Stqndard Method of Test for
Resistance to ptastic Frow of B¡tuminous Mixtups Using Marshatl Apparatus AASHTO Designation: T Z4S_9T (2001) 1.
SCOPE
1.1
This method covers the measurement of the resistance to plastic flow of c_ylinclrical specirrrcns bituminous pavingmi)(ture loade«l ,rn th" lur",.tsurlace
rri.
by.,-,,,"n.r olttre t,ta¡st.a.tt apparatrrs..l.hr..
ff[11:;-}[i: ilj'#'i|;fi:,1;::'"'"t 2.
.,*pt'utt'"'"n',
"pn.r,
.,,ii,,,ck.r,.r,
,,,r,r iigr:r,q,,,,.
APPARATUS
2.1
specinten Mokr As.sembly-Mord eyrinders 101.6 mm (4 in.) in dianreter by 16.2mrn (3 in ) in ñeígfrt' base plates, andextension.áIlu.r rÁolf .nnrorr'to trr" á.,a,r, sñ.wn in .fhree Fr.gurc f . cylindcrs arc recommended. -r¡mota I
4%'o.D. 4y.. t.D.
h_
4,ys_
Compaclion Mold
Compaction Mold Syrnmebícal
AboutThis C
L--
a-
4.oos.
Base Plate
Js;á.'D
T
4y.'D
_\(
Compaclion Mold Assembled with Colar and Baso ptat6 Steel-Cadmium plated
Figure
rs-2d
1
-Compaction
tv1«;ld
T 245-1
AASHTO
a.
'!' a?-
Table 1-Table of Equivalents for Figures t and 3 Metric
Metric
Equivalents,
U.S.
Customary Units, in.
mm 0.l l 0.8
o lxLs t,tt2
t.6
l,lto
3.2
U.S. Customary
)7.5
llt
,a
tl
tt2 ft
Units. in.
.i8 7 61.s
a
)t
69.8
I
762
7l.0 82.ó 87.3
l't,
3'/,"
98.4
0.499
4
14.3 ll l,
3.995
I
4
0l .73
1.1
J',',
.1
tr7 tzaó
-5
t28
.! t,
5'/,
J».41
rl,
.to,,,l
t.16.0
1.990
51 .2
".
r08.7
I(».I
t 52..1
l0t.2
4m5
ll.t
J
5 ',,,
r0t.3.5 ¡01 .6
{lnttS.
5,.,,
lt/, )
mm 104.8
130.2
I.3
l't,
C ¡.r¡1,¡¡1,,,.,
-,, .\ /t
38. I
50.8
LI.:i,
Ie n t.s,
6
tl, I
44.4
lv{et¡ic Equiva
I
l
t'.b
34.9
t7
,ti
l'/,
t2.6'7
¿.¿..
mnl
, t6
r.8
3
t).496
ts.s
Customary
28.6
\2.6 12.7
lents,
23.8
6.4 9.5
U.S.
Units, in.
25.4
7.t
Equiva-
19.0
4.8
rt
Metric
Equivalents, mm
^
t58.8
i93
l
(;8-5.8
speci'nten Extractor' steel, in the form of a disk with a «liameter not lcss than lü) ¡"¡ ( r {)j ,r and 12'7 mm 1ll2 in') thick r,'""^t.oating,tri'.nn',no.,.d s¡recimen from thc s¡rccinrcn the usc o[the mord cottu. A sr.titabr",tit i","q"ir.tl tot¡ansfvr the \r,¡d frorn rtrc ,nr ,)rriLj r,,ri dynamometer adapter to the extcnsic,n c<¡lra, *hire
extracting thc specir,en
2.3.
compaction Hammer--Thecompaction hammer (Figure 2) sha, havc a frar, circular ra.rilli*{lg i.r t 9 g (lo t 0.'02 lb)siidi"g ;;üil; i;n"lujing ;r"i, n"g", guard ii so ccruir¡nr.ir, ,.r,:i, ' frecfall of 4S']2 + 1.524 mm (lg,tloo
and a 4536
ir".t.,
'Ir
3
(98.4
.@
@
mm)
r
ñ
m Sloevo
I
N
+
N
i
&
E
C
cl
Spring Guide
s
¿ o
Foot
o ñ o
*EF::=::¿re-_*
-L
Elension Rod
{@)-r
e
o
rñ c o E
c
rñ
N
Éfammer WeÍgñt 10 lb,4536 g
Handlo
Fig'ure 2-Compaction Hammer
TS.2d
T 245-2
'\.1 :"
Note 1-The comDaoirrn h"-*-- _ --"'¡'action hammer may z.
Figure
be equippcd with a fingerr sa[cty guar
Note 2-Jnstead of a hand_operarcd h¡mmcr 2'4, and 2.5' a mechani.rily results comparable with
2.4.
op;;;;; ffi;'Ji
1'i..',t:ut'ot:rl uscd
,il h.';;;#il;::fr?.be
equipmcn.t describert in sections
provitlcd ¡t i,r. t,"",,
compaction PetlesÍal*T're compaction pedestarsha, consist of a 203.2 r- úv :o¿'s-'ír"lr
*;;.6ü
,r
fiI,i, ,*
.
r .r ..r'i'h;::i';,, F,,,
by 203.2-by 4-57.2-rnrn ,n* 02. by ,2. by ,.in )
Jtiltiii'JfiJp"r iülti,",l*'#,*':,rl:#i[:¡1x; ru;:nt r Tir, ris,ffi thar,¡. iif p*,1p¡l#;#:T,rp rever. - rñe p.o"triirr-r'.riiirnr,, be installed so
2.5.
Specimen Motd Hotde,
;jl*mng*",.Hji¡;:,ffi:Ir,§:,ri:ii:::ji,::',l,il:::'fi[,.,Jt,11i,,,,,1,,,,,,
1--
r
is
2.6.
ur:::!':lHearl--(Figurej)
shail con.s-¡s.r of upper and,rowcr nav¡ng an inside radius clrindricar segrncnrs or resr of curvr,rr" hcrds in.) act:rrraiclv machincci. f, sb¡rr l,* maunted on ¡ ba-ce;;,rr;;;il#i;J,í]: 'r'hc rt¡rvcr mrc "i.ioi "i;, ."g,,.,,,
sreeves,"
],:,::":"':1, i¡"',,i*,.'*ffiiffieJ];,::ff:t::,r,,gd;;;.,,r.;i';:,.
witho'r appreciatrc biiaing
",
r".r" ,,rii;i
;;H:::I':',:i,l]'".,
r:xr.r,rJjn¡ ,,p.,,,.,,1 ¡;,,¡,,,.
rhc 1rv1, ,.g'n",i,.',,,g..,i,.,
Tl.
rs-2d T 245_3
AASHTO
.%
¡*
o-
ÑL (J r.-
gl/
llx
ft.r
iltt
I'O oc{ or
rli
o
ñ> xó J¡
g o o
-
o(D
E
@
Ío
,E
o C o
¿
:E
E (L
§
(§
IE D (o do) o Fa I ^a
] 0)
o
a
L F
@
Cf
§¡
L
o
\t
)
o
J !
E
ñ
tú
o
ID
I
ú.
o o U? o
a o
F
-l .% r |*r 4 § T l"
I 1T-
I I
o
.Ytt h.-*
o 6
Ee
t=-.r,
_____{
(u
o
)o-
60 _ .C, c\.t
13
oS
(g o)
:E
I
}(
+E
o
6
LI €l !N Cq 'a)
B v -'E'
TS-2d
bE
x.
¡\§
s L.x,l.x,
É3
)
3ñ -I 245-4
ñ:J
AI
t;
ñi \
*
d)
v---i I
c
áar
F-"e
t@ 'o
o)
tgtr'
li
o
o o
JL_ rñ \-./
§ n,**
F
.I
:l q LL
§i I
:f!
uJl r
-,u ¡:l
c0
L '-
cn LL
AASH IO
2.7.
toadíng Íack-The toading jack (Figure 4) shall consist of a screrv jack nrountc
A+-l
T-
Load Beam
I I
Ring Holding Bar
I
J I
Dial lndicator
I
v
Proving Ring Spring Steel
.9 o
I
x
I
Proving Ring Adapter
o
HolóOown 8o[
!
:-.
ú,
@
I
t="
Hold-Down Boll
---l I
@
t-
%'(1e.0 mm)
Vertical Spacer Jack Head -Not Over 3.990; (101.35 mm) Dia.
€E
'rlsrtical Spacer
%'(186.1 mm) HP-1725 rpm Elect Motor
Elevating Screw
t
N I
Output Shafl (for Hand Crank) lnput Shaft
I I
I
l_
Jack Housing
Front
F
Section'A-A'
igure 4-Caci rs appliccl
2.8
Ring
Dvnamonrcter Asse¡ná/y-One-ring dynamometl. lfigure 4)
of 722KN (5ü)0 )bl) cirp:rcrr.,
and sensitivity of 44.5 N (l0lbfl up to 4.45 KN (l000lbf) and 1l l.2N (25 lbl) benvcen.l.J-5 uncl 22.2 KN (1O(D anü 5tC0 lb| st¡all be equipped with a ¡nicrometer rli:ü.'The nricronrcrcr dral sir¡ll gradualed in 0.0025 mm (0.0001 in.). Upper and lower ring dynamometer arrachmenls arc *be Tfrequired ftrr fastening the ring dynamometéito ttre testing frame arx] transrnitring the loirtl ro rhc
breaking head.
Note ¿l-lnstead of the ring dynamonreter assembly,.any suitablc loa
2.9.
Flowmeter-Tlle flowmeter shall consist of a guide steeve and a gage. Tl¡e acrivating prn ol rlrc gage shall slide inside the guide sleeve with a slight amount of fiictional risisranie. T'hc guiilc t'leevc shal\ slide {rcely syer tt}e guide rrxl of thc breaking hcrd.'[he t]o'wmcrer BaBe sh¡\\ be adjusted to zero when ¡rlaced in positit"rn on the breaking hcad whcn eaclr indiviclu¡l tcst spccirrtrr is insertcd between the breaking hcad segments. Graduations of'the f'lr>wmeter grgc shell be in
0.25-mm (0.0 l -in.) divisions.
Note S--lnstead of the fl<:wmeter,
a micrometer dial or stres§-strain recorder frra(luilred in mm (0.01 in.) may be used to measure flow.
TS.2d
T 245-5
().1.5
AASHIO
2.10.
!;;,"1:f.'r.üil:ffiHJ,",',".','}:T,::Jj^.r;Hror rr.earinr aBBrcBarcs, b,rumin,,,,s ?{f!'; motding remperarures..rr ¡s,ecommJni"ü',¡,, ,h;il;;;;;t,ffi:HJ.|[J:][[lil:iffi1:. as to maintain thc rquiyd,..p.."irr"
baths shaa be used on the 2.11
üthin2
llearing Device*A.small hot plate with continuou.sry variabrc heating rate, ¿_,;*
.
Jr,,iiü'.",,,,0," r",,írpL,i"r.,li.,.,,
il,T,?,i,"l,li.ili;l,io,. :f
2.12.
a sand bath, infi¡rc,l tb. ,nii,xing
hea! under
¿t'ftril"ff *-ffft,1.rj;*Lgmu:r*;l;xti"ffi ilii:[í:.ai:r
\*Iixing
Apparatus-Mechanic¡J mixing is ¡ecommendqi. Any.typcof mechanicaf mixer mav b" mainta¡neJ-"iiñ" r"qr,r.¿
used provided it can
coated' homogeneous mixture
lT:TI#l'J 2.13.
g,Cffi.:ñil.
shields. baffle plares, or sa¡rti surfal"r.ii.'rr", prrt.r,o rniíir]ir".i*.,,r.«1 ovcrhearing
JI
;:ii'"'J;:I
"r,tr" ;= ; ;;
*ir,"g ;;"í,"i.ff*"
rüri*á
"*or"ii, ;;;;;;; ffi
ir.," ;'
ri",#',.
;", 1'
be
and wi, produce o *.irrinre, and flurthcr provrd-e,.i
i"'ll *, o f
su
f f, c i c
n,
.,
n.
Ji,, . .,,
watter Barh=-*The waler bath shall bc at least 152.4 mm (6 in.) deep ancl shail be thermostatica[y controtted so as ro mainrain tr," ¡att shall have a perforated r'rit.u"¡,o,n "iLó= ,.c Croó * l.C (t0o-t2.F)..!lre or ü *i,r,*-r'rr.irinr-r,,ppur,ing .specirnens r¡nk (2 in.) a[¡¡y6 the borrom "qripp"a 50.g rrrr.n of rhe barh.
r"r1.j,;;.[:
2.14.
2.15. 2.15.1
2.15.2
iíff:h:i:,il^li*fi:XTl'ii'"BiiiT'ffi lll
isc e I I a ne o u.s Eq u i p»rcn
t:
container'r for Heating Aggregatesflat-bottom metar pans or other suitab.e con(aine¡s.
'rr
::#;:::*;trx:#Bituntittous 2.15.3. 2.'15.4
sh¡rr bc (hcrm.sraric¿rrrv c,,.r^,rcd ;,n,i si,:rrr
Mareriat- -either gilt-type rins, beakers, pouring pors. or
Mixütg roo{*--eithcr a steel trower {garden type) or spatü.Ia, fclr spariing, and hancr rnixing. 'T'herntome
ters*for de'lerm)ning temwÍa¿urcs
2.15.5.
Il:H:,I:HljI,}H:f¿#::1il:1sitivc 2.15.6. 2.15.7.
[]¡116a¡¿-/-kg
':aprcity, sensitive to 0.
t g, f.r
Balant:e-S-kg capaciry. sen-cjrjve ra 1.0 g,
for
ro 0
2"c (04"F) rvirh
batchingmix(r¡res.
Gfuv¿s-for handling hot equipment.
2.15.9.
Rubber Gloves*for removing specimens from water bath.
2.1 5.1 0.
Marking Crayons*f<.r identifying spccimcns.
T 245-6
r.
weighing morcred specilncns.
2.15.8.
rs-2d
a rangc surncicnr
AASHTO
2.1 5.1
1
Scoop*flat k¡tto¡n, for batching aggregatcs.
.
2.15.12.
spoon*large, for pracing the mixture in rhe specimen molcrs
3.
TEST SPECIMENS
3.1
{;.'k:{lf::rilnens-Prcpa¡e 3.2.
at lea.sl three specimens for each cornb¡nariorrcf aggrcg.rcs ;rnci
Prep
#3i::t;j}eassresates I 25.0 to 19.0 mm (t
r r a ¡
19.0 to 9.5 mm
13/a
I ltrc (.221 to 23ffF)
ancl ir.ii,.i, ' rhe rouowing rJJrrr.,iun,
to 1r in.) to
3/s
in.¡
9.5 mm to 4.75 mm (l/s in. to No. 4) 4.'15 mm ro 2.36 mm (No. 4 to No, g) Passing 2.36 mm (No.
g) .
3.3.
Detennination of Mixing and Compactittg
3.3.1.
The ternperatures to wñrch tñe a'spfraft cement antf asplraft curb¿rck rnus( bc ñcarecl vi.scosity of 170 + 20 cSt shall be thc miring'remperaturc.
1aa
.I.e
¡nperotures:
3.4. 3.4.1-
*
.r0 r:.\r
"si
afte*
r;;;;ó;;;Jil,iilil,,8i;;".i;;;'
.".,1,,,
'The temperature to which tar must be heated to pr<>cluce Engler specific viscositics o12.5 4O + 5.sfráfl be, respecrrvuly, tfie mixing urJ*rnprr,, ng temqrature. P
re¡rr rot ir>n of M
,..,, ,
* -l ;rnrl
r_rrrt re s..
A¡ jnitial hatch shall bc míxcd for thepurpose of "buttering,'the mixturc b.wl and .r.rrr batch shail be cmptie
3.4.2
rLrn
lveiglr innr separaru pans fcrr eacft resf .spccimen ¿lie arnour¡¿ of eac,h size fracti<-¡n re<¡uired to ffiduce a barch that wilrresurt in (ábout l2ü) 8)' Mix the aggregafc r.";;;;;specimen 63.5 * Irt;*, (2.5 + 0 0-5 in.) in heighr incach p.n und place the p;..; o hor prrt. or i,-, rhe ov,en an
roi asprrrii'..il*,
and rar mixcs ar l4"c asplralr mixcs' Hea(' fr: rfic estaílist¡e,J'Á¡*¡ri'i"^peruture,ju.sr sufficicnr the batch in a separate container' charge tr.,. i,i^irrg bowr with t¡" i.or.a in the dry-blended aggregate and weigñ tn" pr"heutea requirecl ¡moturt of
TS.2d
u
From a composition chart flor the asphalt cutback used, determine lrom irs visc.sity ar 60"(] $4rD the ¡rercentage of solventbi;.;;.;ro rJetermine fro¡n the charr the visc.siry ar ócnc (14trD of üe asphalt cutback after it ili;;50 perccnt .f irs.sofvenr. Thc rempcrarurc dete¡m)»ed fuom the vjscosily reaperaile .i,urt to-*r,l"h the isphalt cutback must be heate
r:T:T"il:fi::ffi::"tio
3.3.4,
¡rr.r/rruc
'rhe temperature to which asphalt cemcnt nrust be heated to prociuce a vi.scosir),oi2ti0 shall bc rhe compac(ing temperature.
3.3.3.
r.
T 24s-7
(25"F-) ror curir¡ck
bi¿uminotr.s r¡ia1c¡.ir/ ¡()r
aggregare. F.rm
¿r
r:ralcr
birumin.us nr¡rcri;ri
intr.r
AASHTL\
"rr
the mixture' For mixes prepared with cutback asphalt, infrocluce thc mixing blarle in thc mixi.g bo'wl anÓ daerm¡ne the total mass o{ tt e mix components p)us bowl and blarie before prrxecding with mixing. care must.be exercised ,o pr"u"n, lois of ti,"'-i* ;;;g mixing and .subsequenr handling' At this point. the temperarure li-,tl oggr.gote an«l bituminlus material shall bc wirhin the limits of the mixing temPerature established in siction 3.3. Mi^ ;;" aggregare an¿ biruminous material rapidly untir thoroughly coated. To mainrain proper mixing remperarure, one of thc merhods described rn Sectioi Z. t t may U"
"r"¿.
3.4.3.
Fol'\ox'iag mixing' c'ure aspftalr
cu¿bac-,k rnix¿u,-cs
in a ren¿ila¿erd oven maintaine.l at approximatcry i, to ur.unt¡nued in rhe mixing bowr solvent lossir,n,rr" i* i..n obrained.'l-he mix rnay be stirred in a mixing bowt during crting ¡o u...lerate the sorvent loss. FIowever, care shorlcr be exercised ro prevent loss of the.llx, w"ie¡, ,h" ;i;;;;;;;; in.rr....rir. intcrvars .r r-5 rniñute'§ initidl¡' and lcss than l&rninur.inl*.oolr r., r,t*i";gli.i¿'i¡. ,,,¡^ ar -ro-¡rcrcenr s(''r/v,er¡( loss is approached. I l ' l"c (2fffl above the compactio-n temperalre. curing until the preóalculated.weighi of S0-percent
3.5. 3.5.1
C om po c t io
n of
S p ec im
ens:
rT' Thoroughly clean thc specimen,mold assembly and the face of the compacti.n harnmer and r¡e rr th,"::Ih:r_r_, boiring water, on'the tot o, in an ovcn, ro a ter,pcratt¡re betw,ce n 93. j ;r.tr ¡rlrt", 148'gPC (2oo and
t*D.
Place a pie." or fr'lter paper or paper'rowering
cut r. size r n rhc br.r¡r.nr of the mold before the mixture is introcluccd. Place the erlriic b;rtch:in rhc rn.i
s.5.2.
RepJace thc coila¡, then place a pr19c of iltcr tor,cl,»g cu, ¿{) si¿c on tt>p o{ thc mixture and place the mold-assembly,on the w¡,cr lpraprer cámpoction pe<.tcstal in the molcl holcler. and unless othcrwisetPYldtapply50orT5 úlows with thecompacrion io.r"", wirh a fice fall rn 4.57 a mm ( l8 in')' Hold the axis of the compaction hammer pcrpen
Note 6--In gencral, specimens shall be cooled as specified in section 3.5.2. cooLing ts desired' r'abln' fans rnay be use
whc, m.r¿ r,r¡rrj c,¡hesi.n (o res,.rl( i* (hc
required cylindricar shane-3n removal fronr the,mord imrnediatery nri., conrpacl¡on in the mold in air until sufficierit cohesion r,o, o"u"l,rp"¿ r.,
r"ruri
4. 4.1.
TS-2d
ma_y
bc c(x)rc(i sir.¡rc.
iJii,. prup", cyiin
PROCEDURE Bring the specimens prcpared
with asphalt ccment or tar.ro the spccified re mperarure b;, immersÍng in the rvater bath 30 to +0 rninut"s or placing in rr," oi"n inr rwo h.urs. Mainrri. rhc bath or ovcn temperaru¡e at 60 + r"C (140 t l.s"b for ih. ,rpnrr, i.."nr spccimens and l7.ii L'c ( Loo t t '8"F¡ for tar specimens. Bring r the speci*re.ns preprred, wirh asphr.tt curb«c!-. ro r,trc specified temperature by placing them inihe air-barh rn, o',"ni'nr.u, ol,*u l¡.urs lr,rainrain lhc :rrr bath temperaturc at 25 t i"c 1zi * 1.8"F)-Thoroughly clean the guide rods and rhe insj
T 245-8
AASHTO
(70 to-l00PF) using a water bath when required. Remove the spccimcn fr.nr rhe rv¡ter bath. rr'cn.
orairbath'andpfaceinthefowert"g*"nioftñeóreakingt.r..i
T
4.2.
Flacetfieuppcrscgmcnrofrfic
breaking head on the specimen, and place the complete aisembly in position on rhe resring machine' Place the flowmeter, where used, in posiiion over oneLf tne gulae ro
Ayp\y thc lc'ad to the sPeclTt by rrrear\r o( the eonstant ra(e of $K\vcrnen{ of the loa.d.¡rck o< testing-machine head of 50.8 mm (2 in.) per minutc until the maximum loacl is reache
7-For ctlrc specimens, correct the loacl when thickness is orhcr than rrsing thc proper multiplying'factor from Table 2.
Note
5.
ój.5 nrrn (2rl. in ) t.,,
rr REPORT
5.1
.
5.'t
.1
The report shall inclucle the f
Typc of samp[e tested (faboratory sampfc or pavement corc spccínrcrr),
.
{
Note 8-For core specimens' the height of cach test specirnen in nrillimeters (or rnches) sh¡li be reported.
I
5.1.2.
Itteruge t¡taxitt¡unr ltlad in pounds-forcc (()( nr,wtons)
1
5.1.3
threc spc.r.rrrr('n.r. c(¡¿¡¿.(¡cJ
Avcrage flt¡w value' in hundredrhs of an inch, twcnty-[vc huntlrcrlrhs ol
specimens. and
l
l__
a¿ Jca.ct
¡ nril]ir¡ctcr. ¡l
rhrcr
I'est temperature.
5.1 .4.
T!'
TS.2d
-l!P
T 245-9
AAS.HIC
lr I
tt rl
Table 2-stability Corretation
Rarioso
Approximate
\tolune
of
Thickness
of Specimen, Specimen, .l .
cm2thto2l3
2l4 to Z2s 226 to 237 138 r.250 z't toz64
276 21i toz9g 2\üto3il 102 ro jt6 I 17 ro 128 129 ro -']40 l.tl ro l5l .154 ro.tó7 168 ro l7e :r8o (o 192 265 to
,-) V.;
4t)5 .t0ó ro 410 12t to.l3t .1'l l ro.t-11 ¿.14 to 45ó qsl 1t,4-]O 47 I lo 4gZ 48J to 495 {96 ro 508 5Cx) ro 522 l¿3 r/r S3f 5_16 lo 5¿16 541 ro 559 560 ro 573 574 ro 595 58ó to 598 5g) ro 610 6tlro625 :Jr¡ lo
-
..T.*¡surcd
Canvlation tdft()Il
in.
rE l,/,. 1,,\ t,tf
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wire-cloth sieves for Testing purposes
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T 245-10
AASHTO