Agua y Minería en Bolivia

Oerthjjes Nrådhoes kb H`dgrceohÿ` y E`åjhshs

ENRE

Ob`trg kb Kgoucb`teohÿ` b H`dgrceohÿ` Agjhvhe

y ch`brãe b` Agjhvhe

Hcprbsoh`khajbb y bsoese ENRE Hcprbsoh`khaj Kb tgke bj enue kbj pje`bte...

8>%

?%

Bs enue sejeke b` goèe`gs @ubstrg pje`bte thb`b je ceygr pertb kb su supbrﬅohb ouahbrte pgr enue (>5%)6 pbrg te` sgjg uè pbqubõãshce pgrohÿ` bs eoobshajb pere og`sucg (cb`gs kbj 5%). Bstg og`treste og` bj oeråotbr vhtej kbj enue9 rbprbsb`te b`trb 2<-8<% kb je cese kb jgs sbrbs vhvgs (>2% b` jgs sbrbs muce`gs). Ekbcås bs hcprbsoh`khajb pere jgs bogshstbces y `bobserhe b` nre` pertb kb jes eothvhkekbs9 enrhoujture, prgkuoohÿ` kb ahb`bs, bto.

1

>8% 1<%

Bs enue kujob

=% 21% 5% 5% ?=%

ENRE X CH@BQÃE B@ AGJHTHE

Bstå b` b` jg jgs nj njeoherbs

B` je etcÿsdbre

5%

Bs en enue su suatbrrå`be Bs enue eoobshajb b` je supbrﬅohb tbrrbstrb

B` jengs B` pje`tes B` rãgs B` je mucbkek kbj subjg Dub`tb9 Jbe`, N. y Mh`rhomsb`, K. (588;) ohtekg b` (Eèye Nerkuõg y Certh`bz 1<<>)

ENRE _htueohÿ` kbj enue

Tgjucb` fc¿ \grob`teib

Etcÿsdbre Goèe`gs y cerbs (enue sejeke)

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Oesqubtbs y njeoherbs pgjerbs Njeoherbs og`th`b`tejbs y \brcedrgst

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Enue suatbrrå`be sejeke

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Jengs kb enue sejeke

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Mucbkek kbj subjg

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Enue suatbrrå`be kujob

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_u khstrhauohÿ` b` bj pje`bte

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Jengs kb enue kujob Qãgs Bcaejsbs Enue ahgjÿnhoe [gtej enue kujob [gtej enue b` je thbrre

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Enue qub qub sb pubkb uthjhzer uthjhzer (cb`gs kbj 5%) ENRE X CH@BQÃE B@ AGJHTHE

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ENRE _u khstrhauohÿ` b` bj pje`bte Bj og`th`b`tb ecbrhoe`g bs bj qub kb khspg`b kb cås enue (;2% e `hvbj cu`khej) y Agjhvhe goupe bj pubstg #58 kb jgs peãsbs cås rhogs b` bstb vhtej rboursg og` 411,2 Fc?.

Khstrhauohÿ` kbj enue khspg`hajb pgr og`th`b`tb y pbr oåphte eùej

52,2% 1=% 8.?<< c?/eõg/meahte`tb

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52 THB[@EC 54 Q. OG@NG 5> EQNB@[H@E 5= \E\RE @.N. 58 AGJHTHE

1< _RHYE

AGJHTHE y bj enue

\rbohphteohÿ` `grcej b` tbrrhtgrhg èohgèj Ogahie

B` Agjhvhe bxhstb` zgès kbsèrthoes y gtres og` ejtãshces prbohphteohg`bs prbohphteohg`bs pjuvhejbs6 bstgs bxtrbcgs rbstrh`nb`hb` bj eoobsg e bstb rboursg vhtej, enreve`kg jes `bobshkekbs ye bxhstb`tbs.

[rh`hkek

Je \ez Ogomeaecae _e`te Oruz Grurg

_uorb \gtgsã

Oephtejbs kb kbpertecb`tg Jengs _ejerbs

[erhie

Bsoeje pjuvhgcètrhoe (cc) ?2<

=<<


5<<< 1=<<

;2<<

2

Je sbquãe -dejte kb jjuvhes- bs u` db`ÿcb`g ojhcåthog vhòujekg e je dejte kb enue9 ej 1<<1 cås kbj 2=% kb jgs cu`hohphgs kbj peãs tb`ãe` rhbsng ejtg e cuy ejtg pgr sbquães.

Nrekgs kb rhbsng pgr sbquãe Ogahie

(\CE, _H@@_E[, R\EB 1<<1)

Bste eusbòhe kb enue, iu`tg og` gtrgs db`ÿcb`gs ojhcåthogs ogcg jes hù`keohg`bs, mbjekes y nre`hzekes (sucekgs e je ye prbgoupe`tb brgshÿ`) enreve` jgs hcpeotgs sgarb je prgkuoohÿ` enrãogje.

[rh`hkek

(Uuhrgne, y gtrgs 1<<=)

Je \ez Ogomeaecae _e`te Oruz Grurg

_uorb \gtgsã

Aeig [erhie

Cbkhg Ejtg Cuy Ejtg

4


@bobshkek kb enue pere og`sucg kgcèsthog9

@bobshkek kb enue pere rhbng9

Dejte kb sbrvhohgs kb enue pgteajb

Qbqubrhchb`tg eùej kb enue

2.<<< ;.<<< ) ? c s b ` g j j h C ( ` b c u j g T

?.<<< 1.<<< 5.<<<

\gajeohÿ` og` enue (1<<>)9 < - ??% ?; - 25% 21 - 44% 4> - =5% =1 - 5<<%

Bj \je` @eohgèj kb _e`bechb`tg Aåshog (1<<=) bsthcÿ qub ej 1<<> bxhstãe` 1,2 chjjg`bs kb meahte`tbs sh` enue pgteajb y cås kb 2 chjjg`bs sh` se`bechb`tg aåshog. Kbahkg e bjjg sb pje`tbe qub meste bj 1<52 bs `bobserhg ker enue pgteajb e oesh ? chjjg`bs kb meahte`tbs y e cås kb ;,? chjjg`bs ejoe`terhjjekg.

<

582< 58>4 5881 1<<5 1<<2 1<5< 1<52 1<1< 1<12 1
Enue pgteajb

Bj \je` kb Kbserrgjjg kb Qhbng (1<<>) hkb`thﬅoÿ ej 1<<> uè kbce`ke pere hòrbcb`ter 1>4.52; Mes. aeig rhbng qub ab`bﬅoherãe e 1<=.;81 dechjhes. B` tèrch`gs kb rboursgs mãkrhogs sb prgybote ej 1<52 bj rbqubrhchb`tg b` rhbng ejoe`zerå eprgxhcekecb`tb ?.<<< chjjg`bs kb c?. ENRE X CH@BQÃE B@ AGJHTHE

>

R` pe`grece kb je CH@BQÃE b` Agjhvhe QBNEJÃE_9 $us 54>,84 chjjg`bs bj 1<55 (sgjg bj ;,;8% kb jg qub sb prgkuig) HC\RB_[G_9 $us 1>1,< chjjg`bs bj 1<55 (sgjg bj 8,<2% kb jg qub sb prgkuig) DRB@[B_ KB [QEAEIG9 ><.;88 ej 1<55 (=1,2% oggpbrethvhstes)

Je ch`brãe bs je eothvhkek bxtreothve bxtreothve cås hcpgrte`tb kb Agjhvhe kbspuès kb jgs mhkrgoeraurgs y pgr supubstg rbquhbrb kb ENRE. ENRE.

\BQG ·Je ch`brãe use enue ogcg jes gtres eothvhkekbs7 ·Ouå`te enue use je ch`brãe b` rbjeohÿ` og` bj og`sucg kgcèsthog g enrãogje7 ·Jgs kbsbomgs ch`brgs y sus enues rbshkuejbs sg` ogcpereajbs e jes kb u` ob`trg pgajekg7 ·Uuè hcpeotgs thb`b je ch`brãe b` Agjhvhe sgarb je oejhkek kbj enue7 ·_garb je oe`thkek kbj enue7 ·_garb je sgstb`hahjhkek kb je dub`tb kbj enue y bj bogshstbce7

=


Dub`tb9 Bjeagreohÿ` prgphe b` aesb e (Khez Oubjjer 1<55), (Ne`kerhjjes 1<51), (Ch`hstbrhg kb Ch`brãe y Cbtejurnhe 1<5<) y (Ch`hstbrhg kb Ch`brãe y Cbtejurnhe 1<51)

Jgs rhbsngs kb je ch`brãe rbspbotg ej enue

B` Agjhvhe 1<55, jes ch`bres e ohbjg eahbrtg bxpjgterg` 5,= tg`bjekes kb grg, og`suchb`kg ej cb`gs ;5; chjjg`bs kb jhtrgs kb enue.

\ere gatb`br

Jgs rhbsngs kb je ch`brãe rbspbotg ej enue jgs ojeshﬅoecgs b` kgs nre`kbs nrupgs9 5

Rsg kbj enue9

• Je ch`brãe rbquhbrb nre`kbs vgjùcb`bs kb enue nb`bre`kg QHB_NG KB _GAQBB]\JG[EQ jengs, _GAQBB]\JG[EQ jengs, jenuès, vbrthb`tbs, rãgs g enues suatbrrå`bes. • \gr je nre` oe`thkek kb enue qub use, je OGC\B[HQ og` ch`brãe nb`bre QHB_NG KB OGC\B[HQ og` gtrgs usuerhgs pere og`sucg kgcèsthog, rhbng, ababkbrgs kb e`hcejbs u gtrgs usgs.

1

Og`techèohÿ` kbj enue9

• Bj ejtg pgkbr og`techè`tb kb jgs quãchogs

qub use y susteòhes qub nb`bre y kbsbome je ch`brãe edbote je OEJHKEK KBJ ENRE9 - e jg jerng kb je chorgoubòe chorgoubòe y ceorgoubòe ceorgoubòe EC\JHE@KG BJ EJOE@OB NBGNQÅDHOG KB JG_ HC\EO[G_6 - pgr prgjg`nekgs pbrhgkgs b` bj thbcpg EC\JHE@KG BJ EJOE@OB [BC\GQEJ KB JG_ HC\EO[G_6 - y og` bdbotgs og`techè`tbs qub sb EC\JHE@ X EORCRJE@ b` bj ehrb, subjg y sbrbs vhvgs (pje`tes, e`hcejbs y sbrbs muce`gs).

5 nr kb grg sb rbquhbrb

1?< jhtrgs kb enue

_garbbxpjgteohÿ` y ogcpbtbòhe

Chès

Bj pjgcg, ersè`hog, cbrourhg, y oekchg sg` ejnuès kb jes susteòhes tÿxhoes qub je ch`brãe use y/g nb`bre.

Kbscg`tbs Khqub kb ogjes

Og`techèohÿ` Og`techèohÿ` kb oubrpgs kb enue

B`dbrcbkekbs y cubrtb pgr h`tgxhoeohñ` Hcpeotgs b` oujthvgs

Bj Ersè`hog, bs oetbngrhzekg ogcg oeòbrãnb`g, prgkuob arg`quhths, oåòbr kb bsÿdeng, jerh`nb, pujcÿ` y vbihne esã ogcg mbpetgxhohkek, b`dbrcbkekbs vesoujerbs y pgjh`burhths.

Je nb`breohÿ` kb Krbèib Eohkg kb Qgoe pubkb kurer meste cås kb 5<< eõgs.


8

Jgs usgs kbj enue b` je ch`brãe ·B` què og`sucb enue je ch`brãe7

Ch`brãe

_RA[BQQÅ@BE

Ogcg pere oesh tgkes jes eothvhkekbs, bj enue bs vhtej pere je ch`brãe. @g sgjg pere jgs treaeiekgrbs, sh`g pgrqub je ch`brãe sh` enue `g pubkb rbejhzersb. \brg ·b` què og`sucb enue je ch`brãe7 ENRE \EQE OG@_RCG KGCÈ_[HOG. Jgs treaeiekgrbs b` jgs

oecpecb`tgs g ob`trgs pgajekgs rbquhbrb` enue pere ababr, ogohèr, jever, aeõgs, bto. Bstb og`sucg bs pgog shn`hﬅoethvg b` vgjucb` drb`tb ej tgtej b` uè gpbreohÿ` ch`bre6 pbrg `g pgr bsg kbie kb sbr hcpgrte`tb pubs bstå vhòujekg e je sejuk kb jgs treae iekgrbs iekgrbs ch`brgs. ch`brgs. ENRE \EQE JE B]\JGQEOHß@. _b use enue pere je og`struoohÿ` kb h`drebstruoture y prhòhpejcb`tb pbrdgreohg`bs. Bj vgjucb` kb enue tecahè` bs cã`hcg. ENRE \EQE JE B]\JG[EOHß@. B` je ch`brãe suatbrrå`be sb bcpjbe bj enue pere je pbrdgreohÿ` og` tejekrgs, sh` bcaerng subjb sbr cås hcpgrte`tb bxtrebr jes ‚enues ch`bres– nb`brekes b` jgs sgoevg`bs g prgkuotg kb prbohphteohg`bs. ENRE \EQE [QE@_\GQ[B. B` je ch`brãe e ohbjg eahbrtg, b` ejnu`gs nre`kbs bcprb`khchb`tgs ch`brgs bxhstb` kuotgs qub, iu`tg og` enue, tre`spgrte` ch`brej ch`brej kb`gchèkgs kb`gchèkgs CH@BQGKR CH@BQGKROO[G_ (b` ouyg oesg bstb usg jjbne e rbprbsb`ter meste bj 4% kbj tgtej og`suchkg). _h` bcaerng jg cås ogcù` bs qub b` ch`brãe e

ohbjg eahbrtg bj usg prhòhpej kb enue vhòujekg ej tre`spgrtb bs b` bj rhbng kb oech`gs pere rbkuohr bj pgjvg b` suspb`shÿ` qub sb nb`bre og` bj pesg og`ste`tb kb oechg`bs-vgjqubtes kb ejtg tg`bjeib. Bstb og`sucg jjbne meste u` 52% kbj tgtej. 5<


Ch`brãe

OHBJG EAHBQ[G

\rgobsechb`tg kbj Ch`brej QÃG KB_CG@[B KHURB KB OGJE_ [QH[RQEOHß@ CGJHB@KE

CH@E _B\EQEOHß@ KBJ CH@BQEJ

ENRE

QBEO[HTG_

ENRE \EQE BJ \QGOB_ECHB@[G KB CH@BQEJB_.

Qbprbsb`te bj ceygr og`sucg kb enue og` rbspbotg ej tgtej kbj vgjùcb`. Jgs prgobsgs kb bxtreo ohÿ` sb h`hohe` og` bj vbrthkg kb nre`kbs vgjùcb`bs kb enue y

rbeothvgs quãchogs ej ch`brej

cgjhkg. _h ahb` ogòjuhke je gatbòhg` kbj cbtej, uè pgrohg` kb enue sb pubkb rboupbrer y rbuthjhzer, sb kbsbome nre` pertb kbj enue og` bjbvekes ogòb`treohg`bs kb susteòhes quhchoes.

OG@OB@[QEKG _BOEKG KBJ OG@OB@[QEKG ENRE JHC\HE ENRE QBOHOJEKE

CH@BQEJ \EQE DR[RQG \QGOB_ECHB@[G

ENRE QB_HKREJ URÃCHOG_

[QE@_\GQ[B KB OG@OB@[QEKG_ X KB_BOMG_. \ertb kbj enue kbsoerteke

dgrce pertb kb jgs kbsbomgs qub b` bj cbigr kb jgs oesgs sg` kbpgshtekgs b` khqubs6 b` bste btepe pertb kbj enue sb bvepgre, rbthb`b g h`ﬅjtre. Jecb`teajbcb`tb bs cås ogcù` je

pråothoe kb vbrtbrjgs khrbotecb`tb e rãgs. ENRE X CH@BQÃE B@ AGJHTHE

55

·Ouå`te enue og`sucb je ch`brãe b` Agjhvhe7 Oue`kg sb trete kb bsthcer bj og`sucg kb enue kb jgs khsth`tgs sbotgrbs, bs hcpgrte`tb ogòb`trersb b` bj bspeohg kb je oubòe. B` ùbstrg peãs, je ch`brãe bs je NQE@ OG@_RCHKGQE kb enue b` jes oubòes kg`kb sb bòub`tre uahoeke. Ejnu`gs oesgs orãthogs kbj ejtg og`sucg kb enue kb je ch`brãe b` Agjhvhe sb prbsb`te` b` je shnuhb`tb ogcpereohÿ`.

Og`sucg kb enue kb nre`kbs gpbreohg`bs ch`bres b` Grurg, Agjhvhe Gpbreohÿ`

Oe`thkek kb enue uthjhzeke VJ/kãeS

1=.4<4.<4< jhtrgs pgr kãe

Bquhvejbòhee kb Bquhvejbòh og`sucg b` enue pgteajb og` je ohukek kb Grurg*

OG@_RCG OHRKEK KB GQRQG

Dub`tb

5<=.>82.=?= jhtrgs pgr kãe

Qbdbrbòhe

8% >>% 11% ?% 52% 88% ?% 52?% * Je prgkuoohÿ` kb enue pgteajb kb _brvhohg Jgoej kb Eoubkuotgs y Ejoe`terhjjekg‟Grurg(_bje) bj 1<55 ejoe`zÿ 5<.;12.1<8 J/kãe (Je \etrhe 1<51)6 bj og`sucg, pgr pbrkhkes, og` sbnurhkek dub cb`gr. Grurg thb`b uè pgajeohÿ` bsthceke kb 1?2.><< meahte`tbs (1<55).

51


Dub`tb9 (Jeycb 1<51) y (Jbce` Og`sujth`n Nrgup _.Q.J. 1<5<) og` ogcpjbcb`teohg`bs prgphes.

Jgs hcpeotgs kbj og`sucg kb enue BC\QB_E CH@BQE

_e` Orhstÿaej \brãcbtrg Chorgoubòe Ieufhmue Oerrbtbres Qãgs

Thje Thje

Bstes enues suatbrrå`bes eù` sb kbaetb sh

Chorgoubòe Ieufhmue

_e` Orhstÿaej 2 pgzgs kb agcabg Oecpg @grtb

b z p h J b k b

k

`

e

Kbpÿshtg kb ogjes Mueyjje Fmere

4 pgzgs kb agcabg Oecpg _ur

Ekbcås kbj ejtg og`sucg kbj enue kb jes chès, bs hcpgrte`tb og`shkbrer jgs hcpeotgs qub je ch`brãe thb`b b` je OE@[HKEK KB ENRE kb JE_ DRB@[B_ KB ENRE9 je ch`brãe suatbrrå`be g e ohbjg eahbrtg agcabe meohe edubre bj enue suatbrrå`be, edbote`kg je èpe drbåthoe, khschùyb`kg g meohb`kg kbseperbobr pgzgs, vbrthb`tbs, rãgs, ceè`thejbs u gtres dub`tbs kb enue. Bj og`sucg bsthcekg kb enue kb je bcprbse ch`bre _e` Orhstÿaej (C_O), uè kb jes cås nre`kbs chès kb pjete e `hvbj cu`khej, bs kb ;? chjjg`bs kb jhtrgs pgr kãe (5,2 vbobs je ohukek kb Grurg) kb 1< pgzgs prgdu`kgs (meste 18< c) b` je chorgoubòe Ieufhmue.

r

N g

ã

Q

sg` enues dÿshjbs prgdu`kes (sh` rboernes hcpgrte`tbs, eoucujekes b` chjbs kb eõgs y pgr te`tg `g rb`gveajbs). _b bsthce qub b` 1< eõgs kb kureohÿ` kbj prgybotg sb mearå` bxtreãkg 181.<<< chjjg`bs kb jhtrgs. Jgs hcpeotgs kbj ejtg og`sucg kb enues bogjÿnhoecb`tb drånhjbs sg` je prhòhpej prbgoupeohÿ`. Jes enues suatbrrå`bes rbohab` sgjg 5>2 cc kb jjuvhe eùejcb`tb (1;< cc/eõg b` Ieufhmue sbnù` C_O), pbrg

je ejture, je juz y bj vhb`tg meob` qub je bvepgreohÿ` kb enue sbe ceygr9 5.2<
jg qub bj enue suatbrrå`be eoucujeke meob cås 5< chj eõgs bs je qub pbrchtb bxhste` vbrthb`tbs, agdbkejbs y mucbkek b` bj subjg pere je bxhstbòhe kb pestgs.

Oujphè F YG@E

_garbbxpjgter bstes enues hcpjhoe qub bj `hvbj kb je èpe drbåthoe aeib og`shkbreajbcb`tb y qub, sh bs bj oesg, sb rbqubrhrãe` cuomgs eõgs pere qub jes enues suatbrrå`bes sb pubke` rboupbrer (sb bsthce` 4< eõgs)6 thbcpg b` bj qub jgs bogshstbces qub kbpb`kb` kb bstb rboursg kbseperbobrå` (Cgre` 1<<8 y Jbce` Og`sujth`n Nrgup _.Q.J. 1<5<). _h ahb` C_O ernucb`te qub jgs hcpeotgs kb sbcbie`tb og`sucg kb enue sb jhchterå` te` sgjg e je chorgoubòe kb 41 Fc1, bxhstb` sÿjhkgs ernucb`tgs pere prbvbr qub jgs hcpeotgs sb ecpjherå` e je rbnhÿ`9 bj rãg Nre`kb kb Jhpbz, jes dub`tbs kb enue kb jes ogcu`hkekbs ogjh`ke`tbs (_e` Orhstgaej, Oujphè F, Qãg Nre`kb y Thje Thje) y pgr te`tg sus eothvhkekbs enrgpbouerhes, esã ogcg bj bogshstbce jgoej kbj qub dgrce pertb bste zgè kbj rãg Nre`kb kb Jhpbz. Bj ejtg `hvbj kb og`sucg kbj enue edbote tecahè` e jgs gtrgs usuerhgs kb bstes dub`tbs kb enue9 - Rsg kgcèsthog kbj enue. Bj enue kb jes ogcu`hkekbs _e` Orhstÿaej, Oujphè F y Thje Thje sg` h`suﬅohb`tbs meahb`kg rbejhzekg C_O gares pere eucb`ter bj oeukej kbj enue pere og`sucg kb bstes ogcu`hkekbs. - Rsg enrgpbouerhg y agdbkejbs. @g bxhstb h`dgrceohÿ` prbohse sgarb què agdbkejbs bxhstb` `h ouåjbs sg` sus oereotbrãsthoes pbrg jgs hcpeotgs kb je bxpjgteohÿ` og` sbnurhkek ecbèzerå` su bxhstbòhe y og` bjje je kb jgs e`hcejbs qub kbpb`kb kb èstgs.


5?

Og`techèohÿ` kbj Enue pgr je Ch`brãe b` Agjhvhe ·Oÿcg je ch`brãe og`techè g edbote bj enue7 Je eothvhkek ch`bre nb`bre enues åohkes qub rbsujte` kbj og`teotg kb ohbrtgs ch`brejbs og` bj enue y gxhnb`g, kb`gchèkes ‚enue kb chès–, b` tèrch`gs cås prbohsgs Krbèib Åohkg kb Chès (KEC) y Krbèib Åohkg kb Qgoe (KEQ). Bstes ‚enues kb chès– rbsujte kb prgobsgs quãchogs b mhkrgahgjÿnhogs qub pubkb` kurer ohb`tgs kb eõgs.

KQB@EIB KB ENRE_ KB CH@E_ _RA[BQQÅ@BE_

KQB@EIB KB K B [QEAEIG B@ [EIG_

Je ch`brãe suatbrrå`be, ej pbrdgrer sgoevg`bs b` bj suasubjg nb`bre bspeohgs pgr jgs ouejbs fiuyb` enues suatbrrå`bes, qub pere pgkbr bxtrebr y treaeier b` jes chès, kbab` agcaber ej bxtbrhgr.

Je ch`brãe e ohbjg eahbrtg treaeie e je h`tbcpbrhb pbrdgre`kg ‚teigs eahbrtgs– kb nre` prgdu`khkek (meste ;<< cts.). Bstgs teigs pubkb` edboter enues suatbrrå`bes y jes jjuvhes qub ‚hù`ke`– bj teig y ‚jeve`– sus perbkbs tecahè` nb`bre` enue kb chès.

Jes ‚OGJE_– g rbshkugs kbj prgobsechb`tg kbj ch`brej qub og`thb`b` enue y ‚OGJE_– g kbsbomgs, sg` sg` tecahè` dub`tb kb og`techèohÿ`. Bj enue rbqubrhke pere bj tretechb`tg kbj ch`brej ej sbr kbsbomeke og`thb`b quãchogs y ch`brejbs b` ejtes ogòb`treohg`bs, cuomgs kb bjjgs tÿxhogs. Bstes ogjes sg` ejceobèkes b` khqubs6 kg`kb bj enue sb bvepgre, rbthb`b g h`ﬅjtre6 jecb`teajbcb`tb bs ces ogcø` qub sb jes vhbrte khrbotecb`tb e rêgs. 5;


BDJRB@[B_ KB KB_CG@[B_ (EORCRJEOHß@ KB KB_BOMG_) Jgs kbsbomgs kb cetbrhej (g ne`ne) sg` eoucujekgs b` bspeohgs qub sg` ‚jevekgs– pgr je jjuvhe.

Enue kb chès y ogjes

Bstes ‚enues kb chès– y ‚ogjes– ej b`trer b` og`teotg og` dub`tbs kb enue nb`bre`...

• Eohkbz y turahkbz. • [re`spgrte` cbtejbs pbsekgs. • \rgvgoe` je pbrkhke kb ouejhkekbs

dãshoes, ahgjÿnhoes y quãchoes kbj enue.

Oereotbrãsthoes tÿxhoes pere jgs bogshstbces y jgs sbrbs vhvgs

Ej og`shkbrer qub bj enue sb og`vhbrtb b` bj prhòhpej cbkhg kb tre`spgrtb pgr bj qub bstes susteòhes tÿxhoes sb tre`sﬅbrb` e jgs bogshstbces eucb`te je `bobshkek kb bvhter su og`techèohÿ`. ENRE X CH@BQÃE B@ AGJHTHE

52

Oesgs orãthogs kb og`techèohÿ` mãkrhoe b` Agjhvhe Je oubòe kbj jeng \ggpÿ bstå ogcpubste pgr 11 chorg oubòes kb 1? e 1.2>> Fc 1 og` kgs jengs pgog prgdu`kgs9 \ggpÿ (prgdu`khkek cåxhce kb ?,2 c) y Rru-Rru (prgdu`khkek cåxhce kb 5 c). Bstgs oubrpgs kb enue sg` rbnujekgrbs kb tbcpbreture kb bste bogrbnhÿ`, dub`tbs kb ahgkhvbrshkek y cuy sb`shajbs e oecahgs ojhcetgjÿnhogs ojhcetgjÿnh ogs y og`techèohÿ` mãkrhoe. B` bj årbe kb je oubòe vhvb` eprgxhcekecb`tb 5?<.<<< meahte`tbs. Bj jeng \ggpÿ bs uè kb jes dub`tbs kb enue cås og`techèkes pgr cbtejbs cbt ejbs pbsekgs kb verhes chès kb Grurg9 Th`tg, Fgrh Fgjjg, _e` Igsb, _hòmh êyre, Mueù`h, bto. Bs u` jeng ejtecb`tb sejh`g og` ejtg `hvbj kb ogòb`treohÿ` kb susteòhes tÿxhoes9 rbohab kherhecb`tb ?8 Fn. kb oekchg, ?.848 Fn. kb zhò, =15 Fn. kb ersè`hog y >? Fn. kb pjgcg.

Bj jeng \GG\ß

Og`trhauohÿ` kb cbtejbs pbsekgs pgr oeke rãg trhauterhg Oe`thkek kb cbtejbs pbsekgs vbrthkgs kherhecb`tb

b` bj jeng \ggpÿ pgr sus trhauterhgs (Fn/kãe) Qãgs \rhòhpejbs chès y og`techè`tbs QÃG KB_ENREKBQG • Du`khohÿ` kb Th`tg, Chè Fgrh Fgjjg (\ub`tb Fereshjje) Fereshjje) (Ersb`hog, Yhò y Oekchg) QÃG KB_ENREKBQG (\ub`tb Ergce)

Ersè`hog \jgcg

Yhò

Oekchg

=15,=2 >?,<21 ?.848,;8

?8,82

><,?2% 4;,;?% ;,1>%

1,5=%

55,15% 5>,8>% 5,<8%

5,8%

QÃG E@[BURBQE

• Chè _e` Igsb (\jgcg) • Agjhver - _hòmh êyre (Oekchg y Yhò)

<,<5%

<,44% 24,8?% ?1,81%

QÃG MRE@R@H

• Chès [gtgrej y Evhoeye <,<1% • Chè b h`nb`hg Mueù`h (Oekchg y Yhò)

1,1?% ?;,?;% 45,1?%

QÃG [EIEQH[E

5>,15% 5?,5>% 1,>4%

5,12%

Dub`tb9 Bjeagreohÿ` prgphe b` aesb e (@everrg [grrbs, Yecgre Bomb`hqub y _h`nm 1<51)

54


Oubòe kbj Jeng \ggpÿ

YG@E EC\JHEKE

Bj oesg kb MRE@R@H9 kbsestrb ecahb`tej

Bj rãg Mueù`h vhbrtb kherhecb`tb ej Jeng \ggpÿ b`trb 5.?4? Fn. kb zhò, 51; nr. kb ersè`hog, 5,4? Fn. kb pjgcg y 1;,;4 fn. kb oekchg. Bstgs `hvbjbs kb og`techèohÿ` y jgs hcpeotgs sgarb je vhke meob` kb èstb preothoe`tb u` ‚rãg cubrtg–. Je chè Mueù`h bs je oeuse ob`trej kb bste og`techèohÿ`6 bs je cås hcpgr te`tb chè kb bsteõg kb Agjhvhe, tecahè` sb bxpjgte \jete, Yhò y \jgcg. \gsgfg`h

Khqub kb ogjes Oeterhoenue

@ubvg H`nb`hg ?<<< [@ H`nb`hg _e`te Bjbè Khqub kb ogjes ^hje Fmgjju (prgybotg) ^hje (prgybotg)

Q ã g

MRE@R@H

M u e

`

u

`

h

Ob`trg Ch`brg Mueù`h

Q

ã

g

T b

` t e

y C b

k h e

YG@E EC\JHEKE

Bxtreoohÿ`

5.<<< [`/kãe

\rgobsechb`tg pgr jgs h`nb`hgs _e`te Bjbè y Ceomeoeceroe

5.;<< [`/kãe

\rgkuoohÿ` prgcbkhg (1<<8-1<55)

8.>85 tcd

Goupe h`khrbotecb`tb uè supbrﬅohb kbj 15% kbj årbe tgtej kb subjgs oujthvekgs Rsg kb enue9 48% kbj vgjucb` tgtej kb jes dub`tbs supbrﬅohejbs kb je oubòe ENRE X CH@BQÃE B@ AGJHTHE

5?5,?= Mes 1.;?4.524 c?/eõg

5>

Jgs prhòhpejbs dgogs nb`brekgrbs kb og`techèohÿ` sg` 5.2?5.2<< [g`. kb kbscg`tbs khstrhauhkgs b` verhgs pu`tgs9 Kbscg`tb b` je obroe`ãe kb je ohce kbj Obrrg \gsgfg`h, pertb pertb ejte Qãg Oeterh Oemue, Kbscg`tb b` sbotgrbs Merrhsg` y \ethõg, Kbscg`tb b` sbotgr [ejhscå`, Agoechès Bspbre`ze y Cerãe Dreòhsoe, \je`te kb ogòb`treohÿ` _e`te Bjbè, Ogjes b` bj sbotgr \grvb`hr y b` bj jbomg kbj Qãg Mueù`h. (KHCE OGCHAGJ 1<51) Je prgkuoohÿ` enrgpbouerhe qub use jes enues kbj rãg Mueù`h thb`b `hvbjbs kb oekchg qub sgarbpese` jgs bstå`kerbs pbrchshajbs kb je Grne`hzeohÿ` Cu`khej Cu`khej kb je j e _ejuk. Je og`techèohÿ` me edbotekg e pje`tes èthves qub sg` aesb du`kecb`tej kbj ejhcb`tg kb neèkg9

H

Je prgkuoohÿ` enrgpbouerhe qub use jes enues kbj rãg Mueù`h thb`b `hvbjbs kb Oekchg qub sgarbpese` jgs

bstå`kerbs pbrchshajbs pbrchshajbs kb je GC_

Oujthvg

\epe Uuhùe Meae [rhng

MRE@R@H

(cn/fn) <,?21 <,=4< <,58= <,?<<

Tbobs qub supbre bj jãchtb bsteajbohkg

pgr je DE DEG G GC_ (<,5 cn/fn) ?,2 vbobs =,4 vbobs 1,< vbobs ?,< vbobs

Dub`tb9 (OGCHAGJ & _wbkhxm Nbgjgnhoej EA 5882)

Bstgs hcpeotgs dubrg` je rezÿ` pere qub jes ogcu`hkekbs edbotekes sb cgvhjhzere` kbce`ke`kg eoohg`bs h`cbkhetes. [res eõgs kb cgvhjhzeohÿ`, sb bchtb bj K_ @¼ ??2 bj 15 kb gotuarb kb 1<<8 qub kbojere ‚_htueohÿ` kb Bcbrnbòhe kb oeråotbr Kbpertecb`tej–, kbahkg e je h`ch`b`tb edboteohÿ` e je sejuk muceè y je sbnurhkek ejhcb`terhe goeshgèke pgr je prgjg`neke prbsbòhe kb og`techèohÿ` y sejh`hzeohÿ` kb jgs subjgs kbj årbe kb h`fiubòhe kb je _ua-Oubòe Mueù`h kbj Kbpertecb`tg kb Grurg. Ej prbsb`tb e pbser kbj epgyg bog`ÿchog kb je R`hÿ Burgpbe sb me` biboutekg cbkhkes sh` rbsujtekgs bdbothvgs9 bj khqub kb ogjes kb Oeterhoenue eù` `g duòhgè pjbècb`tb, og`th`ùe je kbsoerne kb og`techè`tbs ej Qãg Mueù`h y `g sb me` rbejhzekg eoohg`bs pere chthner jgs hcpeotgs ecahb`tejbs b` bj rãg, su jbomg, bj jeng \ggpÿ y jes ogcu`hkekbs ogcu`hkekbs edbotekes.

5=


Je og`techèohÿ` me edbotekg e pje`tes èthves qub sg` aesb du`kecb`tej kbj ejhcb`tg kb neèkg9 \estgs b` _gre _gre

·Ouå`tes vbobs bxobkb bstå`kerbs h`tbrèohgèjbs7

\eie suevb

= vbobs b` Ersè`hog

5 vbz b` \jgcg

[mgje

= vbobs vbobs b` Ersè`hog Ersè`hog 1 vbobs b` \jgcg

? vbobs vbobs b` Oekchg Oekchg 5 vbz b` Ogarb

[gtgre [gtgre

= vbobs vbobs b` Ersè`hog Ersè`hog

Bstg rbsujte b` qub bj og`sucg bsthcekg kb cbtejbs kb u` neèkg bs9

; n/cbs kb Ersè`hog ;?> n/cbs kb Yhò 51 nrecgs kb \jgcg

5? n/cbs kb Oekchg = n/cbs kb Bsteõg

Dub`tb9 (Oehomgoe Oejjb 1<51) aesekg b` (Cg`tgye Omgqub, y gtrgs 1<55)

Q h g N r e ` k b

gomeaecae

b` 1<<> sb jjb`b b` su tgtejhkek, oucpjhb`kg su vhke ùthj6 5.<2<.<<< c? kb oepeohkek y 8,5 Me. kb supbrﬅohb. (Tbrzet 1<<4) • Bj khqub _e` E`tg`hg, sh ahb` me og`trhauhkg

Qãg \HJOGCEXG9 Ejoeòb kb jgs hcpeotgs kb jgs h`nb`hgs ch`brgs kb \gtgsã

b e r b m e p g O Q h g Omhcgrb

_E@[E OQRY

_e`te Qgse kbj _ere

OGOMEAECAE

Cg`tbrg

_e`te Oruz

_e` Igsbkb Omhquhtgs

rg Ehquhjb

Qgagrb

Oephte` \eajg Jenbrb`ze

\gtgsh Oechrh OMRURH_EOE H

b` ejnù` nrekg e khschùhr bj `hvbj kb

\ubrtg _uerbz Ogrucae

_uorb

g g

Ryu`h

Oubòe kbj \hjogceyg

Nb`brej Bunb`hg E. Nerey

Q

ã g

Qhg Q hg \h je je ye

[erhie

h e u n e r e \ h g Q

\ h j o

g

[EQHIE

c

Thjjezg`

e

Je Uuheoe [ertenej _e` Qecg` kb je @ubve Gre`

y

g Ogòbpohg`

_e` _ejvekgr kb Iuiuy

Bj rãg \hjogceyg bs bj prhòhpej rãg kb je ceorgoubòe kbj \jete, èob b` \gtgsã, etrevhbse Omuquhseoe y bj Omeog terhibõg jjbne`kg meste \erenuey y Ernb`thè, ouarb 145.<<< Fc 1. Bstb rãg bs u`g kb jgs cås edbotekgs pgr je ch`brãe ej rbohahr je og`techèohÿ` kb oesh cbkhe ob`tbè kb h`nb`hgs ch`brgs kb \gtgsã.

·Uuè sb me mbomg pere rbcbkher bste shtueohÿ`7 Jes cbkhkes kb chthneohÿ` sb me` ogòb`trekg sgjg b` uè pertb kbj prgajbce, jgs kbsbomgs kb jgs h`nb`hgs ch`brgs b` \gtgsã. • Jgs khqubs kb ogjes Jenuè \ecpe H y HH

Khqub Jenuè \ecpe H y HH

Khqub _e` E`tg`hg

(1<<;), rbohahbrg` ;<.;>; [g`/cbs, [g`/cbs, og` u` `hvbj kb tretechb`tg h`suﬅohb`tb (enues og` ejtg \m supbre`kg `hvbjbs kb \jgcg y Oekchg). Bste ejte kbsoerne goeshg`ÿ qub

og`techèohÿ` b` bj \hjogceyg, tecpgog thb`b u` tretechb`tg ekbouekg (kbthb`b sgjg rbjevbs, `g thb`b pje`te kb tretechb`tg) y pgr je ejte kbsoerne sb bsthce qub rbkuohrå su vhke ùthj pje`hﬅoeke kb 54 eõgs e sgjg >.

Bj kbrrecb kb kuotg kb ogjes kbj cbneprgybotg _e` Aertgjgcè kb Ce`quhrh (1<<8) y je rupture kbj khqub kb ogjes kb \grog kb OGC_RQ (5884), sg` prubaes qub bstes cbkhkes `g sg` uè sgjuohÿ` sgstb`hajb. (Qhabre Erhscb`kh 1<5<)

E pbser kb bstes cbkhkes jgs h`khoekgrbs kb oejhkek kb enue `g cbigre`. Jgs bjbvekgs prbohgs kb jgs ch`brejbs y je rbeothveohÿ` kb verhes chès me` bjbvekg jes ogòb`treohg`bs kb pjgcg y oekchg9 pere bj eõg 1<<4, supbre` rbspbothvecb`tb b` ? y 5,? vbobs jgs peråcbtrgs kb je GC_. (Tbrzet 1<<4)

Enukhzeohÿ` Enukhzeohÿ` kbj prgajbce

Kbskb bj eõg 52>? bxhstb ch`brãe b` \gtgsã pbrg `g bs meste 58=2, qub og` je oeãke kb jgs prbohgs kbj bsteõg je ch`brãe khvbrshﬅoe su prgkuoohÿ` (bxtreyb`kg \jgcg, Yhò, \jete) y pere gatb`br ceygrbs rb`khchb`tgs h`trgkuob tbo`gjgnães kb prgobsechb`tg og` usg kb quãchogs (xe`tetgs, sujdetgs kb ogarb, sujdetgs kb zhò, oej, bspuce`tbs y oheùrg kb pgteshg). \ere 588= bxhstãe` ;1 pje`tes kb prgobsechb`tg b` Qãg Qhabre og` uè oepeohkek kb tretechb`tg kb 5.2<< [g`/kãe (2?<.<<< [g`/eõg), [g`/eõg), kbsbome`kg eùejcb`tb ?4<.<<< tg`bjekes kb rbjevbs ch`brgs og` ejtg og`tb`hkg kb pjgcg, ersè`hog y gtrgs cbtejbs b` jgs rãgs Qhabre, Mueyèceyu y Fgrhceyu (Cbkhè Mgygs y _cgjkbrs 1<<2). R` bstukhg kb IHOE y je prbdboture kb \gtgsã bsthcÿ qub b` 5888 sb vbrtãe` kherh kherhecb`tb ecb`tb b` bj rãg ?<< ?<< fn. kb Ersè`ho Ersè`hog, g, 5<< fn. fn. kb kb Oekchg, Oekchg, 1 tg`. kb \jgcg, \jgcg, 1<-?< tg`. kb Yhò Yhò y ; tg`. kb Bsteõg (Chtsuh Ch`brej Kbvbjgp`jb`t B`nh`bbrh`n Og. Jtk, R@HOG H`tbrèthgèj Og., Jtk. 5888).


58

Je pgjãthoe ch`bre9 Jgs ch`brgs sg` jgs kubõgs kbj enue Drb`tb e bste rbejhkek jes `grces y pgjãthoes bsteajbob`9 • Je prhgrhkek kbj enue pere je ch`brãe, • Je b`trbne kb hcpgrte`tbs hcpgrte`tbs dub`tbs kb enue pere pere je eothvhkek ch`bre ch`bre y • \goe g `h`nuè rbspubste pere rbcbkher jgs keõgs ecahb`tejbs

y edboteohÿ` e pbrsgès, prgkuoohÿ` enrãogje y bj cbkhg ecahb`tb.

@grcethve y pgjãthoes pùajhoes9 Bj enue pere jgs ch`brgs y bj Bstekg eusb`tb

Jes jbybs b`trbne` bj enue e je ch`brãe B` tgke je mhstgrhe agjhvheè je gjhnerquãe ch`bre me shkg quhb` me khsbõekg jes `grces y pgjãthoes, pgr bjjg chscg me pubstg bj enue e khspgshohÿ` kb je ch`brãe. - Je jby kb Enues bjeagreke b` 5=>8 bjbveke e re`ng kb jby b` 58<4, 5<8 b`trbne je prgphbkek kbj enue b` bj bspeohg kb je chè ej ch`brg ogòbshg`bs (ert. ?2). Meste bj cgcb`tg `g sb me eprgaekg uè ùbve Jby kb ch`bres qub ouarb` Enues qub oecahb bste shtueohÿ`. uè supbrﬅohb kb - Kbskb bsb b`tgòbs b`tgòbs [GKG_ [GKG_ jgs oÿkhngs ch`brgs b`trbne` b`trbne` bj bj 48.=>< Mes. jharb usg kb enues b` bj årbe kb sus ogòbshg`bs e jgs ch`brgs. dubrg` b`trbnekes Kbskb bj oÿkhng kb ch`brãe kb 5812 (ert. 55;-511), pese`kg pese`kg bj ogcg ogòbshg`bs Kborbtg Jby kb 5842 y bjbvekg e re`ng kb Jby b` 5885(ert. =2, kb enue => y 8<), meste bj Oÿkhng Ch`brg kb Ng`h kb 588> (ert. (er t. ?4-?=). - Bj eotuej prgybotg kb Jby Ch`bre (Ert. 22, 28) meob jg chscg.

Jgs >.4?= kbrbomgs ch`brgs (ogòbshg`bs y og`tretgs) vhnb`tbs meste bj 1<51 thb`b ¡kbrbomg e user jharbcb`tb bj enue!

B@ => EÕG_, JE_ @GQCE_ \QÅO[HOECB@[B @G ME@ OEC AHEKG!!! Bj oeråotbr ‚bstretènhog y kb h`tbrès h `tbrès g `bobshkek pùajhoe– me shkg bj pbrce`b`tb prbtbxtg pere prhgrhzer bj enue pere je ch`brãe e`tbs qub pere gtrgs usgs6 pbrg... 1<


·Uuè bs cås bstretènhog y kb `bobshkek g h`tbrès pùajhog qub bj enue pere bj og`sucg kgcèsthog, pere ejhcb`tersb, pere prgkuohr ejhcb`tgs, pere bj cbkhg ecahb`tb7

·Kÿ`kb qubke bj rbog`gohchb`tg kbj kbrbomg muce`g ej enue7 ·bj rbog`gohchb`tg kbj kbrbomg ej enue pere je vhke7

Nre` pertb kbj enue ye bstå aeig bj og`trgj kb je ch`brãe

Ogòbshg`bs Ch`bres Mucbkejbs

52 Mucbkejbs bstå` supbrpubstgs og` ogòbshg`bs ogòbshg`bs ch`bres ch`bres (Ketgs ej 1<5?). 1<5?).

JG_ MRCBKEJB_ sg` zgès kb je supbrﬅohb tbrrbstrb tbcpgrej g pbrce`b`tbcb`tb hù`kekes, rbnujekes pgr deotgrbs ojhcåthogs y qub pgr sus oereotbrãsthoes bspboãﬅoes sg` vhtejbs pere jgs sbrbs vhvgs qub je meahte` (cuomgs kb bjjgs bspbohbs b`kèchoes)6 og`dgrce`kg b` sã g shb`kg bsbòhejbs pere jgs bogshstbces kg`kb sb bòub`tre`. B` Agjhvhe bstå` prgtbnhkgs pgr Jby 1?2> y je Og`vbòhÿ` Qbjethve e jgs Mucbkejbs kb Hcpgrteòhe H`tbrèohgèj, Qecser 58>5.

Bstgs mucbkejbs qub eaeroe` ?.?84.?11,1; Me. rbprbsb`te` bj ;;,4% kb je supbrﬅohb kbj tgtej kb mucbkejbs b` Agjhvhe (Ketgs ej 1<5?)

Hòjuhkgs Bj \e`teèj b` _e`te Oruz, jes Jjeùres Hù`kekes kb je zgè _urbstb kbj Ab`h, jgs Jengs Rru Rru y \ggpÿ b` Grurg

Bstg hcpjhoe qub jes EO[HTHKEKB_ CH@BQE_ og` ogòbshg`bs b` bstes zgès pubkb` user jharbcb`tb bj enue kb bstgs mucbkejbs og` prbgoupe`tbs hcpeotgs sgarb jgs chscgs.

Nre` pertb kbj enue ye bstå aeig bj og`trgj kb je ch`brãe

2=8 rãgs y ?; jenuès bstå`

supbrpubstgs og` ogòbshg`bs ch`bres (Ketgs 1<5?)

Ogòbshg`bs Ch`bres Qãgs Jengs y Jenuès

Èstgs rbprbsb`te` bj 2<,>% kb je supbrﬅohb tgtej kb jengs y jenuès b` Agjhvhe (Ketgs 1<5?). B`trb jgs cås hcpgrte`tbs bstå` jgs jengs [hthoeoe, \ggpg y Rru Rru, Jenuè Objbstb y Jenuè Tbrkb (jgs trbs prhcbrgs shthgs QEC_EQ).

Bstgs rãgs rbprbsb`te` cås kbj 58.8% kb je khsteòhe tgtej kb jgs rãgs b` Agjhvhe (Ketgs ej 1<5?)

\ere devgrbobr y epgyer e je ch`brãe bj Bstekg sã bstuvg prbsb`tb6 pbrg pere kbdb`kbr jgs kbrbomgs kb je pgajeohÿ` edboteke pgr je ch`brãe je ER_B@OHE KBJ B_[EKG B_[ EKG me shkg je rbnje.

Cboe`hscgs bstetejbs pere bj og`trgj y cg`htgrbg kb nre`kbs bcprbses

\ere je ch`brãe nre`kb, cej jjeceke ‚cbkheè–, ekbcås kb jgs h`strucb`tgs kb rbnujeohg` kb ejoeòb perthoujer pere gatb`br je Jhobòhe Ecahb`tej, bj Bstekg prgcubvb ogcg pgjãthoe ecahb`tej bj ‚ER[GOG@[QGJ–

H`vbrshÿ` pùajhoe b` je rbcbkheohÿ` ecahb`tej kb je og`techèohÿ` ch`bre ·Bs u` prgajbce kb dejte kb rboursgs7

Je h`vbrshÿ` kb OGCHAGJ b` GOMG EÕG_ (1<<1 -1<5<) b` rbcbkheohÿ` ecahb`tej bs cã`hce! Bquhvejb`tb e9

• Bs bj oesg kb je bcprbse _e` Orhstgaej Orhstgaej y je

gatbòhÿ` kbj H_G 5;<<<9 je ù`hoe bcprbse og` bste obrthﬅoeohÿ` `g nere`thze je chthneohÿ` kb jgs hcpeotgs kb je bxpjgteohÿ` kb ;1 chjjg`bs kb jhtrgs/kãe kb enues suatbrrå`bes dÿshjbs • bj ><% kb jes rbnejães rbnejães kb je bcprbses

bstetejbs kb R@ EÕG (1<55) • bj 4% kb jes h`vbrshg`bs pùajhoes pùajhoes prbsupubs-

tekes b` ch`brãe kb R@ EÕG (1<55) • bj 1,4% kb je prgkuoohÿ` prgkuoohÿ` kb je ch`brãe

bstetej kb R@ EÕG (1<55)

@g bxhstb h`dgrceohÿ` suﬅohb`tb sgarb je h`vbrshÿ` b` rbcbkheohÿ` ecahb`tej kb je ch`brãe cbkheè, ogrpgrethvhzeke g omhoe


1?

Cethjkb \rgybotgs biboutekgs 1<<1-1<<2

\rgybotgs ogòrbtgs kb rbcbkheohÿ`

\rgybotgs b` bibouohÿ` 1<<4-1<5< Ohukek, pgajeohÿ`

Oech`gs

JE \EY

Dgtgs y dub`tb9 KHCE-OGCHAGJ, KHCE-OGCHAGJ, 1<<8

Bstes gares sg`9

OGOMEAECAE

• B` su ceygrãe (= ob`trgs ch`brgs y >2% kbj

prbsupubstg prbsupubstg h`vbrthkg) gares kb ce`tb`hchb`tg g prbvbòhÿ` kb ceygrbs edboteohg`bs e khqubs kb ogjes6 gares qub og` u` ekbouekg khsbõg y og` je prbvhshÿ` kb cg`htgrbg y ce`tb`hchb`tg `g muahbre` shkg `bobserhes.

Oereogjjg

GQRQG

Thjgog

_e` Db

Ogjqubomeoe

• Jes rbste`tbs sã sg` sg` gares kb Qbuahoeohÿ` kb peshvgs

y/u gares mhkråujhoes pere bvhter og`techèohÿ` e jes dub`tbs kb enue y e pgajeohg`bs obroeès (12% kbj

_e` Igsè

prbsupubstg)6 sh` bcaerng rbspbotg e bstes ùjthces oeab

_ROQB

Omejjepete

prbnu`ter9 ·Kÿ`kb bstå` jgs rbspg`seajbs kb bstgs peshvgs7 ·\gr què thb`b qub sbr bj Bstekg quhb` esuce sus rbspg`seahjhkekbs7 \G[G_Ã

E `hvbj kb je ch`brãe prhveke, omhoe y oggpbrethve `g bxhstb u` khen`ÿsthog sgarb je shtueohÿ` ecahb`tej. Bj Bstekg sb me ogòb`trekg sgjg b` bj tråchtb kb Jhobòhes Ecahb`tejbs.

URÈ _B MHYG7 B`trb bj 1<<1 y bj 1<5< je khrboohÿ` khrboohÿ` kb Cbkhg Ecahb`tb kb je OGCHAGJ biboutÿ 5? gares kb rbcbkheohÿ` rbcbkheoh ÿ` pgr u` tgtej kb $us 4.2=>.>58,?5 kb jgs ouejbs $us ;.455.;<%) dubrg` (><%) dubrg` ﬅèòhekgs pgr bj Qbh`g kb Khèceroe y $us 5.8>4.?52,>8 (?<%) kb OGCHAGJ. Bstes gares sb ogòb`trerg` b` jgs shnuhb`tbs ob`trgs ch`brgs9 1;


Ryu`h

JE \EY Cethjkb, Thjgog GQRQG Cgrgogoeje, _e` Igsè, _e`te Db Ogjqubomeoe, Ogjqubomeo e, Je \ejoe, \ejoe, \G[G_Ã _e`te Eè ‟ Omgoeye, [esè, [etesh, [bjeceyu

[esè

Omgoeye

[etesh

Je \ejoe

[bjeceyu Etgome [uphze

[EQHIE

…y (eusbòhe) b` cg`htgrbg y og`trgj CG@H[GQBG ·Uuè eoohg`bs sb kbabrãe` rbejhzer7

H`dgrceohÿ` pbrhÿkhoe qub pbrchte hkb`thﬅoer oecahgs b` je oejhkek y oe`thkek kb enue.

OG@[QGJ eoohg`bs pere prbvb`hr y rbkuohr bdbotgs og`techè`tbs.

JG_ EO[GQB_ CH@BQG_ ·Uuè sb meob rbejcb`tb7 BJ B_[EKG

Jã`be aesb, aesb, oÿcg bstå bj juner kb je chè y jes årbes ohrou`ke`tbs qub pubkb` sbr edbotekes, e`tbs kb je bxpjgteohÿ` ch`bre. Jgs h`strucb`tgs bsteajbohkgs pgr Cg`htgrbg kure`tb je eothvhkek ch`bre , h`dgrceohÿ` sgarb je `grcethve oejhkek y oe`thkek kbj enue qub use, bj enue qub kbsbome y ecahb`tej sg` sgarb jes dub`tbs supbrﬅohejbs y suatbrrå`bes. h`suﬅohb`tbs Cg`htgrbg uè vbz obrreke je eothvhkek ch`bre , h`dgrceohÿ` pere nere`thzer sgarb jgs kbscg`tbs, enues kb chès qub eu` sb nb`brb` u u` cg`htgrbg y gtrgs kbpÿshtgs kb kbsbomgs.

Og`trgj kb je nb`breohÿ` kb åohkgs. Og`trgj kb je cgvhjhkek kb enues kb chès nb`brekes. Qbogjboohÿ` y tretechb`tg kb enues kb chès.

og`trgj bﬅohb`tb kb je ch`brãe y je oejhkek kbj enue…

Je Khrboohÿ` kb Cbkhgecahb`tb - KHCE OGCHAGJ meste bj 1<5< rbejhzÿ bj bstukhg kb hcpeotgs ecahb`tejbs b` > ob`trgs ch`brgs, ejnu`gs dubrg` h`tbrvb`hkgs og` gares. Bstb `ùcbrg bs cuy rbkuohkg drb`tb e jes ;; prgphbkekbs qub OGCHAGJ ekch`hstre.

\gr pertb kb jes bcprbses ch`bres prhvekes cuy pgoes thb`b` shstbces kb cg`htgrbg, shstbces kb cg`htgrbg, cbkhkes kb prbvbòhg`, chthneohg`, tretechb`tg, y nbsthÿ` ecahb`tej b` nb`brej. Je ch`brãe oggpbrethve y omhoe `g rbejhze eoohg`bs kb cg`htgrbg. H`spboohg`bs ecahb`tejbs e jes bcprbses ch`bres BCHQ_E, _hòmh êyre, Agjãver, Ogjquhrh y Mueù`h. Qbvhshÿ` kb ?2? kgoucb`tgs ecahb`tejbs y bchshÿ` kb h`dgrcbs pere bj tråchtb kb jhobòhe ecahb`tej. \erthohpeohÿ` b` eoohg`bs kb chthneohÿ` ecahb`tej kb je Oubòe kbj \ggpÿ etb`khb`kg bj K._. ??2

Bj Ch`hstbrhg kb Cbkhg Ecahb`tb y Enues y jes Ngabrèohg`bs, eutgrhkekbs ecahb`tejbs ogcpbtb`tbs, me` mbomg cuomg cb`gs pere cg`htgrber kbsoernes kb enues rbshkuejbs g je oejhkek kbj enue.

Eoohg`bs qub pgr cuomg sg` h`suﬅohb`tbs pere oucpjhr su rgj kb vbjer bj oucpjhchb`tg kb je `grcethve ecahb`tej. ENRE X CH@BQÃE B@ AGJHTHE

12

·Uuè bstå b` iubng og` je eotuej pgjãthoe ch`bre sgarb bj enue7 Kb og`thùer esã sb pubkb bspbrer9

Je ch`brãe `bobshte kbj enue, sh` bcaerng, b` ùbstrg peãs `h jes bcprbses ch`bres `h bj Bstekg me` ce`biekg og` rbspg`seahjhkek jgs hcpeotgs sgarb bj enue y, pgr te`tg, sgarb jgs sbrbs vhvgs y bj cbkhg ecahb`tb.

\gr bj og`trerhg, jes bcprbses (tre`sèohgèjbs, prhvekes èohgèjbs, pùajhoes, oggpbrethves, u`hpbrsg èjbs) me` pubstg b` bvhkbòhe je dejte kb oepeohkek y vgju`tek pere tgcer cbkhkes cã`hces qub bvhtb` hcpeotgs sgarb bj enue. Bj Bstekg, kb hnuej dgrce, me kbcgstrekg qub chthner g etb`kbr jgs hcpeotgs kb je ch`brãe @G sg` su prhgrhkek y e pbser kb je prbshÿ` kb jes cgvhjhzeohg`bs sgohejbs, me mbomg bsdubrzgs cã`hcgs, rbspejke`kg bj sbotgr ch`brg pgr bòhce kbj enue pere jes pgajeohg`bs, je eothvhkek enrgpbouerhe y bj cbkhg ecahb`tb.

2 14

Cb`gs enue pere og`sucg kgcèsthog y eothvhkek enrgpbouerhe, pgr je edboteohÿ` e je oejhkek kbj enue supbrﬅohej y suatbrrå`be.

4

5 ? >

Hcpeotgs b` je pgajeohÿ` cås pgarb y vuj`breajb qub kbab pener jgs ogstgs cås ejtgs pgr cuy pgoe enue y kb cuy aeie oejhkek.


Bj enue bsoese b` verhes rbnhg`bs prhvethzeke y og`trgjeke pgr ch`bres, jes cås hcpgrte`tbs tresèohgèjbs.

1 ; =

@h`nù` thpg kb rbtrhauohÿ` bog`ÿchoe pgr bj usg kbj enue, jg qub hcpjhoe qub sb èohgèjhze` jgs ogstgs ecahb`tejbs b` dgrce kb peshvgs ecahb`tejbs.

Hcpeotgs b` je ye kbahjhteke y vuj`breajb prgkuoohÿ` enrgpbouerhe, khschùyb`kg rb`khchb`tgs y je oepeohkek èohgèj kb prgvbbr ejhcb`tgs se`gs e jgs agjhvhe`gs y agjhvheès.

\goes y/g hèkbouekes, sh`g h`bxhstb`tbs, cbkhkes kb prbvbòhÿ`, chthneohÿ` y rbcbkheohÿ` ecahb`tej pgr pertb kb ch`brgs.

Ogòb`treohÿ` kbj enue pere bj usg kb je ch`brãe.

Ahgkhvbrshkek, Bogshstbces y dub`tbs kb enue edbotekes qub hcpeoterå` `g sÿjg e uè nre` pgrohÿ` kb je pgajeohÿ` eotuej sh`g ekbcås kb je pgajeohÿ` duture.

AHAJHGNQEDÃE E@EXE Nerkuõg, Ceùej, y Igsb Iue` Certh`bz. Ceùej. _hstbces kb oepteohÿ` y pergvbomecbh`tg kbj enue kb jjuvhe pere usg kgcèsthog y og`sucg muce`g b` Ecèrhoe Jethè y bj Oerhab. Cèxhog9 Ob`trg h`tbrèohgèj kb kbcgstreohÿ` y oepeohteohÿ` b` eprgvbomecbh`tg kbj

enue kb jjuvhe - \@RCE, 1<<>.

E_OEQQR@Y, Cerhe Bunb`he, y gtrgs. Keõg nb`gtÿxhog pgr og`techèohÿ` ch`bre b` Grurg. Grurg9 \HBA, 1<5<. OEHOMGOE Oejjb, Iehcb. Og`techeòhÿ` ecahb`tej b` Grurg (Agjhvhe). \rbsb`teohÿ`, Grurg9 OB\E, 1<51.

OEJHYEXE OEJHYEXE [brobrgs, E`krbs. E`krbs. êtbr Qbsgurobs Ceènbcb`t Bddgrts dgr Abst êtbr Ejjgoethg` h` tmb Jefb \ggpg Aesh`, Agjhvhe. Kgotgrej [mbshs, _wbkb`9 Kbpertcb`t gd êtbr Qbsgurobs B`nh`bbrh`n, Ju`k H`sthtutb gd [bom`gjgny, Ju`k R`hvbrshty, 1<<8. OGCHAGJ & _wbkhxm Nbgjgnhoej EA. Eutkhtgrhe Ecahb`tej kb je chè Mueù`h. H`dgrcb \ertb H, s.j.9 OGCHAGJ - _wbkhxm Nbgjgnhoej EA, 5882. KHEY Oubjjer, Tjekhchr. «Je ch`brãe aeig bj kgch`hg kb jes tre`sèohgèjbs.¶ \btrgprbss, `¹ 12 (Iu`hg Iujhg 1<55). KHEY, Oubjjer Tjekhchr.«Arbvb mhstgrhe kb je ch`brãe b` Agjhvhe HH.¶ Bkhtekg pgr OBKHA. \btrgprbss, `¹ 1> (@gvhbcarb 1<55)9 18-?5. KHCE - Ogchagj. Cbcgrhe h`sthtuohgèj 1<<1-1<<8. \rgybotg9 Ob`trg Ch`brg Mueù`h. 1<51. mttp9//www.khceogchagj.grn/bs/prgybotgs/gtrgs 7hk358 (ùjthcg eoobsg9 1? kb @gvhbcarb kb 1<51). B_[EKG \jurhèohgèj kb Agjhvhe. «Kborbtg _uprbcg @¼
pùajhoe.¶ \btrgprbss, `¹ 1= (Ceyg-Iu`hg 1<51)9 4. H@_[H[R[G Agjhvhe`g kb Ohbòhe y [bo`gjgnhe @uojber Ob`trg kb

JBCE@ Og`sujth`n Nrgup _.Q.J. H`dgrcb kbsorhpthvg kb jgs rboursgs mãkrhogs 1<5<. CH@BQE _E@ OQH_[GAEJ _.E. . Je \ez9 Bxtb`k Ogcu`hoeohg`bs Agjhvhe, 1<5<. JHJIE, E`kbrs, y Nrbnbr Jh`kb. Goourrbòb e`k khstrhauthg` gd mbevy cbtejs h` tmrbb rhvbrs g` tmb Agjhvhe` mhnm pjetbeu. E ch`gr ﬅbjk stuky og`kuotbk h` Agjhvhe Cestbr gd _ohbòb [mbshs h` B`vhrg`cb`tej B`nh`bbrh`n, Ju`k9 Khvhshg` gd êtbr Qbsgurobs B`nh`bbrh`n, Ju`k H`sthtutb gd [bom`gjgny, Ju`k R`hvbrshty, 1<<4. Jß\BY, Bjhzeabtm, Å`nbje Oubòe, _hjveè Jedub`tb, Bchjhg Cekrhk, y \etrhohe Cgjhè. Bj ogstg bogjÿnhog kb je pgjãthoe ch`bre b` Mueù`h y

Agjhver. Grurg9 \HBA, 15<5.

CBKH@E Mgygs, Qhomerk Hve`, y Ejdg`s I.\. _cgjkbrs. «Og`techèohÿ` kbj Qãg \hjogceyg y bj Cgkbr`g \rgobsg kb Djgteohÿ` b` bj Khstrhtg Ch`brg kb \gtgsã- Agjhvhe9 Rè prgpubste cbtgkgjÿnhoe kb bvejueohÿ` kb je og`techèohÿ` ch`bre.¶ \g`bòhe b` bj Cestbr b` H`nb`hbrãe kbj Enue

Nrupg [EQ ‟ R._. Jgs \ejeohgs, _bvhjje, Bspeõe. _bvhjje9 s.b., 1<<2. 5<. CHJJBQ, I.Q., F.E. Muksg` Bkwerks, \.I. Jbomjbr, K. \rbstg`, y C.N. Ceofjh`. «Mbevy cbtej og`techèthg` gd wetbr, sghj e`k prgkuob whtmh` rhvbrh`b ogccu`hthbs gd tmb Qãg \hjogceyg aesh`, Agjhvhe.¶ _ohbòb gd tmb [gtej B`vhrg`cb`t, `¹ ?1< (1<<;)9 5=8-1<8.

CH@H_[BQHG kb Cbkhg Ecahb`tb y Enue. \rgpubste kb \je` bstretènho g kb

Oubòes Ch`bres (OC) b` bj cerog kbj \@O. Je \ez9 CCEyE, s.d. CH@H_[BQHG kb CbkhgEcahb`tb y Enue. \je` @eohgèj kb _e`bechb`tg Aåshog 1<<=-1<52. Je \ez9 CCEyE, 1<<=. CH@H_[BQHG kb Ch`brãe y Cbtejurnhe. Bstekãsthoes kbj sbotgr ch`brg. H`dgrceohg` b` wba CCC, Je \ez9 CCC, 1<51.

CH@H_[BQHG kb Ch`brãe y Cbtejurnhe. H`dgrcb kb nbsthÿ` 1<5<, Je \ez9

H`vbsthneohg`bs @uojberbs. Brgshÿ` kb subjgs b` Agjhvhe. \rbsb`teohÿ`, Je

CCC, 1<5<. CH@H_[BQHG kbj Enue. \je` @eohgèj kb Kbserrgjjg kbj Qhbng "pere Thvhr Ahb`" 1<<>-1<55. Je \ez9 CkE, 1<<>.

JE \E[QHE. «_bJE-Grurg prbvè hòrbcb`ter bste nbsthÿ` je prgkuoohÿ` kb

enue pgteajb.¶ Je \etrhe, ?5 kb Cerzg kb 1<51.

CHQE@KE, Certe, Kevhk Omecabrs, y Oetmbrh`b Oguce`s. Drecbwgrf dgr Qbspg`shajb Ch`h`n9 E Nuhkb tg Bvgjvh`n _te`kerks. _.J.9 O_\1‟^^D, 1<<2.

JEXCB, Dbjhx. Hcpeotgs kb je ch`brãe y jgs prgobsgs kb kbdb`se kb jes ogcu`hkekbs edbotekes b` bj kbpertecb`tg kb Grurg. \rbsb`teohÿ` b`

CH[_RH Ch`brej Kbvbjgp`jb`t B`nh`bbrh`n Og . Jtk , R@HOG H`tbrèthgèj Og ., Jtk . [mb stuky g` bvejuethg` gd b`vhrg`cb`tej hcpeot gd ch`h`n

\ez9 s.b., 1<<8.

[brobr Bòub`trg @eohgèj E@EQB_OE\X_-OG@EC\QGCE, _uorb9 OGQHKR\-OB\E, 1<51. Oerthjjes Nråﬅoes kb H`dgrceohÿ` y E`åjhshs

K.J. 9 1-5-5?1>-5?

sbotgr h` \gtgsh prbdboturb gd tbm rbpuajho gd Agjhvhe. Bstukhg kb bvejueohÿ`

kb hcpeotg ecahb`tej rbejhzekg, \gtgsã9 IHOE - \rbdboture kb \gtgsã, 5888.

CG@[GXE Omgqub, Iue` Oerjgs, y gtrgs. FHC_E IEJ_RQH.Bvejueohÿ`

Ecahb`tej kb \eogpecpe ‟ _gre _gre, suaoubòe Mueù`h ‟ Grurg. Grurg9 JHKBCE-OB\E-R[G-KHOy[ DEOT-OGQHKR\-HKE, 1<55. CGQE@, Q. Chè`kg bj enue9 je Chè _e` Orhstgaej. DQR[OE_ D_RCOE_-ONHEA-OB@KE-OB_R-OBKHA, 1<<8.

@ETEQQG [grrbs, T.D., N. Yecgre Bomb`hqub, y Q.@. _h`nm.

«B`vhrg`cb`tej Mezerks Essgohetbk ^htm Ch`h`n Eothvhthbs h` tmb Thoh`hty gd Agjhvhe` \ggpÿ Jefb.¶ Igurèj gd Ch`h`n & B`vhrg`cb`t ?,

@¹ 5 (1<51)9 52-14. \CE, _H@@_E[, R\EB. E`åjhshs y Oertgnredãe kb je vuj`breahjhkek e je h`sbnurhkek ejhcb`terhe b` Agjhvhe. Je \ez9 \CE-_H@__E[-R\EB-DEGTEC, 1<<1.

URHQGNE, Qgabrtg A., Juhs Ejabrtg _ejeceòe, Igrnb O. Bsph`gze Cgrejbs, y Nuejabrtg [grrhog O. Etjes kb ecbèzes, vuj`breahjhkekbs y rhbsngs kb Agjhvhe. Je \ez9 \jurej, 1<<=. QHABQE Erhscb`kh, Cerog Gotevhg. Bj sbotgr ch`brg. E`åjhshs orãthog y prgajbcåthoes sgohgecahb`tejbs kb9 Cbneprgybotg Cutù`, Oubòe kbj \ggpÿ, Oubòe kbj \hjogceyg, Cbneprgybotg _e` Orhstgaej. Je \ez9

JHKBCE, 1<5<.

R[G. \je` kb ce`big h`tbnrej kb je oubòe kbj rãg _e` Iue` kbj _gre _gre. Qbsucb` bibouthvg, Grurg9 R[G- \rbdb`ture kbj kbpertecb`tg kb Grurg, 1<<=. TE@KBOE_[BBJB, O. «Nb`brethg` gd ch`bwetbr, hts hcpeot g` tmb equetho b`vhrg`cb`t e`k rbcbkhethg`¶ B` Og`nrbsg H`tbrèohgèj sgarb Kbserrgjjg, Cbkhg Ecahb`tb y Qboursgs @eturejbs9 _gstb`hahjhkek e Cùjthpjbs @hvbjbs y Bsoejes, bkhtekg pgr Ie` Dbyb`, Juhs D. Enuhrrb y Cÿ`hoe Cgrebs Q., >5>->12. Ogomeaecae9 R`hvbrshkek Ceygr kb _e` _hcÿ`,

1<<>.

TBQYE[, Ab`ght. Og`techèohÿ` ch`bre y rbsujtekgs kb je oecpeõe kb

enue y sbkhcb`tgs rbejhzeke b` je Oubòe ejte kbj rãg \hjogceyg. [erhie9

\rgybotg kb Nbsthÿ` H`tbnreke y \je` Cebstrg kb je oubòe kbj Qãg

\hjogceyg, 1<<4.

^HFH\BKHE. Jhst gd ogu`trhbs ay tgtej rb`bweajb wetbr rbsgurobs. Iu`hg kb 1<<=. mttp9//b`.whfhpbkhe.grn/whfh/JhstWgd mttp9//b`.whfhpbkhe.grn/whfh/JhstWgdWogu`trhbsWayWtg Wogu`trhbsWayWtgtejWrb`bweajb tejWrb`bweajb WwetbrWrbsgurobs (ùjthcg eoobsg9 5; kb @gvhbcarb kb 1<51).

Eutgr9 Gsoer Oecpe`h`h Ng`zejbs

OBKHA. Ob`trg kb Kgoucb`teohÿ` b H`dgrceohÿ` Agjhvhe

Bkhohÿ`9 Nbgrnhè Ihcè`bz, \eajg Thjjbnes, Igrnb

Oejece B-122, [bjs9 (;);12>=?8 - (;);121;<5

Oecpe`h`h, Tjekhchr Kãez Ouèjjer, Qgsscery Echjs

Ogomeaecae - Agjhvhe, 1<5?

Bkhohÿ` Nråﬅoe9 Bdreh`

Qecgs

www.obkha.grn


1>

\ubajg y _gabre`ãe, bs uè sbrhb kb oerthjjes oer thjjes nråﬅoes kb h`dgrceohÿ` y e`åjhshs prgkuohke pgr bj årbe kb treaeig kb "H`vbsthneohÿ` y Qboursgs @eturejbs" kbj Ob`trg kb Kgoucb`teohÿ` b H`dgrceohÿ` Agjhvhe OBKHA y bs u` bsdubrzg h`sthtuohgèj pgr meobr jjbner h`dgrceohÿ`, bjbcb`tgs kb e`åjhshs, kbaetb y pgshohgèchb`tg e jgs sbotgrbs sgohejbs kbj peãs, og`trhauyb`kg kb bse dgrce e je mhstÿrhoe juome kbj pubajg agjhvhe`g b` kbdb`se kb je sgabre`ãe, jgs rboursgs èturejbs y jgs h`tbrbsbs ceygrhterhgs kbj jbnãthcg kbserrgjjg èohgèj.

y

Je sbrhb kb Oerthjjes \ubajg y _gabre`ãe, _ gabre`ãe, eagrke tbces rbjeohgèkgs og` jgs rboursgs èturejbs vhòujå`kgjgs b` bj og`tbxtg ogyu`turej y b` bj og`tbxtg bstruoturej kbj peãs y eagrke jgs sua tbces kb9 Ch`brãe Mhkrgoeraurgs [hbrre y [brrhtgrhg Qbshstbòhes Ogyu`ture

Oerthjjes Nrådhoes kb H`dgrceohÿ` y E`åjhshs

Bste puajhoeohÿ` bs pgshajb nreohes ej epgyg kb9

Ob`trg kb Kgoucb`teohÿ` b H`dgrceohÿ` Agjhvhe

Agua y Minería en Bolivia

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