ÊIMFKH Fitrcmuçëc ................ ................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .................; Xj pcukc mh `fstûrfo ................ ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. ................=
................................. ................................. .................... ...5 \cmhrï o `fstûrfo mc iouerïgfc mc ]ftoifk shr mfehrhith3 ................. Mhefifçëc mc sfsthjo jcihtïrfc ................ ................................ ................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .................7
............................... ................................. .................................. ......................... ........7 C sfsthjo jcihtïrfc ic Rhfic mh \crtugoa ............... C pomrëc curc ................ ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. ................0
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ..................?< C sfgifefkomc mo jchmo ................ ................................ .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .......................... .........?? Cs tfpcs mh jchmo ............... C [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc Hurcphu ([JH) .............. ............................... .................................. ................................. ................................. .......................... .........?? C HKX ............... ?2 ............................... .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ............................. ............?2
............................... ................................. .................................. ....................... ......?2 C jhkoifsjc mh kâjbfc h mh fithrvhiçëc ............... ............................... .................................. .................................. ............................... ..............?2 Cs jhkoifsjcs mh opcfc h mh kræmftc .............. C Euimc Hurcphu mh Kccphroçëc Jcihtïrfo (EHKCJ) ................ ................................. ................................. .................... .... ?2
Oagujos mhefifçøhs ................ ................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ...................?; Rhshrvos ................ ?; .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ....................... .......?;
............................... ................................. ................................ ...............?; _uoa æ o quoitfmomh mh jchmo iujo hkcicjfo ............... Krfoçëc mh jchmo kcj rhshrvos porkfofs (rhshrvo erokfciïrfo) ..........................................?;
C quh sh posso hj \crtugoa3 ................ ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .................................. .................... ...?=
.................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ................................. ............................... ...............?8 Mêvfmo pþbafko ................. ?8 ................................. ................................. .................................. ............................. ...........?5 Oiïafsh mo mêvfmo mfrhto (hj % mc \FB) ................ \hrsphtfvo `fstûrfko ................ ................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ....................... ......?7
............................... ................................. ............................. ............?0 Mfiâjfko mo mêvfmo pþbafko (phrêcmc ?662 - 28) ............... ................................ ................................. .................................. ..................?0 Hvcauçëc mo mêvfmo pþbafko mhsmh 22 ............... ................................. ................................. ....................... .......?6 Uhackfmomh mh krhskfjhitc mo mêvfmo pþbafko ................ Okhahroçëc mh krhskfjhitc mo mêvfmo pþbafko ................ ................................. ................................. ....................... .......?6
................................ ................................. ................................. .................................. .................................. .................... ...2< Kcishquîikfos ...............
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio ? mh 8;
C sfsthjo boikïrfc mh rhshrvos erokfciïrfos .............. ............................... .................................. .................................. ............................... ..............2?
............................... .................................. .................................. ................................. .................................. ....................... ......22 O otfvfmomh boikïrfo ............... ................................. .................................. .................................. ............................... ..............22 Fistrujhitcs mh rhguaoçëc boikïrfo ................ Kcjc æ krfomc c mfi`hfrc3 ................ ................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ....................... ......28
................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ............................. ...........25 Brhvh Hxpafkoçëc ............... 25 .................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................... ....25 Uhnojcs kcjc tumc sh prckhsso ................. Rhsujc ............... 26 ............................... ................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .......................... .........26
Juatfpafkomcr jcihtïrfc ................ ................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .......................... .........;< Eûrjuao ............... ;? ............................... ................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .......................... .........;?
Kcikhftc mo bosh jcihtïrfo ................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .................................. .................... ...;2 Kcikhftc mh cphroçøhs mh ‑ Cphi Jordht ‚ ............... ............................... ................................. .................................. .................................. .................;2 Krfoçëc mh mfi`hfrc otrovæs mc jhkoifsjc ‑_uoitftotfvh hosfig‚ ................ .................................. ............................. ........... ;2
Oiïafsh krêtfko ................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .......................... .........;; ;;
................................ ................................. ................................. ................................. ...................;= Oioafshjcs kcjc surghj os krfshs ................ C quh okcithkh o ujo eojêafo kcj uj cu jofs jhjbrcs mhshjprhgomcs3 ..................... ;5
................................ .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .......................... .........;7 [hnojcs kchrhiths ............... Fikcistftukfcioafmomh Fikcistftukfcioaf momh / Krfjhs kcitro o Kcistftufçë Kcistftufçëc c mo Rhpþbafko .............. ............................... ............................. ............ ;6 Kcikausëc hj ecrjo mh ‑cpfifëc‚ ................ ................................ ................................. ................................. ................................. ............................. ............=0
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio 2 mh 8;
Fitrcmuçëc
C sfsthjo boikïrfc æ ujo porth portfkuaorjhith `hrjætfko h jfsthrfcso jf sthrfcso mc sfsthjo hkciûjfkc, quh higacbo juftos otfvfmomhs mfstfitos, h kcj fjpafkoçøhs juftc mfehrhiths. Ic hitoitc, æ uj sfsthjo quh pcuquêssfjos phsscos kcjprhhimhj. Oafïs, juftos ihj shquhr kci`hkhj c shu euikfciojhitc jofs bïsfkc. [ëc cs jhkoifsjcs mc sfsthjo jcihtïrfc quh, mh ecrjo fithikfcioa, prcvckoj os krfshs. O afqufmhz mo hkcicjfo æ gromuoajhith "sugomo" phao Boiko, ecrçoimc hjprhsos ì eoaîikfo, oc oujhitc mc mhshjprhgc, ì phrmo mh prcprfhmomh (quhr mos hjprhsos quhr mcs kfmomëcs otrovæs mh phi`cros h hxhkuçøhs), oc oujhitc mh fjpcstcs h prfvotfzoçøhs. \oro oaæj mh eroumuahitc, hsth jhkoifsjc hstï hj tctoa kcitromfçëc kcj vïrfcs Ortfgcs mo Kcistftufçëc mo Rhpþbafko \crtuguhso mhvhimc pcr fssc shr mhkaoromc fikcistftukfcioa h prckhmhr-sh ì fjhmfoto kcrrhçëc mh tofs jhkoifsjcs kunos kcishquîikfos sëc mrojïtfkos poro o sckfhmomh, hsphkfoajhith poro cs kfmomëcs quh sh fishrhj ios kaosshs sckfofs jofs bofxos. Otuoajhith, cs Boikcs krfoj mfi`hfrc boshomc iuj sfsthjo mh mêvfmos quh krfo hskosshz, kcackoimc uj mhthrjfiomc h rhstrftc grupc mh phsscos iujo pcsfçëc prfvfahgfomo mh okhssc o tcmcs cs momcs mo hkcicjfo, quh jofs ifiguæj thj. ]hjcs ossfj uj grupc mh boiquhfrcs quh sobh hxotojhith kcjc o ‑kcfso‚ euikfcio h o quhj ecf otrfbuêmo o kopokfmomh mh ‑fjprfjfr‚ mfi`hfrc mh ujo joihfro quh prcthgh cs mh ‑mhitrc‚ h h prhnumfko tcmcs cs cutrcs.
[cjcs thsthjui`os mo jofcr fjprhssëc mh mfi`hfrc eoasc mo `fstûrfo scbrhtumc mhsmh quh c sfsthjo mh rhshrvos erokfciïrfos ecf fjpahjhitomc. Hsth truquh efioikhfrc mfseorço c ‑hsquhjo‚
h ckuato cs kuapomcs, troisecrjoimc c pcvc hj hskrovc mh ujo mêvfmo fjpogïvha.
C ‑pcmhr‚ efioikhfrc mcjfio c ‑pcmhr‚ pcaêtfkc.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio ; mh 8;
Xj pcukc mh @fstûrfo
Ecf io Fa`o mh Nhkdya, quh hj ?6?<, rhprhshitoiths mcs Rckdhehaahrs, Rct`sk`fams, mcs Jcrgois h mh cutrcs boikcs prfvomcs sh rhuifroj shkrhtojhith poro mhshivcavhr o ahgfsaoçëc quh krforfo c Boikc Khitroa Ojhrfkoic4 c Ehmhroa Rhshrvh [ysthj, [ysthj, jofs kci`hkfmc kcjc Ehmhroa Rhshrvh h, fiecrjoajhith, kcjc ‑]`h Ehm‚ . Ophsor mc sfgifefkomc `fstûrfkc fiquhstfciïvha mo rhuifëc mo Fa`o mh Nhdyaa, tcmc c okcithkfjhitc ecf ckuatomc mc pþbafkc h otæ jhsjc mc Gcvhric. \cræj, Bhrtfh K`orahs Ecrbhs (ncrioafsto Ecrbhs (ncrioafsto efioikhfrc h euimomcr mo Rhvfsto Ecrbhs) tcricu c okcithkfjhitc pþbafkc iuj ortfgc quh hskrhvhu scbrh o rhuifëc, hj ?6?5, trîs oics opûs c ‑Oktc mo Rhshrvo Ehmhroa‚ thr sfmc oprcvomc. Mfskursc prcehrfmc pcr K`orahs Afimbhrg` [æifcr [æifcr (Kcigrhssfsto Icrth Ojhrfkoic), ic o prcpcsto mh Oamrfk` mfseorçomo. Kcigrhssc, 2= `cros oiths mo prcpcsto shr oprcvomo> ‑hsto æ o prcpcsto C pfcr krfjh ahgfsaotfvc mh tcmcs cs thjpcs shrï phrphtromc sh hsto prcpcsto ecr oprcvomo. Cs Boikcs frëc thr c prfvfaægfc mh mfstrfbufr c mfi`hfrc h mh kcbror toitc quoitc qufshrhj. Hsto æ o jofs hstroi`o h phrfgcso voitoghj nojofs kcackomo ios jëcs mo kaossh prfvfahgfomo, pcr quoaquhr Gcvhric quh nojofs thi`o hxfstfmc. C sfsthjo æ p rfvomc. Iëc mhvhrfo `ovhr ihi`ujo cutro jchmo, mc quh oquhao hjftfmo phac Gcvhric. Os phsscos sëc c Gcvhric. Ossfj, c Gcvhric mhvhrfo, kcjc mhefifmc io Kcistftufçëc, rhguaor c voa cr mc mfi`hfrc‚ .
Mhpcfs mc \rhsfmhith Mhjckroto, ]`cjos Wccmrcw Wfasci, Wfasci, thr oprhshitomc o suo prcpcsto ic Kcigrhssc, hsto quosh quh ecf fivfobfafzomo pcr uj grupc mh kcigrhssfstos mhjckrotos, quh ecf ic hitoitc fieauhikfomc phaos prcjhssos mh Wfasci, quoimc prcpýs krfor ahgfsaoçëc poro ojhifzor o sftuoçëc, mhpcfs mo oprcvoçëc mo prcpcsto. Wfasci ossficu c ‑Oktc mo Rhshrvo Ehmhroa‚ o 2; mh Mhzhjbrc mh ?6?;4 ophios mcfs mfos oiths mc Iotoa, kcj oaguis mcs kcigrhssfstos oushiths h kcj o othiçëc mc pþbafkc cbvfojhith mhsvfomo poro cutrcs ossuitcs. Ic jhsjc oic hj quh c ‑EHM‚ ecf krfomc (?6?;), tojbæj ecf euimomc c "Fithrioa Rhvhiuh
[hrvfkh" (FR[), uj shrvfçc krfomc phac Gcvhric Ehmhroa mcs Hstomcs Xifmcs poro orrhkomor rhkhftos otrovæs mo kcbroiço mh fjpcstcs poro pogor os mêvfmos mcs pcaêtfkcs h mh nurcs poro cs Boikcs. C Ehmhroa Rhshrvh [ysthj (Boikc Khitroa mcs Hstomcs Xifmcs) æ ujo fistftufçëc prfvomo h fimhphimhith mc Gcvhric, hstoimc mfseorçomo mh Boikc Hstotoa. Ossfj, os suos mhkfsøhs iëc tîj quh shr rotfefkomos phac \rhsfmhith cu pcr ihi`uj cutrc jhjbrc mc \cmhr Hxhkutfvc cu mc \cmhr Ahgfsaotfvc, fstc æ, c Gcvhric iëc pcmh oiuaor os mhkfsøhs quh c ‑EHM‚ tcjo.
Ossfj ioskhu c "EHM", uj Boikc khitroa kcj c jcicpûafc mh krfor mfi`hfrc mh ecrjo frrhspcisïvha opcfomc pcr uj gcvhric kcj c jcicpûafc mo ecrço.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio = mh 8;
C ‑EHM‚ æ uj kortha boikïrfc quh sh ossckfcu oc shu rhsphtfvc Gcvhric, thimc-a`h sfmc otrfbuêmc (phac pcmhr pcaêtfkc h hj ecrjo mh rhkcjphiso phao ‑porkhrfo‚) c pcmhr
jcicpcafzomc poro o krfoçëc mc mfi`hfrc mo ioçëc. Hj trcko, prcjhthu krfor mfi`hfrc o portfr mc iomo ujo vhz quh possorfo o eozî-ac ‑ahgoajhith‚ , shjprh quh c Gcvhric ihkhssftossh. Hsth jcmhac ecf prcgrhssfvojhith omctomc ì hskoao juimfoa. Ophios mcfs \rhsfmhiths mcs HXO thitoroj hjftfr mfi`hfrc afvrh mh nurcs h ojbcs ecroj ossossfiomcs hj ackofs pþbafkcs>
Obro`oj Afikcai Afikcai - fjprfjfu ‑Grhhibokds‚ poro efioikfor o guhrro kcitro o rhbhafëc mc [ua4 Nc`i E. Dhiihmy Dhiihmy - hj ?65; hjftfu ‑Ictos mcs Hstomcs Xifmcs‚, otrovæs mc ]hscurc h iëc otrovæs mo Rhshrvo Ehmhroa.
Æ oatojhith phrtfihith thr hj kcito o shgufith mhkaoroçëc mc Kcigrhssfsto icrth-ojhrfkoic Acufs JkEommhi, JkEommhi, h \rhsfmhith mc Kcjftæ Jcihtïrfc h mo Boiko Iokfcioa, quh oefrjcu efrjhjhith (rhehrfimc-sh ì Groimh Mhprhssëc)> ‑Iëc ecf okfmhitoa. Ecf kufmomcsojhith paoihomo. Cs boiquhfrcs fithriokfciofs prckuroroj fitrcmuzfr ujo kcimfçëc mh mhshsphrc, poro quh pumhsshj hjhrgfr kcjc cs gcvhrioiths suprhjcs‚. suprhjcs ‚.
Kurfcsojhith, hj \crtugoa, c Fjpcstc [cbrh c Rhimfjhitc tojbæj æ mhsfgiomc phao sfgao FR[ (Fithrioa Rhvhiuh [hrvfkh), mh crfghj ojhrfkoio. C FR[ trfbuto c rhimfjhitc mos phsscos sfiguaorhs hiquoitc c FRK trfbuto c rhimfjhitc mos phsscos kcahtfvos. ]oitc c FR[ kcjc c FRK sëc fjpcstcs scbrh c rhimfjhitc quh hitroroj hj vfgcr ic sfsthjo trfbutïrfc \crtuguîs o ? mh Noihfrc mh ?606, oprcvomcs phac Mhkrhtc-Ahf ==2-O/00 mh ;< mh Icvhjbrc h Mhkrhtc-Ahf ==2-B/00 mh ;< mh Icvhjbrc, Icvhjbrc, rhsphtfvojhith.
Bfbafcgroefo> ]`h Krhoturh ercj Nhdyaa Fsaoim (?66=) Fsaoim (?66=) Outcr> G. Hmworm Grfeefi (Outcr, Rhoafzomcr h Kciehrhikfsto \caêtfkc) ‑]`h Krhoturh ercj Nhdyaa Rhoafzcu mfvhrscs mckujhitïrfcs h hskrhvhu vïrfcs afvrcs, shimc ‑]`h Fsaoim ‚ ‚ uj mcs quh oakoiçcu jofcr sukhssc4 troto-sh mh ujo krêtfko ìs thcrfos h prïtfkos hkciûjfkos jcmhrios, icjhomojhith mc [fsthjo fjpahjhitomc phao Ehmhroa Rhshrvh.
G. Hmworm Grfeefi æ uj otfvc cpcsftcr moquhao fistftufçëc mhsmh o mækomo mh ?65<, oefrjoimc quh o Ehmhroa Rhshrvh æ kcistftuêmo pcr uj kortha mh boikcs quh krforoj uj fistrujhitc mh guhrro h tctoaftorfsjc. ‑C Kcigrhssc ecf efitomc, faumfmc h uatropossomc pcr uj
hjbusthfrc, jos brfa`oith,
otoquh psfkc-pcaêtfkc‚ G. G. Hmworm Grfefi O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio 8 mh 8;
\cmhrï o `fstûrfo mc iouerïgfc mc ]ftoifk shr mfehrhith3
[obh-sh `cnh quh c pcmhr hstï kcikhitromc hj phsscos/hitfmomhs quh sh crgoifzoj hj grupcs shkrhtcs (komo vhz jofs hxpcstcs) tofs kcjc Joçciorfo, Cpus-Mhf, Bfamhrbhrg, Faaujfiotf h cutrcs. [obhjcs tojbæj quh c ‑pcmhr‚ ‑p cmhr‚ efioikhfrc mcjfio c ‑pcmhr‚ pcaêtfkc. pca êtfkc. ‑Ehmhroa Rhshrvh [ysthj‚. [ysthj‚. Kcitumc, uj grupc mh Jhjbrcs mcs Faaujfiotf prhthimfoj krfor o ‑Ehmhroa rfkcs hjprhsïrfcs (kcistrutcrhs, boiquhfrcs, fivhstfmcrhs, ...) cpui`o-sh efrjhjhith, hj kcinuitc kcj cutrcs trîs groimhs jogiotos, ì krfoçëc mo "Rhshrvo Ehmhroa Ojhrfkoio", pcfs kcj o kcikrhtfzoçëc mhssh prcnhtc cs Boikcs khitroafzorfoj h kcitrcaorfoj o hkcicjfo juimfoa.
Kurfcsojhith, cs cpcsftcrhs sukujbfroj ic eotêmfkc iouerïgfc mc ]ftoifk. Hsto trogæmfo thvh ujo hicrjh rhphrkussëc io sckfhmomh hj ghroa, pcfs hitrh cs eoahkfmcs hstovo tojbæj Nc`i Nokcb Ostcr FU, "c `cjhj jofs rfkc" rf kc" mo æpcko, groimh ojfgc mh Ifdcao ]hsao h efioikfomcr mos suos fivhiçøhs4 hitrh mhskcbhrtos h fivhiçøhs, ]hsao hivcavhu-sh io hxpacroçëc mc quh mhsfgicu pcr Hihrgfo Romfoith (Hihrgfo Afvrh h Fiefifto ]crcfmoa - ]CRX[). Otuoajhith, vïrfcs kfhitfstos okrhmftoj quh ]hsao hstovo o afmor kcj c quh ogcro sh mhsfgio pcr Hihrgfo Afvrh. Afsto mh possoghfrcs mc ]F]OIFK
[hrï o "vhrsëc cefkfoa" mc iouerïgfc mc ]ftoifk, o vhrmomhfro `fstûrfo3 `f stûrfo3
\cmhrï c iouerïgfc mc ]ftoifk thr sfmc paoihomc h eozhr porth mh ujo oghimo3
]hrï c iouerïgfc mc ]ftoifk sfmc c prfjhfrc groimh othitomc mo `fstûrfo, ì shjha`oiço mc jofs rhkhith othitomc ìs ]crrhs Gæjhos mc Wcram ]romh Khithr3 Iujhrcscs kfhitfstos oefrjoj h prcvoroj quh os tcrrhs ecroj fjpacmfmos, trotoimc-sh mh uj ‑fisfmh ncb‚.
Icto> C thrjc "Faaujfiotf "Faaujfiotf"" thj sfmc utfafzomc hsphkfefkojhith hj rhehrîikfo ocs Faaujfiotf mo Bovfhro, ujo sckfhmomh shkrhto mo hro mc Faujfifsjc euimomo hj ? mh jofc mh ?775 phac prcehsscr mh ahf koiûifko h nhsuêto Omoj Whfs`oupt h phac borëc Omcap` vci Difggh, io kfmomh mh Figcastomt, Bovfhro, otuoa Oahjoi`o. Ics thjpcs jcmhrics, tojbæj æ usomc poro sh rhehrfr ì ‑crgoifzoçëc kcispfrotûrfo‚ quh shkrhtojhith kcitrcao cs ossuitcs juimfofs (icrjoajhith kcjc vhrsëc jcmhrio cu kcjc kcitfiuoçëc mcs Faaujfiotf bïvorcs). C icjh Faaujfiotf æ oagujos vhzhs utfafzomc kcjc sfiûifjc mh Icvo Crmhj Juimfoa4 cs Faaujfiotf shrëc cs kærhbrcs pcr mhtrïs mcs okcithkfjhitcs quh ahvorëc oc hstobhahkfjhitc mo Icvo Crmhj Juimfoa, Juimfoa, kcj cs cbnhtfvcs prfjïrfcs mh uifr c juimc scb ujo hspækfh mh rhgfjh tctoaftïrfc.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio 5 mh 8;
Mhefifçëc mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
[h iëc hxfstfssh oagc io hkcicjfo quh ecssh ojpaojhith okhfth poro eokfaftor o trcko mh bhis h shrvfçcs, os phsscos mhphimhrfoj mo trcko mfrhto. Jos ujo hkcicjfo quh mhphimhssh mo trcko mfrhto thrfo prcbahjos poro oehtor hefkfhithjhith cs shus rhkurscs. Ihssh kosc, os trckos sû sh eorfoj sh `cuvhssh mupao kcfikfmîikfo mh fithrhsshs, c quh afjftorfo os troisoçøhs h pcr kcishquhith fivfobfafzorfo o hkcicjfo. Ossfj, c sfsthjo jcihtïrfc ecf krfomc poro eo kfaftor os ‑trckos‚ cu troisoçøhs. Ocs mfos mh `cnh, uj sfsthjo jcihtïrfc æ uj kcinuitc mh rhgros h fistftufçøhs kunc cbnhtfvc æ crgoifzor o jchmo o jchmo iuj mhthrjfiomc hspoçc jcihtïrfc, `obftuoajhith omjfifstromc phac Hstomc kcjc porth mo pcaêtfko hkciûjfko iokfcioa. Hxfsthj tojbæj sfsthjos troisiokfciofs, kcjc o zcio o zcio hurc.
C [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc mc Rhfic mh \crtugoa
Hitrh ??20 h ?;28 c sfsthjo jcihtïrfc pcrtuguîs scerhu pcukos oathroçøhs. O jchmo mh jofcr voacr hro c jorkc mh curc (ecroj curc (ecroj rorcs ic rhfic pcrtuguîs) quh voafo 5< jorovhmfs cu jcrobftfics jcrobftfics.. Hj ræfs ræfs (hjbcro cs jhsjcs sû tfvhsshj surgfmc phao prfjhfro vhz hj ?=2;) movo o quoitfo mh ?2<$<<< (khitc h vfith jfa ræfs). Xj jorovhmf cu jcrobftfic hro tojbæj mh curc h voafo 2<<< ræfs. Mhpcfs, `cuvh o afbro mh proto proto quh voafo 0<< rhfs. C scamc mh kcbrh kcbrh (h cutros afgos) quh voafo =< rhfs h c mfi`hfrc mfi`hfrc quh quh voafo ;,;; rhfs. Hsths voacrhs iëc sh joitfvhroj kcistoiths, tfvhroj eautuoçøhs, hxkhtc c jorkc mh curc h c jorovhmfs mh curc. Hj ?=2; c rhoa broikc hqufvoafo broikc hqufvoafo o 7<< scamcs, h quoimc ecf fistftuêmc, hqufvoafo o ? scamc mh oiths mo krfsh ?;0;/?;084 os jchmos mc rhfic scerhroj ujo mhsvoacrfzoçëc mh 7<< vhzhs hj pcukc jofs mh = mækomos (o portfr mh ?;8< cs jorovhmfs mhfxoj mh thr kcrrhitfo ahgoa, shimc substftuêmcs phaos mcbros mh curc, curc, kcj jofs phsc jos jhics voacr.)
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio 7 mh 8;
Oaguis hxhjpacs mo mhsvoacrfzoçëc mc rhoa (quh mhpcfs sh pcpuaorfzcu ræfs), hitrh ?=2; h ?6?<, kcj rhehrîikfo ì otuoafmomh> ? rhoa hj ?=2; ? rhoa hj ?=;5 ? rhoa hj ?=7< ? rhoa hj ?827 ? rhoa hj ?877 ? rhoa hj ?5;< ? rhoa hj ?58= ? rhoa hj ?55; ? rhoa hj ?7;< ? rhoa hj ?706 ? rhoa hj ?02? ? rhoa hj ?0;< ? rhoa hj ?082 ? rhoa hj ?007 ? rhoa hj ?6<<
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
22 Ræfs mh ?6?< 2< Ræfs mh ?6?< 5,0 Ræfs mh ?6?< 8,2 Ræfs mh ?6?< =,= Ræfs mh ?6?< = Ræfs mh ?6?< ; Ræfs mh ?6?< 2 Ræfs mh ?6?< ?,7 Ræfs mh ?6?< ?,88 Ræfs mh ?6?< ?,;8 Ræfs mh ?6?< ?,2 Ræfs mh ?6?< ?,?8 Ræfs mh ?6?< ?,?; Ræfs mh ?6?< ?,? Ræfs mh ?6?<
?6?? - ? Hskumc : ?<<< Ræfs4
(oprcx. <,=2 Hurcs) - mhsvoacrfzoçëc 0;5<
C pomrëc curc Ic âjbftc mo fjpahjhitoçëc mh ecrjos mh pogojhitc ossckfomcs ìs troisoçøhs hehtuomos hitrh oghiths hkciûjfkcs, cs poêshs tîj ihkhssfmomh mh krfor rhgros, okcrmcs h fistftufçøhs quh goroitoj c euikfciojhitc omhquomc mhssos troisoçøhs, toitc mh korïthr fithric kcjc hxthric (hj quh sëc mhefifmos os toxos mh kâjbfc fithriokfciofs). Ihssh kcithxtc, hj mhthrjfiomos æpckos mo hvcauçëc `fstûrfko mcs poêshs ecf utfafzomo poro oquhah hehftc o fjpahjhitoçëc mh uj pomrëc jcihtïrfc. Xj pomrëc jcihtïrfc kcrrhspcimh ossfj o uj voacr cu jotærfo omctomc kcjc bosh ic sfsthjo jcihtïrfc iokfcioa cu fithriokfcioa o portfr mc quoa sëc mhefifmcs tcmcs cs cutrcs tfpcs mh jchmo, mhsfgiomojhith os uifmomhs jcihtïrfos. Mh hitrh cs pomrøhs jcihtïrfcs utfafzomcs `fstcrfkojhith sëc mh mhstokor> os jhrkomcrfos (jchmo jhrkomcrfo), jhrkomcrfo), hj quh mhthrjfiomcs bhis hroj utfafzomcs kcjc fithrjhmfïrfcs ios trckos4 cs jhtofs prhkfcscs (pomrëc ( pomrëc jhtïafkc), jhtïafkc), hj quh c curc h proto, fscaomo cu kcinuitojhith, sëc utfafzomcs kcjc bosh poro os troisoçøhs. Otuoajhith, prhvoahkh ghihrfkojhith c osphtc efmukfïrfc mo jchmo, iëc hxfstfimc quoaquhr bhj cu jhtoa kcjc pomrëc.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio 0 mh 8;
Mh hitrh os hxphrfîikfos o iêvha mc pomrëc jhtïafkc jhrhkh mhstoquh oquhao quh efkcu kci`hkfmo kcjc pomrëc-curc, hj quh c curc sh ossujfu kcjc bosh cu pomrëc mcs sfsthjos jcihtïrfcs mcs poêshs quh c utfafzoroj. Mhitrc mc sfsthjo mh pomrëc-curc vhrfefkoj-sh, hitrhtoitc, oagujos hxphrfîikfos kcj mfehrhiths korothrêstfkos oc acigc mc thjpc, quh eoz kcj quh sh pcsso eoaor hj trîs tfpcs mh sfsthjos pomrëc-curc euimojhitofs> pomrëc hspækfhs-curc,, pomrëc borro-curc h pomrëc mfvfsos-curc hspækfhs-curc mfvfsos-curc.. C pomrëc hspækfhs-curc ecf hspækfhs-curc ecf utfafzomc hj oagujos sftuoçøhs otæ oc fiêkfc mo F Guhrro Juimfoa4 o kfrkuaoçëc jcihtïrfo hro kcjpcsto mh jchmos mh curc h ictos mh boikc tctoajhith kcivhrtêvhfs hj curc. Os fistftufçøhs jcihtïrfos prckhmfoj ì kui`oghj mos jchmos o portfr mh borros mh curc, shimc quh oquhaos rhprhshitovoj o jofcr porth mo jchmo hj kfrkuaoçëc. Ic sfsthjo pomrëc borro-curc, borro-curc, utfafzomc hj oaguis poêshs h phrêcmcs opûs ?62<, o kfrkuaoçëc jcihtïrfo æ kcjpcsto ophios pcr ictos mh boikc kcivhrtêvhfs hj borros mh curc, tromuzfimc o ihkhssfmomh mh sh rhtfror c curc mo kfrkuaoçëc kcjc ecrjo mh hkcicjfzor. C pomrëc mfvfso-curc tromuz mfvfso-curc tromuz ujo sftuoçëc hj quh, hjbcro c curc kcitfiuh o shr o bosh mc pomrëc jcihtïrfc, nï hstï goroitfmo o suo kcivhrtfbfafmomh tctoa. \oroahaojhith, os mfvfsos (jchmos mcs mfehrhiths poêshs) pcmhj shr kcishrvomos kcjc rhshrvos kojbfofs. Hsth sfsthjo ecf o bosh mcs okcrmcs mh Brhttci Wccms, quh, hitrh cutrcs osphtcs, phrjftfu o fjpahjhitoçëc mh uj sfsthjo jcihtïrfc fithriokfcioa boshomc ic pomrëc mfvfsos-curc. mf vfsos-curc. Kcikrhtojhith, ecroj mhefifmos mh ecrjo efxo os kctoçøhs mcs poêshs omhrhiths hj rhaoçëc oc curc cu oc mûaor, phac quh hsth posscu o thr ujo toxo mh kcivhrsëc efxo ioquhah. C oporhkfjhitc mc pomrëc mfvfsoscurc hsthvh ossckfomc mhsfgiomojhith ì fieahxfbfafmomh mcs rhstoiths pomrøhs boshomcs ic curc.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio 6 mh 8;
C sfgifefkomc mo jchmo Jchmo> c kcinuitc mh otfvcs iujo hkcicjfo quh os phsscos usoj rhguaorjhith poro kcjpror Jchmo> bhis h shrvfçcs mh cutros phsscos. O jchmo thj trîs euiçøhs io hkcicjfo> ?. Jhfc mh trcko - uj fthj quh cs kcjpromcrhs mëc ocs vhimhmcrhs quoimc prhthimhj kcjpror bhis h shrvfçcs. 2. Xifmomh mh jhmfmo - c pomrëc quh os phsscos usoj poro oiuikfor prhçcs h rhgfstor mæbftcs. ;. Rhshrvo mh voacr - uj fthj quh os phsscos pcmhj usor poro troisehrfr pcmhr mh kcjpro mc prhshith poro c euturc. O jchmo iëc æ h o þifko ecrjo mh rhshrvo mh voacr. Afqufmhz> æ uj kcikhftc efioikhfrc quh sh rhehrh ì eokfafmomh kcj quh uj otfvc uj otfvc pcmh shr kcivhrtfmc ic jhfc mh trcko mo hkcicjfo, mo hkcicjfo, cu cu shno, æ o eokfafmomh kcj quh pcmh shr kcivhrtfmc hj mfi`hfrc. hj mfi`hfrc. C C grou mh ogfafmomh mh kcivhrsëc mh uj fivhstfjhitc uj fivhstfjhitc shj phrmo sfgifefkotfvo mc shu voacr jhmh o suo afqufmhz. Xj otfvc æ toitc jofs aêqufmc quoitc jofs eïkfa ecr troisecrjï-ac hj mfi`hfrc vfvc, cu shno, o afqufmhz pcmh shr hithimfmo kcjc o jhmfmo mh fithrhssh quh c jhrkomc c jhrkomc thj hj ihgckfor hssh otfvc. O afqufmhz pcmh vorfor kciscoith c tfpc mh fivhstfjhitc rhoafzomc phao hjprhso, o suo phrsphtfvo mh aukrc mh aukrc h os kcinuituros hkciûjfkos (iokfcioa h fithriokfcioa). O jchmo æ kcisfmhromo kcjc c otfvc jofs aêqufmc, jos æ ujo rhshrvo mh voacr mh voacr fjphrehfto. _uoimc `ï ujo hahvoçëc ghroa mcs prhçcs mo hkcicjfo (fieaoçëc) (fieaoçëc),, pcr hxhjpac, c voacr mo jchmo kof. Hj oiïafsh mh kræmftc, Hj kræmftc, o afqufmhz mh uj kafhith rhehrh-sh ì prcbobfafmomh mh quh vhi`o o `ciror cs shus kcjprcjfsscs mh kurtc prozc kcj cs krhmcrhs cs krhmcrhs (kcjærkfc, fimþstrfo, boikcs, htk.), io moto prhvfsto. Cu shno, æ o suo kopokfmomh mh pogojhitc. [h c kafhith mhphimhr mh uj cutrc krhmcr poro afqufmor c shu mæbftc nuitc mh uj prfjhfrc krhmcr, o suo afqufmhz æ jhicr. C grou mh afqufmhz poro cs fivhstfmcrhs æ hstfjomc otrovæs mc rhsphtfvc mhskcitc mc voacr mcs têtuacs. Fivhstfjhitcs ehftcs otrovæs mo ‑prfvoth hqufty‚ icrjoajhith icrjoajhith tîj rfskcs tîj rfskcs omfkfciofs. O afqufmhz thj voacr. _uoitc jofs aêqufmc ecr c ihgûkfc, jhicr æ o pcssfbfafmomh mh quh vhi`o o hierhitor ujo sftuoçëc mh fiscavîikfo (fstc æ, mfefkuamomh mh pogor mêvfmos cu kcjpror otfvcs ihkhssïrfcs). Fiehafzjhith, cs otfvcs aêqufmcs ghroajhith sëc jhics rhitïvhfs. \cr hxhjpac, c soamc mh kofxo æ c jofs aêqufmc mcs otfvcs, jos oagujos vhzhs iëc ghro quoaquhr rhtcric, pcfs ophios hstï aï, poromc. Hxfsth, pcrtoitc, ujo hskca`o hitrh os voitoghis mo afqufmhz h o phrmo mh aukrcs pcthikfofs. C thrjc ‑rfquhzo‚ æ æ usomc poro rhehrfr c tctoa mh tcmos os rhshrvos mh voacr, fikaufimc jchmo h otfvcs iëc jcihtïrfcs. \crquh jchmo æ c jhfc mh trcko mo hkcicjfo, æ c otfvc jofs aêqufmc. O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio ?< ?< mh mh 8;
Cs tfpcs mh jchmo Jchmo-jhrkomcrfo Jchmo scb o ecrjo mh ujo jhrkomcrfo kcj voacr fitrêishkc. Xj hxhjpac mo jchmojhrkomcrfo æ c curc. _uoimc ujo hkcicjfo uso curc (cu jchmo popha kcivhrtêvha hj curc), mfz-sh quh hstï o cphror scb c pomrëc curc. Jchmo-efmukfïrfo Jchmo shj voacr fitrêishkc quh æ usomo kcjc jchmo pcr mhkrhtc mc Gcvhric. O okhftoçëc mh jchmo efmukfïrfo mhphimh toitc mos hxphtotfvos mcs oghiths h kcivhiçøhs sckfofs, kcjc mc mhkrhtc cefkfoa. Æ kcistftuêmo prfikfpoajhith pcr k`hquhs, pcr k`hquhs, crmhis mh pogojhitcs, têtuacs mh kræmftc, hitrh cutrcs. Jchmo mh popha kcj hqufvoaîikfo hj curc fiehrfcr o ?<<% hjbcro ?<<% kcivhrtêvha. O suo crfghj rhjcito ocs mhpûsftcs hj curc hehtuomcs nuitc mcs curfvhs, cs prhkurscrhs mcs boikcs. Ic fiêkfc, cs rhkfbcs mcs mhpûsftcs kcrrhspcimfoj hxotojhith ì quoitfmomh mh curc joitfmo ics kcerhs, jos cs boikcs possoroj o hjftfr jofcr quoitfmomh mh khrtfefkomcs mc quh c curc hxfsthith ics kcerhs, cu shno, shj c kcrrhspcimhith mhpûsftc hj jhtoa (curc, proto), momc quh kcj c mhkcrrhr mc thjpc kcistotoroj quh cs shus kafhiths iëc hxfgfoj o kcivhrtfbfafmomh sfjuatâiho mcs shus mhpûsftcs. C voacr mhsshs rhkfbcs, cu os jchmos mh popha, mhphimfo mo kciefoiço (efmþkfo, hj aotfj) quh jhrhkfo c boikc hjfsscr. O kfrkuaoçëc mo jchmo efmukfïrfo ics poêshs quh kcishrvoroj c pomrëc curc otæ ocs oics 5< mc sækuac PP hro, hj jæmfo, ;<% o =<% suphrfcr ìs rhshrvos mc jhtoa mhpcsftomc, hjbcro os outcrfmomhs jcihtïrfos mhsshs poêshs hj mhthrjfiomcs jcjhitcs uatroposshj tofs afjfths.
C [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc Hurcphu ([JH) ]roto-sh mh uj sfsthjo mh kâjbfcs kcitrcaomcs, krfomc ic shfc mo Kcjuifmomh Hkciûjfko Hurcphfo (`cnh Xifëc Hurcphfo) hj ?676, jctfvomc phac hitëc rhkhith oboimcic mc sfsthjo mh mfvfsos-curc phacs HXO h c kcishquhith fiêkfc mo eahxfbfafmomh kojbfoa. Mhstficu-sh o hstobhahkhr rhaoçøhs kcjhrkfofs kojbfofs jofs hstïvhfs hitrh os jchmos hurcphfos h o prcvckor ujo oprcxfjoçëc hitrh cs hstomcs mh mhshivcavfjhitc hkciûjfkc mcs vïrfcs poêshs mo Kcjuifmomh. C [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc Hurcphu hitrcu hj vfgcr o ?; mh Jorçc mh ?676, kcj c HKX (Hurcphoi Kurrhiky Xift) o shr mhefifmc phaos cftc jchmos kcjuiftïrfos, kcj jorghis mh eautuoçëc mh 2,28% hj rhaoçëc ì toxo khitroa (hxkhtc o afro ftoafoio, o quhj ecf kcikhmfmo o `fpûthsh mh eautuor io boimo aorgo mh 5%). Onustojhitcs phrfûmfkcs phrjftfoj o subfmo mos toxos mh kâjbfc mos jchmos jofs ecrths h o mhskfmos mos jofs erokos, jos opûs ?605 opûs ?605 posscu-sh o utfafzor oathroçøhs ìs toxos mh nurc fithrios poro joithr os toxos mh kâjbfc mhitrc mo boimo mh eautuoçëc outcrfzomo.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio ?? ?? mh mh 8;
Ic fiêkfc mcs oics 6<, c [JH hstovo prhssfciomc phaos kcimfçøhs h pcaêtfkos hkciûjfkos juftc mfehrhiths mcs shus poêshs jhjbrcs, icjhomojhith thimc hj kcito c hsecrçc mh rhuifefkoçëc mo Oahjoi`o, mo Oahjoi`o, c quh ahvcu ì soêmo mc Rhfic Xifmc mc [fsthjo. Moquf rhsuatcu c k`ojomc kcjprcjfssc mh Bruxhaos quh oaorgcu o boimo mh eautuoçëc poro ?8%. Mc [JH eozhj porth quotrc hahjhitcs>
C HKX (uifmomh HKX (uifmomh mh jhmfmo mh tcmos os cphroçøhs ic sfsthjo), kcjpcstc pcr uj koboz mh jchmos. C shu voacr æ ujo jæmfo mh quoitfmomhs efxos mos jchmos mh tcmcs cs hstomcs jhjbrcs, pcimhromo phac iêvha mc shu \FB ic prcmutc tctoa mo Xifëc4 C jhkoifsjc mh kâjbfc h mh fithrvhiçëc> fithrvhiçëc> cs Boikcs Khitrofs sëc cbrfgomcs o joithr os suos jchmos mhitrc mh muos kctoçøhs afjfth (ujo suphrfcr h cutro fiehrfcr), jhmfoith tcmcs cs jhfcs oc shu oakoikh h, hj hsphkfoa, otrovæs mh fithrvhiçøhs (kcjpro h vhimo) ic jhrkomc kojbfoa4 Cs jhkoifsjcs mh opcfc h mh kræmftc, kræmftc , rhsuatoiths mo cbrfgoçëc mh fithrvhiçëc mcs Boikcs Khitrofs. [hrï otrovæs mhsths jhkoifsjcs (efioikfojhitc o juftc kurtc prozc, opcfc jcihtïrfc o kurtc prozc h kcitrfbufçëc efioikhfro o jæmfc prozc) quh sh hikcitrorëc cs jhfcs mh efioikfojhitc ihkhssïrfcs ìs fithrvhiçøhs mh opcfc ìs jchmos iokfciofs4 C Euimc Hurcphu mh Kccphroçëc Jcihtïrfo (EHKCJ)4 (EHKCJ) 4 c sfsthjo joithvh ujo rhaotfvo hstobfafmomh (kcj ujo jæmfo mh 2 rhoafi`ojhitcs jcihtïrfcs pcr oic), okca`himc o phshto hspoi`cao (?606) o afbro brftâifko (?66<) h, hj ?662, c Hskumc pcrtuguîs (tcmcs io boimo aorgo mh 5%), otæ ìs krfshs kojbfofs mh shthjbrc mh ?662 (jcjhitc hj quh o afbro brftâifko oboimcicu c jhkoifsjc mh toxos mh kojbfc h o afro af ro ftoafoio susphimhu o suo portfkfpoçëc) h mc vhrëc mh ?66; (hj quh sh mhu o possoghj mos jorghis mh eautuoçëc poro ?8%, kcjc ecrjo mh kcitcrior cs otoquhs hsphkuaotfvcs o vïrfos jchmos). Ûrgëc mo Xifëc Hurcphfo krfomc hj ?67; poro shr c Oghith mos cphroçøhs mc sfsthjo jcihtïrfc hurcphu. Hxtfitc hj ? mh Noihfrc mh ?66= (oaturo hj quh hitrcu hj euikfciojhitc c Fistftutc Jcihtïrfc Hurcphu), hro uj euimc kcjpcstc pcr rhshrvos mh mfvfsos h curc mh poêshs jhjbrcs. Kobfo-a`h o hjfssëc hj HKX ‖ s, s, hj vcaujh hqufvoahith oc mos rhshrvos mh curc h mûaorhs mcs poêshs jhjbrcs, o eovcr mcs boikcs khitrofs quh os khmhsshj. Cs HKX ‖ s pcmhrfoj shr utfafzomcs phacs boikcs khitrofs ophios poro afqufmor mæbftcs hitrh sf surgfmcs kcjc rhsuatomc mh fithrvhiçøhs ic jhrkomc mh kâjbfcs.
Hj Jofc mh ?660 uj kcinuitc mh poêshs, fikaufimc \crtugoa, okcrmcu hj efxor phrjoihithjhith os rhsphtfvos toxos mh kâjbfc, moimc crfghj oc Hurc. O ? mh Noihfrc mh ?666 mh ?666 ecf aoiçomc c [JH 2, quh nï iëc euikfcio kcj bosh ic HKX (koboz mos jchmos mcs portfkfpoiths) jos ic Hurc, quh sh tcricu ossfj o rhehrîikfo hj tcric mo quoa o eautuoçëc jïxfjo mo toxo mh kâjbfc iëc pcmh hxkhmhr cs ?8%. Hsth okobo pcr shr c kojfi`c mh hitromo poro cs prhthimhiths ì utfafzoçëc mc Hurc.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio ?2 ?2 mh mh 8;
Oagujos mhefifçøhs
Rhshrvos Mhpûsftcs quh cs boikcs rhkhbhj, jos quh iëc usoj poro hjpræstfjcs.
_uoa æ o quoitfmomh mh jchmo iujo hkcicjfo3 C otfvc jofs ûbvfc o shr fikauêmc io kcitoghj æ o jchmo-popha h o jchmo-jhtïafko (kurrhiky) ios jëcs mc pþbafkc. Jos hsths otfvcs iëc sëc cs þifkcs usomcs poro kcjpror bhis h shrvfçcs. Cs kortøhs mh mæbftc h cs k`hquhs tojbæj c sëc. Ossfj, mhvh-sh fikaufr cs mhpûsftcs ì crmhj io kcitoghj mo jchmo mh ujo hkcicjfo. @ï cutrcs otfvcs, pcr hxhjpac mhpûsftcs o prozc, quh tojbæj sh pcmhrfoj fikaufr.
Krfoçëc mh jchmo kcj rhshrvos porkfofs (rhshrvo erokfciïrfo) Iuj sfsthjo kcj rhshrvos porkfofs, cs boikcs joitîj sû ujo eroçëc mcs mhpûsftcs hj rhshrvos. Hsth rïkfc æ mhthrjfiomc kcinuitojhith pcr rhguaojhitoçëc h pcaêtfko mc boikc khitroa. Ics HXO o rhshrvo erokfciïrfo æ mh ?<% h io Hurcpo mh 2%.
Cs ‑nurcs‚ sëc sëc c vhrmomhfrc prcbahjo pcr mhtrïs mo krfsh.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio ?; ?; mh mh 8;
C quh sh posso hj \crtugoa3
C mckujhitïrfc "Cs Mcics mh \crtugoa" \crtugoa " haukfmo juftcs mc s ‑hsquhjos‚ quh okcithkhj ic icssc poês, hxpcimc os afgoçøhs h phrkurscs mcs pcaêtfkcs hvfmhikfoimc ofimo cs korgcs quh possoroj o ckupor (opûs o possoghj phac Gcvhric) hj hjprhsos quh onumoroj o prfvotfzor. Kci`hkfmo o thfo mo pcaêtfko quh crgoifzo cs groimhs ihgûkfcs h quh ‑hskrovfzo‚ cs cs kfmomëcs ecrçoimc-cs o efioikfor cs shus fivhstfjhitcs h supcrtor os suos mêvfmos, mêvf mos, kcistotojcs quh4
_uhj mfrfgfu o prfvotfzoçëc posso o mfrfgfr c quh qu h prfvotfzcu4 _uhj omnumfkcu o cbro pþbafko posso o afmhror o kcistrutcro hskca`fmo4 _uhj ihgckfcu kcj c Hstomc o porkhrfo pþbafkc-prfvomo posso o ghrfr o rhimo quh oiths otrfbufu, cu vfkh-vhrso.
C sfsthjo efioikhfrc oboimcicu mhefiftfvojhith c kræmftc ocs shtcrhs prcmutfvcs mo hkcicjfo h \crtugoa tcricu-sh komo vhz jofs mhphimhith, prcmuzfimc komo vhz jhics moqufac quh prhkfsovo4 c quh kcisujfo hro komo vhz jofs fjpcrtomc.
Kcj o krfsh efioikhfro fithriokfcioa, hsth kosthac mh mêvfmos mhsjcrcicu-sh> mhsjcrcicu -sh>
C mhshjprhgc ghro mhsphso sckfoa h mfjfiuf o kcbroiço efskoa4 Cs fjpcstcs scbrh c kcisujc ghroj pcbrhzo h kcitrohj o prcmuçëc4 Cs shrvfçcs pþbafkcs mhgromoj-sh ropfmojhith4 O[ \HRMO[ MC[ BOIKC[ \RFUOMC[ [ËC [CKFOAF^OMO[
[cb c rhgfjh mo mêvfmo o prûprfo mhjckrokfo æ ojhoçomo. Ossfj k`hgïjcs ì sftuoçëc hj quh ics hikcitrojcs `cnh. Iëc ecf pcr okosc4 c otuoa khiïrfc æ fithikfcioa h fishrh-sh io hstrotægfo Hurcphfo mh ecrçor cs poêshs o fithgrorhj o euturo Ehmhroçëc mh Hstomcs mo Hurcpo, Hurcpo, tcrioimc-cs rheæis mh mêvfmos fjpogïvhfs.
O jofcr porth mo mêvfmo hxthrio pcrtuguhso pcrtu guhso iëc æ mc Hstomc4 æ mcs Boikcs. Boikcs.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio ?= ?= mh mh 8;
Mêvfmo pþbafko [hguimc c MI Hkcicjfo, ic efioa mc prfjhfrc shjhstrh mh 22, o mêvfmo tctoa mh \crtugoa oskhimfo o =;2,?% mc \FB4 \FB4 (`ttp>//www.mi.pt/fifkfc/hkcicjfo/fithrfcr.ospx3kcithitSfm:20;60?;&pogh:-?) Oioafshjcs ogcro c rftjc mh krhskfjhitc mo mêvfmo pþbafko tctoa hitrh tctoa hitrh 2<<2 h 2;. Kcistoto-sh mh ecrjo ossustomcro quh, hj jhtomh mcs oics, c oujhitc ecf fguoa cu suphrfcr o ?<%>
O mêvfmo tctoa thvh o shgufith vorfoçëc jæmfo ics phrêcmcs fimfkomcs> 28> + ?7.82<.22=₡ (þatfjcs ?2 jhshs thrjfiomcs hj ICU/28) 2=> + ;8.27?.;67₡ 2;> + 25.557.2?7 ₡ 22> + 8;.5?5.27? ₡ 2?> + 5;.;;?.?5< ₡ 2<> + 82.?;2.??2 ₡ 2<<6> + ;6.?;;.=87 ₡ O mêvfmo hxfsthith okujuao nurcs h vof krhskhimc mh ecrjo vhrtfgficso. O têtuac mh hxhjpac, uj oujhitc mh ?<% hj 2<<2 kcrrhspcimfo o 7 JJ₡ h ??% hj 22 o ?6.8 JJ₡. ]crio -sh hvfmhith quh c himfvfmojhitc æ ujo orjo kcj rhtormomcr quh vfso fjpcr c afbhroafsjc, cbrfgoimc cs hstomcs o prfvotfzor cs shus shrvfçcs pþbafkcs, h troisecrjoimc cs kfmomëcs hj hskrovcs mcs boikcs h mos groimhs hjprhsos juatfiokfciofs. _uoimc cs hehftcs mc himfvfmojhitc sh tcrioj hvfmhiths æ tormh mhjofs, iëc porhkhimc hitëc hxfstfr cutro oathriotfvo shiëc o oifqufaoçëc mc pcmhr mc Hstomc (pcrtoitc, mcs kfmomëcs), pcrquh ihsso oaturo c himfvfmojhitc thrï rhmuzfmc fihxcrovhajhith cs rhkurscs efioikhfrcs mcs Hstomcs.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio ?8 ?8 mh mh 8;
Oiïafsh mo mêvfmo mfrhto (hj % mc \FB) O mêvfmo mfrhto æ fiehrfcr ì mêvfmo tctoa mos Omjfifstroçøhs \þbafkos shguimc c krftærfc mh Joostrfk`t, quh æ utfafzomc phao ]rcfdo (Euimc Jcihtïrfc Fithriokfcioa, Kcjfssëc Hurcphfo h Boikc Khitroa Hurcphu), shimc hsth c voacr rhpcrtomc oc Hurcstot.
O tronhtûrfo mo mêvfmo pþbafko kcitfiuo o subfr. Mh okcrmc kcj c bcahtfj hstotêstfkc mfvuagomc phac Boikc mh \crtugoa, ic efioa mh 2=, 2=, o mêvfmo pþbafko io ûtfko mc \rckhmfjhitc mcs Mæefkhs Hxkhssfvcs ecf mh 228,0 jfa jfa`øhs mh hurcs. hurcs. Hsth voacr thj fjpaêkfto ujo rhvfsëc hj oato mh khrko mh <,8 jfa jfa`øhs mh hurcs. O mêvfmo pþbafko hj phrkhitoghj mc \FB joithvh-sh hj ?;<,2% ?;<,2%,, pcr vfo mo rhvfsëc mc \FB ic jhsjc shitfmc. Hj ogcstc mh 28, 28, o mêvfmo pþbafko otfigfu 226,? jfa jfa`øhs mh hurcs. hurcs. C oujhitc mh ;,; jfa jfa`øhs mh hurcs eokh oc efioa mc oic oithrfcr rheahth hjfssøhs aêqufmos mh têtuacs (7,= jfa jfa`øhs mh hurcs), c oujhitc mos rhspcisobfafmomhs pcr mhpûsftcs (;,; jfa jfa`øhs mh hurcs), icjhomojhith hj khrtfefkomcs mh Oecrrc h mc ]hscurc (2,0 jfa jfa`øhs mh hurcs) h, hj shitfmc kcitrïrfc, ujo rhmuçëc mh hjpræstfjcs (-7,= jfa jfa`øhs mh hurcs) pcr vfo mo ojcrtfzoçëc oithkfpomo mh hjpræstfjcs mc Euimc Jcihtïrfc Fithriokfcioa (0,= jfa jfa`øhs mh hurcs). Rhefro-sh quh c fikrhjhitc mo mêvfmo pþbafko ecf okcjpoi`omc pcr ujo rhmuçëc mh mhpûsftcs mo omjfifstroçëc khitroa (-?,2 jfa jfa`øhs mh hurcs), thimc o mêvfmo aêqufmo mh mhpûsftcs mo omjfifstroçëc khitroa efkomc hj 2?2,7 jfa jfa`øhs mh hurcs ic efioa mh ogcstc mh 28, 28, c quh rhprhshito uj oujhitc mh =,8 jfa jfa`øhs hurcs eokh oc efioa mh 2=. 2= .
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio ?5 ?5 mh mh 8;
\hrsphtfvo `fstûrfko
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio ?7 ?7 mh mh 8;
Mfiâjfko mo mêvfmo pþbafko (phrêcmc ?662 - 28)
O mêvfmo pþbafko æ uj sfsthjo mfiâjfkc pcrquh quoaquhr vorfïvha mh kcitrcac quh ihao pcsso shr opafkomo, hstï acigh mh prcvckor vorfoçøhs fistoitâihos sfgifefkotfvos. Kcrtor ics gostcs mc Hstomc iëc fjpafko quh o mêvfmo mhsço mh ecrjo fjhmfoto, pcfs io mêvfmo hstëc subnokhiths kcjprcjfsscs mh acigc prozc, kcjc c pogojhitc mh nurcs hj têtuacs paurfoiuofs mo mêvfmo, htk. Ossfj fithrhsso hstumor o mêvfmo io ûtfko mc hstumc o sfsthjos mfiâjfkcs. Ihsth kosc pcr quhstøhs mh sfjpafkfmomh usojcs sfsthjos mfiâjfkcs mfskrhtcs mh shguimo crmhj, shimc komo oic kfvfa o uifmomh mh thjpc. Ihsto kcitobfafmomh iëc sh thj hj kcito ofimo o vorfoçëc mc \FB, jos ophios c voacr obscautc mo mêvfmo. ]ojbæj iëc sh kcjputoj kcitobfafmomhs poroahaos (\\\, mêvfmos mh hjprhsos pþbafkos), ihj quh jhkoifsjcs ecroj usomcs poro bofxor o mêvfmo (pcr hxhjpac prfvotfzoçøhs)4 eozhjcs ophios ujo oiïafsh ì mêvfmo kcj bosh ics voacrhs kcjuifkomcs phac FIH h \CRMO]O.
Hvcauçëc mo mêvfmo pþbafko mhsmh ?662
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio ?0 ?0 mh mh 8;
Uhackfmomh mh krhskfjhitc mo mêvfmo pþbafko O ousthrfmomh bofxcu o vhackfmomh vhackfmomh mh krhskfjhitc mo mêvfmo
Okhahroçëc mh krhskfjhitc krhskfjhitc mo mêvfmo pþbafko O ousthrfmomh trovcu o mêvfmo oc oc fjpcr-a`h ujo thimîikfo mfiâjfko mfiâjfko mh rhmuçëc
Os pcaêtfkos mh ousthrfmomh kcackoroj uj ecrth "trovëc" ic kcjpcrtojhitc mo mêvfmo pþbafko, jos hj poroahac prcvckoroj tojbæj eoaîikfos, mhshjprhgc, pcbrhzo, kcrth ics opcfcs sckfofs, hjfgroçëc, htk. \cmh mfzhr-sh mh ecrjo kothgûrfko h fihquêvcko quh c kopftoafsjc opcfomc phac sfsthjo jcihtïrfc pøh hj kouso vïrfcs prfikêpfcs h mfrhftcs euimojhitofs, kcimfkfcioimc tojbæj tcmo o hkcicjfo gacboa, kcj fikfmîikfos grovhs io vfmo mh komo kfmomëc.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio ?6 ?6 mh mh 8;
Kcishquîikfos \crtugoa aêmhr io mhsfguoamomh hitrh cs poêshs mhshivcavfmcs `ttp>//www.pubafkc.pt/hkcicjfo/ictfkfo/pcrtugoa-afmhr-io-mhsfguoamomh-hitrh-cs-pofshsmhshivcavfmcs-?7?85<=
\crtuguhshs sëc mcs quh jofs `cros troboa`oj pcr oic h jhics goi`oj `ttp>//2=.sopc.pt/ortfkah/hkcicjfkc-sopc-ptS28S??S?7S==<<===
Kosofs scbrhvfvhj shj rhimfjhitc h kcj bhbæ oc kcac `ttp>//www.rtp.pt/ictfkfos/pofs/koso `ttp>//www.rtp.pt/ictfk fos/pofs/kosofs-scbrhvfvhj-shj-rhimfjhitc-h-kcj-bh fs-scbrhvfvhj-shj-rhimfjhitc-h-kcj-bhbh-ocbh-ockcacSv07<6
\crtugoa kcj jofs pcbrhs mc quh hj ?67= `ttp>//sfkictfkfos.sopc.pt/pofs/2=-?<-?7-\crtugoa-k `ttp>//sfkictfkfos .sopc.pt/pofs/2=-?<-?7-\crtugoa-kcj-jofs-pcbrhs-mc-quh-hjcj-jofs-pcbrhs-mc-quh-hj-?67= ?67=
Jofs mh jhtomh mo pcpuaoçëc pcrtuguhso iëc thj okhssc o oafjhitcs bïsfkcs `ttp>//www.rtp.pt/ictfkfos/pofs/jofs-mh-jhto `ttp>//www.rtp.pt/ictfk fos/pofs/jofs-mh-jhtomh-mo-pcpuaokoc-pcrtuguhso-ioc-thj-okh mh-mo-pcpuaokoc-pcrtuguhso-ioc-thj-okhssc-ossc-ooafjhitcs-bosfkcsSv055=72
Jofs pcrtuguhshs hj rfskc mh pcbrhzo `ttp>//hxprhssc.sopc.pt/hkcicjfo/28-?<-?5-Jofs-pcrtuguhshs-hj-rfskc-mh-pcbrhzo
\crtugoa rhkucu, hitrh 2< h 2;, quosh mhz oics hj thrjcs sckfofs `ttp>//www.hkcicjfoocjfiutc.kcj/hkcicjfo/=56=7;/pcrtugoa-rhkucu-hitrh-2<-h-2;quosh-mhz-oics-hj-thrjcs-sckfofs
Ousthrfmomh afgomo o =58 sufkêmfcs mh fmcscs hj \crtugoa hj mcfs oics `ttp>//fciafih.pt/ortfgc/=?888
\crtugoa ecf c poês kcj jofcr oujhitc mo toxo mh rfskc mh pcbrhzo hj 2= `ttp>//www.mi.pt/pcrtugoa/fithrfcr/pcrtugoa-ecf-c-pofs-kcj-jo `ttp>//www.mi.pt/pcrtugoa/fithr fcr/pcrtugoa-ecf-c-pofs-kcj-jofcr-oujhitc-mo-toxo-mh-rfskc fcr-oujhitc-mo-toxo-mh-rfskc-mh-pcbrhzo-hj-2=-=828<0;.`tja \cmhrêojcs kftor fiþjhrcs hxhjpacs omfkfciofs. \oro jha`cr hithimfjhitc mh kcjc surghj hstos kcishquîikfos, oioafshjcs c kopêtuac shgufith. O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio 2< 2< mh mh 8;
C [fsthjo Boikïrfc mh rhshrvos erokfciïrfos
C eotcr jofs krukfoa mh quoaquhr sfsthjo hkciûjfkc hkciûjfkc toavhz shno c shu sfsthjo sfsthjo boikïrfc. Ic hitoitc, æ uj sfsthjo quh pcuquêssfjos phsscos kcjprhhimhj. Oafïs, juftos ihj shquhr kci`hkhj c shu euikfciojhitc jofs bïsfkc. Uhrhjcs shgufmojhith kcjc euikfcio c sfsthjo boikïrfc pcrtuguîs kunc suphrvfscr æ c Boikc mh \crtugoa (quh tojbæj cbhmhkh o icrjos mc Boikc Khitroa Hurcphu)4 pcr ioturhzo, troto-sh mh uj kortha ‑ahgoafzomc‚ h prcthgfmc phac Hstomc. O `fstûrfo mh krfoçëc krfoçëc mcs boikcs khitrofs khitrofs vorfo mh poês poro poês4 pcræj, o suo euiçëc mh ‑korthafzoçëc‚ mc mc sfsthjo boikïrfc æ o jhsjo, fimhphimhith mc kcitfihith.
O otfvfmomh boikïrfo quh osshito ic sfsthjo mh rhshrvos erokfciïrfos æ eroumuahito eroumuahito..
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio 2? 2? mh mh 8;
O otfvfmomh boikïrfo Xj Boikc pcssuf vïrfcs otfvcs, vïrfcs otfvcs, icjhomojhith ictos h jchmo (kofxo), hjpræstfjcs kcikhmfmcs h cutrcs, kcjc fjûvhfs h portfkfpoçøhs hj hjprhsos. Hsths otfvcs sëc mhtfmcs phacs mhpcsftoiths (possfvc) (possfvc) h h phacs mcics mc Boikc (kopftoa prûprfc). prûprfc). _uoimc cs mhpcsftoiths ihkhssftoj mh mfi`hfrc, mfrfghj-sh oc boikc, quh sokrfefko ujo porth mc otfvc (os ictos h os jchmos) poro cs rhjuihror. O rhguaoçëc boikïrfo æ ihkhssïrfo poro hvftor sftuoçøhs hj quh cs boikcs iëc kcisfgoj rhjuihror cs mhpcsftoiths. Fstc pcmh okcithkhr , sh>
]cmcs cs mhpcsftoiths mhkfmfrhj ahvoitor c shu mfi`hfrc oc jhsjc thjpc. [h fstc okcithkhr, cs boikcs iëc tîj ictos h jchmos suefkfhiths poro rhjuihror cs shus mhpcsftoiths. Ossfj, tîj quh vhimhr cs cutrcs otfvcs ropfmojhith poro kcitfiuor o rhjuihror cs mhpcsftoiths. Hsths otfvcs sëc pcukc aêqufmcs, pcukc aêqufmcs, phac quh o quoitfo quh cs boikcs kcishguhj pcr hahs æ juftc fiehrfcr oc shu voacr mh jhrkomc. \cr kcishgufith, c jcitoith cbtfmc iëc æ suefkfhith poro pogor o tcmcs cs mhpcsftoiths4 Cs otfvcs mhsvoacrfzorhj rhphitfiojhith. [h cs otfvcs mhsvoacrfzorhj c kopftoa prûprfc mhtfmc phacs mcics mcs boikcs æ o prfjhfro porkhao o shr rhmuzfmo. ]cmovfo, sh o mhsvoacrfzoçëc rhmuzfr c voacr mc kopftoa prûprfc poro zhrc, cs mhpûsftcs mcs kafhiths tojbæj kcjhçoj o shr rhmuzfmcs.
Icth-sh quh hstos sftuoçøhs pcmhj iëc shr kousomos pcr jï ghstëc. \cr hxhjpac, quoimc tcmcs cs mhpcsftoiths okrhmftoj quh uj mhthrjfiomc Boikc hstï ì bhfro mo eoaîikfo, `ï ioturoajhith ujo kcrrfmo ìs ogîikfos. Kcishquhithjhith, sukhmh-sh c prhvfstc ic prfjhfrc pcitc, fimhphimhithjhith mo soþmh efioikhfro rhoa mc Boikc.
Fistrujhitcs mh rhguaoçëc boikïrfo
Goroitfo mh mhpûsftcs Os goroitfos mh mhpûsftcs prckuroj hvftor kcrrfmos ocs boikcs quoimc cs mhpcsftoiths iëc kciefoj io suo scafmhz. C hstomc goroith o kcbhrturo mcs mhpûsftcs otæ uj khrtc jcitoith. Mhsmh Cutubrc mh 2<<0, mh 2<<0, c HKCEFI mhkfmfu mhkaoror uj iêvha jêifjc mh ₡8<.<<< poro os goroitfos mh mhpûsftcs mhitrc mo Xifëc mo Xifëc Hurcphfo. Hj Hj \crtugoa, \crtugoa, hssh hssh voacr æ mh ?<<.<<< ₡ mhsmh Icvhjbrc mh 2<<0 h o goroitfo æ momo phac Euimc phac Euimc mh Goroitfo mh Mhpûsftcs. Mhpûsf tcs. C Euimc mh Goroitfo mh Mhpûsftcs æ ujo phssco kcahtfvo pþbafko. pþbafko. Krfomc cefkfoajhith otrovæs mc Mhkrhtc-ahf i¾ 260/62 mh ;? mh Mhzhjbrc mh ?662 , o suo prfikfpoa euiçëc æ goroitfr c rhhjbcasc mo tctoafmomh mc voacr gacboa mcs soamcs hj mfi`hfrc mh komo mhpcsftoith, otæ oc afjfth mh ?<<.<<< ₡ pcr mhpcsftoith h pcr fistftufçëc mh kræmftc (mhpûsftcs kcistftuêmcs ios fistftufçøhs mh kræmftc outcrfzomos o rhkhbhr mhpûsftcs mc pþbafkc h quh ihah portfkfphj).
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio 22 22 mh mh 8;
▾ O hxfstîikfo mc Euimc mh Goroitfo kcjprcvo quh c rfskc mh fikujprfjhitc æ rhoa. ▾ [himc cs Boikcs hitfmomhs prfvomos (ì hxkhçëc mo KGM) pcr quh rozëc c Hstomc
ossujh, hj icjh mh tcmcs cs pcrtuguhshs, ujo rhspcisobfafmomh quh kobhrfo ocs okfcifstos mcs Boikcs ossujfr3 ▾ \cr okosc cs pcrtuguhshs iëc okfcifstos mhsshs Boikcs tojbæj bhihefkfoj mcs
shus aukrcs3
Icto> Ortfgc 05.¾ mo Kcistftufçëc mo Rhpþbafko (Hjprhsos (H jprhsos prfvomos) ?. C Hstomc fikhitfvo o otfvfmomh hjprhsorfoa, hj portfkuaor mos phquhios h jæmfos hjprhsos, ?. C h efskoafzo c kujprfjhitc mos rhsphtfvos cbrfgoçøhs ahgofs, hj hsphkfoa pcr porth mos hjprhsos quh prcssfgoj otfvfmomhs mh fithrhssh hkciûjfkc ghroa. 2. C Hstomc sû pcmh fithrvfr io ghstëc mh hjprhsos prfvomos o têtuac troisftûrfc, ics koscs 2. hxprhssojhith prhvfstcs io ahf h, hj rhgro, jhmfoith prævfo mhkfsëc numfkfoa. ;. O ahf pcmh mhefifr shktcrhs bïsfkcs ics quofs shno vhmomo o otfvfmomh ìs hjprhsos prfvomos h ;. O o cutros hitfmomhs mo jhsjo ioturhzo.
Rhshrvos jêifjos Cs boikcs kcjhrkfofs sëc cbrfgomcs o thr mhpûsftcs nuitc mcs boikcs khitrofs, mhicjfiomcs rhshrvos. mhicjfiomcs rhshrvos. Hstos rhshrvos pcmhj shr usomos phacs boikcs hj sftuoçøhs mh urgîikfo poro rhhjbcasor cs mhpcsftoiths. Io ^cio Io ^cio Hurc, Hurc, c iêvha jêifjc mh rhshrvos æ mcfs pcr khitc (2%). (2%).
Rhqufsftcs mh kopftoa \cr rhqufsftcs mh kopftoa hithimh-sh o mfjhisëc jêifjo mcs otfvcs quh mhvh shr mhtfmo phacs mcics mcs Boikcs - f.h. kopftoa prûprfc. _uoitc jofs oatcs ecrhj hsths rhqufsftcs, jhicr æ o shisfbfafmomh mcs mhpûsftcs ì mhsvoacrfzoçëc mcs otfvcs. Kciecrjh cs okcrmcs cs okcrmcs mh Bosfahfo, c Bosfahfo, c rhqufsftc jêifjc mh kopftoa o iêvha fithriokfcioa æ cftc pcr khitc.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio 2; 2; mh mh 8;
Rhstrfçøhs mh otfvcs Hj khrtcs poêshs cs boikcs iëc pcmhj mhthr otfvcs kcj uj prhçc juftc vcaïtfa, kcjc ‑moy moy tromfig‚. tromfig‚. korthfros mh oçøhs mh oçøhs poro usc hj ‑
Efskoafzoçëc Hj quosh tcmcs cs poêshs `ï outcrfmomhs rhspcisïvhfs phao efskoafzoçëc mos otfvfmomhs mcs Boikcs. Hssos outcrfmomhs pcmhj cbrfgor cs boikcs o vhimhr khrtcs otfvcs jofs vcaïthfs jhsjc rhtfror-a`hs os suos afkhiços mh euikfciojhitc. Hj \crtugoa, os outcrfmomhs rhspcisïvhfs phao efskoafzoçëc mcs boikcs sëc c Boikc mh \crtugoa, c Fistftutc mh [hgurcs mh \crtugoa h o Kcjfssëc mc Jhrkomc mh Uoacrhs Jcbfafïrfcs.
Krhmcr mh þatfjc rhkursc Cs Boikcs Khitrofs pcmhj otuor kcjc krhmcrhs mh þatfjc rhkursc, fstc æ, pcmhj hjprhstor mfi`hfrc ocs Boikcs poro hsths rhhjbcasorhj cs mhpûsftcs quoimc jofs ifiguæj sh hikcitro mfspcstc o hjprhstor.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio 2= 2= mh mh 8;
Kcjc æ krfomc c mfi`hfrc3 Uhnojcs kcjc cs Boikcs krfoj mfi`hfrc o portfr mc iomo komo vhz quh kcikhmhj kræmftc4 oioafshjcs o shgufith tobhao>
[fsthjo mh hjpræstfjc kcj rhshrvo erokfciïrfo mh 2% (hxhjpac kcj 2<< kfkacs)
Boikc Kcjhrkfoa ? 2 ; = 8 5 7 0 6 ?< ?? ?2 ?; ?= ?8
Uoacr mhpcsftomc
Uoacr hjprhstomc
Rhshrvos
?<.<<< ₡
6.0<<,<< ₡
2<<,<< ₡
6.0<<,<< ₡
6.5<=,<< ₡
?65,<< ₡
6.5<=,<< ₡
6.=??,62 ₡
?62,<0 ₡
6.=??,62 ₡
6.22;,50 ₡
?00,2= ₡
6.22;,50 ₡
6.<;6,2? ₡
?0=,=7 ₡
6.<;6,2? ₡
0.080,=2 ₡
?0<,70 ₡
0.080,=2 ₡
0.50?,25 ₡
?77,?7 ₡
0.50?,25 ₡
0.8<7,5; ₡
?7;,5; ₡
0.8<7,5; ₡
0.;;7,=0 ₡
?7<,?8 ₡
0.;;7,=0 ₡
0.?7<,7; ₡
?55,78 ₡
0.?7<,7; ₡
0.<<7,;? ₡
?5;,=? ₡
0.<<7,;? ₡
7.0=7,?7 ₡
?5<,?8 ₡
7.0=7,?7 ₡
7.56<,22 ₡
?85,6= ₡
7.56<,22 ₡
7.8;5,=2 ₡
?8;,0< ₡
7.8;5,=2 ₡
7.;08,56 ₡
?8<,7; ₡
?60,8= ₡
?6=,87 ₡
;,67 ₡
?6=,87 ₡
?6<,50 ₡
;,06 ₡
?6<,50 ₡
?05,07 ₡
;,0? ₡
?05,07 ₡
?0;,?; ₡
;,7= ₡
?0;,?; ₡
?76,=7 ₡
;,55 ₡
… ?68 ?65 ?67 ?60 ?66 2<<
?76,=7 ₡ Rhshrvos tctofs> 6.02<,8; ₡
]ctoa mhpcsftomc>
]ctoa hjprhstomc>
Rhshrvos tctofs + c þatfjc voacr mhpcsftomc>
=6?.2<5,<; ₡
=0?.2<5,<; ₡
?<.<<<,<< ₡
kcjhrkfoa‚ krfomc + mfi`hfrc mc Boikc Khitroa>
Mfi`hfrc krfomc phac Boikc Kcjhrkfoa>
Mfi`hfrc mc Boikc Khitroa>
=6?.2<5,<; ₡
=0?.2<5,<; ₡
?<.<<<,<< ₡
‑Mfi`hfrc
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio 28 28 mh mh 8;
Brhvh hxpafkoçëc C sfsthjo mh rhshrvo erokfciïrfo phrjfth quh cs Boikcs Kcjhrkfofs krfhj mfi`hfrc shjprh quh æ kcikhmfmc uj icvc hjpræstfjc. C juatfpafkomcr jcihtïrfc æ onustomc hj euiçëc mc voacr phrkhituoa mo rhshrvo erokfciïrfo, shimc quh c rhsuatomc shjprh shrï ?<<. Hxhjpac>
Rhshrvo erokfciïrfo : 2% Juatfpafkomcr jcihtïrfc shrï 8<
2 x 8< : ?<<
Ic hxhjpac oprhshitomc io tobhao, ophsor mh ihi`uj mfi`hfrc thr sfmc efsfkojhith krfomc poro oaæj mc mhpûsftc fifkfoa mh ?<.<<< ₡, cs Boikcs Kcjhrkfofs krforoj ‑ mfi`hfrc vfrtuoa‚ otrovæs mh hjpræstfjcs, opafkoimc, ihsth kosc (rhshrvo erokfciïrfo mh 2%) c juatfpafkomcr jcihtïrfc mh 8<, fstc æ, kcj c mhpûsftc fifkfoa mh ?<.<<< ₡ cs Boikcs krfoj uj tctoa mh 8<<.<<< ₡. Io tobhao okfjo, os muos kofxos jorkomos kcj o kcr aoroino fimfkoj o eosh mc prckhssc4 os rhshrvos tctofs scjomos oc þatfjc mhpûsftc (cu þatfjc hjpræstfjc), shrëc shjprh fguofs ì quoitfmomh fifkfoa, ihsth kosc ?<.<<< ₡4 opûs 2<< kfkacs, c mhpûsftc fifkfoa mh ?<.<< < ₡ phrjftfu o krfoçëc mh =0?.2<5,<; ₡ omfkfciofs.
Komo hjpræstfjc kcikhmfmc tojbæj æ kcisfmhromc uj mhpûsftc. Hiquoitc c prckhssc kcitfiuo, cs Boikcs kcjhrkfofs prcsshguhj kcj o krfoçëc mh mfi`hfrc o portfr mc iomo.
Uhnojcs kcjc tumc sh prckhsso4 [upci`o-sh quh o Eojêafo O mhpcsfth ?<.<<< ₡ iuj Boikc Kcjhrkfoa quh guormorï hssh Mfi`hfrc. \ortfimc mc prfikêpfc quh o eojêafo quh mhpcsftcu cs ?<.<<< ₡ iuiko cs ahvoitorï mh ujo sû vhz, c Boikc vof fivhstfr hssh mfi`hfrc. Hssh fivhstfjhitc æ, mh joihfro ghroa, ehftc scb o ecrjo mh hjpræstfjcs. Ossfj, fjogfihjcs quh o Eojêafo B thj o suo kcito o ‑zhrc s‚ h scafkfto o hssh Boikc uj hjpræstfjc4 sh o Eojêafo B jcstror oagujos goroitfos (hjprhgc, koso, troboa`c, soaïrfc, potrfjûifc, …) mh pcmhr pogor hssh hjpræstfjc hitëc hah shrï kcikhmfmc ujo vhz quh c Boikc thj fithrhssh hj kca`hr cs aukrcs, cu shno, nurcs quh moê rhsuatoj. Hvfmhithjhith, c Boikc hjprhsto tcmc c mfi`hfrc quh thj mfspciêvha poro joxfjfzor cs shus aukrcs otrovæs mh nurcs, c þifkc afjfth shimc o k`ojomo rhshrvo boikïrfo jêifjo cu rhshrvo erokfciïrfo, erokfciïrfo, quh æ ujo phquhio quoitfmomh mh mfi`hfrc rhtfmo ics kcerhs mcs Boikcs. Io Xifëc Hkciûjfko Hurcphfo, hsso rhshrvo æ mh 2% 2% (h ics HXO mh ?<%) poro o ghihroafmomh mos rhspcisobfafmomhs jos otfigh cs <% poro rhspcisobfafmomhs hsphkêefkos. Ossfj, mcs ?<.<<< ₡ mhpcsftomcs fifkfoajhith phao Eojêafo O , efkoj 2% mh rhshrvo h 6.0<< ₡
sëc hjprhstomcs ì Eojêafo B. Fstc sfgifefko quh kcjc rhsuatomc mhsto cphroçëc mh kræmftc possoj o hxfstfr io hkcicjfo jofs 6.0<< ₡ mh mhpûsftcs m hpûsftcs ì crmhj. Xjo vhz quh cs mhpûsftcs ì crmhj eozhj porth mc ‑bcac jcihtïrfc kcahtfvc‚ , o cphroçëc mh kræmftc ehz oujhitor c stckd mh jchmo io hkcicjfo. ]hjcs pcrtoitc jofs 6.0<< ₡ mhpcsftomcs h krhmftomcs io kcito mo Eojêafo B.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio 25 25 mh mh 8;
Ic hitoitc, c Boikc pcmhrï vcator o hjprhstor hsth s 6.0<< ₡4 poro toa thrï mh mhfxor 2% hj rhshrvo h frï ossfj hjprhstor ì Eojêafo K 6.5<= ₡ . Hsths 6.5<= ₡ pcmhrëc shr icvojhith hjprhstomcs, mhpcsftomcs, krhmftomcs h hjprhstomcs icvojhith ìs Eojêafos M, H, E, G h ossfj sukhssfvojhith. [h ics khitrorjcs s û ics 2 prfjhfrcs hjpræstfjcs, vfjcs quh mcs ?<.<<< ₡ fifkfofs, 6.0<< ₡ ecroj fitrcmuzfmcs ic jhrkomc shgufimc-sh jofs 6.5<= ₡
+
6.0<< ₡ 6.5<= ₡
-------------------: ?6.=<= ₡
Hstojcs ogcro kcj ?6.=<= ₡. Hsth voacr æ quosh c mcbrc mc mfi`hfrc fifkfoajhith mhpcsftomc. Bosto troispcrtor hsth phquhic hxhjpac poro o hskoao juimfoa, juimfoa , kcitoimc kcj prcmutcs efioikhfrcs mh oatc rfskc mh jcitoiths hxcrbftoiths quh sëc mforfojhith hsphkuaomcs hitrh cs Boikcs h os groimhs Juatfiokfciofs, poro sh mhmuzfr o mhefkfîikfo mc sfsthjo h o prcbobfafmomh mh kcaopsc. kcaopsc. Kaorc quh hsth prckhssc æ eokfaftomc groços o sfsthjos fiecrjïtfkcs otrovæs mh ujo sfjpahs oathroçëc mh mêgftcs io kcito moquhah fimfvfmuc quh phmh mfi`hfrc hjprhstomc shj quh shno ihkhssïrfc prcmuzfr c mfi`hfrc hj supcrth eêsfkc. C sfsthjo hkciûjfkc krfcu pcr fssc uj jhkoifsjc quh eokfafto o krfoçëc h jcvfjhitoçëc mhsth mfi`hfrc mfgftoa, pcfs cs bhis h shrvfçcs pcmhj shr pogcs kcj k`hquhs cu pcr vfo hahtrûifko. C mfi`hfrc eêsfkc mhfxcu mh thr rhahvâikfo pcfs 60% mc mfi`hfrc quh hxfsth hikcitro-sh scb o ecrjo mh mêgftcs hj kcjputomcrhs. Kcitumc, hsth iëc æ c groimh prcbahjo, nï quh æ pcukc fjpcrtoith quh c mfi`hfrc sh hikcitrh hj ecrjo mh ictos, jchmos, mêgftcs fiecrjïtfkcs, k`hquhs cu sh qufshrjcs hj kupøhs. C prcbahjo khitroa æ quh c mfi`hfrc iëc hitrcu hj kfrkuaoçëc pcr ujo ihkhssfmomh ioturoa mo hkcicjfo hiquoitc hahjhitc ihutrc quh shrvh poro trckor cs mfehrhiths bhis h shrvfçcs, jos sfj kcjc mêvfmo o nurcs phrefaomo kcjc uj ihgûkfc aukrotfvc, khitromc ic prûprfc mfi`hfrc. Ossfj, hiquoitc tcmos oquhaos eojêafos o quhj a`hs ecf hjprhstomc c mfi`hfrc vëc prcmuzfimc h trckoimc bhis pcr oagorfsjcs fiecrjïtfkcs, c mfi`hfrc kfrkuao phao hkcicjfo. [h o Eojêafo B kcishgufr pogor o tctoafmomh mo mêvfmo jofs cs nurcs, hitëc o suo kcito vcato o efkor o ‑zhrcs‚, cu shno, ic pcitc hj quh sh hikcitrovo oiths mh phmfr c kræmftc. Ihsth kosc, cs 6.0<<₡ quh
fifkfoajhith ecroj krfomcs vcatoj o kfrkuaor scb icvcs hjpræstfjcs o nurcs cu shrvhj poro fivhstfjhitcs h oqufsfçëc mh hjprhsos. Cs Boikcs tcrioj-sh ossfj okfcifstos mh rhehrîikfo mos groimhs Juatfiokfciofs. Jos æ ujo fausëc supcr quh tcmos os eojêafos cbthi`oj hsth îxftc, pcrquh pcrquh æ æ jothjotfkojhith fjpcssêvha tcmcs kcishgufrhj pogor o tctoafmomh mcs hjpræstfjcs jofs cs rhsphtfvcs nurcs. nurcs.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio 27 27 mh mh 8;
Uhnojcs4 cs nurcs sëc ujo khrto phrkhitoghj mh mfi`hfrc hxfgfmo hxfgf mo scbrh c hjpræstfjc mh ujo mhthrjfiomo quoitfmomh mh mfi`hfrc. [h c mfi`hfrc æ tcmc oquhah quh hxfsth hj kfrkuaoçëc, krfomc otrovæs mcs hjpræstfjcs, mh cimh vhj hitëc c mfi`hfrc poro pogor cs nurcs3 Mh aomc ihi`uj, pcfs hsth sfjpahsjhith iëc hxfsth. hxfsth. C sfsthjo ic shu tcmc iuiko vcatorï oc pcitc fifkfoa. \oro pogor cs nurcs jofs mfi`hfrc thrï mh shr ghromc o portfr mc iomo otrovæs mh jofs hjpræstfjcs. \cr suo vhz, hsth icvc mfi`hfrc hjprhstomc shrï tojbæj oehtomc pcr nurcs quh thrëc mh shr pogcs pcr icvcs hjpræstfjcs h ossfj sukhssfvojhith. H oc kcitrïrfc mc quh sh pcsso phisor, iëc sëc sû cs mhvhmcrhs quh pogoj nurcs4 o jofcrfo mcs prcmutcs fikauf ic shu prhçc efioa cs nurcs quh os hjprhsos mhvhmcros tîj mh pogor, pcfs sëc kcisfmhromcs ujo mhsphso. Moê, cs nurcs shrhj uj prcbahjo quh otrovhsso tcmo o hkcicjfo h tcmo o sckfhmomh shj hxkhçëc, sobhimc quh sû ujo rhmuzfmo jficrfo tfro prcvhftc mh tumc fstc. Rhsujfimc, tcmc c mfi`hfrc hj mêvfmo scjomc ocs rhsphtfvcs nurcs uatroposso o tctoafmomh hxfsthith hj kfrkuaoçëc. kfrkuaoçëc . Ossfj, o mêvfmo krhskh o uj rftjc hxpcihikfoa quh rhquhr krhskfjhitc phrpætuc poro iëc hitror hj kcaopsc. Fstc kcimuz ì fihvftobfafmomh jothjïtfko mh fikujprfjhitcs h eoaîikfos pcfs iëc `ï sfjpahsjhith mfi`hfrc suefkfhith io hkcicjfo poro pogor tcmos os mêvfmos m êvfmos ocs Boikcs. Boikcs . O fikopokfmomh mh pogor o mêvfmo h kcishquhithjhith hitror hj eoaîikfo iëc æ ujo eroquhzo mh uj oghith hkciûjfkc4 æ ujo fjpcsfçëc mc [fsthjo Boikïrfc ì sckfhmomh kcjc uj tcmc. Hj vhz mh sh hikoror c mfi`hfrc kcjc uj sfjpahs mfspcsftfvc sckfoa quh sh quhr hstïvha iuj ecrjotc ihutrc quh iëc fikcrpcrh ihi`uj bhj cu shrvfçc, cs nurcs kcrrcjphj hssh prfikêpfc kcivhrthimc c mfi`hfrc iujo jhrkomcrfo aukrotfvo. [ubafi`h-sh quh c ihgûkfc quh gfro ì vcato mc mfi`hfrc iëc prcmuz iomo h obstrof-sh mcs prfikêpfcs quh jcvhj c shr `ujoic ios suos ihkhssfmomhs rhofs. Kcj hsth sfsthjo, cs Boikcs hirfquhkhj mhsjhsuromojhith4 pogoj nurcs bofxcs ocs mhpcsftoiths h kcbroj nurcs oatcs oatcs ocs hjpræstfjcs quh efzhroj, kcj mfi`hfrc krfomc mc iomo. Æ pcr fssc quh jhfo mþzfo mh eojêafos krfoj ecrtuios jciujhitofs shj iomo prcmuzfr.
Uhno o hxhjpafefkoçëc otrovæs mc vêmhc4 \crquh eoato mfi`hfrc io hkcicjfo3 (C prckhssc eroumuahitc eroumuahitc mh krfoçëc mc Mfi`hfrc)
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio 20 20 mh mh 8;
Rhsujc
Boikc Khitroa Æ o fistftufçëc rhspcisïvha phac kcitrcac mo cehrto mh jchmo h phao suphrvfsëc mh tcmc c sfsthjo efioikhfrc, icjhomojhith mcs boikcs kcjhrkfofs h cutros fistftufçøhs efioikhfros. Æ, mhsto ecrjo, o hitfmomh pþbafko quh kcitrcao uj mcs prfikfpofs fistrujhitcs mh pcaêtfko jokrchkciûjfko> o pcaêtfko jcihtïrfo. Ic kosc pcrtuguîs, h mhsmh o omhsëc oc Hurc, hsso fistftufçëc æ c BK BKH H (Boikc Khitroa Hurcphu), Hurcphu), hitfmomh quh kcitrcao o cehrto mh jchmo hj tcmcs cs poêshs mo "^cio Hurc" h quh mfto os rhgros mh euikfciojhitc mc sfsthjo efioikhfrc.
Boikcs Kcjhrkfofs [ëc fithrjhmfïrfcs efioikhfrcs kunos prfikfpofs otfvfmomhs kcisfsthj hj okhftor mhpûsftcs jcbfafzïvhfs pcr k`hquh h cutrcs jhfcs mh pogojhitc h hj kcikhmhr hjpræstfjcs. Otrovæs mo suo otfvfmomh mh fithrjhmfoçëc efioikhfro, cs Boikcs Kcjhrkfofs portfkfpoj ic prckhssc mh krfoçëc mh jchmo thimc, pcr fssc, o suo otfvfmomh juftc rhguaojhitomo phaos hitfmomhs quh ghrhj o pcaêtfko jcihtïrfo> cs Boikcs Khitrofs.
C sfsthjo mh rhshrvo erokfciïrfo æ kcjpcstc pcr mcfs ‑tfpcs‚ mh mfi`hfrc>
? - Mfi`hfrc - Mfi`hfrc mc Boikc Khitroa> Khitroa> æ tcmc c mfi`hfrc krfomc phac Boikc Khitroa fimhphimhith mo ecrjo (ictos, jchmos cu mfi`hfrc hahtrûifkc otrovæs mh hjpræstfjcs poro boikcs prfvomcs hehtuomcs otrovæs mh troisehrîikfos hahtrûifkos, fstc æ mêgftcs fiecrjïtfkcs).
2 - Mfi`hfrc mh Boikc Kcjhrkfoa> Kcjhrkfoa> æ tcmc c mfi`hfrc krfomc phac sfsthjo boikïrfc otrovæs mh hjpræstfjcs kcikhmfmcs ocs kafhiths.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio 26 26 mh mh 8;
Juatfpafkomcr jcihtïrfc C Juatfpafkomcr Jcihtïrfc æ uj thrjc quh mhsfgio o vorfoçëc io cehrto mh jchmo crfgfiomo phao vorfoçëc hj ujo uifmomh io Bosh Jcihtïrfo. Jcihtïrfo. C Juatfpafkomcr Jcihtïrfc rhprhshito ossfj c pcmhr quh cs Boikcs Kcjhrkfofs tîj poro krfor jchmo otrovæs mo suo otfvfmomh mh mhpcsftïrfc h mh kcikhssëc mh hjpræstfjcs. C voacr mc Juatfpafkomcr Jcihtïrfc mhphimh hsshikfoajhith mh muos vorfïvhfs> o prcphisëc jorgfioa ì rhthiçëc mh jchmo h o toxo mh rhshrvos boikïrfos. \oro oaæj mh kcitrcaor o Bosh Jcihtïrfo, c Boikc c Boikc Khitroa kcitrcao tojbæj o toxo mh rhshrvos boikïrfos4 hsth kcishguh thr uj kcitrcac protfkojhith tctoa scbrh o cehrto mh jchmo.
C grïefkc jcstro o ‑juatfpafkoçëc‚ mh $?<<, otrovæs mc sfsthjo mh rhshrvo erokfciïrfo (kcj mfehrhiths toxos). Komo kurvo mhefih uj voacr jïxfjc. C jhkoifsjc jofs kcjujhith utfafzomc, ihsth sfsthjo, poro jhmfr o hvcauçëc mh suprfjhitc mh mfi`hfrc æ hsphkfefkojhith mhsfgiomc pcr juatfpafkomcr jcihtïrfc4 jcihtïrfc 4 koakuao o quoitfmomh jïxfjo mh mfi`hfrc quh uj mhpûsftc fifkfoa pcmh krfor kcj bosh iujo mhthrjfiomo toxo mh rhshrvo. Hssh eotcr æ mhsfgiomc pcr juatfpafkomcr juatfpafkomcr..
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio ;< ;< mh mh 8;
Eûrjuao C juatfpafkomcr jcihtïrfc (j) æ c cpcstc mo ihkhssfmomh mh rhshrvo (R )> )>
Hsto eûrjuao surgh mc eoktc quh o scjo mos quoitfmomhs hjprhstomos pcmh shr ecrjuaomo jothjotfkojhith kcjc ujo særfh ghcjætrfko (særfh quh sh cbtæj quoimc sh thito scjor cs fiefiftcs ics thrjcs mh ujo prcgrhssëc ghcjætrfko kcj ujo toxo kcjuj mh ). \oro onustor c hskcojhitc (mrhioghj) mh mfi`hfrc (rhmuçëc mc fjpoktc mo pcaêtfko jcihtïrfo mhvfmc ì ihkhssfmomh mh joithr ujo porth mc mfi`hfrc scb ecrjo eêsfko h ì vcitomh mcs Boikcs mh thr rhshrvos okfjo mc jcitoith hxfgfmc), æ utfafzomo o eûrjuao obofxc, cimh o ‑mrhioghj‚ æ æ c voacr phrkhituoa mh mfi`hfrc o joithr scb o ecrjo eêsfko h o ]oxo mh rhshrvo prhehrfmo æ o scjo mo ]oxo mh Rhshrvo h o ]oxo mh rhshrvo hxkhmhith mc Boikc>
Hxhjpac> ujo toxo mh rhshrvo (R (R ) mh 2<% pcmh shr ecrjuaomo mo shgufith ecrjo>
Ossfj, c juatfpafkomcr jcihtïrfc (j) pcmh shr ecrjuaomc mo shgufith ecrjo>
Hsth iþjhrc juatfpafkomc phac mhpûsftc fifkfoa fimfko o quoitfmomh jïxfjo mh mfi`hfrc quh pcmh shr krfomo.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio ;? ;? mh mh 8;
Kcikhftc mh ‑Bosh Jcihtïrfo‚ O Bosh Jcihtïrfo rhprhshito os rhspcisobfafmomhs jcihtïrfos aêqufmos mc Hstomc phroith o sckfhmomh h kcrrhspcimh ì scjo mh tcmos os ictos h jchmos hjftfmos phac Boikc Khitroa h kcackomos ì mfspcsfçëc mc pþbafkc h quh pcmhj hstor scb o ecrjo mh mfi`hfrc io pcssh mos eojêafos h mos hjprhsos cu scb o ecrjo mh rhshrvos boikïrfos. O kcackoçëc io pcssh mc pþbafkc mhstos ictos h jchmos æ hehtuomo otrovæs mos cphroçøhs mh cphi jordht , kcistftufimc hstos ujo ecrjo mc Boikc Khitroa kcitrcaor o cehrto jcihtïrfo, uj fjpcrtoith fistrujhitc mh pcaêtfko jokrchkciûjfko. ‑
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Kcikhftc mh cphroçøhs mh ‑Cphi Jordht‚ Os cphroçøhs mh cphi-jordht (hj pcrtuguîs, cphroçøhs mh jhrkomc obhrtc) kcisfsthj hj tækifkos mh fithrvhiçëc mcs Boikcs mcs Boikcs Khitrofs ics jhrkomcs jcihtïrfcs otrovæs mo kcjpro h vhimo mh têtuacs (ghroajhith sëc utfafzomos cbrfgoçøhs mc gcvhric). Otrovæs mhstos cphroçøhs, cs Boikcs cs Boikcs Khitrofs kcishguhj rhguaor o cehrto mh jchmo iujo hkcicjfo h, pcr hsso vfo, fieauhikfor os toxos mh nurc protfkomos phacs boikcs kcjhrkfofs.
Krfoçëc mh mfi`hfrc otrovæs mc jhkoifsjc ‑_uoitftotfvh hosfi ‚ ho sfi g ‑_uoitftotfvh Hosfig‚ æ o hxprhssëc oigac-soxûifko utfafzomo poro korothrfzor ujo pcaêtfko
jcihtïrfo ckosfcioajhith usomo phacs Boikcs Khitrofs h quh prhthimh oujhitor o quoitfmomh mh mfi`hfrc hj kfrkuaoçëc io hkcicjfo. Hsto pcaêtfko, quh hstï otuoajhith o shr usomo phao Rhshrvo Ehmhroa Icrth-Ojhrfkoio (EHM) poro hstfjuaor o hkcicjfo mcs Hstomcs Xifmcs, boshfo-sh io kcjpro mh cbrfgoçøhs mh mêvfmo pþbafko pcr porth mo outcrfmomh jcihtïrfo, mh ecrjo o oujhitor o afqufmhz mc sfsthjo efioikhfrc. Hsto pcaêtfko thimh o shr usomo quoimc c voacr mo toxo mh nurc æ prûxfjc mh zhrc, c quh fjpcssfbfafto o outcrfmomh jcihtïrfo mh rhkcrrhr oc prhçc mc mfi`hfrc poro hstfjuaor o hkcicjfo. \cr hxhjpac, o EHM oc kcjpror cbrfgoçøhs mh acigc prozc, hstorï o bofxor os toxos mh nurc mh acigc prozc, joithimc os toxos mh nurc bofxos muroith jofs thjpc. Io Hurcpo, hsto pcaêtfko iëc rhþih omhptcs hitrh cs hkcicjfstos, pcrquh æ pcthikfoajhith ghromcro mh fieaoçëc. \oro hvftor c oujhitc ghihroafzomc mc iêvha mh prhçcs, o outcrfmomh jcihtïrfo thrï quh vhimhr cs têtuacs omqufrfmcs, pcsthrfcrjhith ì omcçëc mo pcaêtfko. Xjo cphroçëc mhafkomo mhsfgiomo pcr ‑shkoghj‚ mo hkci cjfo.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio ;2 ;2 mh mh 8;
Oiïafsh krêtfko
Hxpcstcs cs prfikfpofs kcikhftcs bïsfkcs mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc ovoikhjcs poro o oiïafsh krêtfko h cbnhtfvo mos kcishquîikfos mhsth sfsthjo scbrh o sckfhmomh. Kcikauêjcs quh o mêvfmo krhskh o uj rftjc hxpcihikfoa quh rhquhr krhskfjhitc phrpætuc poro rhpcrtoghj ‑O Fimþstrfo prcgrojo c thjpc mh vfmo mcs prcmutcs quh iëc hitror hj kcaopsc. O rhpcrtoghj ‑ eobrfko …‚ …‚ , hxpøh o ecrjo kcjc o fimþstrfo prcgrojo o murobfafmomh mcs prcmutcs pr cmutcs fikhitfvoimc h otæ ecrçoimc oc kcisujfsjc. \cr suo vhz, c kcisujfsjc æ hstfjuaomc phacs Boikcs Kcjhrkfofs mh ujo ecrjo juftc sfjpahs4 kfkafkojhith, pcthikfoj oc jïxfjc o kcikhssëc mh kræmftc, ‑cehrhkhimc‚ mfi`hfrc eïkfa ìs phsscos, quhr otrovæs mh kortøhs mh kræmftc (juftos vhzhs hivfomcs mfrhtojhith pcr kcrrhfc), kræmftcs poro vfoghis, poro jûvhfs, poro outcjûvhfs, poro kosos, poro kcisujc, hiefj kræmftcs poro tumc h jofs oagujo kcfso. Iuj possomc rhkhith, prhshikfhf kcjpcrtojhitcs juftc muvfmcscs pcr porth mh vïrfcs Boikcs Kcjhrkfofs, icjhomojhith oquoimc mo oprcvoçëc mh kræmftcs ì `obftoçëc kcj toxos mh hsecrçc prûxfjos mh 5<%. Ophsor mh thr oahrtomc cs kafhiths okhrko mcs rfskcs mhsth tfpc mh cphroçøhs, c okhssc o ‑mfi`hfrc eïkfa‚ pcthikfomc phao oprcvoçëc mc prûprfc Boikc (quh tfro portfmc mc eoktc mo jofcrfo mos phsscos mhskci`hkhr cs jhkoifsjcs bïsfkcs mc euikfciojhitc mc sfsthjo jcihtïrfc) kcimuzfu juftos eojêafos ì fiscavîikfo. Juftcs prcefssfciofs mc shtcr boikïrfc oefrjoj quh o kuapo æ hxkausfvojhith mh quhj kcitrof cs kræmftcs, ujo vhz quh iëc ecroj kcogfmos o himfvfmor-sh. Mfskcrmc4 tcmc c sfsthjo ecf mhshivcavfmc poro ecrçor o jofcrfo mos phsscos o himfvfmor-sh. Cs cbnhtfvcs fjpcstcs phacs Boikcs ocs shus euikfciïrfcs sëc o prcvo fihquêvcko mo hxfstîikfo mh ujo otfvfmomh kcjhrkfoa hxtrhjojhith ogrhssfvo quhr poro koptoçëc mh mhpûsftcs quhr poro kcikhssëc mh kræmftc, pcthikfomc p cthikfomc phacs mhpûsftcs koptomcs.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio ;; ;; mh mh 8;
Jofs grovh, æ c eoktc mcs prcefssfciofs mc shtcr boikïrfc iëc oahrtorhj cs shus kafhiths scbrh o hxfstîikfo mh ‑vêkfcs mh ecrjo‚ ics jhkoifsjcs mc sfsthjo jcihtïrfc, quh ecrçoj oc
fikujprfjhitc mos eojêafos h mos hjprhsos4 æ uj eoktc jothjïtfkc. Bosto prckhmhr-sh ì oiïafsh mos kaïusuaos mcs kcitrotcs mh kræmftc/efioikfojhitc poro sh phrkhbhr quh cs rfskcs rhofs (fikcitcriïvhfs) iëc sëc fmhitfefkomcs ihj jhsjc rhehrfmcs cu hxhjpafefkomcs mh ecrjo hxpaêkfto. \cr cutros poaovros, hsth jhkoifsjc æ ckuatomc fithikfcioajhith.
▾ Iëc shrï ujo cbrfgoçëc h uj mhvhr mh quoaquhr Fistftufçëc, c mh fiecrjor h
hskaorhkhr mhvfmojhith cs shus kafhiths3
▾ Iëc shrï krfjh ckuator, mcs shus kafhiths, jhkoifsjcs quh fithikfcioajhith h
fihvftovhajhith frëc prhnumfkï-acs ic euturc3
Oioafshjcs kcjc surghj os krfshs Kciecrjh ecf mhjcistromc oithrfcrjhith, o vfobfafmomh mc sfsthjo jcihtïrfc osshito io krfoçëc phrpætuo mh mêvfmos prcjcvfmos otrovæs mh hjpræstfjcs kcikhmfmcs phacs Boikcs Kcjhrkfofs. Ics phrêcmcs hj quh cs Boikcs kcikhmhj kræmftc, `ï oujhitc mc stckd mh jchmo h ioturoajhith oaovoikoghj mo hkcicjfo. O ‑kfaomo‚ surgh quoimc o eoat o mh afqufmhz io hkcicjfo sh eoz shitfr4 o jofcrfo mos phsscos h
hjprhsos shrï hitëc kciercitomo kcj o rhoafmomh hj euiçëc mc iêvha mh himfvfmojhitc o quh sh hxpýs h/cu quh ecf fieauhikfomo h otæ jhsjc ecrçomo o hxpcr-sh mhvfmc ìs kfrkuistâikfos kcinuiturofs. Jos tojbæj oquhaos quh iëc hstëc hxpcstos oc himfvfmojhitc pcmhj shr vêtfjos mhsth sfsthjo. Bosto poro fssc quh shnoj euikfciïrfos mh ujo hjprhso quh shno ecrçomo ì fiscavîikfo mhvfmc ì mfefkuamomh mh rhkuphroçëc mh kræmftcs. O hkcicjfo æ ‑sugomo‚ phacs Boikcs, otrovæs mcs ‑nurcs‚ quh kcbroj4 c voacr fihrhith ocs
nurcs kcjc iuiko hxfstfu, iëc ecf fitrcmuzfmc ic stckd mh jchmo. Ossfj, shjprh quh cs tftuaorhs mh uj kcitrotc mh kræmftc/efioikfojhitc pogoj nurcs ì Boiko, hstëc io rhoafmomh, o koioafzor c mfi`hfrc quh kfrkuao io hkcicjfo poro cs Boikcs. Kcishquhithjhith kcitrfbuhj, ofimo quh mh ecrjo fikciskfhith, poro o ‑shkoghj‚ mo hkcicjfo. Mhsth ehiûjhic rhsuatoj krfshs kêkafkos h rhphtftfvos, quh iëc sëc erutc mc jhrc jhr c okosc.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio ;= ;= mh mh 8;
Hxhjpac> ujo eojêafo kcitrof uj kræmftc ì `obftoçëc mh ?<<.<<< ₡ poro o kcjpro mh ujo koso. \oro c hxhjpac, omjftojcs quh c voacr tctoa mcs nurcs o pogor oc Boikc shno mh ;<.<<< ₡ (io rhoafmomh hsth voacr vorfo hj euiçëc mo eautuoçëc eau tuoçëc mos toxos).
Kopftoa hj mêvfmo> Nurcs hj mêvfmo>
?<<.<<< ₡ 9 voacr hxfsthith ic stckd mh jchmo hj ;<.<<< ₡ 9 voacr fihxfsthith ic stckd mh jchmo
ecrjotc eêsfkc cu vfrtuoa
Hxtropcahjcs ogcro hsth hxhjpac ì quoitfmomh mh hjpræstfjcs hxfsthiths h phrkhbhjcs quh cs Boikcs ‑shkoj‚ gromuoajhith o hkcicjfo4 hj mhthrjfi omc jcjhitc vhrfefkor-sh-ï quh iëc hxfsth mfi`hfrc suefkfhith o kfrkuaor poro suprfr tcmos os ihkhssfmomhs. Hstï ossfj fistoaomo o krfsh. Kcj c surgfjhitc mo krfsh, os hjprhsos shrëc fihvftovhajhith kciercitomos kcj prcbahjos mh kcbroiços fjpcssêvhfs, phac eoktc mh iëc `ovhr mfi`hfrc suefkfhith hj kfrkuaoçëc. Cs otcrhs mo Nustfço (Omvcgomcs h Nuêzhs) mhshjphi`oj hitëc uj pæssfjc popha quh kcitrfbuf poro o oifqufaoçëc mc thkfmc hjprhsorfoa, jcvhimc oçøhs numfkfofs quh vfsoj phi`cror h hxhkutor c potrfjûifc mhssos hjprhsos (quh sëc io rhoafmomh vêtfjos mh uj hsquhjo eroumuahitc mo Boiko). Kcikauêjcs hitëc quh o prûprfo Nustfço h cs shus otcrhs tojbæj kcitrfbuhj poro c ogrovojhitc mo krfsh. Mhstos mfafgîikfos rhsuatoj eoaîikfos h krhskfjhitc mc mhshjprhgc, rhprhshitoimc uj hikorgc omfkfcioa poro c Hstomc, supcrtomc pcr tcmcs cs Kfmomëcs otrovæs mc oujhitc mh fjpcstcs.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio ;8 ;8 mh mh 8;
C quh okcithkh o ujo eojêafo kcj uj cu jofs jhjbrcs mhshjprhgomcs3 C rhimfjhitc mc ogrhgomc eojfafor æ ioturoajhith rhmuzfmc. Hj poroahac c kustc mh vfmo oujhito (o fieaoçëc shimc tojbæj ujo kcishquîikfo mcs jhkoifsjcs mc sfsthjo jcihtïrfc). \hroith hsth khiïrfc, o jofcrfo mos eojêafos iëc kcishguh kujprfr kcj os suos ‑cbrfgoçøhs‚
jos io rhoafmomh æ ecrçomo oc fikujprfjhitc kciecrjh nï ecf mhjcistromc oithrfcrjhith. _uoimc os krfshs surghj, ckcrrh tojbæj o mhsvoacrfzoçëc mc fjcbfafïrfc (prckhssc fieauhikfomc phacs Boikcs). Hsth eotcr thrï ujo fikfmîikfo mrojïtfko io vfmo mos phsscos. Uhnojcs c quh okcithkh quoimc ujo eojêafo hitro hj sftuoçëc mh fikujprfjhitc4 cs Boikcs hxhrkhj ujo prhssëc psfkcaûgfko orrcgoith h fitfjfmotûrfo scbrh cs ‑fikujprfmcrhs‚,
kuajfioimc iuj prckhssc mh hxhkuçëc, mc quoa rhsuatoj ; soiçøhs4
P ?
P 2
;
? - Os - Os eojêafos, quh pcr mhskci`hkfjhitc iëc sh sobhj mhehimhr, phrmhj c voacr mos prhstoçøhs pogos otæ oc jcjhitc hj quh sh vhrfefkcu c fikujprfjhitc. 2 - O koso æ ahfacomo pcr uj voacr fiehrfcr oc shu voacr rhoa (bhihefkfoimc fithrhsshs fistoaomcs …). ; - O scjo mc voacr pogc (kopftoa) h mc voacr rhsuatoith mo vhimo mo koso hj ahfaëc iëc æ suefkfhith poro afqufmor o mêvfmo4 ossfj oquhao eojêafo shrï ecrçomo o supcrtor ujo mêvfmo quh kcitfiuo o pogor pcr oagc mh quh nï iëc æ prcprfhtïrfo, phrjoihkhimc iujo sftuoçëc quh iëc a`h phrjfth quoaquhr phrsphtfvo mh vfmo mfgio.
Hj \crtugoa, o ahgfsaoçëc iëc prcthgh os vêtfjos mhsth ‑hsquhjo‚.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio ;5 ;5 mh mh 8;
[hnojcs kchrhiths \oro oaæj mh eroumuahitos, hstos prïtfkos pøhj hj kouso vïrfcs prfikêpfcs h mfrhftcs euimojhitofs, kcimfkfcioimc tojbæj tcmo o hkcicjfo gacboa, kcj fikfmîikfos io vfmo mh komo kfmomëc. @ovhimc komo vhz jhics hjprhsos hj otfvfmomh (shimc krhskhith c iujhrc mh eoaîikfos), c mhshjprhgc oujhito h o rhkhfto efskoa mfjfiuf mrostfkojhith. Hj poroahac, c mhshjprhgc ogrovo o mhsphso sckfoa mc Hstomc. O kcjphisoçëc mo rhkhfto efskoa ophios æ pcssêvha kcj cs sukhssfvcs oujhitcs mh fjpcstcs quh trovoj c fivhstfjhitc. O hkcicjfo vof shimc osefxfomo, hstoimc ì vfsto mh tcmcs quh iëc æ pcssêvha fivhrthr o sftuoçëc. Cs kïakuacs jothjïtfkcs ossfj c kciefrjoj. Mh okcrmc kcj c gobfihth mh hstotêstfkos mo Xifëc Hurcphfo, c pcmhr mh kcjpro hj \crtugoa kofu 28% hj 22. ]ojbæj hj 22, trîs hj komo quotrc pcrtuguhshs (72%) k`hgovoj oc efioa mc jîs kcj o kcito o zhrcs h shj kcishgufr pogor os kcitos tcmos. Hsto rhoafmomh ogrovcu-sh hj 2; h kcitfiuoimc o ogrovor-sh ics oics shgufiths. \crtugoa hikcitro-sh hj sftuoçëc mh Boikorrcto ofimo quh cs Gcvhrioiths sh rhkushj o ossujfr pubafkojhith hsth eoktc. ▾ Ic efioa mc oic 2= o mêvfmo rhprhshitovo ?;<,2% mc \FB (kcj thimîikfos
krhskhiths), kcjc pcmhrhjcs pogï-ao sh iëc prcmuzfjcs c suefkfhith3 Hxhjpafefkoçëc> ?<<% mc voacr quh \crtugoa prcmuz shrvh poro pogor mêvfmos. Uhrfefkoimc-sh uj mfehrhikfoa mh ;<,2%, o kcishquîikfo mfrhto æ c oujhitc mh hikorgcs kcj o mêvfmo, fstc æ, jofs nurcs h o mhstrufçëc mc Hstomc [ckfoa. ▾ Kcjc pcmh `ovhr krhskfjhitc, sh iëc `ï hjprhsos suefkfhiths poro fithgror cs
mhshjprhgomcs3 ▾ Kcjc pcmh `ovhr krhskfjhitc sh cs mhshjprhgomcs iëc tîj hkcicjfos ihj
okhssc o kræmftc kcj rhgros nustos poro krfor ihgûkfcs3 ▾ Ossfstfjcs mforfojhith ì eoaîikfo mh
hjprhsos, c quh pcr suo vhz ghro mhshjprhgc h phrmo mh kopokfmomh efioikhfro mos hjprhsos h eojêafos poro eozhr eokh ocs hikorgcs, pcthikfoimc phi`cros h hxhkuçøhs. C quh tîj ehftc cs sukhssfvcs Gcvhrics quh outcrfzoj hsth sfsthjo quh tojbæj æ rhkci`hkfmc phac Boikc mh \crtugoa poro prcthghr os Hjprhsos h Eojêafos mos kcishquîikfos mhsth sfsthjo eroumuahitc3 ▾ Hstumc mc Boikc Khitroa Hurcphu rhvhao quh \crtugoa gostcu, hitrh 2<<0 h 2=,
?6,8 jfa jfa`øhs mh hurcs o rhsgotor o boiko. ]cmcs cs kcitrfbufiths pcrtuguhshs kcitrfbuêroj hj ?68< hurcs poro soavor c shtcr efioikhfrc, c quh kustcu ??,;% mc \FB. Boikc Khitroa Hurcphu ossfioao quh rhtcric poro c Hstomc ecf protfkojhith iuac. ▾ _uh ahgftfjfmomh tîj os fistftufçøhs Boikïrfos poro prckhmhrhj ì hxhkuçëc mh
phi`cros pcr eoato mh pogojhitc, quoimc io rhoafmomh sëc hssos jhsjos fistftufçøhs os rhspcisïvhfs phao eoato mh afqufmhz quh ecrço ocs fikujprfjhitcs3
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio ;7 ;7 mh mh 8;
O MÊUFMO Æ FJ\OGÏUHA … O rhscauçëc mo krfsh hxfgh phrmëc mh mêvfmo h o rhecrjo mc sfsthjo jcihtïrfc.
Æ jothjotfkojhith mhjcistrïvha.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio ;0 ;0 mh mh 8;
Fikcistftukfcioafmomh / Krfjhs kcitro o Kcistftufçëc mo Rhpþbafko
[cjcs thsthjui`os mo jofcr fjprhssëc mh mfi`hfrc eoasc mo `fstûrfo. Hsth truquh efioikhfrc mfseorço c ‑hsquhjo‚ h ckuato cs kuapomcs troisecrjoimc c pcvc hj hskrovcs mo mêvfmo. Fjpcrto soafhitor quh quoaquhr kfmomëc quh krfh mfi`hfrc mo jhsjo ecrjo quh c eozhj cs Boikcs, æ kcimhiomc pcr eoasfefkoçëc eoasfefkoçëc.. Os kcishquîikfos mcs jhkoifsjcs mc sfsthjo jcihtïrfc sëc mrojïtfkos poro o pcpuaoçëc, kcj hsphkfoa fikfmîikfo poro os kaosshs jofs bofxos4 cs rhehrfmcs jhkoifsjcs hstëc hj tctoa cpcsfçëc kcj c Ortfgc ?¾ ?¾ mo Kcistftufçëc mo Rhpþbafko h pøhj hj kouso mfrhftcs h prfikêpfcs euimojhitofs prhvfstcs mhsfgiomojhith ics Ortfgcs 57¾ 57¾,, 56¾ 56¾,, 72¾ 72¾,, 0?¾ 0?¾,, 05¾ 05¾,, 07¾ 07¾,, 66¾ mo 66¾ mo Kcistftufçëc mo Rhpþbafko \crtuguhso.
Ortfgc ?.¾ ([fsthjo efioikhfrc)
C sfsthjo efioikhfrc æ hstruturomc pcr ahf, mh jcmc o goroitfr o ecrjoçëc, o koptoçëc h o shguroiço mos pcupoiços, bhj kcjc o opafkoçëc mcs jhfcs efioikhfrcs ihkhssïrfcs oc mhshivcavfjhitc hkciûjfkc h sckfoa. ▾ Otrovæs mo hxhjpafefkoçëc mhjcistromo ic kopêtuac ‑Kcjc æ krfomc c mfi`hfrc‚ efko pothith
quh c sfsthjo jcihtïrfc iëc goroith o shguroiço mos pcupoiços ihj cs jhfcs ihkhssïrfcs oc mhshivcavfjhitc hkciûjfkc h sckfoa, vfcaoimc ofimo cs Ortfgcs ??07¾ ??07¾ h h ??06¾ mc Kûmfgc Kfvfa44 Kfvfa Ortfgc ??07¾ - (Cbrfgoçøhs mh mhpcsftïrfc) C mhpcsftïrfc æ cbrfgomc> o) O o) O guormor o kcfso mhpcsftomo4 b) O ovfsor fjhmfotojhith c mhpcsftoith, quoimc sofbo quh oaguj phrfgc ojhoço o b) O kcfso cu quh thrkhfrc sh orrcgo mfrhftcs hj rhaoçëc o hao, mhsmh quh c eoktc shno mhskci`hkfmc mc mhpcsftoith4 k) O k) O rhstftufr o kcfso kcj cs shus erutcs. ▾ Kciecrjh efkcu prcvomc, mcs mhpûsftcs hehtuomcs phacs mhpcsftoiths, cs Boikcs
ophios guormoj ics shus kcerhs 2% mc voacr tctoa h pcr fssc iëc rhsphftoj o oaêiho o) mc Ortfgc ??07¾ Mc Kûmfgc Kfvfa. \oro oaæj mfssc, cs Boikcs mhvhrfoj ovfsor cs mhpcsftoiths mh quoaquhr phrfgc quh pci`o hj kouso cs mhpûsftcs, c quh tojbæj iëc okcithkh. O Rhshrvo erokfciïrfo kcacko hj phrfgc tcmcs cs mhpûsftcs4 o hxfstîikfo mc Euimc mh Goroitfo mh Mhpûsftcs othsto quh c rfskc æ rhoa, kosc kcitrïrfc iëc `ovhrfo ihkhssfmomh mh krfor oquhao Hitfmomh.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio ;6 ;6 mh mh 8;
Ortfgc ??06¾ - (Xsc mo kcfso h submhpûsftc) C mhpcsftïrfc iëc thj c mfrhftc mh usor o kcfso mhpcsftomo ihj mh o mor hj mhpûsftc o cutrhj, sh c mhpcsftoith c iëc tfvhr outcrfzomc. ▾ Cs Boikcs oc hjprhstorhj c mfi`hfrc mcs shus mhpcsftoiths shj o prævfo
outcrfzoçëc mcs jhsjcs hstëc o vfcaor o ahf.
Ortfgc 57.¾ (Eojêafo) ?. O eojêafo, kcjc hahjhitc euimojhitoa mo sckfhmomh, thj mfrhftc ì prcthçëc mo sckfhmomh h mc Hstomc h ì hehtfvoçëc mh tcmos os kcimfçøhs quh phrjftoj o rhoafzoçëc phsscoa mcs shus jhjbrcs. 2. Fikujbh, mhsfgiomojhith, oc Hstomc poro prcthçëc mo eojêafo> o) \rcjcvhr o fimhphimîikfo sckfoa h hkciûjfko mcs ogrhgomcs eojfaforhs4 b) \rcjcvhr o krfoçëc h goroitfr c okhssc o ujo rhmh iokfcioa mh krhk`hs h mh cutrcs b) \rcjcvhr hqufpojhitcs sckfofs mh opcfc ì eojêafo, bhj kcjc ujo pcaêtfko mh thrkhfro fmomh4 k) Kccphror k) Kccphror kcj cs pofs io hmukoçëc mcs efa`cs4 m) Goroitfr, ic rhsphftc mo afbhrmomh fimfvfmuoa, c mfrhftc oc paoihojhitc eojfafor, m) prcjcvhimc o fiecrjoçëc h c okhssc ocs jætcmcs h ocs jhfcs quh c osshgurhj, h crgoifzor os hstruturos nurêmfkos h tækifkos quh phrjftoj c hxhrkêkfc mh ujo jothrifmomh h pothrifmomh kciskfhiths4 h) Rhguaojhitor o prckrfoçëc ossfstfmo, hj thrjcs quh soavoguormhj o mfgifmomh mo h) Rhguaojhitor phssco `ujoio4 e) Rhguaor e) Rhguaor cs fjpcstcs h cs bhiheêkfcs b hiheêkfcs sckfofs, mh `orjcifo kcj cs hikorgcs eojfaforhs4 g) Mhefifr, cuvfmos os ossckfoçøhs rhprhshitotfvos mos eojêafos, h hxhkutor ujo pcaêtfko g) Mhefifr, mh eojêafo kcj korïkthr gacboa h fithgromc4 `) \rcjcvhr, otrovæs mo kcikhrtoçëc mos vïrfos pcaêtfkos shtcrfofs, o kcikfafoçëc mo `) otfvfmomh prcefssfcioa kcj o vfmo eojfafor. ▾ Efkcu prcvomc quh c sfsthjo jcihtïrfc oc fivhrsc mc hstfpuaomc ios oaêihos ? h 2 o)
iëc prcthgh os eojêafos ihj prcjcvh o fimhphimîikfo sckfoa h hkciûjfko mcs ogrhgomcs eojfaforhs4 efko pothith quh mhstrûf cs ogrhgomcs eojfaforhs.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio =< =< mh mh 8;
Ortfgc 56.¾ (Fieâikfo) ?. Os krfoiços tîj mfrhftc ì prcthçëc mo sckfhmomh h mc Hstomc, kcj vfsto oc shu ?. mhshivcavfjhitc fithgroa, hsphkfoajhith kcitro tcmos os ecrjos mh oboimcic, mh mfskrfjfioçëc h mh cprhssëc h kcitro c hxhrkêkfc obusfvc mo outcrfmomh io eojêafo h ios mhjofs fistftufçøhs. 2. C Hstomc osshguro hsphkfoa prcthçëc ìs krfoiços ûreës, oboimciomos cu pcr quoaquhr 2. ecrjo prfvomos mh uj ojbfhith eojfafor icrjoa. ;. Æ ;. Æ prcfbfmc, ics thrjcs mo ahf, c troboa`c mh jhicrhs hj fmomh hskcaor. ▾ Efkcu prcvomc quh c sfsthjo jcihtïrfc mhstrûf c Hstomc [ckfoa4 hj \crtugoa,
sëc komo vhz jofs os krfoiços quh possoj ecjh, fjphmfimc icjhomojhith c shu mhshivcavfjhitc fithgroa.
Ortfgc 72.¾ (]hrkhfro fmomh) ?. Os phsscos fmcsos tîj mfrhftc ì shguroiço hkciûjfko h o kcimfçøhs mh `obftoçëc h ?. kcivêvfc eojfafor h kcjuiftïrfc quh rhsphfthj o suo outcicjfo phsscoa h hvfthj h suphrhj c fscaojhitc cu o jorgfioafzoçëc sckfoa. 2. O pcaêtfko mh thrkhfro fmomh higacbo jhmfmos mh korïthr hkciûjfkc, sckfoa h kuaturoa 2. thimhiths o prcpcrkfcior ìs phsscos fmcsos cpcrtuifmomhs mh rhoafzoçëc phsscoa, otrovæs mh ujo portfkfpoçëc otfvo io vfmo mo kcjuifmomh. ▾ Cs sukhssfvcs oujhitcs mh fjpcstcs h kcrths ios rhecrjos hj rhsuatomc mo eoato mh
afqufmhz quh sh eoz shitfr io hkcicjfo (ehiûjhic prcvckomc phac sfsthjo jcihtïrfc), thj vfimc o rhtfror mfrhftcs ocs fmcscs mhsjoithaoimc o shguroiço hkciûjfko o quh tîj mfrhftc, vfcaoimc tojbæj c kcitrotc sckfoa mos suos kctfzoçøhs.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio =? =? mh mh 8;
Ortfgc 0?.¾ (Fikujbîikfos prfcrftïrfos mc Hstomc)
Fikujbh prfcrftorfojhith oc Hstomc ic âjbftc hkciûjfkc h sckfoa> o) \rcjcvhr c oujhitc mc bhj-hstor sckfoa h hkciûjfkc h mo quoafmomh mh vfmo mos o) phsscos, hj hsphkfoa mos jofs mhseovcrhkfmos, ic quomrc mh ujo hstrotægfo mh mhshivcavfjhitc susthitïvha4 b) \rcjcvhr o nustfço sckfoa, osshguror o fguoamomh mh cpcrtuifmomhs h cphror os b) ihkhssïrfos kcrrhçøhs mos mhsfguoamomhs io mfstrfbufçëc mo rfquhzo h mc rhimfjhitc, icjhomojhith otrovæs mo pcaêtfko efskoa4 k) Osshguror o pahio utfafzoçëc mos ecrços prcmutfvos, mhsfgiomojhith zhaoimc phao k) hefkfîikfo mc shktcr pþbafkc4 m) \rcjcvhr o kchsëc hkciûjfko h sckfoa mh tcmc c thrrftûrfc iokfcioa, crfhitoimc c m) mhshivcavfjhitc ic shitfmc mh uj krhskfjhitc hqufafbromc mh tcmcs cs shktcrhs h rhgføhs h hafjfioimc prcgrhssfvojhith os mfehrhiços hkciûjfkos h sckfofs hitrh o kfmomh h c kojpc h hitrh c aftcroa h c fithrfcr4 h) \rcjcvhr o kcrrhçëc mos mhsfguoamomhs mhrfvomos mo fisuaorfmomh mos rhgføhs h) outûicjos h fikhitfvor o suo prcgrhssfvo fithgroçëc hj hspoçcs hkciûjfkcs jofs vostcs, ic âjbftc iokfcioa cu fithriokfcioa4 e) Osshguror c euikfciojhitc hefkfhith mcs jhrkomcs, mh jcmc o goroitfr o hqufafbromo e) kcikcrrîikfo hitrh os hjprhsos, o kcitrorfor os ecrjos mh crgoifzoçëc jcicpcafstos h o rhprfjfr cs obuscs mh pcsfçëc mcjfioith h cutros prïtfkos ahsfvos mc fithrhssh ghroa4 g) Mhshivcavhr os rhaoçøhs hkciûjfkos kcj tcmcs cs pcvcs, soavoguormoimc shjprh o g) fimhphimîikfo iokfcioa h cs fithrhsshs mcs pcrtuguhshs h mo hkcicjfo mc poês4 `) Hafjfior `) Hafjfior cs aotfeþimfcs h rhcrmhior c jfifeþimfc4 f) Goroitfr f) Goroitfr o mhehso mcs fithrhsshs h cs mfrhftcs mcs kcisujfmcrhs4 n) Krfor cs fistrujhitcs nurêmfkcs h tækifkcs ihkhssïrfcs oc paoihojhitc mhjckrïtfkc mc n) mhshivcavfjhitc hkciûjfkc h sckfoa4 a) Osshguror a) Osshguror ujo pcaêtfko kfhitêefko h thkicaûgfko eovcrïvha oc mhshivcavfjhitc mc poês4 j) Omctor ujo pcaêtfko iokfcioa mh hihrgfo, kcj prhshrvoçëc mcs rhkurscs ioturofs h mc j) Omctor hqufaêbrfc hkcaûgfkc, prcjcvhimc, ihsth mcjêifc, o kccphroçëc fithriokfcioa4 i) Omctor ujo pcaêtfko iokfcioa mo ïguo, kcj oprcvhftojhitc, paoihojhitc h ghstëc i) rokfcioa mcs rhkurscs `êmrfkcs. ▾ Efkcu prcvomc quh cs jhkoifsjcs mc otuoa sfsthjo jcihtïrfc mhstrchj c bhj-hstor
sckfoa h hkciûjfkc ossfj kcjc o quoafmomh mh vfmo mos phsscos, hj hsphkfoa mos jofs mhseovcrhkfmos4 prcjcvh o finustfço sckfoa, iëc osshguro o fguoamomh mh cpcrtuifmomhs, iëc kcrrfgh os mhsfguoamomhs io mfstrfbufçëc mo rfquhzo h mc rhimfjhitc4 iëc zhao phao hefkfîikfo mc shtcr pþbafkc.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio =2 =2 mh mh 8;
Ortfgc 05.¾ (Hjprhsos prfvomos) ?. C Hstomc fikhitfvo o otfvfmomh hjprhsorfoa, hj portfkuaor mos phquhios h jæmfos ?. hjprhsos, h efskoafzo c kujprfjhitc mos rhsphtfvos cbrfgoçøhs ahgofs, hj hsphkfoa pcr porth mos hjprhsos quh prcssfgoj otfvfmomhs mh fithrhssh hkciûjfkc ghroa. 2. C Hstomc sû pcmh fithrvfr io ghstëc mh hjprhsos prfvomos o têtuac troisftûrfc, ics koscs 2. C hxprhssojhith prhvfstcs io ahf h, hj rhgro, jhmfoith prævfo mhkfsëc numfkfoa. ;. O ahf pcmh mhefifr shktcrhs bïsfkcs ics quofs shno vhmomo o otfvfmomh ìs hjprhsos ;. prfvomos h o cutros hitfmomhs mo jhsjo ioturhzo. ▾ Cs sukhssfvcs oujhitcs mh fjpcstcs, quh rhsuatoj mc vêkfc mh ecrjo mc sfsthjo
jcihtïrfc, scbrhkorrhgoj os hjprhsos shimc fikcjpcrtïvhfs poro o jofcrfo mos \JH, c quh tojbæj crfgfio eoaîikfos. ▾ Rhehrhith ì oaêiho 2, c quh mfzhr mc efioikfojhitc mc Boife, rhstoith Boiko h
iokfcioafzoçëc mc B\I kunc burokc efioikhfrc nï hro kci`hkfmc3
Ortfgc 07.¾ (Otfvfmomh hkciûjfko h fivhstfjhitcs hstroighfrcs) O ahf mfskfpafiorï o otfvfmomh hkciûjfko h cs fivhstfjhitcs pcr porth mh phsscos sfiguaorhs cu kcahtfvos hstroighfros, o efj mh goroitfr o suo kcitrfbufçëc poro c mhshivcavfjhitc mc poês h mhehimhr o fimhphimîikfo iokfcioa h cs fithrhsshs mcs troboa`omcrhs. ▾ ]crio-sh hvfmhith quh c himfvfmojhitc quh c sfsthjo jcihtïrfc pcthikfo, æ ujo
orjo kcj rhtormomcr quh vfso icjhomojhith fjpcr c afbhroafsjc, cbrfgoimc cs hstomcs o prfvotfzor cs shus shrvfçcs pþbafkcs h troisecrjoimc cs kfmomëcs hj hskrovcs mcs boikcs h mos groimhs hjprhsos juatfiokfciofs. _uoimc cs hehftcs mc himfvfmojhitc sh tcrioj hvfmhiths nï æ tormh mhjofs, iëc porhkh hitëc hxfstfr cutro oathriotfvo shiëc o oifqufaoçëc mc pcmhr mc Hstomc (pcrtoitc, mcs kfmomëcs), pcrquh ihsso oaturo c himfvfmojhitc nï rhmuzfu fihxcrovhajhith cs rhkurscs efioikhfrcs mcs hstomcs. ▾ Oporhkh ossfj c prcnhtc afbhroa mh rhmuzfr c hstomc oc jêifjc, kcikhmhimc c
jïxfjc kojpc mh oçëc o hjprhsos prfvomos, c quh oporhithjhith sh fjpøh kcjc ujo scauçëc phrehftojhith aûgfko. H ossfj, iëc porhkh `ovhr cutro soêmo shiëc o rhmuçëc prcgrhssfvo mc efioikfojhitc mcs shrvfçcs pþbafkcs h mos prhstoçøhs sckfofs (rhecrjos, ossfstîikfo io mchiço, mhshjprhgc). O uj khrtc pcitc mc prckhssc, o prfvotfzoçëc mcs shrvfçcs pþbafkcs vof okobor pcr porhkhr o þifko vfo pcssêvha mh soavoçëc, otæ pcrquh c oujhitc mo mêvfmo mê vfmo ojhoço ahvor c Hstomc ì eoaîikfo.
C otuoa khiïrfc hkciûjfkc æ fithikfcioa, h ecf paoihomc. O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio =; =; mh mh 8;
▾ Xrgh mhiuikfor h tcjor kciskfîikfo mh quh cs jous rhsuatomcs mos jhmfmos
fjpcstos phao ]rcfdo (Euimc Jcihtïrfc Fithriokfcioa, Kcjfssëc Hurcphfo h Boikc Khitroa Hurcphu), sëc fithikfciofs h osshitoj ic jhkoifsjc eroumuahitc mc sfsthjo jcihtïrfc quh hstï o kcimuzfr poêshs ì eoaîikfo, pcthikfoimc prfvotfzoçøhs h prcvckoimc prcvckoimc fihvftovhajhith c hjpcbrhkfjhitc mo pcpuaoçëc, tcrioimc-o fikciskfhithjhith subjfsso. @ï komo vhz jofs poêshs rheæis quh iëc kcishguhj sofr mo hspfroa, shimc ecrçomcs o okhftor mfrhtrfzhs mh hitfmomhs prfvomos, phrmhimc gromuoajhith os suos scbhroifos kcjc æ c kosc mh \crtugoa. Hstos pcaêtfkos vfsoj ecrçor cs poêshs o fithgrorhj o euturo Ehmhroçëc mh Hstomcs mo Hurcpo, troisehrfimc c pcmhr pcaêtfkc poro uj Gcvhric Khitroa4 c cbnhtfvc efioa æ o fjpahjhitoçëc mo Icvo Crmhj Juimfoa, quh hstï o shr prcjcvfmo pcr jhjbrcs mos ‑sckfhmomhs shkrhtos‚ Faaujfiotf Faaujfiotf h h Bfamhrbhrg Bfamhrbhrg.. Bfamhrbhrg æ uj grupc mh phrscioafmomhs fieauhiths crgoifzomc hj ▾ C Kaubh mh Bfamhrbhrg sckfhmomh quh hro otæ `ï pcukc thjpc shkrhto, h quh crgoifzo hikcitrcs oiuofs iëccefkfofs kuno portfkfpoçëc æ rhstrfto o uj iþjhrc mh ?2< o ?8< kcivfmomcs. Hsto crgoifzoçëc rhþih os jofs fjpcrtoiths outcrfmomhs mo Hurcpo h mcs HXO mos hsehros pcaêtfko, hkciûjfko h jfaftor, ossfj kcjc phrscioafmomhs fieauhiths mc juimc hjprhsorfoa, okomæjfkc, jhmfïtfkc cu pcaêtfkc. Mhvfmc oc eoktc mcs mhboths shrhj rhoafzomcs mh ecrjo tctoajhith shkrhto, hsths hikcitrcs oiuofs sëc oavc mh juftos krêtfkos, pcr possorhj pcr kfjo mc prckhssc mhjckrïtfkc mh mfskussëc mh thjos sckfofs obhrto h pubafkojhith. C grupc mh hafth hikcitro-sh oiuoajhith, hj shgrhmc, hj `ctæfs kfikc hstrhaos rhshrvomcs, hspoa`omcs phac juimc, ghroajhith io Hurcpo, hjbcro oagujos vhzhs thi`o ckcrrfmc ic Hstomcs Xifmcs h Koiomï. \cssuf uj hskrftûrfc hj Ahfmhi, ics \oêshs Bofxcs. \rcpûsftc ▾ [hguimc o ncrioafsto Krfstfio Nfjæihz ‑troto-sh mh uj kaubh mh pcmhrcscs quh thj
o prhthisëc mh kcitrcaor h mfrfgfr c juimc. Hitrh cutros kotïstrcehs quh kousoroj, sëc cs rhspcisïvhfs pcr subjhrgfr o Hurcpo io pfcr krfsh mhsmh o FF Guhrro Juimfoa. C hehftc jofs fjhmfotc mo rhuifëc mc kaubh, quh okobojcs mh kci`hkhr, ecf o obmfkoçëc mc rhf hspoi`ca. Iëc rhsto jofs o jhicr mþvfmo mh quh o rhiþikfo mh Nuoi Koracs ecf ujo mhkfsëc kcishisuoa mh Bfamhrbhrg‚. Os kcivhrsoçøhs mhsth oic, ofimo shguimc
Nfjæihz, gfroroj hj tcric mo pcssfbfafmomh mh kcieaftcs orjomcs io Rþssfo, K`fio h ic Crfhith Jæmfc. ‑C quh ecf hxtroêmc mo rhuifëc mhsth oic æ quh moquf o oaguis jhshs, o uj oic, mhvhrï
ckcrrhr ujo groimh rhhstruturoçëc jfaftor, hkciûjfko h kcjhrkfoa crfgfioimc ujo troisecrjoçëc fjpcrtoith io @fstûrfo mc juimc> kcj uj kcieaftc bæafkc mh groimhs mfjhisøhs‚. ]ojbæj c ncrioafsto h fivhstfgomcr Moifha Hstuafi, Hstuafi, outcr mc afvrc «KAXBH BFAMHRBHRG - Cs [hi`crhs mc Juimc ´, mfssh quh io kciehrîikfo rhoafzomo iuj `ctha kfikc hstrhaos mh Kcphi`ogo, os jofs fjpcrtoiths efguros mcs kojpcs hkciûjfkc h jfaftor mcs HXO tîj rhoafzomc uj trhjhimc hsecrçc poro joithr shporomos shp oromos o Rþssfo h o K`fio, quh rhecrçoroj, rhkhithjhith, o oafoiço kcitro cs icrth-ojhrfkoics. icrth -ojhrfkoics. [ëc komo vhz jofs os vczhs quh mhiuikfoj pubafkojhith c prcpûsftc mc Kaubh Bfamhrbhrg,, fstc æ, o krfoçëc mh uj gcvhric tctoaftïrfc juimfoa. Bfamhrbhrg
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio == == mh mh 8;
\ortfkfpoiths
▾ _uhj sëc cs jhjbrcs portfkfpoiths mc Kaubh mh Bfamhrbhrg3 Bfamhrbhrg3 Jhjbrcs mh Boikcs
Khitrofs, hsphkfoafstos hj mhehso, borøhs mo fjprhiso mh josso, jfifstrcs mh gcvhric, prfjhfrcs-jfifstrcs, jhjbrcs mh eojêafos rhofs, hkcicjfstos fithriokfciofs h aêmhrhs pcaêtfkcs mo Hurcpo h mo Ojærfko mc Icrth. Oaguis mcs aêmhrhs efioikhfrcs h hstrothgfstos mh pcaêtfko hxthrio mc Ckfmhith tojbæj portfkfpoj ios rhuiføhs mc Kaubh Bfamhrbhrg.. Mcioam Rujseham æ Bfamhrbhrg Rujseham æ uj Bfamhrbhrghr otfvc, ossfj kcjc \hthr [ut`hraoim, [ut`hraoim, mo Fraoimo, uj hx-kcjfssïrfc mo Xifëc Hurcphfo h prhsfmhith mc Gcamjoi [ok`s h [ok`s h Brftfs` \htrcahuj.
▾ Rujseham h [ut`hraoim kcjporhkhroj hj kcinuitc hj 2<<< io kâjoro mo kcjpoi`fo
mh hihrgfo suêçc-suhko OBB. O ncrioafsto Kaoro Ehrrhfro Oavhs, Oavhs, c pcaêtfkc h prcehsscr uifvhrsftïrfc Ncrgh Brogo mh Jokhmc h Jokhmc h Eroikfskc \fitc Boashjëc sëc trîs hxhjpacs pcrtuguhshs. C hx-shkrhtïrfc mh mhehso mcs Hstomcs Xifmcs h otuoa prhsfmhith p rhsfmhith mc Boikc Juimfoa \oua Wcaecwftz tojbæj Wcaecwftz tojbæj æ uj jhjbrc, ossfj kcjc Rcghr Bcct`h Nr.. C prhsfmhith otuoa mc grupc æ Htfhiih Movfgici, Nr Movfgici, hjprhsïrfc h pcaêtfkc bhago.
2; ckcrrhu hitrh ▾ C Kaubh Bfamhrbhrg rhþih-sh mhsmh ?68=, h c hikcitrc mh 2; <5 h <6 mh nui`c hj Wotecrm (kcimomc mh @hrtecrms`frh, Rhfic Xifmc). Ic hxthrfcr, oguormovoj ncrioafstos mh tcmc c juimc quh ecroj joitfmcs o ujo mfstâikfo kcivhifhith h fjpcsto pcr uj gfgoithskc mfspcsftfvc mh shguroiço kcisfmhromc fjprhssfcioith, thitoimc kujprfr o fjpcssêvha jfssëc mh rhpcrtor oagc mos rhuiføhs mc grupc jorkomc phac shkrhtfsjc. Kcjc shjprh, iëc ecf mfspcifbfafzomc quoaquhr prcgrojo h cs hikcitrcs iuiko prcmuzhj rhscauçøhs cu prcpcstos cu porhkhrhs pþbafkcs.
▾ \ortfkfporoj ihsto rhuifëc shkrhto ?=< kcivfmomcs (quh eozhj porth mo hafth quh
rhgh h mfto os rhgros mc khiïrfc gacboa) mcs quofs eozfoj porth cs pcrtuguhshs \ouac \crtos,, io oaturo jfifstrc mcs Ihgûkfcs Hstroighfrcs, h Oitûifc Ncsæ [hgurc, \crtos [hgurc, shkrhtïrfc-ghroa mc \[, thimc ojbcs portfkfpomc ics troboa`cs mc kaubh, mh quh eoz porth Eroikfskc \fitc Boashjëc hiquoitc Boashjëc hiquoitc jhjbrc phrjoihith mc Kcisha`c Mfrhtfvc h rhprhshitoith cefkfoa hj \crtugoa.
▾ Kurfcsojhith, oaguis hx-portfkfpoiths ckuporoj korgcs rhahvoiths (kcjc c mh
\rfjhfrc-Jfifstrc) opûs o suo portfkfpoçëc io rhuifëc mc Kaubh Bfamhrbhrg. Æ tojbæj kurfcsc c eoktc mh thr sfmc prcvckomo ujo krfsh pcaêtfko hj \crtugoa, quh kcjhçcu phao mhjfssëc «frrhvcgïvha´ mh \ouac \crtos, o 2 mh nua`c mh 2;, h quh c ahvorfo o ckupor c korgc mh vfkh \rfjhfrc-Jfifstrc.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio =8 =8 mh mh 8;
▾ Hj 2= 2=,, o rhuifëc Bfamhrbhrg mhkcrrhu hj Kcphi`ogo (Mfiojorko), mh 26 mh jofc o ? mh nui`c, nui`c, ossfioaoimc c 5<¾ oifvhrsïrfc mhsths hikcitrcs ‛ fifkfomcs hj
Jofc mh ?68= io @caoimo. Mhsto vhz, Eroikfskc \fitc Boashjëc (jhjbrc Boashjëc (jhjbrc mo mfrhçëc mc Bfamhrbhrg mhsmh cs oics 0<) kcivfmcu c jfifstrc mo [oþmh \ouac Jokhmc h o mhputomo sckfoafsto Fiîs mh Jhmhfrcs, Jhmhfrcs, quh possoroj trîs mfos kcj aêmhrhs mc Euimc Jcihtïrfc Fithriokfcioa, Gcamjoi [ok`s, IO]C, JF5, I[O, Gccgah, Eokhbccd, Jfkrcscet, [`haa, B\ h juftcs cutrcs pcmhrcscs hjprhsïrfcs, boiquhfrcs h pcaêtfkcs mc juimc ckfmhitoa. Hsth oic jorkcu tojbæj c rhgrhssc mo rhoahzo, kcj o Rofi`o [cefo mh Hspoi`o h o \rfikhso Bhotrfz mcs Bhotrfz mcs \oêshs Bofxcs, efa`o mh uj mcs euimomcrhs mc Bfamhrbhrg. Hitrh cs vïrfcs tûpfkcs cefkfoajhith mfskutfmcs io rhuifëc mhsth oic hsthvh o portfa`o mh fiecrjoçøhs hitrh ogîikfos mh shrvfçcs shkrhtcs h uj juftc kurfcsc, mhicjfiomc ‑[hrï ‑ [hrï quh o prfvokfmomh hxfsth3 ‚ ‛ ujo phrguito frûifko iujo kciehrîikfo cimh portfkfpoj ogîikfos kcjc o I[O, quh sh sobh hstor mhthrjfiomo o troisecrjor o prfvokfmomh mc kfmomëc kcjuj hj oagc mc possomc.
28,, c hikcitrc Bfamhrbhrg mhkcrrhu ic sujptucsc `ctha Fithroaphi, ics Oaphs ▾ Hj 28 oustrêokcs, o pcuko mfstâikfo mc ohrcpcrtc mh Fiisbrukd, mh ?? o ?= Nui`c. Nui`c. Cs kcivfmomcs pcrtuguhshs mhsth oic ecroj Eroikfskc \fitc Boashjëc Boashjëc,, c mfrhtcr mc grupc Fjprhso, Murëc Borrcsc, Borrcsc, hx-prhsfmhith mo Kcjfssëc Hurcphfo, h Oitûifc Uftcrfic, Uftcrfic, c sckfoafsto h aêmhr mc t`fid toid Ictrh Hurcph, kcitoimc ofimo kcj cutros prhshiços fithriokfciofs `obftuofs, kcjc pcr hxhjpac Hrfk [k`jfmt ( [k`jfmt (mfrhtcr mfrhtcr mo Gccgah). Gccgah). Oc efj mh ;2 oics, Eroikfskc \fitc Boashjëc vof mhfxor c rhstrftc kaubh mh Bfamhrbhrg h nï hskca`hu c shu sukhsscr ic i c sthhrfig kcjjftthh, c kcisha`c mfrhtcr quh crgoifzo cs hikcitrcs oiuofs. [hrï [hrï Ncsæ Joiuha Murëc Borrcsc, Borrcsc, c hx-prhsfmhith mo Kcjfssëc Hurcphfo h oitfgc prfjhfrc-jfifstrc pcrtuguîs hitrh 2<<2 h 2<<8, quh c frï substftufr, opurcu c \ÞBAFKC.
Kcisuath oquf o afstoghj jofs kcjpahto mh pcrtuguhshs portfkfpoiths ios rhuiføhs mh BFAMHRBHRG `ttp>//fssuu.kcj/jofsfifkfotfvo/mck `ttp>//fssuu.kcj /jofsfifkfotfvo/mcks/afstoghjSjofsSkcj s/afstoghjSjofsSkcjpahtoSmhSpcrtuguhs pahtoSmhSpcrtuguhs
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio =5 =5 mh mh 8;
Ortfgc 66.¾ (Cbnhtfvcs mo pcaêtfko kcjhrkfoa) [ëc cbnhtfvcs mo pcaêtfko kcjhrkfoa> o) O o) O kcikcrrîikfo soautor mcs oghiths jhrkoitfs4 b) O b) O rokfcioafzoçëc mcs kfrkuftcs mh mfstrfbufçëc4 k) C k) C kcjboth ìs otfvfmomhs hsphkuaotfvos h ìs prïtfkos kcjhrkfofs rhstrftfvos4 m) C m) C mhshivcavfjhitc h o mfvhrsfefkoçëc mf vhrsfefkoçëc mos rhaoçøhs hkciûjfkos hxthrios4 h) O h) O prcthçëc mcs kcisujfmcrhs.
▾ [himc o jofcrfo mcs Boikcs prfvomcs h fithgromcs io pcaêtfko kcjhrkfoa,
quoa c jctfvc poro quh cs sukhssfvcs Gcvhrics iëc trovhj os otfvfmomhs hsphkuaotfvos mcs Boikcs3 ▾ _uhj sëc cs Omjfifstromcrhs mcs Boikcs3 _uoitcs nï ckuporoj korgcs
gcvhriotfvcs3
@ï joifehsto kcifvîikfo mcs Gcvhrics. Hsths sëc ophios oaguis hxhjpacs mh krfjhs protfkomcs kcitro o kcistftufçëc. C quh mfzhr ofimo mo hitrhgo mo [cbhroifo \crtuguhso o hitfmomhs hstroighfros3 C otuoa sfsthjo efioikhfrc otfigfu cs shus afjfths tcrioimc-sh fisusthitïvha, hsgctoimc-sh ossfj ujo jcmoafmomh mh ‑ rcubc outcrfzomc‚, mhskci`hkfmo phao groimh jofcrfo mo pcpuaoçëc, h quh oehto hsshikfoajhith os kaosshs jofs bofxos.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio =7 =7 mh mh 8;
Kcikausëc hj ecrjo mh ‑Cpfifëc‚
Cs poêshs jofs fimustrfoafzomcs mc juimc hierhitoj ujo groimh krfsh mo mêvfmo prcvckomo phao krfsh mc kræmftc mh 2<<0, quh surgfu kcj o krfsh mos `fpcthkos fjcbfafïrfos h o quhmo mc Ah`joi Brct`hrs. Hstos krfshs crfgfiomos pcr uj kcaopsc mc kræmftc kcstujoj shr juftc jofs prcacigomos h prceuimos quh os krfshs mhshikomhomos pcr p cr uj surtc fieaokfciïrfc. Groimh porth mc juimc hierhito hsth ‑tsuiojf‚ mo mêvfmo ì bhfro mo boikorrcto, kcjc okcithkh kcj o Grækfo, Fraoimo h \crtugoa. Ic hitoitc, pcmhjcs eoaor mh boikorrcto quoimc hsths poêshs pcssuhj hicrjhs rfquhzos hj kopftoa `ujoic h rhkurscs prcmutfvcs3 Mh okcrmc kcj c otuoa sfsthjo efioikhfrc, sfj. H æ pcr fssc quh cs shrvfçcs pþbafkcs hstëc o shr mhsjoithaomcs h cs bhis pþbafkcs prfvotfzomcs. Oc fivhrsc mo krhiço pcpuaor, c mfi`hfrc quh kfrkuao phac juimc iëc æ krfomc phacs gcvhrics, jos sfj phao Boiko \rfvomo scb ecrjo mh hjpræstfjcs, quh sëc o crfghj mo mêvfmo. Hsth sfsthjo prfvomc mh krfoçëc mh mfi`hfrc tcricu-sh tëc pcmhrcsc ics þatfjcs mcfs sækuacs quh posscu o mcjfior cs gcvhrics o iêvha juimfoa. Ic hitoitc, hsth sfsthjo kcitæj hj sf o shjhith mo suo prûprfo mhstrufçëc, khiïrfc quh cbshrvojcs io otuoa krfsh> ossfstfjcs ì mhstrufçëc mc sfsthjo efioikhfrc toa quh kci`hkhjcs, momc quh iëc hxfsth quoaquhr tfpc mh soêmo phaos vfos kcivhikfciofs. Cs iêvhfs kcacssofs mo mêvfmo, eozhj kcj quh shno fjpogïvha.
C kcaopsc hkciûjfkc hstï fjfihith.
C sfsthjo efioikhfrc thj euikfciomc kcjc uj gfgoithskc hsquhjo ‑pcizf‚ , cimh cs icvcs mhvhmcrhs phrjfthj joithr o vhackfmomh mc kræmftc. Oc vhrfefkor-sh c fikujprfjhitc mcs icvcs mhvhmcrhs, c sfsthjo efko shj o cpçëc mh kcikhmhr jofs kræmftc h, ì jhmfmo quh hsto cpçëc sh krfstoafzo kcj c thjpc, c sfsthjo fithfrc hitro hj kcaopsc h rhquhr finhçøhs mh afqufmhz io hsphroiço mh quh cs eauxcs vcathj ì icrjoafmomh. O `obftuoçëc mc OMI kcahtfvc ì mhphimîikfo mc kræmftc prcmuzfu hsth rhtcric ì icrjoafmomh muroith vïrfos mækomos. Jos otæ c OMI okuso eomfgo h hsto kc mhphimîikfo oc kræmftc rhkcrmo cs sfitcjos mo hskrovoturo> æ o hskrovoturo mo mêvfmo. mêvfmo. Hsth sfsthjo ecf paoihomc `ï juftcs oics4 cs boiquhfrcs fithriokfciofs prckuroroj fitrcmuzfr ujo kcimfçëc mh mhshsphrc, poro quh pumhsshj hjhrgfr kcjc cs gcvhrioiths suprhjcs h ossfj kcitrcaor o pcpuaoçëc juimfoa, hskrovfzoimc-o otrovæs mh uj sfsthjo kuno jofcrfo iëc kcjprhhimh. C hjpcbrhkfjhitc mo pcpuaoçëc h mcs hstomcs ì hskoao juimfoa o quh ossfstfjcs kcjprcvo quh c pcmhr efioikhfrc vhj ossujfimc c kcitrcac gacboa mos cphroçøhs opcmhroimc-sh mo rfquhzo rhoa mc paoihto. C mcjêifc mc pcmhr efioikhfrc scbrh o sckfhmomh æ ujo rhoafmomh komo vhz jofs hxpcsto.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio =0 =0 mh mh 8;
Xrgh tcjor kciskfîikfo mh quh o prfikfpoa rhspcisobfafmomh mcs okcithkfjhitcs rhkof scbrh os Fistftufçøhs Boikïrfos (prcthgfmos phacs Gcvhrics). Hstï io `cro mh kcimhior cs vhrmomhfrcs rhspcisïvhfs h hxfgfr fimhjifzoçøhs phacs prhnuêzcs kousomcs. Ioturoajhith, tojbæj mhvhjcs quhstfcior o ahgoafmomh mcs kcitrotcs mh kræmftc, portfimc mc prhssupcstc quh cs Boikcs sû pcmhj shr rhjuihromcs pcr uj shrvfçc hehtfvojhith prhstomc, ic kosc, prckhmhr oc hjpræstfjc mh mfi`hfrc quh supcstojhith hxfsth h tîj ics shus kcerhs. Cro, kciecrjh tfvhjcs o cpcrtuifmomh mh oioafsor, cs Boikcs krfoj mfi`hfrc o portfr mc iomo, kcbroimc nurcs pcr mfi`hfrc quh ihj shquhr hxfsth. Othimhimc o quh c sfsthjo jcihtïrfc mh rhshrvos erokfciïrfos iëc phrjfth goroitfr os pcupoiços quh cs mhpcsftoiths kciefoj ocs Boikcs, tojbæj oquf hstëc hj kouso cs rhguaojhitcs h kcitrotcs fihrhiths ìs kcitos pcupoiço. Kciecrjh mhjcistromc oithrfcrjhith, c mfi`hfrc mcs mhpcsftoiths iëc hstï ic Boikc. Kcisfmhroimc c hxhjpac oprhshitomc ic kopêtuac ‑Kcjc æ krfomc c mfi`hfrc3‚ , poro uj mhpûsftc mh ?<.<<< ₡ æ krfomo ujo rhshrvo mh ophios 2<< ₡. Fiþtfa rhehrfr quh sh tcmcs cs
mhpcsftoiths sh mfrfgfsshj, oc jhsjc thjpc, ocs shus Boikcs kcj c cbnhtfvc mh ahvoitor c shu mfi`hfrc, shrfoj kciercitomcs kcj o ‑muro‚ rhoafmomh rhoafmomh mh quh ophios oaguis kcishgufrfoj prckhmhr oc ahvoitojhitc hehtfvc mh mfi`hfrc. ]hjcs rhguaomcrhs quh iëc euikfcioj h eozhj porth mh uj Grupc crgoifzomc quh prcjcvh h opcfo c soquh mc poês h mcs kfmomëcs4 mh uj pcitc mh vfsto ætfkc h moquhaos quh shrfoj os supcstos cbrfgoçøhs mh uj Hstomc hiquoitc phssco mh bhj, prcjcvhj-sh cs fikcjphthiths h/cu oquhahs quh opcfoj o kcikrhtfzoçëc mo hstrotægfo mh soquh prcjcvfmo pcr phsscos h hitfmomhs quh sh crgoifzoj hj ‑sckfhmomhs shkrhtos‚ . Bosto oioafsor c kosc mc [r. Uêtcr Kcistâikfc4 Hj 2<, Hj 2<, oic hj quh hrrcu ios prhvfsøhs jokrchkciûjfkos, okcjpoi`cu c Gcvhric \crtuguîs io ihgoçëc mo krfsh juimfoa h eoa`cu io rhguaoçëc boikïrfo, oc otuor tormfojhith ics koscs B\I h B\\, quh kustoroj ocs kcitrfbufiths pcrtuguhshs uj jcitoith suphrfcr o 6.8<< jfa`øhs mh hurcs. Hj okhahromo phrmo mh krhmfbfafmomh ic poês, Uêtcr Kcistâikfc ecf icjhomc vfkh-prhsfmhith mc Boikc mc Boikc Khitroa Hurcphu, iuj Hurcphu, iuj joimotc quh murorï cftc oics h cimh æ rhspcisïvha phao suphrvfsëc boikïrfo. C quh mfzhr mo iokfcioafzoçëc krfjficso mc B\I3 \oro oaæj mo ‑ahgoafzoçëc‚ h sckfoafzoçëc mh uj rcubc `fstûrfkc, o iokfcioafzoçëc ecf hehtuomo kcj c fituftc mh fjphmfr quh c jhkoifsjc mh rhshrvos erokfciïrfos ecssh hxpcstc ‑ì auz mc mfo‚, c quh prcvckorfo ujo kcrrfmo ocs
ahvoitojhitcs h kciefrjorfo o fihxfstîikfo mc mfi`hfrc poro suprfr tcmcs cs phmfmcs. Ncsæ [ûkroths oefrjcu quh c cbnhtfvc mo iokfcioafzoçëc hro prhvhifr ‑rfskcs sfstæjfkcs‚. _uh komo uj sh quhstfcih h sh fithrhssh uj pcukc jofs phacs ossuitcs pcaêtfkcs4 o jofcrfo mcs pcrtuguhshs sfjpahsjhith oboimcicu o ghstëc mos suos vfmos oc phrjftfrhj quh cutrcs mhkfmoj pcr sf. C quh mfzhr tojbæj mh Hmuormc Kotrcgo3 Onumcu o ihgckfor c jhjcroimc mo ]rcfdo quh kcithjpaovo prfvotfzoçøhs mhsfgiomojhith mo HM\4 pcsthrfcrjhith ecf prcjcvfmc poro o HM\, kuno prfvotfzoçëc tfi`o okobomc mh ckcrrhr. Hxfsthj juftcs cutrcs koscs shjha`oiths … Jofs rhkhithjhith koscs kcjc B\\, BH[ h BOIFE kciefrjoj quh c mhskoaobrc nï hstï hj jork`o. O shmh mh pcmhr h kcitrcac mos ‑Hafths‚ okobcu pcr crfgfior prcbahjos mh mfeêkfa rhscauçëc.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio =6 =6 mh mh 8;
O @ujoifmomh hstï o shr oavc mh otoquhs krfjficscs subtfajhith hxhkutomcs, potrckfiomcs phac ‑pcmhr efioikhfrc‚ . Ossfstfjcs mh ecrjo tctoajhith fjpuih ì vfcaoçëc mcs mfrhftcs euimojhitofs mcs kfmomëcs h mos prûprfos Kcistftufçøhs. C sfsthjo boikïrfc shimc kcitrcaomc phao ‑Hafth Gacboa‚ (uj phquhic grupc prfvfahgfomc mh phsscos), hsso jhsjo ‑Hafth‚ kcitrcao o hkcicjfo mh komo poês h fieauhikfo os mhkfsøhs mcs "aêmhrhs" pcaêtfkcs h hkciûjfkcs quh, cu iëc hithimhj kcjc c sfsthjo boikïrfc h o krfoçëc mh mfi`hfrc rhoajhith euikfcioj (o jofcrfo), cu troboa`oj kciskfhithjhith kcj cs quh kcitrcaoj c sfsthjo, eovcrhkhimc-cs h shimc kcjphisomcs pcr fssc (kcrrupçëc). Groimh porth mo mhsrhguaojhitoçëc efioikhfro prcjcvfmo mhsmh cs oics 0< kcisfstfu hj mor ocs boikcs o jofcr mos afbhrmomhs poro c jcitoith mos suos rhshrvos. Mhsth jcmc, o kaïssfko icrjo mh rhshrvos hj tcric mh ?<% cu 2<% ecf rhmuzfmo o iêvhfs mh ?%, h jhsjc fiehrfcrhs, kcjc okcithkhu kcj c Kftfgrcup, Gcamjoi [ok`s, N\ Jcrgoi h Boid ce Ojhrfko, quh, ics jcjhitcs jofs særfcs, oefrjovoj thr ujo toxo mh hikofxh mh <,8%, kcj c quoa c juatfpafkomcr (j:?/<,<<8) phrjftfo krfor 2<< jfa`øhs mh mûaorhs kcj uj sû jfa`ëc hj mhpûsftc. H ic phrêcmc mo bca`o, os rhshrvos k`hgoroj o shr fiehrfcrhs o <,<%, c quh fimfko quh pcr komo jfa`ëc mh mûaorhs hj mhpûsftc rhoa, sh krfovoj ?.<<< jfa`øhs mc iomo. Hsto ecf o goafi`o mcs cvcs mh curc poro o Boiko. Xjo goafi`o quh hro mh tcmos os ecrjos fisusthitïvha h quh ecf ossossfiomo phao prûprfo kcbfço mcs Boiquhfrcs quh sh oprcxfjoroj mc krhskfjhitc hxpcihikfoa mc mfi`hfrc otæ quh hitrcu hj kcaopsc, mhjcistroimc quh tcmo o efkçëc sh osefxfo io kcinhturo h iomo æ shiëc c quh æ. O scauçëc quh cs boikcs khitrofs cehrhkfoj hro juftc sfjpahs> joa `ovfo uj oujhitc mo fieaoçëc, hahvovoj o toxo mh nurc nu rc poro ossfj hikorhkhrhj c kræmftc h bacquhorhj cs pcthikfofs icvcs hjpræstfjcs (kcrtoimc, mhsto ecrjo, pcthikfofs icvcs hjpræstfjcs) h fikhitfvoimc, o toxos jofs oatos, c ‑oecrrc‚ shgurc mcs prhstojfstos. Kcjc sëc cs Boikcs quh mhtîj c kcitrcac scbrh o krfoçëc mc ‑mfi`hfrc‚ , otrovæs mcs hjpræstfjcs mhkfmhj sh vof `ovhr uj ‑bccj‚ hkciûjfkc cu ujo mhprhssëc oujhitoimc cu mfjfiufimc o quoitfmomh mh ‑mfi`hfrc‚ quh hjprhstoj ì pcpuaoçëc. O
mfehrhiço hitrh krhskfjhitc h mhprhssëc rhsfmh io quoitfmomh mh mfi`hfrc vfvc cu kræmftc mfspciêvha poro eozhr kcjpros. Cs ‑bccjs‚ hkciûjfkcs (quoimc o prcmuçëc h c kcisujc oujhitoj), mëc crfghj o jofs
hjpræstfjcs phacs Boikcs poro pcthikfor ofimo jofs c kcisujc. Ossfj, ics "bcis thjpcs" mo hkcicjfo, os quoitfmomhs kcacssofs mh kræmftc ghromc kcimuzfrëc fihvftovhajhith ìs æpckos rufis, kci`hkfmos pcr ‑mhprhssøhs‚4 æ ihsths khiïrfcs quh cs Boikcs sh opcmhroj mo vhrmomhfro rfquhzo, phi`croimc h hxhkutoimc cs bhis mcs kfmomëcs. O ecrjo kcjc o vosto jofcrfo mc ‑mfi`hfrc‚ æ pcstc hj kfrkuaoçëc (p rfikfpoajhith otrovæs mh kræmftc kcikhmfmc pcr Boikcs \rfvomcs quh hjprhstoj mfi`hfrc quh iëc hxfsth h quh kcbroj nurcs phac jhsjc), rhvhao quh o jofcr porth mc ‑mfi`hfrc‚ utfafzomc poro shr trckomc pcr bhis h shrvfçcs ecf krfomc kcjc mêvfmo. mêvfmo . Æ tctoajhith fisoic4 æ pcr fssc quh os nï ovuatomos mêvfmos krhskhj o komo jfiutc quh posso. Ossfj, groimh porth mo mêvfmo mê vfmo pcrtuguhso æ cmfcso4 ì auz mo ahf fithriokfcioa, mêvfmo cmfcso æ ujo thcrfo ahgoa quh susthito quh o mêvfmo iokfcioa fikcrrfmo pcr uj rhgfjh pcaêtfkc, kcj prcpûsftcs quh iëc shrvhj cs fithrhsshs mh ujo ioçëc, iëc mhvh shr kcjpuasûrfo. \crtoitc, shguimc hsto mcutrfio tofs mêvfmos sëc kcisfmhromos kcjc mêvfmos phsscofs mh uj rhgfjh quh ihaos fikcrrhu h iëc mêvfmos mc Hstomc. Hj oaguis osphtcs, hsth kcikhftc æ oiïacgc ì fivoafmhz f ivoafmhz mh uj kcitrotc ossfiomc scb kchrçëc.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio 8< 8< mh mh 8;
C sfsthjo hstï jossfvojhith eoafmc h sû rhsfsth pcrquh os phsscos sëc ecrçomos o okhftor k`hquhs h kortøhs mh kræmftc hiquoitc ‑mfi`hfrc‚, quoimc, io rhoafmomh, sëc ophios momcs fiecrjïtfkcs shj iomo poro cs nustfefkor. Hithimh-sh ogcro c obfsjc hj quh hstojcs h c jctfvc phac quoa Gcvhrics h Boikcs Khitrofs kcrrhj o topor hsshs hicrjhs burokcs quh c mfi`hfrc eoasojhith krfomc mhfxcu3 Hithimh-sh pcr quh rozëc c EHM h c BKH kcrrhj o rhsgotor c afxc mcs otfvcs tûxfkcs krfomc ihsth tfpc mh cphroçøhs3 Ophsor mo ûbvfo fisoifmomh mhsth ‑rcubc ahgoafzomc‚ , os icssos jhiths ofimo phrjoihkhj ecrthjhith ecrjotomos h kcimfkfciomos poro susthitor o fmhfo mh quh o kcbroiço mh nurcs æ hsshikfoa h quh shj hssh kcikhftc o hkcicjfo juimfoa kcaopsorfo. Iëc æ bhj ossfj. O mftomuro Boikïrfo gacboa crquhstromo phao ‑Hafth Gacboa‚ æ æ quh kcaopsorfo. O fmhfo mh quh uj Boikc sû æ vfïvha kcbroimc nurcs æ eoaso. Æ ujo fmhfo kûjcmo poro cs Boikcs mc sfsthjo kopftoafsto (c icssc), pcfs phrjfth quh Boikcs h fivhstfmcrhs pcssoj goi`or mfi`hfrc o portfr mh mfi`hfrc4 iëc sû kcj cs hjpræstfjcs, jos tojbæj kcj cutros opafkoçøhs efioikhfros. Iomo sh mfz, ic juimc ckfmhitoa, okhrko mh cutrcs sfsthjos boikïrfcs. Jos hxfsthj h euikfcioj. Mh eoktc, hxfsth uj sfsthjo boikïrfc boshomc iujo fmhfo sfjpahs h kcitrïrfo> iëc sh pcmh goi`or mfi`hfrc o portfr mh mfi`hfrc. \cr cutros poaovros> cs nurcs iëc sëc phrjftfmcs. Hsth æ c sfsthjo fsaâjfkc. C sfsthjo mh pogojhitc mh nurcs iëc prcthgh o `ujoifmomh. Io vhrmomh, æ hssh sfsthjo quh krfo pcbrhzo, mhsfguoamomh h phrjfth o okujuaoçëc mc pcmhr gacboa. O otfvfmomh mcs Boikcs ckfmhitofs, poro oaæj mh shr o jofs aukrotfvo a ukrotfvo h jofs mhstrutfvo mc paoihto, æ krfjficso. C mfi`hfrc iëc pcmh kcitfiuor o shr cbnhtc mh ihgûkfc h sh c ecr mhvhrï shr kcj rhgros aûgfkos, quh iëc prcvcquhj hskosshz. ]ojbæj c kcisujfsjc mhsjhmfmc ecrçomc phao cbrfgotcrfhmomh mh krhskfjhitc phrpætuc fjpcstc phac otuoa sfsthjo jcihtïrfc ojhoço o susthitobfafmomh mc paoihto. Mhvhjcs kcistoithjhith quhstfcior-ics> _uhj æ quh hsth sfsthjo bhihefkfo3 Mo jhsjo ecrjo, shjprh quh uj pcaêtfkc, hkcicjfsto, aêmhr mh fgrhno, ncrioafsto, kcjhitomcr cu quoaquhr cutro phssco, thith fikutfr ujo fmhfo, voah o phio phrguitor> _uhj bhihefkfo kcj c eoktc mh hu okrhmftor io fmhfo quh jh ‑vhimhj‚ 3 O rhspcsto shjprh kcimuzfrï oc jctfvc phac quoa o rhehrfmo fmhfo hstï o shr oafjhitomo h kcishquhithjhith o quhj o oafjhito. Cs pcrtuguhshs mhvhj rhogfr, mhehimhr-sh h mfafghikfor poro quh iuj euturc rhaotfvojhith prûxfjc cs \caêtfkcs shnoj nuagomcs h kcimhiomcs pcr kcifvîikfo kcj uj sfsthjo prfvomc quh kcimhio o sckfhmomh, hsphkfoajhith cs jofs mhseovcrhkfmcs.
Ihi`ujo jhmfmo pcaêtfko rhsuatorï hiquoitc c otuoa sfsthjo jcihtïrfc vfgcror. Xjo vhz phrkhbfmc hsth sfsthjo iëc surprhhimh quh c Hstomc sckfoa hsthno o shr mhstruêmc. \cr oic, c Hstomc \crtuguîs gosto juftc jofs kcj nurcs nur cs mc quh prcprfojhith prcprf ojhith kcj hmukoçëc.
O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio 8? 8? mh mh 8;
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O Eroumh mc [fsthjo Jcihtïrfc
\ïgfio 82 82 mh mh 8;