processes for smoothly upgrading mobile networks for capacity and coverage. Nokia offers four Roll-out Services Packages, designed to take into account the varying needs in a changing regulatory environment and market place: .

Turnkey Responsibility Package

.

Time-to-Market Package

.

Roll-out Management Package

.

Telecom Deployment Package

The following table describes the contents of the packages:

Table 4.

Contents of different Roll-out Services Packages


Roll-out Management Package

Time-to-Market Package

Turnkey Responsibility Package

Project management

(X)

X

X

X

NW pre-planning

X

NW planning

O

O

O

X

Site acquisition

O

X

X



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Table 4.

Contents of different Roll-out Services Packages (cont.)

Construction works

O

X

X

Telecom implementation

X

X

X

X

X = included in the package (X) = for Telecom Implementation only O = non-mandatory item = excluded from the package


The Telecom Deployment Package is designed for operators who buy network roll-out services from several service suppliers. Telecom Implementation includes all activities and project management related to the physical installation of the equipment at the installation site. Roll-out Management Package

The Roll-out Management Package is designed for operators who buy telecom implementation and roll-out project management from one service supplier. By letting Nokia take the responsibility for managing the project, network implementation becomes more efficient, the roll-out smoother, and the operator's investment safer. Time-to-Market Package

The Time-to-Market Package is designed for operators for whom a quick entry to the market place is the first priority. They are willing to trust one partner for all the network roll-out services but prefer to have network pre-planning and planning done by themselves. Turnkey Responsibility Package

The Turnkey Responsibility Package is the most extensive of Nokia's Roll-out Services Packages. It is designed for operators who are willing to purchase defined network performance starting from a defined date on a defined geographical area without being involved in building the network.

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Removal Services - supporting site evolution for multimedia

Co-siting Nokia UltraSite Base Station with Nokia Talk-family Base Stations ensures site evolution without the need to replace existing equipment. However, if operators are faced with obsolete or out-dated products in upgrading their networks to meet the multimedia requirements, Nokia provides a process which is safe and easy-to-handle for their dismantling.

8.2

Total support for complete system offering Nokia supports the operator in maintaining network availability of the evolving network also when its complexity increases. The Nokia Software Maintenance Service keeps the network competitive and enhances its performance with the latest versions of software. The Nokia Hardware Services offer flexible services and fast logistic solutions for Nokia UltraSite, ranging from Spare Parts Managemet to Regular Repair - the choice is with the customer. Operating and maintaining your network to reach peak performance

Nokia O & M services help to fulfil the operator's day-to-day operational needs and help improve their efficiency. Nokia offers four flexible packages to accommodate the operators' varying service needs, extending from operational backup and maintenance to extensive support in network operation. Nokia's way of ensuring service performance and customer satisfaction are built within the Nokia Customer Care Process. The Nokia System Manager develops maintenance plans together with the operator, follows service performance and takes care of reporting as well as proposals for network enhancement activities. A wide range of training services are available to support operators in building the right competences for a new technical environment. To complement conventional customer service offering, Nokia also provides a web-based service concept, Nokia Online Services.

8.3

Nokia Removal Service Family Nokia Removal Service Family comprises of three services:



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Nokia Replacement Service - the equipment is dismantled and a newer generation product is installed at the same site.

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Nokia Relocation Service - the equipment is dismantled and re-installed at a new location. For example, older equipment may be relocated to nonurban areas with less capacity requirements.

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Nokia Recycling Service - an environmentally sustainable way to finalise the Replacement Service. In this service the equipment is dismantled and recycled by Nokia.

By allowing Nokia to replace, relocate and/or recycle older generation equipment, the operator can be assured of:

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Continuous network quality with minimised network downtime

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Fast and efficient removal service based on years of field experience

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Environmental-friendly end of life cycle treatment of obsolete equipment

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Improved operational performance through optimal equipment utilisation in the network.



GSM network operation

9

GSM network operation Operating the GSM network includes various tasks, such as network management, administration and maintenance. When operating the network several other aspects have to be taken into consideration as well. Such aspects are, for example, developing and providing services to the mobile subscriber throughout the life cycle of the network.

9.1

Network Management The area of operating the network covers the daily routines of network management. These include real-time network fault and performance monitoring, long term trend analysis, and efficient support for network configuration management, including radio network plan implementation and other configuration tasks. The administration tasks of Nokia NetAct itself also need to be taken care of regularly. With Nokia NetAct all these tasks can be performed centralized. The managed network elements are visualised in a hierarchical view system. Nokia NetAct has a display for real live maps showing the actual geographical location of the network elements. The screen shows the status of the network as it is. Nokia NetAct displays the hierarchically organised GSM network configurations clearly, so that network elements can be efficiently searched and selected for network management functions. The user is also able to open a remote ManMachine Language (MML) session to network elements from Nokia NetAct. Nokia NetAct also provides access to the network elements and facilities for editing and storing advanced command file. Nokia NetAct is equipped with various fault and performance monitoring tools to detect and locate abnormal behaviour of the system. Should a problem occur, the network element automatically sends an alarm message to Nokia NetAct. Nokia NetAct presents the message by means of, for example, a graphical map, alarm monitoring or alarm forwarding applications. In addition, Nokia NetAct supports a comprehensive set of both online and offline tools to present network statistics



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and observation reports for short-term and long-term trend analysis purposes. Configuration management provides configuration support for planning and implementing network capacity, adjusting the quality of service, and other required settings of network elements and topology. For further information on Nokia NetAct, refer to Operations support system, Nokia NetAct, Nokia NMS/2000 for Managing Cellular Networks and NetAct documentation.

9.2

Network Operation and Maintenance Services Nokia offers GSM network turn-key solutions with Network Operation and Maintenance Services. Operation and Maintenance Services are divided into Assistance Services and System Consulting. The Assistance Services include performing the actual operative and maintenance tasks in the operator's network. System Consultation Services comprise of optimising, dimensioning and planning the use of permanent expert resources who operate, maintain and backup the network. As a possible result, an Operating Hand Book for the operator's network is produced.

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10

Nokia Base Station Subsystem quality All Nokia BSS network elements and their software are planned and produced according to specific quality standards. Nokia BSS consists of reliable high quality network elements and transmission. High quality of service is improved by efficient supervision functions, reliable alarm system, automatic recovery, and redundancy functionalities. In order to run the network effectively, that is, to minimise costs and maximise the service quality to the mobile subscriber, the operator needs to know certain characteristics about the performance and the service level of the BSC and radio network.

10.1

Equipment The stabile, reliable, and high quality Nokia equipment reduces operation and maintenance costs. To achieve these characteristics Nokia equipment uses the best commercially available components and the latest cutting-edge technology. The equipment also goes through a comprehensive integration and system testing before leaving for customers. In Nokia BSS, quality, reliability and availability are enhanced in many ways. The DX 200 network elements use 2N or N+1 redundancy on all critical functional elements. For the BTSs there are also several standard and optional redundancy possibilities available. In the transmission, network redundancy can be achieved by loop protection. Also the modularity of the equipment and the use of a hot standby unit in the event of a failure enhances equipment reliability. Built-in redundancy functionalities and efficient supervision functions in Nokia network elements minimise the time spent in maintenance. In addition, reliable network elements and automatic fault detection and recovery procedures result in less site visits. As a result, network maintenance is more cost-effective. Nokia equipment also has accurate alarm generation, monitoring, statistics, and fault recovery systems. With the aid of these systems less time is consumed in fault localisation and recovery.



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10.2

Software The quality of the software in Nokia equipment is ensured by several procedures in its development. The software development is run as a process, constructed of many phases such as software design, implementation, and different types of testing. In addition to comprehensive testing, the quality of the software is ensured by reviews and inspections. The phases of the software development product process are supported by methods, tools and procedures, which follow set quality standards. Many GSM standards are also used in the software specification and designing phases. The modularity of the software in Nokia equipment also enables high quality control.

10.3

Documentation The quality of Nokia documentation is ensured by several procedures in its development. In addition to testing, quality of documentation is ensured by reviews and inspections. The terminology used in Nokia documentation is based on the recommendations of ITU-T and the applicable standards of ETSI, ICE, ISO and GSM. Nokia Electronic Documentation (NED) is easy to use and it includes all the needed software for browsing the documents.

10.4

Operation Quality of service, as observed by the mobile subscribers, is one of the most important areas to successful GSM network operation. Nokia NetAct helps the operator to detect, for example, service-related problems by providing the means to analyse measurements dealing with call attempts, dropped or blocked calls, and handover failure rates in real time. Nokia NetAct also provides the operator with tools to manage the quality level of services. With the tools it is possible to set objectives for the desired level of quality and measure the quality of service by monitoring real-time data and longterm trends. There are also tools for planning and implementing corrective actions, so that the operator's network meets the market requirements.

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10.5

Services After the network launch, one of the most demanding tasks is to manage the fast growing and continuously changing network. To maintain the high quality of service and good network performance under all circumstances, Nokia Planning Services provide its clients with a comprehensive set of assessment, analysis, and development services.



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11

Nokia Base Station Subsystem and environment The BSS products are manufactured according to Nokia Environmental Policy including: .

a solid product life-cycle-based environmental performance

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an active, open, and ethical approach to environment protection

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sustainable development in accordance with the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) business charter

Minimising the environmental impacts require continuous efforts and follow-up of the results. Therefore it is a part of the total quality improvement process. A long term goal for all Nokia products is to produce environmental-friendly products. To support this, Nokia uses the Design for Environment (DFE) system. The DFE concentrates on the decisions made in the design phase affecting the environmental impact of the product. The goal of the DFE is to make Nokia products:


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flexible

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reliable

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upgradable

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remotely managed

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easy to use

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less energy consuming

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efficient in material usage

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recyclable


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At the moment the energy consumption is taken into account in the design of Nokia products. This has both direct and indirect environmental effects: minimal power usage saves in energy consumption. Thus also fewer batteries are needed for the backup systems resulting in less hazardous waste.

11.1

DX 200 Packages All Nokia packages are designed to be as recyclable as possible. The DX 200 products are packed into plywood packages and soon they will be replaced by heavy corrugated board packages. Because Nokia equipment is used in many tropical countries, effective protections against severe environmental conditions are needed to assure that no corrosion failures occur during transportation. To protect the product against humidity during transportation the packages are of PE. Plug-in units are packed into cardboard boxes. Corrugated cardboard is used as support material instead of foam plastic. The products are packed into electrostatic discharge (ESD) protective packages. Tapes and straps used for fastening the packages are made of polypropylene instead of PVC. Nokia is continuously developing its packaging materials. However, when transporting high technology products the material used has to meet certain performance requirements.

11.2

Recycling It is important to remember that material recycling, and recycling in general, should not consume more energy or cause more pollution than the production of the material using the natural resources. Product re-use may also be harmful if the energy consumption of a new, similar product, is much less than the energy consumption of a reused product. Product re-use is normally considered as the best recycling option both from the economical and environmental aspects. However, a base station, for example, has an operational lifetime of about twenty years, during which the technology takes great steps in the product development. Thus it would be very difficult to find reuse applications for the components from the end-of-life equipment. Therefore the most profitable option for the end-of-life treatment of Nokia products is material recycling.

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11.3

Environmentally sensitive materials Nokia participates in international projects to gather information about hazardous materials used in electronics (for example, alternative flame retardants and lead free soldering processes). At the moment Nokia's BSS products still include some hazardous materials. The BSC and BTS include beryllium copper in the spring material. One of the laminates of the printed circuit boards is FR 4, which contains organic bromide compound used as flame retardant. PVC is used as insulation material of cabels in the equipment. Some BTSs using battery backup include lead or Ni-CD batteries. All BTSs with air conditioning include coolants. These have to be removed during the end-oflife treatment of the equipment. PTFE is also used in BTS equipment. If burnt, it gives off poisonous gas. Nokia Professional Services will contact authorised recycling companies when needed.



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77314784-Nokia-BSS.pdf

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