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2008 by Akira Miwa and Naomi Hanaoka McGloin

reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, sto¡ed in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

All rights

First edition: J¡ne 1994 Revised edition: July 2008 5th printing: September 2009

Recordings: Kazusa Amagai, Takaomi Ashizawa, Takeshi Maruyama and Kiyoko Nagaki Illustrations: Seiji Okada and Shizuo Okuda Layout and Cover art: Hiroshi Ueda+Z'ebra

Tlpesetting: Soju Co., Ltd.

Published by The Japan Times, Ltd. 5-4, Shibaura 4-chome, Minato-ku, Tel: O3-3453-2013 http://bookclub japantimes.co http://ij japantimes.co

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Meeting Someone in Japan hen you meet someone in Japan for the first time, you bow as you say either ft UtD t U( or ¿)ê &Zt (, or both. You also exchang" ä#|J (cards) if you have them. tn

Japan, everyone other than children, students or full-time housewives is expected to carry them. Sometimes even university students choose to carry them for prestige. How low you should bow depends on who you are as well as whom you meet. ln general, women tend to bow lower than men, and if you meet a person whose status is higher than yours on the Japanese social scale, you should bow lower than the other person, e.g., your teacher, a friend's parent, etc.

lntroducing Oneself or Others elf-introductions occur quite frequently in Japan. At a reception for new students, for example, you may be asked to introduce yourself in Japanese. State your name, the name of your home institution, your majoç and end it all with ¿iä&ôt-,( and a bow. When you introduce two people to each other, the rule of thumb is to introduce the person of lower status to the person of higher status. lt would be nice to also add a comment or two about each person, as lkeda does in âãÉ 2 of this lesson.

Q J

How to Address Someone

lTt he most common way to address an adult is "last name plus ûfu," but don't overuse û I Ívl To address people who have titles such .r #H (section chief), $bH {aepartment chief), iiH f.o*puny president), etc., use the titles instead of ðfu. To address teachers, always use#Eä. Above all, avoid usingõt*lc. lt could be quite insulting. The use of first names is limited in Japan: they are used within a family, by higher-status members addressing lower-status members (e.9., parents addressing children, or older siblings talking to younger siblings), or they are sometimes used among close friends.

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lt w+tâ 17

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lfamiiy name]

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Eæ

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to do one's best; to try lnard

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you [It is generally used by male speakers toward someone equal or lower

friend

ut L)

2 l.J[ffi il<

in status.l

lfamily îamef

i [It is the most neutral form for male speakers.l

æ
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[a form attacltedto a rrame in addressing

vg1

hobby ffi4 , 1-¿r;'jj$12¡¡ good (at -)

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once

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Please.

DZ.

electrical engineering i-.......

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one ofthese days

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someone. It is used Ioward someone equal or lower in status.l

f+w a

homework there is,/are a lot

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to study abroad

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r'[r i:

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years ago

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to teach

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,

to maior (in

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lfemale given namel

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by the way

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v'â

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actually; in fact

F¿* ÈDrirt(

++

76

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junior high school

20

¡l

next door; next to

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family

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woman

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to

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week(s)

to take

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r,

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to be

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one night

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lu.i.l

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fF

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airplane

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L

t ñTrffi

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culture

It,

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xlb j'u*

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ffi

to play

ËJì

77

a[.r

Ht:

to like

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tobe fond

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\ !1it-À,

ffiH

L-:-

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4

ffi

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att

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L

Narita (International Airport)

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town; city

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's

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(

to arrive (at

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^l vstitr tj ¡'t"

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ET-}Æ Effi

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International Date Line

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rt

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it has been decided/ arcanged that

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rf(

when

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zr

itc<

àlL apartmeîthunting

to be surprised

last year

way (of doing something)

nearby; in the

and then; after that middle-aged

beautiful

tTô.

ffi

daughter

! ( {¡ ,-/¡ ¡.

can't possibly

-

[>>ftäl-tìr1]

{t¡ri

22,

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i

way of thinking [>>>*,*z- ¡ rz]

to differ; to be different

to walk TI

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to find

selÊintroduction

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f,l¡. t

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young

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neighborhóod

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somehow; no matter how hard one may try

7

tonight

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ru¡l ru

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ft:

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ffi#nZ

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utÈ

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¿51

to have stay (over night) [u.r.]

¿ i] t: /J =

-

;.

È't:¡,

airport

tWLa

¿¡t

ïl.tffit

tz

ten plus a few hours

-

lu.t.l

¿

-6 Lt'

it seems that -; evidently [>>>g;É.2- t' t¡]

n rt'¡v1 < -Y J v,

culture shock

* I 1 *,,,,,

ú

at! ¿5Ë

{

,-m -aTi \- \E

(' aot o.#.ì¿ 6

tt.&\-

ftlL

z.Étlt

¡.

7.

a.B#

HU

ts.î7

¿.

Ff

g.ã4

vÊ r¿.€ftfY

*affiù.

s.

to.:1ffi

rs.S4

ro.#Hl

tz.frYWä tt.E

rsr+) i .tg.àÊ.

zo.

zt.*,trt

zz.rFY

zs.XlV

z+.*'W

zs:lñ 6

zo.W.6

zt.Æ.*. {L â

za.frl^

zg.ff#

so.iÉ* 6

gz.

Hl

zz.tî

z+.*

¡s.tÉffi.j

so. BÉÉ

sz.ÞlEl

ea. FJ

sq.Ë (

¿o.lEI

+t.Hl}

¿z.lf

[. +z.f|fr

+s.ü

(

+¿.trffiEl

+s.HlE

L t,.

¿q.

gr. -i, ¡,:

*>

]',â

+ø.*ff

CHto'' ø.ffi

n.ËÀ (to.ÐtÐ â

\- r¿r{'L zt.-W zo.î'¡4, ¡r.

[FÀ

t4't\

'

þ

r)lÁ,

tËE +r.ffi

2.ffiffi Ln

är

2.ffiffi

t

-l(

¿4.

9

XlË

+.8É

¡.1&Bl

Eli& s.@ffi

s.W

tÍì

r¡.ftfiffi

tq.lÆâ

rz. -ìEûHl

re.{rF[H

rs.H#

zz.ñ#,

zs.&frrJ -,'¡l r"t'rl[--ì

rz. Bl

cft&T

3sô' 5þrr tz

tJ

lv

'.AdH{ú48#R ss. HE6 gg.

ä1.

\

so.4

,n.## zg.*ffi 't M.ÉILâ eq. Ël E

l)

Lfr

l[ffi

s.

LrÄ,,

rz.tr;#ËË

zz.fäffifË L*4 gz. ffiË

ffi

t0.&ffi,

4#)

rs

Yrì' / 20.Ê) zs.àE

so.rtå- 61 / t1'

5v(

b5ffiË l.ô'

¿0.

*aãt,.

]f{

42.Æ) This radical comes from Å and is used for characters representing human conditions, activities, etc.

t{ l t_{Ft fæt rd¿

| o' V (plain past) Wlrrúl ='have just done something; have just finished doing something'

lãffil >¿.t >>>t#trÀ:tcøn'o] [a*r >¿.6>>>4#t lrmao]

a)

/tSl:l\e

t¿I{lt,

rr

li¿.

à. +^ffir" L ¡ i "

(Since she hasjust entered college, she is probably 18.)

b) Ê/\/¡ |ffirI) Èà. ò. þ/J7)r)ì¡'z lf t.T.-l-. (I have just eaten, so I am full.)

c) FIA^?|:Étfá'tlo)¿ ôùt. Elaffi¿ì*rà.È r¡ ( tËb * L/¡" (When I was a newcomer to Japan,I had trouble understanding Japanese.)

2rr, öO)

lãffit >t.ts>>>øo2=zt*l

Both ô o) and 4 0) canbe used with the meaning 'that -' when an item you are referring to is not in sight. ó Ø is used when both the speaker and the hearer are (oi are assumed to be)

:*iftupeiro¡'or',ihittÉ-

,.,:,f

- - tinl"ftËh, y

,:"Wmun.j'.'l. 4, 2,ø.sttòùta 'usea.,ln,tllis,:passage, theuse !L and * r u ù are familiar with the class.

a)

A fú¿ì4 *

i¿Ì¿ Ø ùlHÛì ¿ r.- i

ñít'f

trp

oi,t

ttø

o¡_$e'fr9"g,3f.¡s.¡4¡Il4iar,,

inAicat"q,¡f¡-a,ttop,A,úftì:

.

(The town I was born in is calied Täkayama.)

B

?OtrJù* Ð.å,/¡ffiJÍ"Tå." (What kind of town is that?) È

b)A

ÈØ

I

lÂ.1

i. *+BAffiØ2 iziJ!.r¿)

4 )vã

À,1:àt.* Ll¿À.

(Yesterday, I met Lyle-san, who was in our Japanese class last year.)

bb- troL.

B

(oh, how is he

[:

¿"

7 Lf t. * Tå."

that personl doing?)

lãe;z>t.tz>>>RffiËffi2&ãrra2rcl J oot V(plain) &51¿l¿â ,, s a ch3r-rge ,which has ¡akei ÈJgÞ,9,þ.i..wrill place. fusr as -{je.èii¡rtr /¡å; * i,r!:,is,ins-9,$,... ',,',1 ,:. .'',,t,'.,':.t,..t'r-':..',l. ¡¡,i:;..l¡,l.tir r,.

.,.

¡'

,n9,'r,*ittt

a

) Bä^ffic -C.tt, ù. Bft:@ffiþ#2 J ä E t¿ú) * I,t¿"

àti a

(I came to have an interest in Japan after I went to Japan.)

'ìt'lù U

l.LÀ:À,

b) W+þffi\frLlr ùlft¿Ì. BAffiØtrHÈì#ö 6 ea EfÍ/r t, *Ëtu" (Unless you study kanji, you won't become able to read Japanese newspapers.)

13

*l 1 *,,,,, c) .0)c67, yr^ù è Laç¿ iÀ?Ê^6ea|.;ftt1*.t,t¿" (These days,{mericans also eat sashimi and tofu land this is a changeJ.)

{rrr,

lã:lË,z > t. z s >>> z ã

-tã,í6

?ÈãLì v

eaøl

::':.1ìr' ..: :r .. : :.'... This is a sentence-final particle of exclamation. It rS geñgrall¡ us"¿'¡u',s1¿1e, one':s feéIin€, II. ;,.:e-mþhæicall,y oi onè's wish èrnótivêly. " :

a)

Woftt¿t>" (I don't know what to do!)

b) -Êr7 Y rtnTr->1,ô.r¿!-/Jó. (I wish I could go to Africa once!) i e,, saying something.without an addres¡æ iñ..mind',.s&en.itis.said.wjth.¡ur.:intèntioi..of..gètting..a:.iesþonqé.'fr.omanaddresSee,-'jó This.'e¡pres.sr9¡,ha,s.'a,flavor.'of'l,mo.aologlte:

-

..,.

c) ôð LJì b Tìt¿õ" (Long time no see!)

d)

ÈÈfl ( Sc/¿/¿ó" (You did WELL!)

$ ',' V(plain) ¿¿â

[âff :

>z.e >>> Ra

xt zænuctl

l

iåÌrneañs, som .l,-,trit:. ,-,tlv-(p.l a) t, x ) Ð¿l'rÈ. qií*zl â ¿zôrÃÅ,("Tàì- t'? L J ù: å: f'TÈ."

l:,- :lil.r:..',:1.:rili : i rr. r':., :: , ):. , ...::l ,i : . : :. :. -: :. ), :;: .: :., :):,:.:a. ! .:.::r t:il::a _ rJ'r.r: ì.::ii,ti : :. 1,

preqehÐ È

(I am aboat to eat right now, so why don't you join me?)

b) 4t, ¡ i

ÐËá'tt

6¿zôîÃ0)î- ø¿-eH#vL*T.

(I am about to go out, so I will call you later.)

c) z{ttt,6Ê,\ã

¿zôît.

(I am about to eat.)

d)

âÊ¡È

e)

âÊ¡lurã

¿ Z ôl¿"à. 6 SálJ È.llT (I have just eaten, so I am not hungry.)

-

L.( !' * riÂ,"

å. ò i ,)l-'Æc t

e-eKøCl lngrwcitt

( l¿'-ð 1.. (I am lin the midst ofl eating right now, so please wait a little.)

¿Zôl¡"È.

.

,,,,,#i

Ê^ã ¿zôTT

¿ZôTt

Ê^/c

^l

Ê/s?rrã ¿zôTT

$ "' V(plain) Ztl=l¿clürä='be

expected/supposed to; it is a rule/custom that -' lãff: > t. 3 >>> 1fr:.ã t

V(plain) ZëJ=t¿clc='it

has been decided/arranged that

¿tra

a

zrrtË]

-'

l#aryz > ¿. z >>>iÉÞ
ë,:.È.1:-r*.ã4tå,/;¿:tÈtl.li¡ì,;,:.,¡,i

a) Hä"e9€ffi

i

â ¿ ¿ f: /¿ :

(

l,r

â ã ¿ ë l=r¿e (

rr

*f

¿ #,

* T"

(I am to teach English in Japan.)

b)

ã¡ U r¿ft4..ù:

"

(I am supposed to meet my teacher tomorrow.)

c) BäØâlf (

d)

'e

L :'¿

ft#þ I

has been an anged llcZh

[It

â ¿ E I=t¿ U * 1,, t¿" that] i will be working at a J apanese company.

)

x+ffißr â z ¿Iit¿ t¡ :f L /¡" (

ltt

has come about thatl I t)

will

e) E#0tX.t:_L7)ì6ffiùi- (

get marned next year.)

cþb(¿

¿

T-t¿.(ür:f

r"

(When you enter a Japanese house, you are supposed to take offyour shoes.)

f)

ätil,2

ffiE-e tt Bäffir*ËÉT ¿ ¿ E /¡

: ( ür !f r.

(You are supposed to speak Japanese in the classroom.)

*l 1*,,,,,

1,,, N (or Sentence+O) ltøla"(?"l this ex¡iession say a)-B in

a)

réQuües ttræ you are in

u?ê*lc :

!- !. .Ì--

B

t6t l-ItfllbT

(No, this is the first time.) ::..t

!t

>>>

Eât*ttJo<<î/¡']

is, appropriátej,, theiefore,,

to,

a Japanese restaurant.

Ì6-r ¿ Èìó b (Have you had sushi before?) ttv

A

lã#.l >t.tt

* TÈ..

T'T "

--..

,tt,.THs,

cannot be said" however,,when

yó¡

aró

diq

sing.I¿þ.ansse,food'in.a..þsroqr¡ 'In.thæ :1.,.::: -:. ì: - -r'r:¡Í.:1

you,shoùld,say b-).8. :::case, ,r:, :-

b)A

: .,.1,,. t,:, .,:,,i,,:',:,:,-.'lr :.il : - :1.::. a: r'.:1.:t ::.:., .:....

*õt l,?ê-rt¿ ¿ ¿ àló b * TÈ'" (Have you ever1nad sushibefore?)

!.!-å_ ôú)*Ëlv"

B

(No, I haven't.)

8'*

v(stem) E
l#a*vt

r-:rv(¡.'tê.' ei'.*+,'=i@t: ç,...1,ry"*s ttrat.qgme-$i1g ir

a) 7î-+ti_

*áÌÌ

L-CÌtÊ,tl:

>

t

e >>> I l-.1¡l ¿

gig¡ott.tó'*¡g¡¡ir-',' ¡..i.', ;i

< t t.

(Steaks are difficult to eat w'ith chopsticks.)

trfr'

ù'À,

V

b) ffiLu.ËF¿å. E+ãE(t,t"

(Difflcult ka4ji are hard to write.) _i

r.:i

: :j:)

' [V{stem)t-f l.] means that somethihÈ i¡ easy to V. ,,,, t . '.: . .. ....i ], ' l: c ) È ff¿u. r¡#l*_ 56¡¡pf tr-CT. ',:

.

(Nice handwriting is easy to read.)

$ ""

V

(plain) ¿¿J¿tâ='decide to do -'

eornpared

witÏ :

'i¡y6lysfl.r,, ,

a)

¿ ¿:

ä 6, this pattern

,

*trBÄ^lr < ¿ ¿ l--l'*' I't¿"

(I have decided to go to Japan next year.)

b) æE CD þrÃ< ¿ ¿ l: l'*1.,f¿" (I have decidedto listen to cD's every day.)

t*Frftc < ur]

:r:: ::;-

.i. t

>>>>>ffi^

10 *'Sr/cå.

Sz='when sr, 5r'

læaø

>

t,t a

*n

r*,u

nzo >>ËÉuzr,rrra]

...'I4e4:t¿6",clause,islfollowed,by,a sentence,,'(JSlin,,the.þäSiite-nse, it means lwhel.',The

,tsé¿o¡¿ìse-¡ten¿

ùatt1'rysSes,an.lg

t or stare you did

¿ l, ¡ù'lù

a) È Ø i ElÉßH^lip t¿à- 184.ì:âür* L/¡"

I

-*t "@..tt:,tr,.'.rr

.

fr

(Yesterday, when I went to the library, I saw my teacher.) ù, ë<

b) E#ØXffi,.-î)xô^+tlþHct¿ò.

lvtade in Japanl ¿ Êt,\( t>cl¿, I found that it was made in Japan [, and I

(I bought a present for my Japanese famþ, and

was

surprisedJ.)

This should be distinguished from the case of V l¿ È followed by the present tense form, as in Eä^frc t; Eäffiål#rù â ¡, ) lJrÃ 6'e L ¡ Ttris is thc casã of sà-called "condi?u.sç . o{'ltË;,and it méanp',if tor gq.f-,qil. ,','.'.,..,,,.'

i. ,,oi,'

å.

'. tió

11 *' ëT *¿ '.

I¿ül='can't possibly'

/¿

(

Ë

. : ì:'..'rir:a lr.':rr:.:r:.1.

À,ù>.>(.

¿

(t,Ê^Ðtt*.Ë

>zz

lffiaø

r

t >>> eztËã.r*ur]

.t::r:..:1.:;::r.r:t.::..-i,r:.!r.:ii1.:r:r:1:r1:.:r:r:r.::i,..:.-:rr:t

This phrase expressés a very strong form.

a)

lqÞ{,..|.!,

verb is usually in þotential

lv"

(There is so much that I can't possibly eat it all.) r,¿

ã- * Ë /v" house in Tbkyo.)

b) HÉt'¿* ET bæ.r¡ À,ù,H (I can't possibly buy

12,*V

a

(stem) T ='*^rof - ing'

lV(stem of * i--form) ù'À'

+Ë]

V

a) Ë?¿l- -to) ò ø¿: (Kanji are difficultbecause

È¡

læ¿¡ry¿>

t.zz>>>zzÈl

expresses 'the way of doing somèttring.' ltt:

ffiðrã'àr/¿ ( Ë 1,,ó

Ut"

6o)î- ffiLt."

leven] one kanji [often] has a number ofreadings.)

b) *átÌ L Ø#bXZW.Z( ( Èð t.. (Please teacTrme how to hold chopsticks.)

13 *r ^, å Lüf ='it seems that; evidently' ;.t: !,.ì,e4presses oners,couj-ectures, .qan,bÈ,,attahle

l#atw

fò.,¡o-u¡sr(e6:¡1á

> t. z z >>>

Ëà 5 t,tì]

.$¡,[1,),;.s-t9rnS

of r*-adjectives (e.g.,L1'å.à Lt.),piaúfonns of t.-adjectives (i..g.,ftu, à Lr..) *apfui" forms of verb s (e.g., n < q L r.'). It tends to be used when one's conjecture is based on what one has heard.

17

'l **-' a)

Bä^tÌ.

#r,-taÀ ôùtff* å L[r.

(It seems that the Japanese people iike hot baths.) À2 ,'

b) RË¿r. +rJ{ffiùtä (

(.

{Ìar: ( t. å Lür"

(It seems that Tbkyo is a difficult place to live in because eve4rthing is expensive.)

c) 7 t r r-c-.|,l. +Æ.trtft+.þ7 r

-z i.-À(.&Jìå Lü\. ¡.

(Evidently, students call teachers by their first names in America.)

14*,V

a) T) y nrÉt'
v

¿.

z z >>>

Ërru ?re)t oh w7 i, -

t a,v t)

/l¿'a/¡.

(It was my first culture shock after arriving in America.)

b)

ttu

+&Èìlå * c T ãl d¡T o (1

G)

¿2

:-'v 2 t'. ft4ËS

¿*

à'

ø+4

ù: *a

met many teachers and students at the first picnic of the semester.)

Èrl'ì,'â z /¡ "

BÄ^lia
d)

lt$¿:Äe < flJb<

- EäÀ¿:ât. * L/c.

(When I entered coliege, I met a Japanese for the first time. li.e.,Ihad never met a Japanese until I entered college.J)

18

,,,,,#r

^l

I,Àã DLì

a) "'ffifÌ

>>>>>lâãtl

), EtltftE.tt

*tv¡v:

bo)

E.tlJ

åà.

I

1:

r

å?L

\Þ

ür

:tflt,1,

E'ilJ-c"Tzï2" (ùåi.. 4 ) {"1

¿ì. )

*+u¡v:

*r p )v..s-h-¿H

ÊtLt:

¿ãZeô L<" ^ì-r-ðrLt"T¿.. l'rf

U*,1"

2:Native

L+

t.*T7). is an hon-

Japanese speakers often

-åt (but This suggests that some-

end a sentence with

e6u ( *¡Furt,*1.

**utv:

fì.. È,

orific form of 'êT. This is different from t. à c L s t.* 1¿., which is an honoriûc form of t. * TÈ'.

...

).

thing more might follow and hence gives a softer tone to the conversation, thus making it more

b) 'o'UJa"Tãã^¿ffiT

polite than a sentence without

>>>>>[âff2]

à1.

ét) 4

Br+

l.À

Er+

¿ZôT.3, I À ,)r ElAffi ù: @4 3 ffi: /¿ Ø t*. ù.rtTà.o Eu n. ++ØF Eã,ø7 = ) årffiÈ {", À ( F, { L. /; À"11" bb. zft(. s Eaffi þfutÃLl¿r. å E i Ì I ¿:

3:

4: Ë¿t

is used to bring up an important point or information.

5 : Try to use connectives such as

i-

to get more information from a conversation paÍner and in general to have a smooth conversation.

L, Z ) t¿ tvTt " É&(.'ødÊ L {. *+H&

\Diùt

g+ð L* L/:" Brtr

<

ã) ù)

-

f¿tl,

å

i¿f" and t-à'6

/¡ -¡ l¿ À,tl tJ" l.À

L ¿ ôî is used to change the topic of a conversation.

å s l. ¿ ¿r E Affi¿rT 4rr ¿,-eî n"

| "' åå#d?i: e

U:

L:

ir'l'

2 1 70)/\I:ÊÉfiË^L/J ð

!'o

Él

Éft,Hjrrttt..

2l

Í;ì

Z L þFr,,tt,t¡l.

i

t

o

ô) a) b)

hHIJ

++ 19

*l 1*,,,,, c) ÊE^Tt-tl¡: Èhz

È

ùtbâà.. /Jt'à' (ó âÛ,à. !'t-

E

i

Ulc)

l

i

d) €rt e) ffift f

)

f€È?bøÊ# ,t(

lrt

J:

tøl ¡;') 7¿+L*f" Y#ø:+äf"T" |-Ðiùt

<

+-w+

L /¿ r,. å Ea ¿â

t)t

{

Ea^-ùt* fìTt.c/¿: à r)ró b *È¿,¿r. * !. *'l-o €¿k¿* Eaffi{. T. ffi*l*1=z.¿Ë#r'T. Ð)4" 16

À,ùt

<

l.ôL ( *ámt.L*T.

/rrrdVv-, a) *7 t:Ì¡.->-c- *uär,.ù: ¿ i L.(n+¿:Hfrafs:I i ':r¡oI¿ù.þffiÈ/Jë b) ffit.l: :- Lþ ), lo))vr¿¿ 0.ffi4 (toreport) L/Jð r,'"

!'o

J "' trt-lV7'V( Ê ,{ 7 ù: t¡ b /¡Ë !." -Äù* EAffiØ+ä. ö i -^Ìl BÄffiØftäî. X#ø's-î * L/¿" ¿ ø#øà#r Ø J. i t¡à#?LlJ ð !'. #4ù:ä?/¿^¿t. -t'ìíjø{âr. u ,: Lrir"'

,t

Há#!ftþ Lä¿rt,, ft,+^ø:

¿

ðt'ô\'ôËf,È/Jðt,'"

{,,,4V7-2 ) b)

a

,{71:

e

->'c., 4.*. (tI¿Ffr-

Ht,./; a Lþ2

$ r"

L:6 4t:

)

tÃ

7

È'tl¿ffit:'c t '(H

È

ä è !'o

ôt)vl¿Ë¿:#åLlJðt'"

dVv-, e)r.

L ¿aû:bâo)IJ,-{ &flJø*f v7"tvtt" :-ØAfr\þ ( d'¿l¿z\¿i. ÐÅ,r¡Ät"LJ ¿È L.Llu .(7 i: tÃ.>'C., R.øHIã¡-Æå /J È t.o

a) ¿ ø )',ø&ffiùl'fEl-c'1à." L ;¡ b) :ø)'.øitãÌt ¿"Å,/JffH{'L r i à."

=EErÊFi*a\âìl È**t3gliÉ

ð& r

iå'.

,k-Ë13

108-0023 Rñä3)åtråH 4-r Ê 5# 4+ TEL: (03)4567-8910 FAX: (03\4567-7777 E-mail [email protected]

)

d)

ó b *'îà." z ø )uøÉ,#ÉãùÌ{4É{.'Tà..

ÊF

(Lrrtj) *'\âil

c

.Ø^Øà+!ùt Ð:

ù:

t/ú h tiLc,

Ë**ls

(à

r

(r..ì:Lt¿{\'LìP)

,{ r ì ,ìì) *l¡É (.ì:4 r ì )

,rrrrffi"

e)

ËË^+

x+st3*tf+

ä# E+

f q.¡ -7

Vtf#ft T251-0000ÌÈälttç6;¡6'&Ê

â +,

Fax

H+ð ¿,¿Ì ¿ À,ÌÃlt#þ LÍ !. * Tà., cL H+ð À,o)WtÐ{r.6Efùt- Ð:¿:ó

t-2

(0466)77-7777

X+sl3

(045)045-0450

(.ìì¿áì(,iì) &*q

Ðr*#Tú

$,,, fF* e â/ùþfrãî.-f âffX.þæâ

e 7 r,

/J

ð !.o

r,i

g) H+ð à"ØX,tt å: ¿: b, *.-ltr.. h) E+ ð À"ØX.o)É#Éä¿t.fEIæ{'-Tà..

-'226¡0000,i*ärrtqç¡¡6ffitrËR3-zi Tel,/Fax

* Tå."

D

4Y,T

TeL (0466)77-8899

)

Fð ÌtÉ+

(É r ì D o) ß¿L'Èå) å€ (U/:()

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Greetings ever assume that Japanese greetings and their English "equivalents" correspond exactly to each other. For example, although ôjltÀf ðdtìtl means "Good morning!," the two expressions are different in that ôlát5 ðdt\tl is not normally used in the late morning. ölåA) ðdtìtl also has an informal equivalent ¿JltAf , which can be used when you are talking to children or close friends, but never to u åi (= higher status) person. Another good example would be ðA())ä5. ðA(f )f4õ indeed means "Good-byl" but it is never used to people one is living with; also it is a rather informal expression and is thereforeincompatiblewith keigo(=politespeech).WhenpartingwithaEl-tperson,itis safeç and less juvenile-sounding, to sayt?LUtf. The best strategy for Japanese greetings would be to observe how native speakers use them amongst themselves and emulate them.

Another thing students of Japanese should bear in mind is the fact that once a relationship has been established between two people in Japan, such as teacher-student, it does not break down. ln America, you might call your professor "Professor so-and-so" in the beginning, but as the relationship grows closer, you might start using his/her first name. That is notthe case in Japan, however. Yourteacheç even afteryou graduate, remainsftä, i.e., a Elt person, and your speech must continue to reflect that. ln other words, you cannot all of a sudden switch from

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/¡åu.l /¡ Ð å t,iù>ì,.ðrò j€ffi¿:¿t/J!.o ElaÅ¿*_ hnÈi¿:â:tÅü:*/¿ Èkc't *i L. iftBùi,¿i ö j t ðt.årf âa L¡tesç-o *ffit"ò. "Thankyouforthe other day." å à. "Itwasgoodto seeyouthe other day." /¡ å" åãLt¡t'¿ ¿ ù1,/J !.åì- EA;ãø lftBùÈ Ð i òl øt i r¡iF* ¡tât.ù1,/J.,l!./rr.'o .r,rf"Lzt ìï------------ xr:' b E^ffiØfr¡:þu'lì {. ô t'ð ?Æ#ùÌ. lft* bXE!:TÃ'>I¿ -ftËÉ!¿:=r'" '€ffiJ /¿ffi. z Øtrlù' ô 1 " l:t-lrJù.btl âm. ât¿-äå*u-q-rc - EttØ+ffiøftÐ,râr ,ffib

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32

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There are three different types of predicate

endings-tT. * j--forms, lì-forms

and

t

|

ù¡ 6 -

forms. So, the idea that Tanaka is a Japanese can be expressed as HFð /L¿t EA^f.¿, B1+ ð /t Ìt BA^/a' or EIF Ë ¿,li Hä^-e ð å. The styles which use f.T.* T-endings, lìendings, and f ã> â -endings are called f T. * T{õ, lì{6, and {" ó å {ô, respectively. While -c'' b 6l# is mainly used in writing, both 'C1. * T{f and È{6 are used both in speaking and writing. In speaking, ('.T' * T{ô is used in formal situations such as any formal meetings or in addressing strangers, acquaintances or people to whom you feel respect is due. Ìì{6, on the other hand, is generally used in informal situations, such as when you are talking with your close friends or family members. È6 can also be used toward someone for whom you feel respect is not due (e.9., children, one's subordinate, etc.) In writing, lì{ð is normally used in newspapers, novels, scholarly articles and essays. Letters and memos are usually written in (.' T' * T6. îb â{16 is very formal, so it is generally used for formal writings such as public documents and scholarly articles. ,,a.:f ..$',f

ff ,(pôlite;form)

Ì;--6 (plain forúr),

{.þ,6

ffi ' (exnosiøqy,form)

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Traditionally, the Japanese language is known for having a distinctive difference between men's speech and women's speech. This distinction, which is mainly observed in casual conversation style, is seen in uses of pronouns (e.g, boku vs. watashi), some nouns (e.g., meshi vs. gohan,

.lz#,,,,, hara vs. onaka) and particularly in sentence endings. For example, sentence-final particles such as zo and ze afe typically masculine while a sentence-final particle wa is genenlly considered to be feminine. Uses of these masculine and feminine senstence-final forms have been undergoing changes, and thus, it is best to classify them into four types, as below.

Strongly

masculine:

(ft < ê-) ü' (ñ ( ìÌ') à.t.? (fÎ ( È.t'?) 4--

-

/¡ ¡- fr ? (ft¡t,t¡t

. È. ?)

imperative (plain form) (trùt

Moderately

masculine:

(plain form) À r¿

Moderatelyfeminine: Strongly

feminine:

i.,/f¿È,¡.,/

(õ ç ¡.

/ìl

(plainform) Ø

dâ

ffil'l

J.

ê'ìó

À)

)

G>LT¿ïìj. âB

/ii

iâ)

(ft ( Ø\-Ët'ø\)

h,/b J,/b*r,/b I de (ffi < b,/-EãLt¿*r/- b6b t,7) [Noun,//¡-adjectiveJ t¡ø (BAÅr¡ø. È È u'/¡ø) ù'1, t> (Tt ( l¡'|¡ Ù)

Uses of both strongly masculine and strongly feminine sentence-flnal particles have been on

the decline. In fact, younger men and women hardly ever use these strongly masculine and strongly feminine endings anymore. Women these days generally use moderately masculine endings in casual conversations, and thus there is not much gender difference in the use of sentence endings. Older women, however, do still use strongly feminine sentence endings. Furthermore, in comics and anime, these strongly feminine and masculine endings are used to create certain character identity, and hence it is good to be able to recognize gender characteristics of these particles.

,,,,,6rìË2=*

1 "o V/46r1¡='without V-ing; instead of V-ing' V lr

.

t-Í",

[âtr1

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gne éf the negatiu" a-¡9rms of a verb, is .oftén fðllowed by another velb:

a) Eärtr.

Lr(

{EI

ö

t,

ltu

Éþfrt,rêFàrâÐ

|

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6Ø¿tft+Lt¿"

(7n Japan, it is bad manners to begin amea\ without saying anything.)

b)

ffiÆþ L/¿¡,rÍYüt,..)R6Ø¿l,J ( /J!-. (It's not good to come to school without having done one's homework.) ¿ L r))'L

c

) ElÉÊH^lîrt'ts,L\Tx.1fu,ifrt

6ä4

å.

Ù t. (There are students who study atlnorne instead of going to the library.)

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f ,r, Vltülürø)fi='You

should

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,:

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ù -r

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fo

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h

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(You should go to bed earlier.) Ì)

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/Ju. å ¿

ôt|ftæ.t:ËI[tlt'trt\ø)Í:"

(You should ask your teacher about things that you don't understand. lSaid to someone who is hesitant about asking the teacher some questions.l )

J a)

'ot t*LlZ='moreover; besides'

HÉt*. )¡þìþt"-t-. Znt;WlffiùÉr.ØT-_

lemz >¿.a]

ÍÈ.a¿ (

!.{.1.

(tUkyo has a huge population, and, moreover, prices arehiglr' Therefore, Tbkyo is a difficult place to live.)

b)

A: +H¿*ñfiàräå a i

t¿ia"

(You don't look well today.)

B

:i

ô':l

t.È

À,- EÈìtË (

(Yes,

h2 (. zirE#tò Ë ¡ a Lb6 À,î"

I have aheadache, and I also have a slight fever.)

A: D+. + 1,ffi-tcffiÀ,ÈlÈ¡U-U.ca" (In that case, you should go home earþ and rest.)

35

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,..,O!heqgonjunctions,which,areoflen,usedinclûde Z,fuf" 1the.ré.f,orç;'1u,,,kLt* iand;,and..thên;, and also,' 4 ùt lt, b 'after that.' 4 L'C. is the most general conjunction meaning 'and.' 4 ÌLlr, ù emphasizes that an event follows another event in time, and 4 fLî emphasizes "causal" relation between two sentences.

c)

ÈØ? t*Hr-þt,,rftÈ* Lrr"

ô*n'lfr'tfÈ*LÈ.

XæøXØÅ-î¿ _,nft-ct. ä+rc¡

IÍt+:'\

(I went shopping yesterday. After that I went to apar!y at a friend's house and came home about ten at night.)

4 ùLlt, ì, and 4 l-î arcfine. Howev er, 4 lt'ìt à emphasizes the fact that it was after the shopping that the speaker went to the party. In some cases, therefore, 4 trù, Ù and 4 l,'C. arenot interchangeable.

In c), both

d)

ÈØ

i ùÌ. EAf{ËE^Tt-rI¿"

Z

l,T ( 4lt ¡t'È,) þ-f L ?ê-rÌ¿.

(Yesterday I went to a Japanese restaurant and ate

sushi.)

[* mark means that it is ungrammatical.]

e) ÊìË¿lAffi¡ôãn*.1¿" ZVT (41¿ù'à) /\ffiðóffi->lc" (My friend came to my home about six, and left about eight.)

4

f

)

tL'C'presents a reason or cause. |9å

À

+r(

gÈìKb * LTc" ? fr?'. ftõffiàrìEi¿/c À'-et" (It was snowing. The flight was delayed because of that.)

4rrrlålrl8,lDr^,/Cüf ='not

easily'

lã*i2>¿.8>>>ã/rìfr/r,Kt¡aaczl

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¡ ,,

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ù,tvu åtd a) Ë?¿rr¿Ðâ,h'Ha-ànl¿( (-

(Ifs terrible because it takes

a

;*

W-t.C

L'*T.

long time for me to memorízekanji.)

b) =- E, -þffi.À,ìØ(". /J?)'/c?)'ËË*ù:f {f ¿t(" L/¡. (I had coffee, and so I couldn't fall asleep easily ITtad a hard time falling asleepJ.) [i.e.,

!

>>t

QUeStiOn WOrd

+-ùtïïùtå/¡ür

[âã:>¿.g>>>ur2r*ãt]ìâaaa<
F'orembedding.awh-question!nanothersentence,simplych4n.gè'.fiè.,.eldjnÌg.:Ófitie.èmU9é ¿ qu.estion into the plain fonn. The copula ld'is optional::Bê, tòt!(.e-.êþ.,tha'qú¿q{gf partidle à. at the end of the clause.

36

,,,,, õrìÈ2=*l

)

a

urP

Elä¡li < n'i¡n'q *Ë h"

(I don't know when I will be going to Japan.)

b) +x L ltt'È¡FtãT

ã å'

* ÈJlzJ' r) *Ë lv"

(I don't know yet what I will be doing after graduation.)

)

c

=4ønã¡#Ørí+.ùÌËft (Ë) ?:'* /ìJùrt'ú) *,Ë/ù" (I don't know yet who will be teaching third year Japanese.)

d) t.îlv z ì. 7 vàlr- u-á¡ * ÈrÌzt

*Ë

úJ

/1,"

(I can't tell yet which restaurant.is good.)

Also note that a yes-no question can be embedded in another sentence by putting the ,,,p¡9{þate.intotheplainfqqn,and,byadding,àr,È",iÐì,.,,1

f)

g)

h)

,,::',

1.r:-,,:,

,r.i

,

(I don't know whether I will be going to Japan next year or not.) I' Ù¡l ûTr'

+Ê.Ø#,W,*HË L r,-l¡' ¿ a ñ,tTù,

ú)

*Ë

1L"

(I don't know whether the next test will be difficult or not.) t¡'r' lt 6 Ë.ll -t l¿ ltt ¿ ù'H,n-( t,r :Ë {f ¿{," C-ft?fÄ = (I don't remember whether I paid the copying charge or not.)

)

Bä^?t' ¿ Ò rr'Æe) *Ë /v" (I don't know if he is Japanese or not.)

$

rot [¿Z]^,/¡t,r='only; no more than'

lnatw

> t.

t

>>> ui5,E;.Eur]

Là'always occurs with a negative. The implied meaning is that the amounlitem mentioned is not,enóugh or, less,than eXpected.

a)

à.

Ì.".ry LlÎt¿ürå. uEÉ^lÍùl * riÂ,. (Because I only have five doilars, I can't go to the movie.)

fi.

b) * o) ) ØWr. ãffifñ vn #t¿n,ct¿ù.6. âBÌ*,HE!.. (I only slept for five hours last night.

c

)

So,

I am sleepy today.)

* Å,àì Uù'lñ,*,t¿tr+&trsþt",0)¿*. Ëa.

(Ifs too badthat there are

so

many children who read only comic books.)

37

-lz#>,>,> læaryz>¿.¿l | >r> C*,U ='in other words; that is; namely; in short' a) A : : ;' -- =+tt. -ìC- ì-¿^'effi&4aTi¡. (number) ¡tþ¡'4 i-et i"

(I hear that because of the Baby Boom there will be more high school students for the next two, three years.)

B:

?f u/t+ù:^

âØùtffiL!. t !.7 ¿ ¿f*fcâ.

(In other words, it is more difficult to get into coilege, right?) lr¿.1

b) Ë¿*-r*¡v=É^Ä*El/i-2/¿l

å *rb6z)ì-

â¿l--r*2z65gf àu'/d. ?:f;rJ.

Ì'^.'v

EIA("ù* #Ø=tì0)*(" å l'ØH u'þüU¡'tÈ /J t,'Øl¿'. þffic-c t. å (In the old days, there was a time when a dollar was worth 360 yen, but now it is worth about 105 yen. In other words, nowadays, with dollars in Japan you can buy only one third of what you used

¿.

to be able to.)

8 "" SentenCe+Þút?T='That is to say; lt follows that; That means ...' l#aw>t.s>>>uanv<øal

a)

A A :. 7

È

/4,11BA¿:*S

ö

{ÌÂ,tt,'l¡Â,(.'T

i.

(Miss Smith has lived in Japan for as long as ten years.)

B

b)A

-

/ià. 6 Eläffiår-s r.< 7 r¡t>ll TT tt" (Thafs why she speaks fluent Japanese, right?) ù>

o)

)'ì*9*'.-ü fr È. ùt /J l-îrumtl'È' b L f

u'

* T"

(He studies all the time without even going out.)

B

j(-eÈ6þtt<'ltr" (No wonder he is

c)

A

good.)

:

* Ø i v ù ìnT]..l¿ Â,îTÈs- L t" w i tLfu.ct"l- Xþ= ffiÙ:frÌ¿rì,tT¿ì. Ë

!'l¿Ø¿ttHîót

Ll¿"

(We went to Chicago yesterday. Tlaffic was so heavy on the way that, although we left home at three, we didn t get there until around seven.)

(That means it took you as much as four hours, doesn't it?)

38

I I I I

>>>>>

õLìÈ?ÉlÊ

I

i,i

$ t't NEå:T='depending on'

[æary)r>r.7>>*ñtr&:<]

l

i"-ì

a) þ[-ãrÉ#¿å 4ØEØXF,r&cT !-ô!- ôÊZùf'J t-"

i

t'

(What greeting you use may vary depending on the weather of the day.)

b) c

)

å

cTë ì-ùtÉ!'* T.

(Opinions vary from person to person.) +r.+å V Ùh

Ê =-zØÞÌffiùi. ilffiØÞÌffir:*c(l** (A È

b

*î.

course grade depends on the exam grades.)

10 *t ruf&/cã=,correspond to -, a) Bäffiø l¿Å,¿:Ëùrl ùÌ. Fffiø oorrello" t;ÉÈð.

lffiaa>¿.e>>>?fit¡*r¿õeêâÌl

(Japanese "konnichiwa" corresponds to English "he11o.")

b) - i.^.¡vll- ,fEfFlEH/: U *ttt'" (How many yen is a dollar?)

f f *'

^, (ø))

ååäN='N, like -;

N such as

-' lffia¡u¡

a)

IÐ

t

41"

t)

{,.] ø)J à t¿MfiJr¡7 v-Àìtt

(I don't think English has rÞlv

l:

b) &ffiØæ+ìr.

-

9€ffi¿:

llär.

Tìô

> ¿. t s >>>

i

a convenient phrase l1ke "daomo.")

BAz\¿: üffiÐ/Jr'J af¿#,âËìrtù>6ù'

rñE B¿à €l øeããxã bEËJl

" ùlù

å- ffiLr,-"

(Characters for names are difficultbecause there are readings such as those that even Japanese can't read.)

39

-lz#>>>>> i

a) "o EL¿,Aãffi ¡pb: *

tv : i

: *+vtv:

A'-

lp

This expression is used to suggest to the addressee that helshe

i -ì--Ë+* f'ø!Â U"C.T:.ìr' Ù "

: åF< Ê¿'rlt'tttrol; È Ø, ¿lË)Ér)ìËeI't:41 I¿lr, ?tt.tzz

should have done something.

1o

ù

ù¡Uf¿Hïffiffiò/¿ ( ð À'ù>'>1." t'^À 7c {Lì,tjÑ;Ærì ->l¿tt"

2:-

1,, ? {LI= is used to give an

additional reason.

È

b:

1 ,r"

1:

HE¿ila'Èr,

@b

r9

>>>>>[âtr2]

E!-lVJVl

Ã ^.7 -

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r¡

b

1¡2

ãÈ.Ð iìr,- HffiaH,¿ i /ì=/¿å.. ft4.1:Ëf,åäð \,o 4l-'(ãttØHÍtat:?!.( ft4.1=#L/JðL'o zc {LtrtKbot¿ 6- ++.2 PoÌ¿)x,ùtftäù: ä b. tÈ+.V P':> l¿ÅÈìYå.,t:t¡cLö t *ËlEl Dâtr?ffiË L/r ð L'" Jó

f

,,, EI-IVJV<

e ":7ù:r¡ b. -ÂütEAffiØ+ä- ò i-^ùÌEã/\øts.Ét:t¡ Ø1 LlEltiâff?. ( Ètll:EAffi

(informalJapanese)

b /J

ð

!'o

Q

t-a- L

t.L/Jðt'.

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71."rì4 Ã

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{rr,dVv-, e "{7¿: t¡b, T-t 4 i:rt.'C.0)f 4 7ùy/ =yþt,t¡ð,,.. fiø ¡irÊffiZtâ

I

L

l. L.o

a) T-^ 4 þt#c{1.åà.. fSr(!./¡¡.fro b) Ð i L{ffi.o 1 t- âØlt,- I#o{!./JL.ØÐ.o c) ,-r4¿rffiÈà.. È6!.å.o d) E i U{ffå TÃo)tt,- È à r,.t¡.o)ù,o e) T-, 4 þ{fr.i ØÌ1. Ê#þù.tl âffi/ìùtà.- üJ,Ð.0). Lù:ffi.i ¿ ¿ ò ù:âù," Þi¿¿*'. ù ) 7 {úÈ t -,4 ùt ¿¿,4. ¿ ¿:ffà âÌ¿ô itr." (ffi!: *á!. L ¡..rzqÉ?'¡¿Ét:&. k6o)

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41

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lt)

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t¡'

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za¿-a-2

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å¿¡/¡1.

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z L ò = l-ù.F,È, {t t¡!.à. à : *

I

t)

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Êc1.\- â

aln Ø'¿ã¿#,tu:c.

u

:

/"h

L

t,.

sad

¡E¿'

ÉS ¿.þ¡J¡. 4H

to show someone around

t-

to be standing

to show joY cute

+rv À,

pictuer;photogfagh

ff UUnHO. råË:Curnldx €^nHÈuì.

a) ðËfÙ*. Èiü:= z-3-2 Ù:*/¿. Lùtbâ" b) +)^, I*- .13- = -21Æ.*.{tl¿"

E c)

ð

K e)

RË¿: {¡ '/ x ¿s/; ( ð ¿,1,'å

D

t,..l ffi oI:"

¡{t¡

squirrel

Z

¿t¿atl.

M

å /¡

È+lå. Hifraøffit:*'T7 t=) -)vþ#.2l¿Ølìô i d) ðËÍ¿f. +v | 7 )v'tï-/lrt.-&Ã,t:),.o1¿" "

Ëü {(oË

"

¡1jii !11:

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rl

rìi¡r lìljii iliilt ilittr

iitli,t !,1 tlllrirI

l

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. €,5-?Ðffi_LlÞ_løãfo: . ËiøElrÉlfêtf?ttfclÊ ã

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r r tefÉ

If r{

r

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""""""'>Ê#2 :.::"""" """" " " """""""'>Ê# 3 q.

URE No a

c o o o

Asking Favors (e.9.,

Would English T ust as you would try to speak very politely when you ask a favor inpolite when asking a J yo, ... please?, Would you mind ...?, etc.), one should be extra favor in Japanese. Japanese speakers often deliberately start out hesitantly by saying Ë *: ¿tiffitìi5ìõ âfu7c| û ¿....'- (tit.,l have a small request but ...) instead of a more direct 5*:

¿öffit\7:TõDt3-. Negative forms such as ttfclÊlJtttfuD and U\lclilJtdUìC U t f 75\ also occur frequently. ln more informal speech (e.g., when asking a favor of a family membeL a friend, etc.), one would say Ð òì-fåV\?, <Í'ItdU\?, etc., instead. Another formula one should remember is &ô1.<ômtl l,t?-, used as you part with the addressee, of whom you have just asked a favor. lt literally means "l ask for your good favor," and is a standard ending to a requestmaking situation. (Remember this same expression was also used in Lesson 1 at the end of a self-introduction.)

Going to Japan for a Year's StudY >>>>>

T;.t or American students who have taken only one or two years of Japanese, it is virtually I impossible to attend lectures for native speakers and expect to understand the content. Much as one might wish to experience authentic college life in Japan, that would most likely be beyond one's reach. lt would be more reasonable, therefore, to attend a university that has an international division geared to foreign students. Toward the end of the year there, when one's proficiency in the language has improved considerably, one can perhaps receive permission to visit classes for Japanese students a few times to "get the general idea" about Japanese college courses.

c c o o o

I I I I I I

trrtt Eäro)El#

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*r uP

=

10

El:

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4Iutv

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=

4 )fTìt'" L

El:

ð Øæ#-effiffiþ

T a*,-ri.{,-C" L È"

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D

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t-

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u.

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<âØ

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fiu-_ l¡r¿. b * LÈ"

= E:

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*rutv = E:

zL"

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BAffiØilffiØ

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t /¡" < Ø k,=:,{11 L * r l¿,t{"T È¡.

¡= Li#o.( ( /ìð l,.o I {L-eTtJ" âB¿x aØ-tftícL/¡&.

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ó.

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45

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. + F !t 'cU!ä

ì^-â +.'äì^ð9rt B+'c6U t ¿å b +. Fl ffi {-î u E o) Æ^' Æ t¿ + u ù* t ¿ìffi/ +L\È"to)Ø7 ñlJ!r ^ 1ât /¡'¿ä @ f rl+.ù.ô +tW., þt ËF + ft 'l'41 I Èì Ìl\ )o ìtÈ, + ¿l y ô,K-t7ffi È, É 7)ì ð ffi å. fi ) i & EI

"c"

È fi âo À lg

z)ì

/¡ 7 ü* +¡o) â bi U ùå li 'àìtX a) 4 t.þt Æ: luþt t t' 'h þ B lÈìlr. l, Ê.-C"B ò+# ^ z)ì - 7T A, tì È, 7€þÉ ¿å^ b ¿'C â l. d'L{" )v r\o ^ B Ø i- äR -) 16 7 ü*' ùt, ù: tr B t ijs Ê rÊ a t+ 6 rB /¡i8Ã 7 ' i)r 7 !\ ö a ¿i L t¿ # 'í e Í ì B ât {L ,li -c r,.l /¡ 0) frgl i H ,) Æ -ìi ùf I + rr , + ùt lâüffi ii íù lt ^ '; ¿ì ù: I Ø (i E y +_ , '. Få H bi {L þ Ø X,h A (" ù: (:)W.t,,'_ r¡ Â_ f;þ¿s + tùi ùÌ É 6 I Æ ö H +. {"1 /¡ h\ ï â[\ /J" a + !r H EIJ$'{,t É å a) ,1 H " ^/¿ þ 7 ^ rr /: â ¿" e f{o'r¡l r¡ + + :' lÌ H Ë ! ++ + å ¿. I L u tl + o) L\ þt r.i !\ + ï ¿: ñ H È' 4 E- 'fL+. r åì EX o U ^{" _¿{È*Æ aF,þ -f )€Ë¿l'ù* I ffi û: â /:" 7 T +, # 4 # # ù,i6ø + ,-1,. S Ø {" : ,ti'¡¡ f" +f !r ål Ø # ît {L 'fË tr É=É ¿ åi ft ò I t Ë ii i: L.i ð --#, 'C.

â,^ùt t: 1 åì È" 6 !r , !\ ffi þt Ãr. -ìi'H ¿å ; {" o o [r )v W (" B {L

òi lE

t,

!r

:.. I

t2 I

HIJ #""'

50

,tttt Eô^.øg#l

2sV¿¿Èìt"È6 È

[r,

È

[*'i Lç

3t ñ9.

ñg# ttto-

32

#

¿-(

canV

32

wish;hope

ffil: upriÈ( uru¡i {l äìF tË Ht'

particularly housing conditions

, a,f

þ6

one who wishes to do

l:ftÆ.î â/\l person l:Âl

-

bad

.l¡

#>>>,>

.* ¿* .E

j"t -tz6') ., l.*F{.r .r.,' !' (

þ

.€;

2

z.Fu,{Lâ 6L

s.1t*.

z.$.â

e.flE

,r.Ë(tr)

rr #uH

r¡.-#

16.Ë ?

t7.TÍ

o.rIJ#

t/s)

¡--6¡flt"(

zt.X#

zz.èffi

zo.Ê#

zz.EÉ

a:..

'uÉÉõ

zs.l&b a

za.âffi

a.*.IT 6 q.IÉ!.

r*t\

ffi:ftî rJr

tg.DlN

zo."EÅv

,n.hÉ'

zs.,Z'T L ò

Lo)

ro.ffit:]

iôt (

du'dÂL'iì 4.

e.ËT 'bç'

o#t

n. FW

,.h*h,, :ì 0'L w^w **

i. SË

rz.ìEÀ

zt.tIffi

,r.F=HË N'? à\

L"*ì

tÍ)

Lot'

:ã Lr.ì 26.'ÈIry .{tt t"

zt.EtJl{

utãJrr

zz.ffi#,

sr.DIlÊ

tf

ß.rãã

tr 1e 'ü¿-: i ra.#ÆìEã ôâ üL 22.ffift l( t.\ za.Elffi#tr

Ð\rÐi

es.lÉ91

dù,

åe

#

tìì')rì

u,,

a

+riç

zs.#

ryffiffi)t

o.ñfi

to.H!.

ÆfU

r¿.

z.Hl*ffiffi

.t.ffiÆE

--

ffisF LìL{,r

kìL s.Ìfl#E

to.ã 6 fitf'

r+.ffiHffJ

ts.W.

rq.HË

zo.ifi#F

z+.H.ffi

zs.ffiùt 6 r.tut t"t\

f:

Lt'

29. ÆÊ

{r\ æÆ 'þt

t_*..

S4

ètV

¡0.ffiffi

Lr,

zs.ñÆ#

¡0.{läs,H-F C¡ì L( c'

ì:'Èå

This radical stands for water and is basically used for characters representing water-related conditions, activities, etc.

trül [,Éj fËl rd¿

I I I I

>>r>r

ott

f

VtCül?

a)

ù¡Ur¿ffioc

<

ÈË¡.isoftencontractedtoV/Ât,'-e.

[it] tomorrow, OK?)

,,, V (causative) Tltï¿låll /¡ür?

l¿

xöltt lâ#l

>

t. t q >>>EtJËtt(trtctittrdtr-ë

"itié,it'a¿,r;Cô¡ldl¡o¡rcg'.e.!þ,árravor of your retting *é,. a

)

b)

,,',"',, .

âøþ,E,nâürfde.

(Please don't forget to bring

f

I

I

l*#1>t.z>>>ËnãrìEl

hqu*¿conversation,Vät,.-e (

.

EôrOEl#

ÈiØ B ¿=#r#¿Élf ð rf

(

,1,:

tr

à är]

¡.ã,,v.¿ú;jplite

)

ür/¡ Ë tt /c rru. t, ¿ tt," (Would you please let me take the exam one day earþ?) zÀ'À:¿'

ft+.ØffiX.þffñ* (

Ëf

ür/: Ë tf

/J

trr U * Ò tt, "

lspeaking to a professor] Would you mind letting me read your paper?)

c) ftæ.. ffi#þ{t * {f ( tt/¡

/c

tt

/J t,r ?.

l, ¿ Ò lt' "

(Sensei, would you please iet me be absent from class?)

d) # ftæ., ffi#þfrlvT' tr È Ë tt /J tr (. l, ¿ Ò lt'" (Sensei, would you be absent from class?)

Sentence c) is the correct request. nòìtus¡rry'ap,prgiiatè. . :, .'. :

e)

ftä.

t€ffif* En'ÈT

tt/¡Ëlt/Jtr(

l, ¿ )lt'.

(Sensei, would you 1et me say it in English?)

f)

,b4Ê.

t€ffit"Ec( tt/cËtt/ctr("

l. ¿

)h,"

(Sensei, would you say it in Engiish?)

53

.l¡

ËÊ,""

; by the end of

9Etrr t -pþ L( ( Èð t.. (Please

a)

e-mail sometime today.)

+ÈÀ

b) XÊ.å (

[I]

- 9Æ + {:fÄi, r¡ ll È¿lf'¡¡ å /J !'.

have to pay the rent by t]re end of this month.)

4rr, -t{-l*Ë='The

more/less

-, th€ more/less -'

lffiuv¿

> ¿. t

t >>> ãttnHårìE¿]

il,rg,sn: +.V..é,i,6l"

dl.tg4

f.

¿ *á 6 l' ô ( tÌ â L.BL- * nl;{tuffiï HAffi¿å. (I think that the more you study Japanese the more interesting you will find it.)

6lf

ffi#t

b) ++.trtt| n$g;tril ¿. ¡É¿*'f¿ 6 ø) àìffi L t -"

(The more students there are lwho applyJ, the more difficult it is to be selected.)

c) !.!.vz l-TvTttn\ibãÍf ¿Ët'. (Better restaurants ate more expensive.)

d)

#,ïÃIt

lt'Ì"t¿lvt 6nlìt,

ã fÍ E !'!."

(Simpler explanations are better.)

e) BÄffil*- ffirÂu/cttftrt'L /Jtrlf ¿+ìtr. à /¡ ( /¡ b *'f .

(The less you study Japanese, the less you will begin to understand it.) Lr tfür

5 "o Nl;JrþA,/t)lft fi='other than -; besides -' a

)

Ittc ã

ttu

È¡i å¡ Ll tr

ártt

#ffiøUlø t*. äñ+Ët:tflE

ôHi

lffiaø

> ¿.t s

>>>ffial

=¿'l.Y*ø]

Øtrtb â

ôu" (at ttre beginning of the semester, there are so many things to buy besides textbooks.)

ù¿t,

À à' ,r( L¡i

L¡iåt(

u'

l>

å¿,

b) ÍtrÊt+€r\r+oæ+#ö ó b * T"

(There are otlter scholarships than that from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Tbchnology.)

_

ütå

necessarily mean that...' $ "' ülVþ-El,tÖ*ltl?f*t¡t,t='it doest. not >>> s €EuäøH{ütlr€52ã¿uìãþlttËãtr] ütt lffiañ¡ >

a

54

)

t

btt?'f *öt) *Ë

lù" ¿: rÃ 6 ¿tr ä goes to Japan.) (It is not necessarily the case that one's Japanese improves once one

'x,T v €' B;6^lÍùt ll'Eäffià¡.h.f

,,,,, Eä^øE#l

b)

ù'll, úËl-

ö

c)

ar.ltlclf át,ì.

Øàlr,.L.¿ur

(It is not necessarily the

case

that expensive things are good.)

út t €, Elä^rra ¿,dÃ,ßÏs-¡t¡WÈ (/¿) ¿ ür i t,ttrtttru *Ë Á.. (It is not necessarily the case that

r> NI{'}U='nothing but

l

a77

Japanese like natto.)

-'

l#úvt

>

t.zs >>>E+ËtáDþl

].::r:],.,]):.:,.::::.:.]:...:..':::.

æl expless"s the,idea that there

:., '[,X.l$¿¡lb

a)

1 w èØ=

are so muctr'X that¡ráþþ'eæi:a¡

ii

ànill

x

"*iuÀ,

z- 7llt.f/¡ =z-Zlt'rt'úJ1*- t..ç t'at¡.â "

(TV news is nothing but bad news, and it's terrible.)

b) Bä^fjo

ll,lJÐo) a ô ¿i-

*ô

l, L ô !.

I

Ìi:

å lÍ'7t'U

/¿"

(When I went to Japan, in the beginning I had nothing but interesting experiences.)

..Iná),thereisofcou,r¡,e

ei'f!,

onif,,,g.b eié.i!'s.òm,uc.$

there were nothing but bad news.

.:,,

1,;ittìì

c) î

:

l:ü_-fui1r""-saiif

àiso¡e used in combinarion wiúriri¿:t:i!id1¿f1.¿.+È¡ii.:':',],ìi..

v ¿'þ F,'c tlfii tl !' 6 ¿ fú,Ífrc

È

*

..'',

,:-,¡i' .1, ¡'.,:''"

rù.1,.

(If you watch TV all the time, you can't study.)

$ rt t¿ã^( a) #æl)rl--e (It

\4¡i11

='as

-

as possible'

læatø>t.zal

ù. /Jãc< HÆffiþfficl¿ãàrl-!.t..Lr r.

be better if you speak Japanese as much as possible even outside of the classroom.)

zl

b) ffiE¿x. /r õ^ ( h.øB ¿:t

Lf

( /¿"Ë r." (If possible, please hand in homework the next day.)

9 -'

V

(plain)

^(ä ='shoutd; ought to'> lffiatvl

¿.

ze

i ''T:þis,,is,afÒrrn,deriyed..fr.orn$e1âssical.,ãuxi1iery.,t'.'ê

>>>

iF- Lzi- 1 èr

^&

Ë

t. 3 3

>>>Ën õ

*Utrft'¡@ws.theplaþ

xËe *r¿ur] f

pre¡ent tg4¡e

form of verbs and caries the meaning 'one should do i.'When the verb is Tå, both T-rÈ and T a À * are used. Thé negæive form of ,s È is .ì È tl t i. rathèr tnan * A r,. -r È f¿-

f

a

)

b)

t,À,Åtù

B

ä#Ø#H

ù;-#,ô.tc ìt, -; rc r,

ù,L

.

t:

Æ# þ fuiñr Ø) d ã t¿"

(Ifone wants to read Japanese newspapers, one should study kanji.) L. ttÀ

¿i¿.Ø^ØÉE(opinion)

ö Ë:<

¡tã/¿".

(One should listen to the opinions of others.)

c

)

h4

ffit,.ËËøËE

ùÌfå <

^

Ë (" ùt /J

!'.

(One should not listen to the opinions ofbad friends.)

55

.l¡=#,,,,,

1¿O

a) ,,, frfrL=ffiü(1)

>>>>>[âffi1]

1:When you have something to

t. fÊ,+., b * c¿ +JFttrÏó â ll,acttt ¿

+*.

t*t.. {4f'L¡ l"

ft+. ++. ft+. ++.

L

ITI"

trøÒ. .r*XìEØmt#ø z¿r¿lv<"ïtt¿ 4 ØEt,-ffiwt:ftù. /¡ (

ft+. ++.

)

lo

IE]

DffiFå¿:f-Tå..

Z

conversation with expressions such as È ¡ -r å f"-EFL'åló 6 rt

2"

'eTLlÐ oràt"xoLtôl't' ("LÌ iÈ..

( ¿Ì /J â /¡ ( /¡ -c"c l, *.

2: You introduce the topic by *lÌ -o)¿ LÌÌ,À,ícît1 Ð or *lt,-

Èi.Å,1TÈ¡.

.!a

ì-" TA*ìlÂ,àì. e Ø^0)B ù:EttË Ë(tr

ÉÊLit¿ur?'L

* ó-

ftæ.

ask your superior, you begin the

& Ò 1t,3"

41\-1: L/¡Ùftfrb

b

*ì¡.Lde"

3 : You ask permission by V (caust./¡ /dùt tJ t-'c l. s I lt,, ative) V (causative) t' lc t¿ ùt * 'ti À,å'

t

Â,'cf

b) '*

ftltt;Fü(2)

(

or V (causative)

f

u- lc

li'È

È t,'

år.

>>>>>[âBÉz]

Y4-: lÈ+. èb e c 2 å ô I't,rT L & a ù' " l, ¡ i ftE.: ì,. t. T j- À. 'íFJ-C' Ltiùr<â¿ú " ; o ), ær*F+ä t:F l'iZ.aÌ¿t' ¿, ?' T t$ 2. Y4.: ü,L'ù/,U¡ i f åËXåiûtagr- ( ür/¡ titr t¿trr L &, Ò h'4" ftE.: !. !.{"T i. 1

4:You ask your superior to

do

ti

I't¡ something for you by [l tJ t. t. L S lt,. No causative

-t

i

form is used here.

c)

>>>>>[âffi+]

"'ËiËEffiü *'tVlv:

wb I *
re

b. fÁ. âE

¿*

i

l-I¿o)"

òFËHmü

i å,8:r"

t.r¡

¡'c ¿ ffiàrrÉ ( {" Èì,.Dt iJì? b4 **v.¡v: i A,...... " äÊr,tlt ¿. -?*JF¡r ¡ 1'ürür ?

19b:

äó¿:" À'to) L2 +E Øffiffi' ft*'øffifr'ái:ffi ft/¿lr ? 6 i.{,_ !.!.Jo

*tvtv:

:'e)

@b:

*'rvlv:

56

t"

tt

'tda"

'{

t' z I

5

(

5: In informal conversation, a request can be introduced bY expressions such as

#t'tt Ð,-?

} -¡ ¿#ÎAl3I'¿ ¿tr;bA Â,/¿"ll å.

*rÆr. L"c({, )r.t,. ? or È

6:An informal request can be ( made by r¡ l. ?, etc. åå

-f

þ/¡t.

?,

-f

t¡

1 ,> El-rv7"v1 ,{7r: r¡ b _ -Ä¿lBa#Øftä. ù i-^¿åEa¿:g+L/¿ r,.y+.t: t¡ b t¡ ð r.. #ä

A

-

trTÌ.

a) b) c) d) e) f

)

lå

ct;\tÌ.

D e)

4.ø ¿ ¿ ? BA#Í-Ëi!.

/J

ð

r,.o

ØÉ#"

You are applying to the Rotary Club for a scholarshíp.

You ask that the professor write a letter of recommendation for you.

The deadline is January 15. You brought a stamp and you have also

written the address on a sheet of paper.

fi$irþØÉ#. 4 lLtrtKb o l¿ t - ++.þ þ = f¿ )tttfi¡ä.ù: /J , -ÆffiH L /J è !..

b

.

ft,+.þ

+c /¿Ått#äit

/J

: {.

f,,,1-wJV( e

,{7ù:ä b.

-^¿i.

BA¿:BYT

t¡ b /¡ ð r.. Y4.t!.,

â.

LtrrÌÌ..c/¿#ä. ò i-^ùÌ. Eaffiøft4¿:

a L þ BAffif Éì,./J ð !.o

^0)

a)

Ìt

b) c)

You are going to the University of Tbkyo on a Monbukagakusho Scholarship.

D e)

ØÊR"

You ask that the professor write a Ietter of introduction to Prof. Yoshioka of the University of Tbkyo, afuiend of his/hers.

d) w¡'', ØÉ#. t

e'. +ä 3 ç

4 {LìrtKf''

->

, -ÆffiH

L /r ð r,'"

-> f¿

)r,Itlt¡Æ.¿: /J

b, ft,+k

+,c

Tc

),,tt#+.it

/J a

{.

ò

3,,, trt-rVJvl

e

,{7¿:ä r_ -^trEä.#þffitfrLf !. â7 / y ùL++., ù i-^¿ÌEa^Ø+äù:t y r^ll. #ä¿:Ëu./¿ffi_ b /Jè ù.o _^¿*lElDEäXíV7)2I7ù:Hf !.*_l-" 7 èri ,' L¡ ' t, â EIA^ØË)É¿: ffif+ã (textbook) þt.,,{¿T¿: ¿ i:fràì? È (to notice). Wt:p.Î. Æþ HÈ -c ð à

r,. /¿ r,. È'ÃÊa *.

-t

"

( /ì

¿l /¿ E

äffi

(informal Japanese) Í.

ffiî ¿ L "

z

57

.l¡

#>>>>,

->l¿ù- 7 ) y rtL++.þ{c zl¡u\à¡EÄ^+äl:/¡ )\trt7 ) y rtÅYä¿: tÃ'>1., ò t -EffiË L /J Ë !'. l'rÈìftKb

Q,,,,

iV-rZ þ-ì77

e

)tø/. y-7"þlFor- W+t-l¿t.Yäàsft+¿-ffi#¡ þåffi.

=

e*

lut¡¿

trL6tr.ëì-lJÈ !.o ìp-/ícärñþ=)lF]| /Jè !.o E{FË¿ìf È/¿ à, ttctJ¡i t' r,=ry¡¿ (to present) L A ð !'o

J,.,

=
'

¿ ?HFËð

12ø)'.1¿

t"Èq) L? BaffiØrt+-øm'Æat:x* L T¿ù¡, !tî-ìtìt'* t. À'" ft+-¡¿ ¡ +þã å* L ¡i" J +¿:ã( ¿ ¿¿i. 1 ¿lElDù:L/Jðl'o

e

Tù,l¿.,1,U

O

++.rJìft,+.t:,fElå.m¿,f.'r.*T. CD 3Hr.f

tr

tÈrÉ'¡xvxaa¿:

a) : Ø+41È. b) ¿ Ø+4.ùr.

c)

:Ø+4¿*.

d)

ffie>blll' tt

(

. ELt. ö Øt:Oþc

(,/ ) u-iy-r7ì

e) ftä¿ìÉt./¿

ò Ø¿Ì-

!'.

ç,/¡

ØFYê¿: Fl-¿.ô-f¿ l' È ,Ho { [' * T"

ffiffi{

( ) fiH^)tr ?ër.{ü åt.t!.Ø-CT. (()-+rå EA^1ÎÈ /¿ t' å Écl !'* 1o ( )-++ (,/ ) )1,H+EE ( ) fE:+ãE l rru r.u"

ftÆl:

ùTlJð

dlv .li ù' Jtt
) xtrf++€

I

58

b. E#L++-þ {¡ =/¿

(

(,/

)+ä )

%,+.

àsHT(" l- ¡

i.

l;:i,

tlã'l

l^>), 6Á,

À

à'àr(

W

L¡)

I a -tü*- xffñ++å'ØilffiùI,,s¡ ¿"- Elal:-4w+î â:- Lttrri.-t /¡" EYårltr* : tffi, ttffi kp.ti

å

Èi¿-ffiËjJt? *aÆr.- ur¿ãüttr#^ù:.

T

CffàÈt:Tto|¿" ft+.tr*7cØa ¿ ?Ëf,( ¿. lÌà.:/¿îTda. trÐ{"¿ iJ : /;. 4 Ø'Iþ1, ft+.ttg+ù:, !.'c Ø 7 þ"u ì 4 z þ t'- ô t'- ô l-"c å ( ^ÉeNÈ' dzl¡ås. 4 0>4t: l,'y rt IþlrJ&ù,Ël¿Tü:fS:I!-: tÌi ) Èì1.!.'CjÀl å u. j Z 1.",ì 4 lùtã>->T¿" I ¿ i L({"Tà.. fÁ¿lÈffii ¿ v / -þLfr. t,.*Tüf àl È)=-tåìË) L- tr+.åK,o'C- l4)Df /Jt.'À,11 i."

)r#ø14 vùtùt---,,{-ìùtv ö 1.."7 4<- ò/Ju.ØàìËE/ià. 6. #ktft,oI¿?þ'e - tr/ù1ù;Ì¡t'¿ El âà"îT t) LÈLf¿"

Eä'c"¿*,.

-)¿*BA^Ttol- Elllft+.øZ l."rs4 x¿ìIEt-ù"ol: ¿ å lrtT,)lÐT fu'ù,oÌ¿. 7 t y h'c¿*.,bfrø | 4 vcòt#ø | 4 vcð. /'1 r" Z ¿ <9

=

È.-(-zt-

ÅÃ

tvù;-c !.-C [. âù'b

-

7c

{Lkt\,HTfruùf

t.

u." l-h'l- HAf"¿*.

+Ëf ¡FltvØl4 vz¡ à t" r 4 < -f-{.-,,r-À ùtvùtrt..{!.( ò. t+ â l4 : t.' { !' /J t' Ø ÈìÉËl¿'. +ä ¿t #þffi: /¿ ó å -C". I - v 1{"À t,' T¿b t-Au'åÈì. y' = -y''ù1. u. vhlþt#o{È{Àà.:/¿ å,8,:È. 4{Lìdù.b"ct*,/¡ ( . ËEØFñ{"tt. +kffii ù: ð, ffit < â0)¿*íir¿¿1r". *uha[< ¿ /Jr,.o ElÄt"t*. {trJr'ò ffiM,liù.re¿,{"r.{- , v-+Ëø l" e'

7 /J =

-

È¡

ÐâffÉÉ1=l¡¡ø¿:. 9

tt: ttt

t^

4Èr ò õ,8-#t':

i /¿

t_-c. "

^ | 4 vØ%âållt,-c. ( {vr¡l,'Øà. å.

t

.13

#,,,,,

¿-t¡,-l ¿ ¿

fÉ¿Jr hti Ël'¿.l l:

great

[tE

joy

¿' ¡

:Ëtrrä t,.{-

without fail

¿'

tffiffi,4v

rnecltanization

*tr*

.F.

x,i

u

ffi)ÈrÈ' ÉLt"

to advance

Ë{.r

to laugh; to smile

af,

-äi

uÈ

Égrfr

to wash

automatic

, F,

õ,8-#

correct

2t

o ;RØEãffi,tuE.

ffi a )

f.

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v'=

trt: iE U

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t

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: (t

rl'l.ld x

-r¿t- {s6¡gE'¿ilffi¿:,sx

mystery

ä^nfdêuì.

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L /¿"

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U

I ãrllft4.¿*.

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(inconvenient)

/ì å

¡tço

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E d) K e)

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o

r- L¿ìÈË, f l' l¿ å,8,: /¿" 4 vî*arÈù¡Hl¡ r,-ø¿ÌflËàrä r. a ¿ L'¿,H ãlJJft+.Øã o

=

Þ

l¿

#fiä,trÒ2 ÉrD

IJRE No c o o a

c

Homestays >>>>>

hen you are doing a homestay, ask questions whenever you don't understand something, e.g., how to use the toilet, the bath, the washing machine, etc. Japanese people love electric appliances, many of which are quite different from, and frequently more complicated than, their American counterparts. The bath water might scald you unless you know how to regulate its temperature. Modern toilets, so-called "wash-lets," might completely puzzle you. Also, never assume it is all right to do something without asking permission. Eating things in the refrigerato4 bringing a friend home, coming home late, etc., might all upset the family's plans. The safest thing would be to ask permission. More will be said on this topic in Lesson 1 1.

Talking About One's Family doesn't do it here, when Americans 1 n âËÉ 1, Jason talks about his family. Although Jason "brag" often about them, as the woman their family members, they I talt about

mentioned in ffia*r) in Lesson 1 did, saying, "l have three beautiful daughters." Japanese don't do this because they consider their family members as extensions of themselves, r.e., just as it is in bad taste to brag about themselves, it would be in poor taste to brag about their family members.

Writing E-mails and Letters hen you are writing e-mails and letters, first write about the recenVcurrent weatheL inquire about the addressee's health, and touch upon your own health. Then pro-

to the main body of the text. lf you are making a request, explain the nature of the request here. lf the purpose of the e-mail or letter is merely to talk about your current activities, describe them here. Lastly, in the concluding portion, write Clt. ¿iZ &ô L < ôßH U\Utl if it is an e-mail/letter of request. O,therwise, just write so-and-so f-&ã tJ<, ¿)Uô 7lÃac, etc. Remember that, in Japan, even in a business-type letter, such as a letter of request, one should take time first to talk about the weatheç health, etc., and should not rush into the business at hand. lf it is a formal e-mail or letteç you begin your e-mail or lJLr < ItLìltL\ letter by FÉ (a formal salutation) and you close it by ffiF. lf you are writing to a friend, howeveL you normally leave out allthese formal salutations. ceed

a o a

o o

>>>>>'¡F-

l:771

ev /u'?Ê#*9 11 v !, jF- Å,77 1 ftØðÊlðtu¿# t CUlõ. *aËð Â,

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æffi.ØEHffi-c'Câ?

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:

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àÀ. Î-c"T"

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:

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:

Ðt4)Y t5

JáËå ¿,

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4 i " ltrJØftH"

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v :

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ffið

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L o'C ö È.d2 !'L.o

63

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lu h L&#frl-+ì

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D

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\tvù t-*-'Cf" bb, ltvù ¡.-*-È.. è-¡vtH&t¡" ï-------------

7-+ìv Sá1Ë.â,

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64

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SáËå rt,

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7

rá&ð ¿,

" [.?È. r r. ,:ìEdz{ È /¿ t. Â,-cf üt ¿". [. Ì,.'c- L ] ) È.. !. [.{"1}. {4{ L. i Ä" - ì Ì/ -'c"Cu, ) À,f,'1. BAÂøKl:-pl>Tr-cl¿: å àì/Jt.'r¡À,-Cã-t

to X-clv táËä

À,

z-+lv ts JdËð

¿,

r

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ùØx+ØËì€-e. âHHît€#þw.ì-(r.6^ù:. *0)i{Effiâ,

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t..r.("T

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¿i+à/JL.: ¿ ü:L j

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r È¿È" È, E^#Øffiffiþ U/¡ ¿lfu¿Ì/¡ 6 /J t,. Ø{"- . tL-cX7LL * T" 4 t, È, ù* J.l'uà. åK ( z¡ å ¿,8 t. * 1. ¿^ ) 7€'-t6trt:taÃ,þ'c ùt ( Èð l,'. ËÜi¿Æ,t:

îtå.

âHft t*

$tôl-<*68,2(Èèu'"

I -4 / v . I vz"Y v 66

>>>>>

trJ . 7 'fi- ^7î

4

4H

ft :g+4¿ì,ñ -^77 þ l-Lt-

4

ffiã À,

ù'

n

t-

23

American history

r,

+æt f[f;-/¡¡.

not particularly [>>>EiÊl-

-

b |.u'

F.1]

TATE

{¿;e¡,

üt

: fft-/¡ ¡.

not at all

o

I wonder lgenerally used by male speakersl [>>>*Ë,¡- ¡.2]

s

-lt'X t-

v1i

,rÍl

v'/u

ti

g ^t] l¿-luì1, tÈ¿?

¡:

[r¿ ó'

tr fñËà a

t+'x./

&

population

f

fall

to make a mist¿ke 16r'

frft(t¡)

winter

¡l¿

spring

(tÈ l')

second (largest)

Really?; Gee!;You're ¡

lake

¡.,p.

æ

kidding. ,9ti ó

governor

{f¡a 21 ltr

L:

state capital

if I remember correctly [>>>*;tz- t.¡]

6

t3 -æEl¿:

rc

ßm+

¿

ffi

*

(- ù: ) FÀl t' 6 to resemble (-) ¿.þ¡J¡. cute; lovely

lawyer

^ta

ttlt,

(one's own) older t:-

tL

7'yùF.

(someone else's)

brother

one's height

t

(someone else's) older brother

younger sister

wallet

EI

?

r[i¿

6æ.

ôt,.

Je!

18

rL

picture; photograph

¡ Wfr ¡[.

16

*ár¿È

Èå

L +'L lu

n'ru

îiI.

permission

Êf

jß-L771

famous

[>>>*Ë./-t'4]

,ì,

,, 24

T'lr-'à

út

Êã À,

L,-r,-

wonderful; terrific al1of you

*14u,.,,.

b¿

t *o6 .ì,

to request; to ask for

rz

(-¡11¡ 6

train station

EF .f

¡:V/¡L¿ôÈ

far

l8l' Y7¡,v+

z Éffi4 {Ef*

by chance

t¿

("t¡,

7 10

things like

À,1

lÃ

Ét/o

L

i

f.Yt: ro f:i L- * tiÂ,

ù,f

to borrow

have just done

something

bicycle

ffib

to decide (on -);to have/take (-) [>>>*iÉl- l''s]

[:

rea11y;

truly

it's all right; one doesn't

mind

r¡ å à ]

,ptiL¡( 12

9È

dinner llit., evening meall

¿¡t¡

Ll,À:

for the first time in long time

b

a

î'ìt

3^ ôht '

E

u u-Zo) S¿: ¿. before I knew it.

end pieasantly warm [with reference to weather]

àttn'

[>>>g;t,/-

a

t¡D

summer

H.

NØJ atcãl-

i

¿:

like

N

[>>>gitz-¡e]

ð'à Ì.

i

4

#f#

s

fi¡.

¡¡51

long

r

.Jìè

Ì¿T 6

to neglect to write for a long time; not to correspond for some

time tí

a Ø'æ

since I saw you last; since that time

interesting experience

Ètç'

Ët" ?

fa1l colors (ofleaves)

t'

ffiffi ¿r¡,¡1.

[>>>g;tz- ¡z]

(time) passes

lt['rt¿

hot lwith reference to

even

ã-

EîÉ

weatherl zti

lic *o-1, L

l-.8]

fast; quick !

++ffi

s /¿i.Jì r¡['¿'z

this semester

fairly well; to alarge extent; pretty much

ålÉ

life

(-ù:) t¡'tiâ

to be accustomed (to

-)

[>>>E;Ê/- t"9] tÈ.

st(t s'È.\fr')

rr [J"f¡.

ya-y2

to be useful

terrible;awfu1 shock

>>>>>

11

,-

tJ I \

{.#f

ü'

to get by without - ing; to come off without -

[>>>gitz- ¡ lz]

(t L' È

12

l.cìÀ t)

ffiffiEE, tr #æ

ú. æ L+ FEI

Itr

14

(-t:)*6 #1,ù'¿: )-t

lIc Ètf

to ride (in/on

15

-)

intently; eagerþ to type (messages)

'

Ws¡t'â

v'ru¡ru

19

cell phone

ia1.LL

tLw.

Buddhism ?-

t:

trHËúF

newspaper articTe

¡Çn v

tratn o)'

-1"È¡t 18

Ë+

Chinese c]naractet

21

-ft t't" ¿l¡

- each

22

-E] ç', ¿

per occasion

-TSa

to do something too much; too -

t tli

f[

to be saved; (something)

¿'.È

tt

ÊÊ

t.

ffi r[.uçi t7 l+É Æ.h6

cooking; cuisine

[>>>*;É,2- l-.1¿]

Ebâ zo (- ¿;; fr,þ ) Èt

body;health (body) weight

to change lu.i.)

[>>>g;Êz-¡l:]

lar -er;by far

helps [u.i.l 76

iF- L7- 1

to be sufficient ì

â to pey attention to; to take care

t)

r?Èì

zz (-¿¿¡ J. ô1, ( *âffiå ( he1lo (to

/ìå t. say -) for me.

69

*14n,.,,, h'

r.5Ë

2.7

) ,) rtÊ.

g. EU ù:

a.tôfr.,ã

ø.fr'

z.lDj

â

e. ,I[l

q.

ÉlffiF zs.A5

tg.ffi b â

zo.Æluâ

* zs.âYffi

zs.H-

rs.*6

s+.1+

zs.Æ.h a

gs.Ë#

¡s.-El

+0.ãW

17.

zt.9È.

zz.hLÀ'b

zo.Eu,

27.

Ë l.'

zs. ìIft

tt.tV.rfc

sz.

tÉrF

zø.ll¡W,

¡2.ffiffiñüS

ra.

s.

f;flS

s.Eã

À,

ro.

re.

ñ'IF

ffiÊ

t,.

rs.ffiffi

^ FI J.

o.âf¿\

z.'Illffi

t2.ffiffi zz.lEÊ

zt.WJ

¡0.41É

q.fr#I

z.Mñ

ro.lË{r

!.

24.

Jtl

r.ÉîEI

['

HIËà å

ts.fr)<

to.,FÃ

t2.lFÈ"

ro.

Êl M.#

rz.lffi

rr.{Ef*

s.ffi

r¡.4

tt.Hñ

r81¡-

À,

r¿.

re.Hl,ù'ù:

tg.tlc

zs.Æ.b â

zq.E,L â

s.Þl-t' *u)

6

zo.#lÊfl

This radical comes from ñ and is generally used for characters representing kinds of trees. wood products, etc.

[eJ [ôÍt fffit fd¿

70

>>>>>

| "' Êili t^,r¡ül)

a) ftE.

2

17

V

lã#t > t

='not particularly'

t

ìF-/Å7- 1

e >>> ÊtJI¿ u

<õo *uri,]

vÊ- àEËññÈìð b *È¿,1e. å i ¿.1,r¿À,.c1tt,"

(Mr. Brown, you don't look very well today. Is something wrong?)

l7'

v: !-t-¿.

^?

;IJE,ÍEI-Cöóú)*.Ëlv"

(No, there is nothing particulariy wrong.)

b)

,ry4 þ : BAffiØ/i7tå.. å:. #Lu.? (How is your Japanese class? oifficult?)

1rùvi)iÀ'.El¡;. (Not particularly.)

In speech, the phrase which follows ErJl: is often omitted,

as

in b) above.

f ,rr.-ålä

lã#2

>

ta >>>
<

Y>z(vtclxtttrìr]

vluí i

a) Àn¿*, ¿Ø c 6 t.å¡lj" b)

(What is the population, I wonder.) t{À, lt¡t

âB¿Ì[fir€Er:,f¡f¿;g-6

I

âh't¿"

(I wonder what will be served for dinner today.) .

r,,,+-lÐi:tj,jsjóftèn.,usê.djjn å.8,.í...cÒn'sfilcti.ónr¿sär,thê.:fé11ô.W.í¡E.èxample.

::: c ) ? 1,t y v1

å.4,r¡ff21. f¿ EE

c(

!.t¿ À,1T

"

(I have been wondering what kind of town Madison is.)

J ttt t¿l¿ltt='fi

I remember correctly;

if I am not mistaken' l*#z

>

t.s >>> l¿ tyr)r220f

urr:eBuraa]

71

*14*,,,,, a

)

EIAøÊpt_

¡rc

f.ù,_ffi,=+n ç È, r,.T. L ¡ ) "

(If I am not mistaken, the population of Japan is about

b) 7 t, rt.-æÊ ø&r,iÍlia-

120,000,000.)

t

ï¿l,tt'ìt t) 7 tv=7/¿¿,H,r.*T. (If I am correct, the most populous st¿te in the U.S. is California.)

{rrrxffiY?äHl¿+*is famous for Y' . Ycan be,a ûoun or a noun pfuase (i. e., a sen1ery'.-i. o.'/., t)': 1;,

lãalz>z.ta>>>e-neâeæf i,

a) i vù * -*'-f*. ¿- ¡vt'Eätt" (Milwaukee is famous for its beer.)

b)

Hãßff

.

-c

e,

Ér. *d+Í.Ë'å /¡trJîT"

(Kyoto is famous for its old temples.) t¡t6

c) Hä^f*. I (fÐ<ØTã*Tï. (The Japanese people are famous for working hard.)

$

tto

a)

NEf6='to

decide on N; to have/take N' lã#=>¿.tz >>>lËÞËl¡t

fÄùi.

&)¿..

!.I7 >>>ñF*tct

áL*ã]

1ÈçÈl;L:fr.

(I will have sukiyaki.)

b)

€?

zv ìIt, +Ê.o)Íwqt;L:f;

(Let's make

it

l, *. )

fthe picnicJ this Saturday.)

"

$ ttr - &ötÊ,='it seems that it looks like -' NøåäE='like; as if it were'

l#atpt>t.tt>>>6t-tìtì&ã83-{al lffia#¡>t.z >>>Hø*5rrl

¡,':r^-¡ å,1ìì expresses onels conjectures,Itis attac,!-ed.¡to.,no.uns;,,/I-ádjectives, plain forrns of ¡'-

adjectivesandverbs. E#Årì -' E#Lo e i Ë L1'à'/ì

ùü Lå

72

--

L3-à'/¡ e,5 Ê

,

.

,

:

>>>>>

a) A :

¿ ØÉr.Øùr,lElf.-

LI

j

if\- L7=.1

È..

(What's this white thing?)

B: Ëð- I (âå.b*È¿,àr. JôLiÀø)J)ZcTtri-" (Well, I don't know for sure, but it looks like tofu.)

b) EIA^li Ê t .4¿;4'¡

t¿ & Ò TT " (Japanese people seem to like white cars.)

c) ftElt@E+á{f

Lt.i

ä

(.fo !.? t¡Ðf4ät:!. å -, Lçr.'*T.

(Our teacher seems to be busy every day. [HelShe] is always

d) ¿o)côÈ ¡ a åsÈ/cJ

ã(.r.

(It seems I've lost some weight. I am

in lhis/her] office.)

Èil:È 2tr>cLiÉÊÉ¿tå t,rLâ J. it:Ì¡b

able to

* L/¡"

weat clothes which were too tight before.)

e) ilffiùl# ].ltr'> /¿ i ã Ë" f) ilffiùi*Ë .lt -> /¿ å L ut.

(It seems that the exam was dlfficult.)

g)

El+Ë à,tå.-

kØiãlJ^fT"

(Mr. Tbnaka looks like a woman.)

h) Bl+Ë lùtt- kà Ll,t^f'-T. (Ms. Tbnaka is very feminine.)

'

¡) ¡)

.tretottowing arasrmilar examffes. ,

.' .

.

,,

t¡a

H-o*ä/rElÍ'T.

(Ifs a summer-like day li.e.,It's hot like summer although it

is not summerl .)

H-àt,u\El(*T. (It's

a

very summery day.)

:

:5in¡r*t" N ø¡ i l:, which

,

.thi-ng acts/is like

is an adveibial fo¡m, e.xprelses thð

someonè/.somémi4*e.-

ideä

at'sôiäéiriiè/some.

:::

73

*l,4u,,,,, k) +HØXtÃo)t:.

HOi i Eãt.-C'T.

(Although it's the end of October, it's hot like a summer day.)

t)

Ãìx

Ë

r4,ùÌ. HA^ø) & ) |,:EIä#Èì-L'+Í'T"

(vtr. Smith speaks Japanese lfüe a native speaker.)

.< v + vo &ã (Babies walk like penguins.)

m) ffi¿

*Â,¿t.

EjF¡ g a.

n) ¿ Øñfrffi¿rffil,z a t¿" (This test looks difficult.)

l'J

o)

¿ ØÉfrffi¿Ìffi L ã Ë" (It seems that this test is difficult.)

p)

7:.7ðÂ,ÌrffifrË2411" (I hear that Smith-san is sick.)

q) 7--7-ð¿,¿tffifråLt\f*T. (It seems that Smith-san is sick.) :

-èreisa¡defi nitè.sourc-e.,ôf.,infpmiátionlif$i

|

>'>

lnaw > t.s >>>

Ëå.='even'

EIo)& ã

t¿*urEtza

o

*E]

,

,.],.,,.ð.å

mostno.rmallv,follgws a no¡rn (or a s-.énjence+.,-,.è

least expected

9'

g on the most unusuar,,or

Case.

1( a) Eiløñffië ã-#Û/¡l'Åù*¡þt¡ l.t

Lå

i.

(There probably are very few people who cant even write their own names.)

b) Hl*ffiffiøÈilt- +4ållfËL ( f . €6ffiHlê Lbb *.ÈÀ'.

(Students are so busy before final exams that they don't even have time to sleep.)

74

>>>>>

c)

¿

å ¿ *H.øJ

i

¿:ãr,-Hð

iß- L7i1

åó b *T.

(Some days, it's even as hot as summer.)

d) EäØH-ìJ.E ( (Ifs

so

r. [Eþr¡!.1t ëi-b b *f.

hot in the summer in Japan that there ate eveî times you can't sleep.)

$ ttt (,1?O¡lE#='before

one knows iü before one realizes' l#a#l

>

¿.

s >>>

tì?ú)t

l¿tlr= à tr €]

a) $á#¿lrr?o* l;árä ( t¡o-c. L * r.*T" (Money is gone before you know it.)

b) tl¿lrr?o*E7t'ffi \t¡-;1r,-*

L/¿.

(It had gotten dark outside before I real:øedil.)

$ trt -lZt8,t¿6='be

used to; be accustomed

Ttrigptuaie.f.o.l|o.wd?:1r'g

a)

BAØ4iÉtiânT

È

*

to'

diÍ¡...' .-nr-¿'S.¿41êlô-ç

lffia¡vt>t-e>>>Eão+iÉr-ãncÊtutcl

d;,þ,,ì

{:

LÌ¿"

(I have become used to the Japanese way of life.)

Itr' ;

t . A L'^¿ì+'+'+.u' !' * ò ffiffi ?æ ) (Even among the Japanese, there are many people who are not used to using honorifics.)

b) BA^-c"

øl=t¿lt(

T.

a) l¿t.JìBAØ4ÊIÉE/J nT ä *.1't¿" (I have gotten accustomed to the Japanese way of lífe quite

b) BÄffiÈrÍ¿t-ÀffÈ 6 J. )

I=f¿

a

bit.)

cT ã * L Ê"

(I have come to be able to speak Japanese a lot better.) E À, E À,&.þe(ür < (" (Our life style will continue to change rapidly.)

c) ft¡I¿t"ØiLiÉli-

Lr

i.

75

*14*,,,,, 11 *, -þtl?l*/J!l='¡1does -*rùf

f

not mean that ...i it does not foilow that ...' lffiaÑl >l.l

O

>>>y

='tthtt¿h\2i?lrtfeeøa*Uru]

lÈ/¡ù- negates what ohe would generally conclude from previor.rs statements or

situations.

a) ð * b yeffi?mL*riÂ,Èr. (

[I] don't speak

b) 7 t y ù1)x++.tt/¡ ô

ú)

*Ë

i€ffi¿scÈ /Ât. r.ItTItôúJ

English much, but that does not mean that

[I]

*Ë

11,"

can't speak it.)

( ð À,futâL/Jùttrrd'r'ùt*ùrLÈs.

f¿dÊùt'È. b

L'c.t.6btt?.tt

/ù"

('A.merican college students have to study a lot, but that does not mean that they do nothing but study.)

In a) above, if someone does not speak nnglish, we generalþ conclude that he/stre does not know English; this conclusion is negated.

12*,V/¡t,rjfi6 V,

!n .:,:(ne€alive doilÈ,V,':'''ì'r:'::l

a) ElåßH¿:ä¿ìó e /¿ Øt''. HT2/J trrifr ,t *, t t¿" (Because the book was in the

lhrary,I did not have to buy

1t li.e.,I got by without having to buy it.J )

fìf )Rl¿Øf. * îtl:/Jrrr.;Ëa *

f ô b L /¡. (The bus came right away, and so I did not have to wait too long.)

b) tì;4,

ÈÀ

cÊF.þ tEå ä rr r;Ê ü ¿ !- !. f*T dâ. (It will be nice if we don't have to cook every day, don't you think?)

c) EE

13 *t ^,fp='each;

at a time'

l#aw

> t. z

î'c

t

>>>

is used after a number (usualty, number + coutter) or limited q"*tity (e.g., indicatesthataquantityisdistributedequa1lyamongtwoormòreobjects,time,erc. .-- - -.-J -

a) b)

áØ

)

t¿lùYti

6

ttts;Ê7)ffi+.E

tì:

õà,

l¿Ø(.'- ff!..,ì

i

L¿v2

0).,t, þìs4.Tcó

qi.dl-Ètl

flæE-e9J+

ll

L#êþfrffi,f'zHr. * L /¿. ')rÈ

ù\tu

U

) fÁùÌ68Ë+þfr-tTcH,Zâ. å l: L{L-*1" (As a rule, I memorize five kanji every day.)

d) 76

ùL)

ù1"*

fÁØ Häffi¿*ü

Ll2 Lf

:f

r: z¡ È /¿ å,Bu(I think my Japanese is improving littie by little.)

* 1.

and

Lt¿.

(Yesterday was my friend's bitthday, so I gave (him/her) red roses and pink roses, six each.)

(I bought five each of stamps and postcards at the post office.)

c

EË-Ër4+:l

>>>>>

e) -)v*&.ïcBpî(

iF-L771

lìË u'"

(Please take one sheet each.)

14*"

V/Ad¡ (stem)

däã='tos -; do something too much' Lffi¿¡M >

,;i$ix6È¡,

Á4,e,ø;i;'.:r,:,,',-lãl:.,ú .,,Þi:å,,i::¡¡:ffi,ù,i.

t.zs >>>v,bt\l

.:Ér€- i:ir,lió,: ã;i

t.tuutae]

ú:#ø¡,f.,8'*,¡.-,

a) Ê^Täã ¿. *r/JÈì¿ìtË( r¡ b *f l.

(If you eat too much, you will get a stomachache.)

b)

ù .t z3

yvvu!.t'EFt.l¿ì. ä¿tHtå":rl.

(Wisconsin is a great place, but winter it too long.)

15 *r -IIJL='more a

7 t t) ù LW++.tÌ. ) (American

than

-'

l#uv>t.zz >>>cnu-Et*]

BAt'¿ÌìE¿: =ffiFñt)t LæffiþW.Z/¿ ¡.;þ¿ì¡' ¡..

students should not teach English more than three hours a week in Japan.)

b) -+tr¿:+fiH{ül:tl,m6 LNÆrì å ,E|t,. * Tår. (I think it will be hard to carry mote than fifteen credits a semester.)

77

*14*,,,,,

a) "'d+îIã#,b6

>>>>>[âff¡]

I : Generally you provide the rea-

z-+ìv | +7 r

ù øËì#¿sEIAù:Ëûìi:X{Lrâlv

TTli '¿ 1. -E: : ^äElt( ã ( €' ürür(' l, ¡ i lt'2"

tá8ãlù

: ù\!ì{'Tl.

t _öÈ a "" 7'LJì b ¿:TÈt'åù: L ¡ ) ¿Bp( ó t-¡¿U'á.¿X(û å ct¿à

urÉå ¿6lilt,b4"

z-+lv:

ùl

r..

U

*HÍ¡

à'.

2: When you want to ask permission, use expressions such as Í ò r.r.-6.-j- Ð'or -/cr..Â,"c|

j-

,r-t.t.'el, ¡ )lt.

3: Suggestions can be made by

(right away) ËìS¿:Ëã# L

¿-+t

L 4ÀX 9

son for asking permission with an expression such as À'î'l û

o

sayingVl¡Èå:1L¡iå.in i or

formal style, and V/¡ 6 Ð Y lc È, ? in informal style.

4: This expression - È E: f t'/¡ L a ôIÌù' ò carì be used to give a reason

1 ,r,

e

for your suggestion.

El-llsJVl LPLh

ì'æffi.ØEHkf#-c"c. å /¡ ð !.o,.s 7 ù- tÃ. t

. -^¿l

- À 7 7 4 þ l-'c. t âw++^ ð , -^ùl'h-À 77 4 frØ*á1ð À,,/t6&ã À,t:t¡. * T" H++.1!, E ' E ?8,ì¡ /¡ ås 6 ffiffi.þ ffiHÃ L /¡ è r,. (ØJ : I : t} ù*1'(.' i-. I ¿iâll :gJ Ð L r,. * î I ). ,Ì-À 714 ftØì6'Lã À,,/ìô&ã A,tt, ( /¿"tlÌ¿ BAffi?&!./J ð t. (ffi|: l{4 t r,. j Affiî-tù,1 ("lt/¡ ( {. lffiru. iñffi] ¿Éi). X7J.

BA"c,l1

¿

tr- HYä.þ I,Tc)r,ù:la'yìã À,,/16&ð ¿,ù: ä b. *r1ð l',/*6Ëð À,þ U /¿Ååsg+äit /J : t. ò' -ÆffiË L /J ð r,.. Wb->I¿

>>>> 7F-

/rrr4V2-, e,{7 ü: r¡->f., fEf l:lù¿)

(partner) Ø)vå

ÐØ (" à !.à.,

ûùi

J>,, jv-27

|giôr'

Hîã&ù'rÃ

ÉtâøFl¿:rì,'-C#L'ât'

/J ð

!'

(å.

:

l¿77 -(

t: ù: â¡t'-

E)"

h-177

äè r.o fr -Âr ¿ Z'Møåffiü:. fr-À 77 4fûØlô&ã À, t:t- ôt- ôt¡=a44þ {¡ à r,.I¿ù,->t er- E l"l¡Hrñþ Ll¿ å r,. t-ù.þ4L'c., ìv-/ lHYñþ-'>lF\ t¡ð !'o f-'1 {¡ !'!'{..Tà'l f-{ ò å'* !'*'t}Â,¿'.J f-l¿!' À'îT ¿ì. ['!.{'l- x i ù,) þ-É-f^c (once each) ffit./¡ð t.. HFåàs("å /: 6l ,70)L tt2ú f¿t' t:## (to present) L /J ð !'o

e =Løltv-/t-t¡ Èl

b

''

r)

{",,

rD-J2-?

e Hä-cfr -^714 þ L/¿ ¿ t Øbâ)r.þ-)yf't/"tv-7't:^{L'C, 40)/\t:'Jr-ÀÃ 7 4 I:-tì,'{ù' ztr"' ôHÈ r¡ ð t' (fiJ : I À't¡*ffi1" Ll¡å'l ¡êS¿X Ð i 1.' L/¿å'l)" ¿*

$,,, ? rv_Jz_? e

BA^ff=/¿ ¿ [ 0)bâ++^þ*LT'clv-/t:)vl¿-c, EÆnT¡or¿W7)ù /=y2tr='tt.{Ef,åäðì,.o

tvlr'

$,,, Ë
BA¿- t^ â EÆ/...o)ËË (if you don't have one, use animag¡nary one) ù:. Éã++ (' b t. o) ô-Dù"t,, - y þ#È z¡ è !.o (First, write about the season, then about your recent activities, and end with an apptopiate conciuding remark.)

4***,

e ) ¡-4 | oþ-c

v

ùt /J

¿

ù-L714ftØ*áÎð lùùt-#L{i.*T.

b) l-4fvØ+rEð¿,¿t.

( (

) 12+'ç t'\"fr#tþ L{t'*T. ) z+ <'6 !.Èià. t,fræ*'t'-|" ) 2+ç ò r,.Èiù: v-72 -)vt¿:xb * L/:"

( (

> 'F"*fu 6 Èii:

(

u-7)-tvl,: ) 9-4/vùìÍffiØ.6 ) 9- 4 y vtr:Xþ \ t¡->1.ù,b

(

Ãb * L/¡.

80

ELr,.

ð !."

a) )-4/vØ*áËË¿,Ìl

c) )t4/vttt.-

CD ?Ef,r.-c.

*ìt.1. 6 tN+þ+#L* L/:. f-#:t¿:t¡â-c ù rr'T.

(

) {FJ¿:¡¡

(

)

(

)

$þJ}þt

b

{¡ Ø¿:

>>>>>

IEäA

jl\- L771

tJ v/Tl w

-\t4 -¿*. BA-e¿.-L714þ LÈffi. 7t) yÅl)[fiç,fiìt:rÃ,{Lå*(,.. T

år. grur'fuÎAslu.{.--tålå å. ;.t) yr* àsÈ ( ð¿,Ëiu.'có b. 40)*Æ.þt*< " Là.L_ 4øz '/ y,sùÌEBTåÌFFËø¡; Ð/¿'ülT. ElaFå¿-¡r6 ffi¿: ù*Blåì/J ù1fr¿tsr¡ à /J ì..o llløø ¿ å ¿t_ ! ( z') v rsØ * * ËØ#Et:),.-t ( L * \, _ ffiffi.øÂl¿ Ë i:lÈËå fruÈ" u.s,å,ffiFå7)ìþrf:2 I¿.

Xn,lñ.:(

-Éi)tIù;tìù.tr¡ù,rtØlå. | 4 wøz t) y Ålì=I¿" | 4 vø l'7 otfl-'e

ãh'øzt) y,1þsf,!.l.-à.å_ F-7kbtIîxb, | 4 vryo;t#E¡løz

l/ yzf

ù:ùÌ,

åà.åäùttrt¿Sä å/Jt,.o 1- 4 vzl:.yftÀ,Èt'- | 4 vÆøzt) y)skslÈ". ffiT¿: úf,r..c*a!.ï:Hlløzl yusü:. ò i*EüåÈà.à å" HaÅ¿r¿nü:äùr-cr.{.

åår. rÃfLî u./Jr,.llEl,,\l: È :f iilu.À À,æAtr /¡H'[Ht-. bâE- .s7 ¿ -àì l. 4 v0)A') y¡1?tåu./;* *. y Cv)"¡v-àùJ ),,='c.!.-rÈ à. rti-À 7î 4øH'#¡¿¿ l*. zc {LþH-(ær.ffi Lt. ^li 4 -¿j ÉlÐÉ!¿:s-Ju.l¿'b l*u./¿ b {"å

:

øH,lÞrJz¡H{Hü: /J {Lâ

û¡.¡'a

ËFð oã¿<

-,8 ôti ¡,

ÆT

*.{t'.

ffiË:. =ìEûFË {¡ È.à. -c'c l, * : /¡.

front hallway a pair of footwear

hallway; corridor

tr.tr *

Ì+rñ r:'t

H

a

E Èq.i ¡

lÈËT6

western-style room

mat for room

¿t^, ffiãll T.

ffi{,r v'E )tà ËtÐÉ!¿: ¡1

{:

IEÆQ¡) vú¡,¡,

a Japanese-sgrle

to caution; to remind

BH

special

:wb â automatically complicated custom

*t,4u,,,,, 2d

O

;RØYIE#,tuE.

tr

n u

tr tr

tEtË

iE U

Itllldo.

F€Ë

ir' l.

: (ttftld x ä^Tlfr Ë tl.

L

a) Elä,,\¿*. xø#'ez t) v Å3Ìl ( : ¿¡:þr,^à L!.o b) EAÄl*. NnTr ( ffiò. 7t) v,{?lt¡'1frå'ùl å.

i

) ËØ#Ef" ù. Z , y.,sþ ùåì,.f r,. /¡ ild-ut*-'r,r f) /¡ ¡ro d) l. 4 vo)7 t) y tr L, tå.ù'0)7 ì/ yr{llËi. e) l- 4 vØz') yrsþ ùÌt./¿* *¿i¿.ØËßE¿:^â0)å-

i

i i i I

l.

c

I

i

BAz\¿: ¿ltáà. L !'.

etrñrã o

-Þ

+

:_

ë

1fl

-u-)

lç !-) & F:

9-Þi"

"""""

";;.:=

:

" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "'

rÞi_:?HÞl_þ_KÞ_!l_t)f_l_br"...,,.,1.r,,,, .

-.....:. .'.i|¡aa:t, : .

.',,:..:. :,,.rlÍ:lijï'. ,.

1f:¡:f!îrf']ir.:ji1:.11..::l;:]iìä;r'',::

Vlst\1Zãifi,b$it|

.

1z.ã-

6ît

v

.

:

>

âffi

1

URE No c o o o

o

Advisors t American

to an academic advisor. This might not necessarily be the case in Japan. Some institutions that have an lnternational Division (known as EHäËß or E#äElil) may have an advisor system as you see in âËÉ 1 in this lesson, but that is rather rare. Even at such universities, a ryuugakusei is expected to choose his/her own courses and then go to see the advisor just for formal approval. lf a student has serious problems regarding course work as in âãÉ2 in this lesson, he/she should discuss them with the teacher concerned. For other types of problems, one can go to the æ++ffi as you will see in later lessons, e.9., âËÉ 3, Lesson 8. colleges and universities, each student is assigned

Extra-curricular Activities apanese colleges/uníversities have all kinds of clubs

for extra-curricular activities.

Some

are sports clubs, 7-7Ëß, etc., whose members play against teams from ".9.,#ifr$i3, other colleges/universities. These varsity players engage in their sports throughout the year. Baseball players, for example, practice all year round. Their practice sessions are often Spartan, and those who miss them for no apparent reason are likely to be severely criticized. The language used within these sports clubs is often very restrictive in that koohai (younger members) must use keigo toward senpai (older members). Students who hate this regimentation yet love a particular sport often belong to a less restrictive group usually referred to ur Ëiiä, i.e., a group of people sharing the same interest. There are fJ' ¡li f ël¿iDLr also all kinds of non-sports clubs ranging from E55 (English Speaking Society) to trffiHlEtrâ (kabuki club). There are many students who seem to spend more hours on extra-curricular activities than on course work. This situation, which most Americans find hard to understand, is possible, of course, because Japanese professors are generally far from demanding.

o o o o

a

rrrrt

e7-ü ,, A-c)ìv

E#ftØt#r?ÐÞ(1i =7, *ô¿Ìi, ¿.ð"r.*T"

s#Ël

tá¿åJ

:

E+äF|J#{0)F#F1¿EÉ1.

i:ð"r.*j-.

¡o ¿fËlr.Èr,.Å,l"îåì"

z-cfv

L

s#Ël

{41" L

:

¡ r.

z-+lv

frl^, ffi I,

s.ffiF-:

lå l,'o

z-+lv

ù>

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t

z-iìv

T e *.ì¡ ¿,. fi¿_,_"_È * g

#ffi*: z-+lv #ffiã: x-+lv

4

7

t.ffiF-:

bb_ z l."us4 +T'_øft#.Ø&ffiå_ bur¿ØÌ

7€

t+E

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1-/

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ö

a yùå Ð :

l" L J I

å.o

a y ù*ËEØlr,ffià'6-c"_ *[E¿* .ØLEWJØ 208 ää-c"T

I

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üt ¿'.

4,1ì_þ_I_ç_"

i -*:HH L{

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t 208 ãär.j. h"

ð l,.L.Í"TÈ.o

o

+I'-øftH¿:táâr. Ltu. À,'eî ùt Ð. {úå u. ) ftE-e L Ì I å..

#Ë d't* -f ù'Èr.

4 {L*,íci#-c

t)

ty7_!

=

yØwt:#

f ( lì ð 1."

z-qfv 9.ffiF-:

z-clv

ì-2. lv 4 7./ y | 1z l. ùÌtr ,) ty7-y D 2OB äät"T. tlù.b *Ll¿. Ðiòbbtrt¿) ¿"ð"u.

F.ffiH:

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=

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[. åo

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å'ut å. '! tðil'5Ê-c jqå4i î; hó Ã - t+ f" ã Ê:Æ * å,å, L L = * P i ¿ å'ðry" 2 î ryR + lr,iT i( i ki ilBr.röTV f:t¡ È-¿-E y l¿ l. L\ â !ì <

f

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r ¿l 6^ ;

;{

q ? i & L È, * r- c ÈL\',8 ï+M ô,ÞÍ^ù:dfi )t¡ o

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í: ¿

àrLro)o)æ ¿å/"LbâWwL ffik ðt¡Inr#r¡âo) årÉÈ

*-tr¿tç ffiÌtL L. (A I _ ffi l" ( l¿ l- /ì [r b fr rr, ¿Ì H "+-LonlrHrooùlör¡!r&

ffikv;ffi 88

ft

{Li,

A b.'$ f,B ¿*' -# ffi åì + 6 'æ*Þ+.U

H,

rrrr-îi

E

Í-.U<ô+.

I

-l 5

#>>>>>

-ö-:i;'i

['¿

-x

'

ffiËi ¡ltng¡

Htffi Bþi

2

l::it :i:1¡1.r;:.-jj:;::i,-..:t

14

kk¿

inviting someone to join (a club)

17

a)

-+

in the middle of doing something

-Ëtr

club

21

22

Well [used when looking for a right expressionl Oh, rea11y.; Really?

À,

r' tfr' s

EWE Lã¡: p.i

Japanese style pub

tr.

ffixE

new student

¿,t¿ryl..¿'¡

ffiìEâ

u'*-

Ë. t0 F'

f

member of a club

welcome part5r

island

f

trL

Hey! [a way of getting someone's attention]

l¡'ø-l:

in order to [>>>*iÊl- l''s]

i: pri ,t

( L tLt

_ì ^+ilffi

\,. L ¡

erltnarrce examination

prepare students for college enúance exams

s ,,i 7!

a

f¿

L rTÀ,

-Lii Æ. Ij.tu) t . very hard in the future {$x l'tBtqi first-rate -lñ,ø Lþti Lr

g (ilffi1:)

61.

(

ffi ffiT6

to get

a

job

È

70

XorY

XÈrY ô-i

t,

L

tE^

le.g., at a

unemployed samurai; a high school graúa.ate who is spending ayear studying for a college errlrance examination

s

activities'l +ìr.

^Fvf

student; pupil

tEa¡" '

tÉ6T'

6 to increase

[u.1.]

rt¿tci

Íffiffi.

ËìE

recentþ

r

-l'

lwritten form of

[>>>*iÊl- t'7]

certainly

ffià'¿:

']ñ È' t¡

t['+o

13

tØ(¡¡) ¡ti ¡ ffiä

imporLant

È

u pr(

ä

tendency

¿

fFra ¡[.*¿

of course r,.{..l

^.Ø+ lrt.

r trl

(-àì)tËå ù,rL

the following year

11

¿

+æ.

to fail (an exam)

lu.i.l

club activities lin the ens e o f 'ex tt acurricr;l at

flrÉÐï

to pass (an exam)

#t' a

firml ¡.¡1c t i

t'

after-school school; cra:rn.rrring school school designed to

14

t5

-l:1

6

survey; investigation ¿

according to

-

[>>>*Ë/-

t'B]

,,,,,r#.1

20 27

ffi<

to

b'þi

[flÉ

24

tÍ"

.

decrease in the number of children due to 1ow birth rate [>>>g;Éz- ¡s]

few; 1ow in number

')t¡,ur */¿

also

ffiu.

26

-ù:H ,nl

¡f¡,

# (r¡) :ti å'

ffiæ

Lf

mark; score; grade;

point vsr)

!É

¡

i

4(¡¡

i.'L.¡¿

-ffi,4a ial¡,na

33

TI

34

,r1-þ, Y a'

important

-

first

every year

percent

i)

strong

socialization; friendship; association

concerning

to decrease [u.1.]

easy; comfoftable; leading an easy life

age; period

)i

25

2s

É

[u.¡.]

ïeason

L ¡' ,, ¡t'iÜ +lv

ft(

like

lecture

35

fúÈ.âr,.

92

,,,,,

| "t (-ll)ñå¡2l< i-ifii",+.presiig a

)

b)

zrn

-'

='to notice

lã#l

Ue.used ei1!r-e1w th a noun or aphraçe (se1te¡ce

{f

ñ,$2ËttttuE Ltc]

ì.,O o.¡'f -:L,).,

o(å.à/ì:tc.

pát(

lãeíz

t.+å*,'(,,¡¿i"at c

lt,

(

lF -t 1,

>

t.s >>>tf

:lrr( Eär*t¿ nrfnol

has been done. with,a greát deel,

,ttrat

-somethirrg .Ery.àþ[email protected].@a:c.s!'aç''..].:..

b)

>>>

¿ t:ã,r)t.?ttï¿1)¿t,. ffi#r)ìfå* (It was after the class started that I noticed that I had forgotten my homework.)

ffiÆþ!,_{tI¿:

i

)

t

I

FÊlËr,. i:ã,år? * *Ë lvT, L t¿" (I wasn't awate of my mistake.)

),r,

a

> t. t

t#.

(

f¿ /¿ fi-lÊt 3

ê-r

somèône

'àf,trog,oþ,,ttrat

r¡ I. Ø ¿t

(It's impolite not to eat food which someone has taken^+LÈ" the trouble of preparing ^Èìtt Ëclt'( Ëa/¿Ë#¿ÌËl'u/J!' J i ù: L* L ¡ i.

for you.)

(Please try not to forget kanji, which you have spent considerable time and energy to learn.)

J ,,, V (plain) þtt6f*trrÞ/¿t,r [v'',(þ!aù;þ.r.é$é.gj;,,af. ,:

lã#,z

> ¿.t

s >>>ruHU(LìõatttcauuS.r*ur/ttr]

:l],!,: ¿å11.,ÈÌlj:l lJ..means'th4t:qr.te ca4¡toÍ:,do'eertainrûúigq,,f

:,sciaiaUmtirallSituátional rêasons,

a) ËìÉø7, y rtØ¡s-7 ¡ -rcEÄffi?ffiîbtf l:Íf trZ¡ËËlu" (\tre can't very well speak Japanese at an ordinary American parby.)

b

c

) )

ll.tt, o) 3

-

7 Øffiffi 6 b â

o)

¿ lLttt ft,+.o)^/a'¿.

È,

-

br¡

(Since this is my teacher's book,

',.

1.

B

Affi ùl'à'

b ffi1fr,L

( u' â b Ll l; lÍ

l,

t

ä *, Ë Á, "

(Since I have to study for other courses also, I can t spend all my time studying Japanese.)

lttt

l¿ ù:ËTÍr tt l; ë *Ë lv. can'tvery well lend it to you.)

I

l*!,.àr/e,urr.ûrq,m,ê41i1g is,affir-mative :S.mq¡fhe:.negatii.eÍorm is used with ir ùlì:

...tiæ@Seú¡è'óf

-'i.e,,,tt

:eanttåelry,Ao'.-;t,O.ne, ,nothavê.aiy,o Choi""::"r ::,'r '.:

:

93

.l 5

#>>,>>

tt -

d) ð

L /¡ afiffiåt õ> â 6 +vnfuffi L /J r r þ tt t: tf u r ä *. Ë lu " (Since I have an exam tomorrow, I cannot help but study tonight.)

r

rrþtil:

får,r ä *, Ë tv" L ( ù Ë/J (Even though I am busy, I don't have any other choice but to sleep.)

e)

{É

{r> ZöÐ¿,æcT='but;

and yet'

l**z>t.tsf

This phrase is used to quality the preceding statement. It is often followed by -Èr lt l: lt /J

t., -fi ùtt

¿ltJ

t.,

ì..

à.

etc.

a) 7 t y ìiØft++.trJ ( øÍñT âùr- Z )lt'ë:=cTfu1frtj'å" b L1\-â bùltüÌ/Jr,-. (American students study

a lot,

but that does not mean that they spend all their time studying.)

A: FØê=Ft**îr'daå"

b)

(Dormitory food is bad!)

B

: i À,- -e Ù. z Ò r)'¿Ëz(ê,s/Jr.òùt¿; {, ¡.¿rl¡¡. l. (Yes,

"'

$

but we still have to eat, so ...)

V(plain)

l¿Ü)JZ='an order to'

lV(plain, presenÐ l¡

a)

u)

t:]

l#aM

> ¿.

t >>> *#trÃõ

fcrD

tc]

indicates a purpose for one's áction.

aØcôtåü,s¡ÉötZ7 tvÅ4 | þ1 â+äù &t,Q

itì"

(I hear that these days there are marry students who work part-time

so that they have money for

tun.)

b) * t

i

rr /vùt$ à t¿ü¡(=ft+.ØffinEn'ft ct¿" (Carol went to her teacher's office in order to ask him,/her to change an exam date.)

c

)

ilmø Ezg.àT

P{f ã Êe)E€B)EgJþ

l-t

t. * T.

(I am exercising every day in order to lose weight.)

'lVhen l¡ Ð is followed by Ø, the phrase moditeÀ a following noun.

d)

HAØH&41Ì. tYl:J\

â

t¿bofuffiþ l-t¡ ùlÈ¿lx'r¡

(Japanese high school students have to do la lot college.)

e)

É*É¿*.

ÉFØËffi?ffi^ð

ofl

t¿ütØ ù ØÍ"1.

(A dictionary is a thing yolr use to look up meanings of words.)

94

å /J u'.

studying which is lnecessaryJ for entering

rtrtt t+E

$ ttt -?t

lffiafil

> t. z >>>

E#ÈtKtr : u €]

[ViAdj ( ( -form) + {, ] means 'even when -' or 'even if - .' With the sense of 'even whe¡/ :.,,,'i .,the.main',senteuçe:is,".ouUyìo,,tnJ@pal!' Ñoú ana,t¡.à¿jectives can take the forrnto' ..'l:51;;:,a:6,5.t:$(àg.¡, L'î¿tr*ó.;r,,¡r.,,,,$æ b;; t,þ11,q ar.g,uqq4lly "onq4qtqd ..;.:c-,,,,'Lf,ì!.f.,ò,,#S3*.Þ)..... t-...... ..¡..rt¡riaria".'i,-a*.,r:l:

a)

BA^ffi ( Èi¿: BAXIV\:';t,.cfutfi,L tåÉùtÌJ!.("L¡ i.

(Ifyou study

f

sd ùt

rl'- Bä^îip

< $ù

¡v1r

-!

'

/

ay

Japanese culture before you go to Japan, you won't have culture shock even when you

go there.)

b) 7)yrtv7

y 1.,$-zvlå. grìEã?(t,çâ4itt" r9å

(I hear that they play football even when it snows.)

c

)

BAF*Êflùi. /¿ (

À¿

Ë

¿,Ê^f úzt 6 /J t. ? i îî.

(I hear that with Japanese food, even if one eats a lot, one does not gain weight.)

d)

HH þ"-À7)ìð

â ù.

ç

ÈÐi

t. ñø ErûÐffi¿rf* å * T"

(Because they have Tbkyo Dome, they can play baseball even on rainy days.)

7

a)

"'vT

7

t y rf':+fñHä¡#Øfú,1fi,þ L( t. ->lcØ1- ô Ð t.,

î f BAØälÉl:äÈt* ErudÊî 6

-!

av2

{¡

Etf T.

L/¿.

(Since I had studied Japanese for two years in America, used to life in Japan quickly.)

b) Ër

)v1 !

Llñfr,t:ÌÃ6îl-

¡,

i

I did not have much culture shock and got

"

(If you study without sieeping, you will get sick.)

$ trr NEåã¿='according to -' ,,::.Thisiexpression iò:usèd.1o. indþatè¡-â 1s.o'urcþ.óf,j-nfffi¿Uô-¡:a-¡¿tS expression such as tv(plain) 4 ) l¿l indicating hearsay.

I rri

a) XftÍ#

(weatherforecast)

Ei6 ¿- +Hùf+æñ¿ìK6

lãatvt > t. t s >>> aaffi etr *

a

tl

gèhèìmytilcidê y an 4

)fì"

(According to the weather forecast, it will rain this afternoon.)

95

-ls#>>,>>

b) +HØffifÃI=&,6¿. Èø i ù r 7 t )v=rctrH

(earthquake) ¿ìô

'>l¿4

itì"

(,{ccording to today's newspaper, there was an earthquake in California yesterday.)

9 ttt ^,{E

l#ary¡>t.zz>>>9+1zf

this suffix utt""n"r mainly a

)

rÌ¿1,

J

*t:

/j a or -l:T

â

.

ltürJà

BA¿åf

r. Ji,'LË¡i+{Yl-

l¿ " (Since the wa4 Japan has become quite westernized.)

Hlæ

b)

to kanji compounds and expresses the idea of

irr ,¡r

Ll

i+?

[*E{Lã {t I¿tJtffitt&t-" (There are rrraîy novels which have been made into movies.)

1O

-" Causative-pass¡ve: HþËftã='be made to buy'

l#atry¡ > t. z e >>>

form duplicates

a

)

b)

l¿

r.( r,-*YÐlù:* zt*2#Y.vÊh'ë nâ

" (In general, we ate made to write at least one papet a semester.)

Ëu'FËlf;F/:Ë

ttðØll/ìÌ¿-c

$

!'t/i".

(Nobody likes to be kept waiting for a long time.)

96

¡.

(e.g,,

tc

ffã È

( ËÅ,ËibË{'ttc

ÈrlrL6

b

is not

]

a) ,* ftËJzZ hf/ff

vr t'àÖ

lã*,bâ,/Vl:tflzã >>>>>[*#z]

++.

,Ê+.. b ¿. ¿ ¿ffi#u t¿ttz +Jô L!.f'1, !. )ù."

ft+.

!.!.{.fÌ"

++.

bØi, L0)r 7 7 riÈ å 'c LffiLTÈ" â0)î, T

ft+.

0)

v.t)v o),

TT hr2, 4 ilTù'"

7

1, ¿ hï ü, â tvT'T ht

7 fúol¿Ë¿ìr,.

f"ò.

7'v 4 7 J v I

ã'tfürur¿,Bur *TLI ¿te ++.

z7-. 7ct,4. üi¿.Ø 3-7

ft+"

4 i fTzJ,"

Dçó-

ì,. år ¿

I 7 | Øffi.ffi.

3"

ò'lÉL (

f

<'l lt'3 " ¿*ì,.. Dsó. TciU*.T"

:

When you want to consult with your teacher, you can begin your conversation with this expression. If you are consulting with

your friend, you can say È Ì c å ffi# L/¡ l. ¿ ¿ 7)ró â lùl¿tl ë, t, t -> LFf, t.f ð È r.È r.ffi,àló 6 Â,Ètl

t,

etc.

2: Here, you are offering your opinion in a non-assertive manner. à. in this expression makes it indirect, with the sense that 'I think it might be bener ro . . .' 3 : When you give advice, you can use expressions such as -ã'Èl

"

ò t -ìEûFåffi*þEt¿à

Ò

+Æ.

E,a lv

1

E

t.t. ¿,8ù.*T, -I¿ t ¿'- i (ff -l¿ à ì,. ì,. ¿ Hr., * f

à.) or

.

4: When you want to offer a different opinion than what is suggested, you preface your remark

with àà,f t), 4fLÈ4 il¿tj E , 4 ILIÌiJù, 6 tl å- -C l¡ , etc.

1 ,',

E-rVJVl

e,{7ù:r¡ b. -À¿åg+ä. ò i-^ù*E+0)x+0)gffiHt:r¡., /Jè ì,.o H#*.t-t¡ :

/¿ÄùÌ. Eø z ¿ ? EA#t.'=iru.ä ð t'"

97

.l s a) b)

#,,,,, Have

just arcivedin Japan today.

Would like to see the academic advisor tomorrow,

+ffiF-trrtÃ.

) d) c

-cl¿Ått. &.ø ¿ ¿ ? EÄffi{.Éìu.

if possible.

A ð r,..

The faculty members are not there this week. You cannot see your advisor until you have taken the Japanese language placement

test next Monday.

t:

/¡u\ùt$ffiF-t:Ì¡ , - +ffiRþ P -> t¿^¿ÌB+4ü:

/Â

b_ -Ât*g+ä. ò ? EÄffif"É1. /J ð !.o

i-^ùrEÆ#o)ftHt:l¡ b /Jð !.o E++.å4Ø.

L

? {Lrltft&b of¿

-21-

U

È', ø++.þ

t-FffiHL/Jð!.o

f ,,, trl-rVJyl e,<7¿:r¡ a) b) c)

Studied Japanese at an American college for two years.

This is a second-year Japaneselangtage class and is too easy. Would like to switch to a class one level higher.

lF*

:l: È. W+HZPcl¿Ål*ft4.¿:

/¡

b. tÊHþt:/¿ÀllH#Et:tÃ->1.

ù

i

-ËffiHL/Jðt,'"

J',, E-lVJVl e 's7 tl=Ì¡ b r¡ ð !.o -Ä¿åff L r'.8#ä(.. t+{.'fi|ù.Øt- 2 .tvI-\ b /¿ t. å,Bz ( r,.*T (xX-yfË#¡¡ å'Ør,. ô\.4Ì¡t-)tv0)it'ù, å. mÉ4 it¡ø?ìE¿tl¡¡ ð !.)o ò i -^¿l- 4 Ø+T- 2 tvØffi; (older member) ¿: /J b *-1, B+4.ti. frË t:7c 0)+T- 2

)vtt:ti.{Ef, È.

^å

ù'7.-ù /¡ ¡.¿. ?lFÐ *

T"

lF*:/¿ à. H++.þf :/:,,\ÐsftË¿:t¡ b. ft#þf :/¡ÀàsB#ä¿:ÌÃc'c., -Æñ-FBL/Jðt.o

98

Ù

i

,,,,,**.1

Q,,,,7V->7 þ-172t e EA^fTc{.

7)

t)

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Restaurants eople in Japan love to eat out. Basically, there are three types of food: Japanese, Chinese, and Western. ln big cities like Tokyo, howevel there are all kinds of ethnic restaurants, such as Thai, Korean, and lndian. ln Japan, there are probably more specialized restaurants than in the United States. For example, sushi restaurants serve only sushi, tempura restaurants only tempura, eel restaurants only eel, etc. Although there are lots of restaurants that serve all these items, such restaurants are usually not considered first-rate. This is perhaps due to the faith in specialized professionalism that is shared by most Japanese, r.e., they believe that no one can surpass the quality of food prepared by specialists, e.g., sushi made by chefs who have prepared nothing but sushi alltheir lives.

D I

inexpensive restaurants such as noodle shops, whenever it gets crowded,rYou will be asked to share the table with strangers. The waitress will say something like, fEffiäiffitl t t d (Please let another party sit with you), and there is nothing you can do but nod in

At

agreement.

often have food delivered, too. ln America, very few places other than pizzerias and Chinese restaurants deliver food to homes, but in Japan, in addition to those, sushi restaurants and noodle restaurants regularly offer delivery service, and you don't even have to tip the delivery person! Besides eating out, Japanese

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116

lÈ f-_

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like fried pork cutlet or fried shrimp, etc.l

to order (something) I B/,

to quote

a ðâE

Eribri IEI

ffi

t''h

u

colleague; co-worker

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da

lfemale given namel

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noodle shop

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s L'À,rty vtc¡:c u æqÐ ÍrÀ,t,

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clerk; shop-employee

patent

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egg

l

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menu

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to lay (egg); to

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sushi rice covered with small slices of fishl

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tfamiþ namef

t5

p.i È1.

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in one's fifties ì

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[polite form of ð Å,]

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to be crowded

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to refrain from

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bill; invoice to treat (someone) to

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medium quaTity/price

tl

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givebirth

to lu.t.l

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see.

chicken llit.,birdl

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lunch

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[type of noodle]

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actual thing

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shop; store

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vTntr.l

(respect form) is used when you are talking about an action or state of someone to

whom you have to show respect. So, when you talk about the action of your teacher, for example, you use ëötffi. IJ

LYI1 T

ffiæffi (humble form) is used when you are talking about your own or your family member's action. There are two types of ffi#ffi-l and fI. Type I is used when you (or your family member's) action directly involves the other to whom you want to show respect (e.g., visiting a superior's house or helping your superior with his/trer luggage, etc.) By humbling your own action, you are in effect showing respect to your superior. Type II, which is called iH# (courteous form) is generally used when you want to talk about your own action or state in a humble manner just to be polite to the addressee. TEÉffi is used when your action does not directþ involve your superior, but most likely the person you are talking to is your superior or someone to whom you want to be very polite. So, if you are going to your superior's house (or officeJ,, you use ñ i . If you ¿ue reporting to your superior that you went somewhere, then you use * â (see illustrations in (1)). Similarly, if you are asking your superior to let you or" HHf å. If you are telling you superior that you went to see a look at his/her 91gF, Voo movie, you say 4E?8,* Ll¿ (see illustrations in (2)).

(1)

(2)

.16#>>>>>

T€ffi

(polite form) instead of TÉffi (courteous form), but use of f !Éffi is much more polite. So, if your superior asks you whether you play tennis or not, you can either One can use

7=7þ

t.l¿

L*T

or

î=zþ t*1. TÉffi

is very polite, and you probably won't be using it in your daily conversations, unless a situation calls for very polite language (such as in job interviews, in business situations, etc.). say

ff there ble

are no special respect forms, use [*aV(stem)

forms, use [*a V (stem) ¿ gç /u,lc L * T]

l: r¡ b * T] . If there are no special hum-

.

¡:,,:..: i r:J:.:,:li.:i::itii;î :Iì.¡¿' :;:'. j::f-:r1jt'

:Ir

:..¡,,r:.jlr ,..:.,:il,l: r:li¡,::r,:,.i1':1. :i:il:;.trl:l.:i:.;:. :,::tj:t,i

1*

ÉÉ9

Ê,ffiþlr,tl6

táffLù:/Àå *rffL¿:/J b *T

ffi#þt6ìr,IJtt¡,6 Ê,#þf6ù'tÌt:/¡ b *T

Iôffi\-T6

#ffL L*T táffiLr.l¿L*'f Êffiþt6ùùTâ trúþt6l¡Iì1,*1

ffL*T Ëffi?à.ùl*T

Ê,#Zt6ù,1,J\'.1¿L*f

lFa

112

iõlF b ì--tÃ â

i6(ÊrT â

ta(çb¿t¡b *.7

L*.1 sdfFb r-/¿L*1 t6{Ft¡

lF, *.1

>>>>>

1 ttt -cT

v¡n=r.l

lâ# "t > t. z >>> ä)ÉetutÉ : (]

a) (I hear winter in Tbkyo is not too cold, lis that dght?] )

b) BA^fr

ùl tÈ,-

#æVffi,ì- â 7 tv,,s 4 l' /¡

6 /¿

( Ë'Ló 6 p (Ff,

*

È

L /¿"

(I heard that there are lots of part-time jobs teaching English once you get to Japan.)

/r,, -¿¿lt(-rf)

I.-adjective Veib

:

Ùlù

:

l*#l

> t.¿ >>>

l#uM

> ¿. t

t

ôuìt/Lr.¿ttöu utì5 Ltì]

>>> rfl

5nã¿ ¿Bn 5nõtil]

æt-¿¿1*ær,'-07

ê'¡a ¿¿Ëê'\*'f

¿t' ,t

a) lfiU ¿ r- i H*Ett*EÎËr,.¿ ¿ ttÉÉ!-åf. Ë ¡ a åËf å-å. (The movie cal7ed"Røn" ls interesting, but ifs a little too long.)

b)

EAØÉæäùirudÊT âz ¿ lÍ L * 175f. h tl¿, ^+Éilwøt¿ÐØfutfrttì,tr. 0)Ê.8" (opinion) þ{Fâ l¿Ðù:åîË.t:fr-o{L'/Ju'l i '6.T.

b

(*Tìr.t- âtl'

(Japanese high school students do stttdy a lot, but since all they do is study for entrance examinations, it does not seem to contribute to forming their own opinions.)

c

) l1'þæ(

¿ ¿ f*ãr./¿ár. fñËt.Èìå¿'->l¿Tìô

i

¿,8.

i ¿. dbç'¿r l,¡.o

(I didwrlte a composition, but I am sure there were lots of mistakes, and I feel embarrassed.)

J

"o N?t,lül?T,/N|'"Ii?¿ÖTT='N will do; N wilt suffice' > t. s >>> ätñt¿ttttìtìe3-D lã#z

a) É*ãl*- -{mTtttrT'1,

¡ )lt'"

(would one dictionary do?)

b)

¿+

i;#Tll cZ aTT "

( lGreen] tea wouidbe fine.)

t

¿]

.16ËR,>>,>

Qrrr, ^" ëUffiå/¡lr='¡1 is not necessarily the case that -'; 'it does not mean that -' lÈF3 > t.zo >>> Eäo)Êt-Èôã ¿mF SeUr] a) (Ifs not necessarily the

case

that all Japanese high school students do nothing but study.)

b) Hä¡ffiþMffi L -C t,. 6++.ùt aÀ,¡¡ BA,..ã ( ¿ rf E å

/J ür. (It's not necessarily the case that students who are studying Japanese will ail be going to Japan.)

t:

1',.,,1¡¡!iexpi$iq.q.istgft enusedrwith.;an¡adv.e4b-'d_'.f.:L.t,,

:;ì;

'.

c

)

5

:.:.i-

I

r,. L l*F å {> ØlJt,Z.l l, $ Z¡À,t¡ (Expensive things are not necessarily good.)

Ér..

tá (

:

-,1

::ìi:.:.

=,5.tore -,/atter n/when n,

-' -ÈtJi,/-ö¿rc),/-Ê(E¡

BA^lï (ffit=&frtlvfF->î

:ì l'l::i.ii.t.

:::

/¡ t,\.

lffia¡M

a)

:.

ËÈri.r.f..L ¡

> t.

s >>> g

t y -ãwD ãffit¿

l.

(It is a good idea to have your cards made before you go to Japan.)

b) ilffiàrff&þ ct¿ü>å

(('),s-

î't -þlr*,1- ¡ ) "

(Let's have apar!5- aÍter the exam is over.)

c)

BA^ll<

E+(E)zsZ;ti- þ årr. b * (You need a passport when you go to Japan.)

T.

d) : øriä¿x. BA^tîcÉH(i:)Hr- * L/¡" (I bought this dictionary when I went to Japan li.e., while I was in Japanl .)

e)

¿

ØÉ+É¿*.

BA^ll< E+ft;)Hr.* L/¡"

(I bought this dictionary when I went to Japan [before or on the way to JapanJ.)

f) ñ*Él*. BA^lîe /:E+ (E)Hì,. * T. (¿s for a dictionary, I will buy it when I get to Japan lafLet I get to JapanJ.)

!. 7

>>>Hi:'uaËtc]

>>>>>

6 -t lEü*COunter Ë='mâ¡1y æ' a ) EA^lllif Ë l¿ft-> l¿ i. å Èìó b * î.

lffiañt>t.s

vTntr.l >>>f,íJE€]

(I have been to Japan many times.) llL te) ù,

b) +#F+4E¿åfirff€'ôb*î"

(There are many Chinese restaurants.) :l

ãt

cf. 'lE[t{ü

-*

ò

'dozens of volumes (lit.,tens of volumes)' negative 'not even one' {¡

*

counter

tf¿1,t(

c) ffiil?T6^li.

u LÌ

ñ+É¿fir+ffiúffiu

Íl'6

4 iÍcî"

(I hear people who translate have dozens ofdictionaries.)

d)

H#nTt-z È r, È ¿t.

-Eú ð b *ÈrT.

(I have notbeen to Japarl, even once.)

a)

1vz"þ-|fr^.,{-tv t EUe,2zJr-i*ut-tv l.l;Ueah'L,ù'ÉÉL/J ( f !.!.. (One does not have to worr5r whether to Teave a l5o/o tip or a 20o/o tip.)

b)

i6T Lf; L J

i

á'XJi

È)

Et, e a

fr,L

#.

/c.

(I had trouble making up my mind whether to have sushi or tempura.)

$',',-OzcJ*t¿(,tt l, * ölI o@!Í*t¡[rl¿âÖltr I ='l think it might be the case that-, ) '"'@!tfl¿t't7)t 1

¡1,,

lffiarø>t.zz, zef

jË-,ð...t¡,ü,,,1.r,,..\.t',@1.i1,e,Ìå,:].å.!$è ¿lz'"¿il¡1.'Èå

å l¡¡ ìc rrcaÁ hcra lrc¡

(I wonder if ifs all right [I think it's all right] not to leave

b) ff;Í

(reservation) 3 ¿1 ¡rf:/J

a

tip when service is bad.)

t' È, - Ãi¿l¡ t.ø)Í.1ÍlJ t\li ô ) ñ,"

(I fear we won't be able to get in unless we make

a

reservation in advance.)

115

.16#,,,o,

c) 7.' y rtLt

+Ê.E;F^tl ( Â,f'Tàr. fiîtv

¿ffrÊHå

ÐaËØËÈìr.r,.f"LJ )z)..

(I'm going to Japan. Which do you think would be better, to stay at hotels or at Japanese inns?)

Bä^

d)

U

r /¡ rr(.

L¿

)

(I think Japanese inns would be more fun.)

1v/þil;i>/Jr. å t_e-z¿¡ffi( (

e)

| ffiffiØfr ùìffi É t./ù

r¡

âoT

tt'

"

l*/Jt,r7r,

å,ù,EtLÍ!.å.

[He] is worried service might becomebad tf [he] does not leave tips.)

ñì8. H4ffiØt. å âU-EI,LötËà"cÈf t,âc)T|*t¿t\lr¡ ¿,8'!.*T" (I think the number offoreigners who can speak Japanese has increased recently.)

$ ttt tì[¿ã='rather'

lffiaw

b. 7 )

a) !.Ë^ä

y rr-6nßffiþffiúfrlt¿7

Ð?i ( N->L t.6Øf.-llät-liå i

¿ro

case that Americans who study Japanese Japanese youth, are better able to use honorifics.)

tl ( l.f:

n s >>> ö LãururèEzã]

) y ù Ll)frtrì, t; t, ôWffiØæ

(I wonder if it might be the

b) Eà.rì'¿*+ØÈ.ül b t;l,a'#u

>

in America, rather than the

t- Rþcùt( ( /a'Ë r-.

(A summer cold is even harder to get rid of than a winter cold, so take care.)

c) âffi¿x,. H#æØfrtrìt€ffi1

b

t'tåçÈ

L!-Ð"ö Ll¿ljr,-"

(As far as conversation goes, actually Japanese may be easier than English.)

ÍO -t

Ëfl.E='more/less

-

than expected; contrary to one's expectation' lffia*¡

a) +Ê,Ø#,WlrËflE+

ð Lå.a /c"

(The exam this time was easier than I expected.)

b)

EÆnTr < ffifttffiØi/lå¡*anrä ù,2tco (The air ticket to Japan was cheaper than I expected.)

116

>

t.zs >>> Ëtttrfit 5n
>>>>>

a)

*'ZIfiEl" låtr

:

f4¿: z¡'ð

>>>>>[â#r.âeÉz]

!. * 1à.o

L:f f r. ft4.2 : fÅll1Ji ù i E'4,ù: L * T. IåF : rt y t* Â, ¿ XJi È, Ð À,1-l *J" Þ4 t61+t' ( /¿"ð t." (ê+'/)ìf*i? 'c1ù't)

ft$.t:

vTntr.l

When you place an order at

trLI*7, Y ¿¿,+JFt,r

restaurant, you say

-ÌdÆt.

L

a

*

9.

ØL1trle)

ft+.t: +E|ttl\o)åÐrJ Tïìr. à. fÅEüAþü(

<Ë

ðLr2"

2: When you offer to treat the other person, you can say f/¡¿:flrb¡¡ "C

( Èè

t., fÁØ*rð

b "f T, etc. it is better not to use word ì6 c â,/ tô c b to your

However,

tE*.2: !.!.à- !.?{¡ft4.1:*al':f !./¡È( ¿t.i t>Il I: l* t. å * ìi¿,¿. ì' - +E ùlfy''¿s. tÊÆ.t: 4 i 1Tù," t; p, ÐË ? ) t=/¿U *t 3"

the

superior.

3: This expression is used to accept an offer.

1 "" E-JlrJVl e =Å1: ¿: /J b . -^ürg+4. -^¿r/ÉE t:/¡. b /J ð !.o EA'cg+4'rÅàsv 2 tqi I ¡v ^11å. ê^ì+Z Lffi.e+rJ L SllxL * T" lÈxf â+rJr!, *.Øy Ã t å. àìs¿Nr¡

1."

$ Á,

F-

ð t." È..:4/l

ffi.r)+rJ

tt/tì-/j--

1- d^- ù"èvl
--V-

1¡v2 àvyì)z-Z

117

-l6sF,>>>>

f ,,,iii¡tv-Jz-, a) b)

-f UÊnTr-c /¿ffiØffiffi¿: r,. -cffi Lâr,'/J'ð !'" ft-cI¿ a L 0) /¡ r,.Yä¿t. ft-cT¿ ¿ = L Ø ô 6 #Æ.t:!r ô !r ôH\ãL /J ð !.o : Ø;'ô7./ y h1ðTL3ê-ì aLt¡& ( r¡ b * L/:às. 4{Ltt/Jù'È.&ffLâr,./¡ ð t - o I ù- ¡øìàlÉ, (opinion) þ, rth.t, 7 7 ø )vr¿t, t:##.L /J Ë !."

3 ,r,4V2-, e ,{Z ù: r¡ b. -Å¿lËìÍffi¿,/a b Hr. T¿ \ LI¿= --;.tr:?1. {. (to report) L. ð i *^¿Ì Z n¿ÈZ/J ð ù.o I trt

IfiIl] A

¿t

B

I

ð

Xft,Í#ffir,.

È

À,f

l

tJ

¿^

I,c-C.

J þ{fr.of åigi

"

LLo

4E l*+'&.ù, 6 i. r,.Xft ù: rÃ â = 1Ê ->'C * Ll¿À" B : ã)b- I à.o /¿" âEl ,¿.UT¡ a î v ìþ L/¡t'à,8:{t'å¿,{"Tl. :

6, -HffiHLäðt'" 7€

{LtrtKbol¿

WEZ L/cÄùiãå åÄ¿:. ä à /¿,,\lå#Ê1 âÄù: /¡ :

{>,>dvV-, e -s7ù:t b. ( Èül/¡É#þífr.o'C - tØ3 tfiül

5',,

i .s/ t, C-C'F,/¿ ¿,/¿ ùf ¿'" B: ilv" A : È o) i 3 I ¡ t v øffiilr¿å¿i i B : ì--c I u'f /ì/¡ó" A:

¿

lElL:À

) z¡âff? L/Jð r..

ù9

ù;),,-ct¿ À,Ii

c1

"

**.

e âtìØtr* ÌÃv 7 | 7 vt:r!.(- =H+(. 6 r,.ØffXþE*/Jð !.o

118

{. üi

>>>>>

e fDl\ùtT -c

t-F.t:Ê#þ ù.ù -c ì.. *

-f o cD

3Hr.

(-

v7n=r.l

,^øX¿tff L ùl d"rtå-'o. F6Ë:

l'i'tlÌ'x þal'l /J ð !'o

tr a) TUÊo)&ffiå, l^.t,îLl f.T" * T" tr b) :- Øf(Øl\o)åÈi¿*. tr c ) .0)f.0)¡*t*- Êiù: ò ØT uÉØ-t LzïiiL/¡: ftÁ+È ¿ ù. r,.

¿

å

àìð

b

*'t-.

n d) aØRØL0) i È{"¿i. aØt6Tl-þtfr,:.ÊEù:ê-: âØî1, ¡ 1" n e) ffirÊEÌl^ffiîl-ti"

119

(+#tftõ

.16#>>>>>

þ

ät¿tu. fl 5rÁrì+#¡ïõ : zÐ. liur õ. ffi tutAt< < l¿ðtì. )

fcLìffi ffi ¡t6¡t6lå3'eÉD

Y?J

I liì

Wrî rt Ø,!+îffi1fr|.{ L. å é.èfØDf^.

¡;. &årËr-I¿EØW. åðf ùåËþãñt¡v-7 - t"ø v7 | 1v^yÈ.¿:rgfi. 'C!.:/¿. -ÂÈìlÈXtñ{*r 6 L- þlÐtr:Åv L+T7lù:T¿ ( ðÅ,H{Èl¿" 7c{LkÈ.':Ì¡ù:Èr1#->(!.6 i Ë ¿:- 'Hrt 4 v=-ÃÈìH(È/¿" ËùÌ [f u. ÀÅ, È ( ð l',del L Ê orA-.ffi ø /¿ å¡. T C tá /J þ:þìçr : ùf L' ù- /J : f ê^ra Øþf È)-c t-*:/¿" âð+¿Ì. Lù$6 ( àrÅ,Ìx*':>(ê^ìt¿s. +ät C 0)Èrt-îRo( L* ->l¿" ô.ã+trt 17, Y h^¿*. âtrê^¡àù¿/Jt. L, ffib k 7

'

y

El^È. à&¿¡ãüdat

A\ô

È

æ.t-^{t'< ö 6:"C*ntro'C'LfrâÀ"1ìh'à. fÁtt'64it-li kJ Lãi ¿. Ëùå lBaD ,,4A,î¡:¿LlJr,.jl ¿ÈzI¿" ô.ðf¿ì lrtrrDf. Ètrr{"òî6Â,fì}l åË-r-C ð. Ëùå l4 À'r¡¿ å L/¡ ( /¡u'.i å à' [t,'

-Cå{L*:l¿.

t¿t¿

e;RØgã#,tue. iEt ]tllldo. HË:cttftls

l

n tr n n

tr

x

ä¡.nt4ëuì"

) aã+ØÈ|l. åèf t t. -> l, ¡ t:7 ) t) ù '\XI¿" b) að-1ØEi*. usy 6+Tr r' Ì¡ê-lz¡ù,-tI¿o c) AðÍØEÌr. Aðfås+Ðâ}- b+(. ê-:¿øþ*u)t¿" d) Að+ØË¿t, t 4 Y a -7þb*. bê*¡¡ù''>I¿o e) EA-(.'¿t. ó* b t'"{-rìv lþffi.*>/Jt' à Lù'o f ) Að+ùt l'"S-,r v lþ {> 6 : l¿. a

oz

g¿. cã

##nL, #Oñ

Aã,=JÊÖ ðz

.

þ tÞi

(Efr*o)

#ÊrEr¡l]
arh'f8Tl=t&Ëtui)r" . )=> l''ðtut'ë_i_f

..'..."..'...'.>ÊãÉ

1

_Ë_Þ1.

o

LI' L¡

=ffi1¿liÞll4-til-?

' "'

""::'::':::'::;':ì:":"""""">â#3

ôEtElf¿5t.

AEãFþNâ r-¿__:ffi_ë99_çi'Ëë_r_!" .'-7..

................>âffi

1

àð'

ËË=tuE"

.{1

:

IJRB No c c c

a o

How

to Decline an lnvitation

T apanese people are known for being indirect and vague about declining invitations. J Wh"n they cannot accept an invitation, they, as a rule, do not say LìUìU, because they

feel that it would be too curt. They prefer expressions such as Z1)EIi5à,2¿""", meaning "That day is a bit. . . ." Since the word lor inconveníentis often left out, one is expected to

what is implied. Guessing, howevel is not as difficult as it might sound, fo1 after all, Xlt5* 2X......is not only a standard expression, but is always accompanied by a reluctant tone of voice as well as a facial and bodily expression of regret. guess

Respect

for the Aged

>>>>>

there is a brief mention of a special occasion called å#, celebration held on " someone's 70th birthday. ln addition to É"ffi, other birthdays singled out for special celebration are: 60th, 77th, 80th, 88th, 90th and 99th. Currently, Japan enjoys the top longevity rate in the world; one therefore often hears about these birthdays being

1 I

n â=É 1,

celebrated in Japan.

Akihabara kihabara (sometimes shortened to Akiba) is located less than 5 minutes by train from Tokyo Station. lt is well-known for its hundreds of electronic shops, and you can get good deals on anything from a TV, camera, computeç to electronic parts and software. In recent years, moreover, it has become famous worldwide as a mecca of pop culture, including games, manga and anime. Akihabara has also become strongly associated with the so-called otaku culture. Otaku refers to people who have obsessive ¡nterest in one particular thing, notably manga and anime.ln Akihabara, you can see new types of cafés which cater to Otaku, such as ll NRä, where waitresses dressed in western-style maid uniforms serve food. There are also v>fiW#., where customers can read manga and watch DVD's, etc., but this does not seem to be limited only to Akihabara anymore.

c o o o o

,rr>vrt)--y=>l

,

õ. < 4 7 vyØ#,ÈþF,ù:Tr (.4,{"Tüt Ð

e E6#ørJ tfôftfr r)T,, 70)#Ëlc5 ãSffiØãfiÊlcËñ: =

d\fa(f)

ì24/v

drf

xìEØêffi1ØÊfr,. I.." 7 J.y L' ^ ô-À,Ì¡f'lTå *'tlÅ,å.. tÊffitr+.¿ò++ft+{> u. à: Lç â4 ) {.lJ. 1XòfÎÈ/;r,.ùÌ Ð- r. ( å{"Tå." ät.Æ/¡ er4À,Ì¡¿:H( ð b *ÈA,t" ¿l.¿ b 1,500Hf Èu.Èå,8r,.*T ùl ¿"

:-ffið È-( ( Èð t,."

ùvl )

7c

f C)v

liv l.ðÂ,ð ¿i'CTà.. LL, æöËÅ,t"" Æ¿tÉ&Øffi.

zJr

f z-+lv

¡Jr

dr ff z-qfv :

¡Jr

ff

:

z-iìv ¡Jr ffi:

{LD

s

ÈÅ,{"TÌ. ,'-å. -l-:[.{"Tde. fÅülÈ Ì ÐFÅ¿x

:

1

ÐÞ*ø

1-¿tr:)to'C t y 1< -F-tí-

-þ. v ð ¿,ùt ?

å......"

È à r,.f"Tà."

L'!'å. f

ö ¿ o)EØÊfr'tj'-

,ùz

l7 r l, -ØsdËðÅ,Øtáîð

À'Ø-

t+

ffi,ø*aþfr,t-ùtb â Ø'e " b b. ÉffiØ iô+n\-'ct

*J" 4 {LD + ltfr t¡1.'cïde. tl ¿"- * /¿ l..:¿.taffir,. L * T.

L- ffiÃ,'e l D+ó. *tâËd'a.

L

123

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_ffit-Ë¡ftäfËUì
\

ilJ EI:

,fV4l üJ EI:

#y4 b ilr E: rFy4l fIJ H: ,l.^74

b

a0)

z ¿-rt

-,

ì..!.ËL *1dâ"

f/'Èì(F

->

¡ -rt --cTù."

I¿,4,f T

r.+. flffiþHo{

{.

ât}ícfr1afr'Cr¿ldùl{"ïùt ¿" ". Z. lt* A, å ¿: u. t. Ë(" T Ì dâ. 1X {> : .t, /¡ 7 ¿ - rt -'&U !' /J ó o ã/rì'a(Fâfrìrtä) ¡ r T: åãt,. L. t,.!'ð Øåì{" È *TJ. 4 ) r¡À,fîtt." *Fffi¿* Ð: ("+¿:^*t,â À,112J."

:

fÁ ùÌ u.

'lr7ì l. ilr E:

frt#Ft"1¿.. LZ- +ØËt./\¿:

¡fy4 | ilJ E:

ø

Ì" Lo- rÉâ("? Ta't.{"Tfii. [.f L.S- tL/¿: t äu.{"TJ. (F a øü:ffiFåà.å.: È{' t, ¡ ) tt"

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ilJ EI:

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t^ ¿

t>

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î:)c#lFt:îÎ ='c

t:l-

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i

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r¡À'ù,TH&IìIIilL ¿". f ¿*lg-f--Ëe_l_È_Ëà. tãÃ,îfr L t-'c^nb {L-c u'* 1à. à da. f 4 )t¡lv-C-rtt 4{L"1æF¡HJffiØFF5Iå{>¡; ( ð.1ô âÀ'11*r" fit#tr¿*7

=)

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zlr.Y4l

t'- âÉØBffiB . -ffit:ç-¡ È *ìÌ'{,å'. ù*t.. lì'Õt r-ffiðìl-C ( Èå u..

ilJ EI: ,fY4 b

f/k#tr* f" ¿ i F -c'c11 < ù'tìù. b * Tå.. ¿tr.- Èiü:-ÊFÊLTt-t /¿ : å ìrtbll * T.

Lì-"

!.ìt -tÌ¿

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HH,FRå.6

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124

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126

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recreation

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to invite (someone to do something with the

7

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baseball

tó,'

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14

¡'Í' t >

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Giants lname of a baseball teaml

section chief

Greatl

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celebration

years old

n ffift(r¡)

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rcgrettable

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the past; the old days

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¿r¡

manufacturer; maker

L 1.1, - øtr¡,t

as-

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¿

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!. not too good; not great

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parts f

to assemble; to put

together

&l-lr-

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t

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rapidftaín orbus ercand; things to do

it-r,

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[>>>*,Ë/-t.t]

r,J

Japan Railways

t)

to arcange to meet

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undeniably; no doubt; by any account llit., no matter what others may

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second

<

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f61 _; fs _

t

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[place name]

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to obtain

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to want

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128

pitcher

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ffiaa]l^'c. â

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team

electronic store district

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11

ì'a dyl*-

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ttl

s

gladly; with pleasure

sound

-g,

I

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6

together

{¿"Ã¡,

*'1.

3

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Dragons [name of a baseball teaml

vì¿Tvy

¡

n T':1r..

game

¡J7:--v1

1

seat U

¡l;r

speaker)

:

ffi l't"

¡?

(

exit

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+ *üffLE

afew central ticket gate

**, vtua-y=yl 26

'l¿ro 1

f

-J.)l:-lâ

.r .. ? H4E

to try to

effort to

-; -

to make an

za

movle

-

tomorrow

4 RIR ¡!¡,t

En

t¡ uo

¡ttr

E

affi

samurai

tt)tvÆ

:N/J

al

å 26

thriving

t ¡it¡ b

fairly

g

tl¿uç

76

popular

and others

¿ã+¡

¡t¿up i

-- o

+fr

Èi+ t

tl¿,

z'uwr* ttti r, L

#IãT

â

ö]

haveto-

repo

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rt; paper

staying up all night

rarely

for sure; surely

t

ttt¿'

18

to stand in

line

[u.1.]

to gather lu.t.l no matter how many times [>>>*;Ez- ¡o]

w,)

to flght; to compete

ÊTT 6

to lose (a game) lu.i.)

¡t¡tr

E

lfamily namel

IRf'J tJ'-

the thirties

first half +.åçi

-

n fnJffi-15

to visit a far-away place to compete in sports

¿¡tt,¡.'u'

{¡,¿¿,

*¿ ùl

player selected for a team [usually athleticJ

#øa [>>>EÈl- t'4]

ß tãîÉl â

ìE+ ttt

È

tz 4 ølú

t5

lûS

rtu . V(stem)rãþ) â tobeginV-ing rì

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t¡'¡t

uncut

¿5'

h

[:Ë

lcontraction of ¿f-'ä È ä r.l

ù)ol¿flæl¡¡r

[name of a movie

t Æ.À,(t¡) I r:ãÈ 2 /.';Rùtb â

I, also

'fffiw.

theaterl

ß )-ùyl

¿tl

,r 13 <7+

l.

N/JÂ,È' 10

E1,l¡t,¡, fÈ'r:¿ ¡[Eo ffi ä F5- ü^Øl# rt *i ¿r, rr [movie names:E4EØåÈi]

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movie director ¿l-rt

ÌÌ'

Ëli= (

<

, frL- Wfr,#.

¿ ùl

rt.(

lfamily name]

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to be looking

forward (to

[>>>Ètå,/- t.3]

t tl,ì,

2 EÃE

(-zg¡ry¿flttal-(t. * T

ls w.tr16 zo

r¡t

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professional baseball to visit

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to pitch starting with

includingbalter

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[>>>E*z- ¡z]

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_r- .t-. ¿) L Lfu

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w.L

several people

33 EF+EI

lname of abaseball st¿diuml

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21

strike-out

instantly

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hero

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not much later; soon

t['¿'r.

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to rise [u.1.] to play

anactivepaftin

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{à ?

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38

ffiEt â

to participate in (an event); to compete in

Ðtu'l

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honorable

^l'

40 VRX

West [i¿., Europe and besides

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42

H*6

-

to increase lu.i.l t>c

1

43

ffi,ù,þRa) â to gain interest

45

6fñÉ!(r¡) f.t, i

traditional [>>>*;tz-

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the professional sumo

region

fr+

sumo wrestler

championship

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by

Hyogo Prefecture

46

i*u

iv ì¡v

Mongolia

Lvr.LL

frH

130

to cheer for

A{Hæ

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to televise

L{-v r i

tt/u¿itâ

prefecture

w'iL¡i

tournament (big) tournament

tâ a--

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35

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to gather [u.i.J

a

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the entire nation

R

baseball stadium

Americal

r¡ti, ¿ (

33

ã

l.'-ll v Ì.

in recent years

<

-

tt,

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to die inbattle

both

tr'

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31

almost

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so

Pacific War

league ,-- I þ'v | 7 t. ti-¡ central League .,s'Y7 4 y2. rÌ-Z- Pacifr,cLeagae

ffi2s fr+ za

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Wtñ

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34

one's home

>>>>>

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z+.!frffi.

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26.&ë

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zeil+.

r.-ffi

)

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r+.ffiË

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s.l:*ffi ro.ËlFHJh

ts.tt) ùvÆ

This radical comes from E and is used for characters representing times of day, degrees of lightness, etc. l-E+l lEEl

fFfl rd¿

131

-llËF>>'>>

a

lctåEa?t='undeniably; no doubt by any account' l+#z>t.tsf lxaø>t.tsl ( åãltôèt ( ûr¿ ¿r. ¿r EÄØßEffiËø+-e ñ È>ãñt¡Ø lÌ. litr EÉc ( ÚRÌrRHÆ/¿"ô ) .

tot

I

)

b)

à.,1,¿

('Ihe most famous movie director in Japan by any account must be Akira Kurosawa.) È!.a

(

BÄ¿rffiffiÊlù: /¡l¿/¿Ølr. fi[¿ ÊcT

$r t

y

rt

ØiltÌIlrìô

)

(No doubt it was thanks to America that Japan become an economic power.)

/r", -l¿clt,Ztå,cl|

lãffi2

,nl,.;r,ll¡,

,iËfi.Ìn'ìÈ

.: .L'

.,j'l

:',"ffifi

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lJ;.Ìi.e',Ii

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i,lr,

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.;.¿:iÈ l

,::,,',-,4i

a) *+ØH-ðEä'ct¿ctt't" (I seem to remember that it was also hot last summer. Am I right?)

c)

ct¿clt" (*ìEfì:

ül is acceptable.) (I seem to remember that the exam is next week. Am I right?) ' ffiffiøÈi¿:¿' y y v 7 v F' ù¡ q L t¿ c tr'l " (Is there a service station in front of the hospital? I don't recall [seeing it].)

ì

d) ilffi¿*t,tP T I't¿clt

t >>> - 2Eîc úIc c ll

*

" (I don't remember when the exam is- \Mould you tel1 me?)

"'Lit¡:r..ùl *.,þÈ.a..,ù¡,t

-:À,:,Ê l¿e:trj

::al::l:a

b) ffiffiflrFiflË

> t. z

A¡Èâ:ii:¡þ:ìlïj,:i,:Í

'fto,,|.c,a-.,trI,

lr.,.,..r.',t

"

'.

?

f

>>>>>

a) HA#ltæHffiffit áe)t=1,,< (

liå

lt2t)l-!=!

r.."

(Please try to study Japanese every day.)

j

r'*

7 tv¡s4 l. Í..á¡tf C ä l=l,T T. (I make a point of earning my spending moneyby working part time.)

b) ËÀ+râù1.

Qr,,, V (stem) ff A)ã a)

fÁ Èr B

ä#

¿ rün v'H u> tØ

(It was ayeat

ago

y

b) :

=.Oeg¡n v-¡ns, ùr

-+Èif.

l#æpt

>

t.g >>>ËlrnËÞrcl

T

" that I started studying Japanese.)

^7can't -Ìt. (You stop reading a mystery novel once you start reading [itJ.) ffi,rr#bã ¿ çe) t,lL*.ÈÀ""

[V(stem) Wb .

â]

indicates 'finish V-ing.'

:

I

.

i +m=m,-;; ¿?åi.và,*,wii,,i ,r." (i finalþ writing

,'.:

finished

$ '''

51 V

.:;:..;

apaper at 3 a.m.)

(stem), S,

l#aw¿>¿.n >>>la1 !-17 >>>lFD r.34>>>#tD l.j5>>>&HÈn]

(They formed aleam by gathering good players andplayedgames with the American team.) ¿i L itú

b) & I øt -ÀÈìF+Etr:*Ë (A

fJ. :ìEHØ F -)-

number of teams gather together at Koshien for

$ "' Question word

a

t y | þT â"

two-week tournament.)

* -?ú

r:-Qüéstion.w@s:
f#a#t

N: ./;æ.ie¡¡;fAj

indicate 'no matter whaflwhen/wholwhere/how often,' etc.

À uãá

a) ËtilJl*. l,t?E(

û

> t. t s >>> friJËH:

i-forms tollowett by ü

r

*i?,Ì,.Í'T.

(Mt. Fuji is beautiful no matter when we look at it.) Á¿

b) fif ãÊ¡t( últ 6 /¡ ¡.[7)ì i

È,+

* L r'f"3-"

(I envy people who never get fat no matter what they eat.)

c

)

HÉøry¿*- I 2,16, ? €'

l,f.. L- * T" (fOkyo is crowded with people no matter where you go.)

^f--ì

133

-û#>>o"

| ,r, -ãW6¡+starting

with -; including

-'

l#at>no>>>^-7',1,-zäÉÞl

,.',,.'--i':r

'...æ,.'..S:OhraSè..inÈ,ó. ,ótliouÈ "¡mÞtê,;ãs'io,,tlt a) T ) y r("¿1, 7 v l rÈ-tv¿'ffi¡f,- .,ìz I v I - 7 4 7+'v I- t¡ ¿^øz;r:-y Uffi¿ (..T.

b)

(In America, sports such as basketball andice hockey, not to mention football, are popular.) t,tù ( åäi2ôåå ðtitr 6 LriL¿ù lÉLt z¡ ¿^_ &<Ø&ffi7)ffiÊ-e #{iNnjiu. tffiäF5j ãffid¡, (Akira Kurosawa is the director of many famous movies such as Seuen Samurai and Ran, not to mention Rashomon.)

bâ"

l-h^Øffi1

l#ary¡>t.sz>>>ÉfÍ!È1.¿2zl $ rtt NE¿ ?T='Íor -; fo -' a) ElAz\r tcT¿lËìÉø: ¿ f..ò. tf-E^riëcTItÆ.t:F'ì-6 ¿ ¿ Ù &t'tÌô ). (There are probably lots of things which seem normal to a Japanese but strange to a foreigner.)

b)

& I ø7

t

y

ù Øx++.\ítc7. ÞÌffiùr-ÉÉ4/¡

: å 6 Lt'.

(It seems that grades are most important for many American college students.)

$ t"r ,r,f,!='-{ype; -ic; -ical' a) HËÉtr¿ *6rlpùt'.¿Ë i L. *iü¿¿.Hår¡ €^rìô)"

lffia¡Vt>t.¿s>>>1ffiÉlrd]

(A typical Japanese souvenir might be a kimono or a fan.)

b)

lTt ( 4-)

¿

,)' lõ

(

ü'l LÉ t L. FËÉ!i:H . i-â "

(It sounds masculine if you say iku zo or iku (

c

,

åãù

.tt

,lrr

,'¿¿

ze.)

(

) RA¿*ËtFÉf |;ãñämË(.. ó 6.

(Kurosawa is a world-famous movie director.)

d) ËìE-el*. ¿ØEil(. {¡ -i.zvS-

) l-t

t'- 6 þ#ÊiÊfrt.Jlzæ.t6 ¿ " (In recent years, every country is making an atlempt to use energy efficientþ leconomically.l

)

,rr>vtrJ--y=yl

a) "'7ñö,/7ßþ,nþ rl¡H

>>>>>[âffi2]

ìry 4 |ftE., âÊ_ø*.8Bll*áftLt.f.'j-

:

you want to invite someone to do something, you use

1 : When

Èto

expressions such as

-rill

úBt:

À. EIJ ùt. D ç. j B ^.ütlf;ür

*,/

ó.

zf

!.

V,l

4

L.

ób¿så

å -2 L r¡ ¡,r *,Ël.'ù'1"

,¡Èr,'*T. Ìôt-u,À,tT

Èto

úBl:

TÃ

¿

*v'l (â,

,.,Jr,

ì-, Xfr t) -Êlô,+.t: *dât. L /: t,. lvl Ê ->"c t. 6 rt-cf I " Ztùq 4 ilTtt " D+. ËËr¿<{5uP*ðrf ( rrÊËã:fT2. L

l-

ËFñ LEffiz*.Ð-c.þ, ù)

,fV4 | illE:

l,.tt. *

l,at\=

L(t,r¡tf

3"

Ð.

(formally), mally).

-*ÈÂ,å., t îT¿. and V t¡t. ? (infor-

-ð

lu ü ¿

2:This expression is used to

ac-

cept an invitation to someone's home. ËÆt¡ ( means "without hesitation" and taD+*Tð lirerally means "to intrude on some-

one's time." When you accept an invitation to some event, you can say Ès ¿r. c*ffi ð $'C ( fj ð t. (formally), È'(Iõ ( (informally), etc.

3:This expression is used to close an invitation sequence, saying that you are looking forward to

D+. */¿"

ir.

ËZ

¿¿t)

b) ,,, #ö/ffiâ wa:

Íffi B 0)tfr,- ,s - I ll't¿vt

*+utv @ai

*rvtv wa: *+utv rga: *+vtv

>>>>>[âfft]

1

¿ -ùs

ù>

â l"rì

tù

Ð. lr

?

ÍreHùÌËJ cEao /f-11-I*äålr?5 ÈÈi.D+/¡t.¿r¿" ffitf;årlt Lt,t ? 5

iÀ,- t' J:ådâ, D ç ó, ftËl¡ r,.da" i 1", cÐlùtr" ltclt,<#.( (ttt¿tï)E" âE*/¡¡îËEurtå

6"

4:Ìt * -> å implies that you can't comply with an invitation.

it is polite to ask this type of question, which would make it easier for the ad-

5:Oftentimes,

dressee to refuse your invitation.

6:When you can't accept an invitation, make sure you give thanks for the invitation and ask to be considered for another op-

pornrnity.

135

-û#"o"

1 ,r,

Êl-lbJvl

- -,,\¿ÌB+ä. ö i *^ùÌ E##øfeE-tt-t¡., /J ð L'o B#äl*. ãilø 7,3- l. r',{- I ¡ -þ-l â Ø:c- ft+.þiä?$ tr" invite) L * T. 'ËÉ¿*åH {u, uoo like)" ¿ØÌ i/Ã)f-1 ¿ -ù.t¿- Éâfl*Ð/Jð!.o g+ä¿*ätrþffi.) ¿L" ftätJ.+gÂ+VWfr b * T (to decline) å¡. /¡ìù'l-rùl /J i.¿.?tf ¿:#,H l-r¡u trLùl't. ùt * ì¡.t"

Ã "<7 -

t,-

r¡

b

-¿D

f

,,,

n-lVJVl

-îlH++^ ò i-^ùlEAø'hz l'7 7:.1) -Ø*áËj A,t:/Ì. b /Jðt'" *áËð /,"å. +WX'ÍR-cz zì l-vzl1v"-Tr(Øt.. H++.ò#t.*T" g++

,{7ù:/J b.

e

¿t¿iæZ<òÌr,."

J,', trt-wJVl e

ä'

47 t:z¡ b. -Äùtg+ä.

l'"

äð BA^+ ò i -^ùi 4 ØË&ØEA^+ä¿: 4üt. H++-þHtlo)æffit:e,rÊlf L /¡ t,. Øf.-. ãtll)X.'rê¿:fäl$ L * i-" EYä¿* HÆLØX.t:fr->T¿¿ ¿ ¿ì/¡!.Ør'H¿t*T" åÈi. Hffi¿*Ét""=Ä¿ Ü ( Èlll¿É #îff L /¡ ð r.. (ftäÌl- ERà. È, E^L++.øX.* {" ØffiHäi&Wþ ff b . Yä/; È à¡ 4 {t þtfr.-t 1f,ffiÈrîÈ 6 J i t:L-c ( ÈË !.o)

{,,,A-lVJVl e,{

4 øEÊt,-/¡ b Ì¡ð ì,'" t++.ùå. Ë,€àìË¿}ì ü:*l: Ø'c. A¡r'øWtHh^ t,o show himlher around) L l¡ t' È ,H: { t,' * T. å ¿ 7).lTå /¿ r,. å :- ôþ:R.Ð1, ÊÉþ#ì.. /J ð t.o Ð ¿ 1â i ¿. ù Ë,ÍL.ât. /J ð 1..

$

7 i: z¡ b .

-Å¿*t+ä.

òi

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b)

ÀL'ùt

ËìEE,/¿WEù:, !. { *dEr.l:HFñ

H#*ØHffiþ{F.'c({¡Å!'"

L.

Ëf,1.

ïcÆÀ:þ'É.12

'

7I:##L

r¡'ð

\'"

n0)

>>>>>

r*[.,p

¡

EÊæ ì= S ì.* t,t 'h 7 -[4É a

u

cartoon flit., anima(tion)J

comedy

tj.-

-ì rtr

-t7 -7

S

r{¿if

F

¡t,ø

ñt\,+rJ

actor,/actress

horror film

ltit)Í-!=2

*r.t

contemporary drarna

ø

Wß,W period drama ,'.lz e'-Jy r^ happy end(ing) plot of a fitm du

science fiction

6'o fF* e

lft^L

vÐ r--/

a

y)

¿

t.

iË{"- =E+øffX?ËÈ/Jðù.o

e I -,) -¿ìËìgØå*øK.t,,Éffiþtr,t|{!.*T. ¡b'

ffif

CD

AHr.'(-

!.o

^ØHpãt:Æì-/Jð

to make a lot of noise

6¡ )

L

a) Htø&?

(family name)

ttfi

¿

t. !. * Tà..

b) ì _ r) _ùìÉ#þ å.ül/¿ffi. Flløt:/¿fråìH* Lt¿Ð," E ) t_,C.tltÎ b * Tà.. c) ù-') -üÌ. E+?'fEl¿:ffi.*L/¿à.. d) ,1-1¿ -ùl'fElffiróftSbâ'c'Ui iå.o e) Eft¿*)-') -Ø7ts-lr¿fa-7l¿¿ å ìrtbâ{" LJ i¿." t ) l-'C./ÈzJ' b *îà."

-û#>"" i

l¿¿

iJi"

ã,lrrJ

i

L I

w

I

f.

ì -ü*. 7 lrØN+Øx+ffi-c.#ãtfrþH-W.L(u. âtrt, ++¿xElA ' ù:g+ L -C r,. a " H#Iil*RHØ Kt+'C. H&t¡ Y #ffi.Øë ì ù:^d'rr ö jL

y

y

bor¿" -r"ì ¿t 10^('àu.Øl¡v-/î, 7, y rtP4 4,) zø;ÊX?Êffi t'ffi¿,-c'. 4{vt:--tt-'c14 z)t v ! ayþîâ" -ffiIstUl*F#Èà.6FñËr¡ !.år. 1¿ z)ty!=vlJBA#r¡Ø{". sì r-¿Ì. EÄffiØHffiäl¿ ( ð I/H,Lä ùlfrr¿å-'ä È,Ì¡ ('CX:ÆIì" ¿ : ¿¡ffi *. o'C - n E'tþ.t:- t" : ø#4È È às Y &ffi.þ+81+l--CÈRbàþ î a ¿ å i: /¡ oÌ¿ " ffi.ô.âf"¿*,. #Ef¿t,n:-l#ù:ffi.À,È rê-r/; b l-Ì¡¡: È,

ffitg.t:¡.!¡. ô#þffi< zc i ("_ --. ì y -t:tt+lJÐîØffiWîbâ" äFfrtiS å u. I 1È ç åE¿:lF* ->T¿o r-: I -ÌÌ't" ì ønX:È¡d¡e¿fu,üvÈ.r,.{ {¡ t ->I¿¿¡. ËÌ:rf i t E â LF"crF ( HÈ.ùt'c.ft-c /¿Ø{'. r¿-þJ b ò+ (

Ëu.{L*:l¿. ffi.1}ãØffi,81:56 ð fi.6 å . ftlãÈ: l¿" /\80)#E¿: ùl- fÉr,. I - 1 ¡v åì!. ( .rl.Èn.fu. Æs L À,ù¡I¿ < ã À,ffiù'tl{[.]:o - ì ¡/ -ìJffi,þtrJì..{" _¡àì: ¡ås_ Ð J. ù:Æ-¡ /¿ à r,. t-Øù,fllt'ùt¡,ù.oI¿" Là. L. &lì-#Wt: Æa ø 7)ì¡. ¡. r¿ ô i È E,: (. ffiøFñøÈiùtÆ: t. frh''¡At:frffiËùtY ffi.

tYLH,{vI¿"Y#W.tt if-i t)-ùìÆo'c.t-âØþHâL- L¡c åô': ( b Ll¿Ì ir¡ffiþ L(. ËffiË¿:f4¿.=ol¿" TâLfrffiËüÌjLì'/-¿:. [jL

ì y-. T*r¡u.ùÌÐ. ò:

å

iÈøfr,,-¡Æ-'-c)

åË:/¿. ?l-r.

,'ì I-

ØÆ->( r.t¿- ffiøFåøÈiØffiù:- Y wt?.þÆà-rÌl¿"

ffi.^àåF-|,ù.->l¿åì-

r38

rì

y

-ùt,/Jìi'ÉâùtgJ7r.ð d',¿tøà.-

Ð

i L{ ð

>>>>>

,jù.

È, /Ã.

tt. ->

i t:S i¡'

/¿. H El X+-cËffiãû:

t

ffi.æ.

ì

aE *1.

*r

: ¿ ¿:]F* : { r. 6 À,rì"

r¡1.

low LêËt.J

a grovp of students that meets regularly with a designated professor to study specific topics

ÆJì ¿ ,T

a smal1 cushion for

to get lost /4 \ /Á ôl

l:Æâffi¿:E jzJrt/¡!l/"1

sitting on L'

tr( 4 tot

[:ËÈìâr).

to 1ay flat (to sit on)

(

the back r,.Ffl

tl,a

,(,

t¡

appear; arrive <

to move [u.1.]

gB

Ël

the next day

Èoìi n

./\Er

lÈÉT6

eight-mat room ll2'x72'f

ìRØ9l;E#,¿-,,

e.

ff

u

uI

€

0)

l-

o.

FåË

:(

to caution

tr õ Ð 0) l- x ä ? It

tr a) ¿ ì I -¿tô L, 1TÈtå Êr,:ça.¡-" tr tr

rd

b) ¿ì I -ttÈiù: È>ffi.e.àrH¡¿¿ Èàìó:/¿, c) Y&wùt++,þ.0),s-1 ¿ -ù:fËlsLt:" d) :¡. ì I -àìËr,./:Ëû:¿Ì. *È/a-i.r{,*tù./J¿.r/¿o

e

)

::t

ìI

-ttJ._ ft+,ìrìÆå

[:çr1

7a)

2!

gr< ¡l u.

t¡A

Ji

n

b U¿. 6 )Ë

f

E rLâ

atatami room [:ËØËß

¡¡E u 11 E

ü

t:^

alcove

trØrÆ

È

to show (someone) the way to aplace

A

fflä

e

n0) }.

,I

i

at¿r¡-1.

F'frT

¿*

{Et'-

to invite

tE'r#-T a

a â L. ËffiË

professor

afüc)e; essay; thesis

uJir.u'

{

't Â,È ùt ¿". Y ftä¿:lÈËð d'tË + : /¿ I .l

6tl,¡,L

=À+ ilüÅ

l¡ùtÆâ

-ÉHIø

È¡riuç

Ë¿:ìt

Ëf, r,.

"

Itr[ä(" Ì1. ffØFåØÈiù:. Ë ò ËÈ¿-c

â, È ffi

lt)t)I-!=!

ÌÌ1Ø

L

:_

ôt:Æ-c( !./¿o

6

trees.)

Ë

u

t.

l:4.øH)

ttFãtxT

{_EÞt4_rle_þ,-6__ã__Þ_).

No URE LT o a

o a C

Jobs

for Students

>>>>>

n the U.5., even elementary school and junior high school children sometimes work to earn pocket money by babysitting, delivering newspapers, mowing grass for others, etc. High school students with part-time jobs are not at all rare. ln Japan, on the other hand, youngsters through high school are usually discouraged by their parents and teachers from working part-time since they must study hard in and out of school to survive "examination

J I

hell." They are expected to devote their full energy to studying to get into the "right" school or college. They simply do not have time for part-time jobs. Once in college, however, things change dramatically. Since course work is not even half as rigorous in Japan as in the U.5., many college students acquire part-time jobs. The best kind of job is tutoring students from elementary school to high school to prepare them for entrance exams. They also work as sales clerks, sports instructors, interpreters/translators, or anything else as long as it brings in money. ln the U.S., one often hears about students working their way through college. That is not usually the case in Japan. Parents are supposed to take care of their children through college, and they do. Japanese college students, therefore, work part-time to earn extra money for enjoyment. They may buy small used cars, motor scooters, sporting goods, or go on trips abroad.

Job lnterviews hen looking for a part-time job, an American student in Japan may be expected to speak in Japanese, depending on the type of work he/she wants. When interviewed in Japanese, either face-to-face or over the phone, you must speak very politely, using il#. There have been cases of Americans selected over their competitors only because their ff# was better. Therefore, learn to use expressions such as tTLCdl)t and, above all, never refer to the interviewer as 6f¿f¿ !

o

o o a a

>>>>>

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t

=,

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iÁ

ír Ø

1¡, ,t & ) å Æ =i ^. t ¿: F *if,' àr 4 t: Ë 6 É ÐJ y ü: /¡ È, lù: B ¿ì, /\ " 7 u X f¿ c ^, lftÆl¡/¿fØ)åÈ4rt=1, â 4 " 4 /¿ !r o v t E- ¿t i: fr !r t m Ø Ø 7 ÊXTcEU " 7 rt 418 4 Ì: + o) =t v ùå i I¿ ¿r àì/:

#ñ

Y

147

l8*,,,,, ¡i:È Ê.i'¡

¡5t

wt z

irùaÙ

Llt -+ffi

school

[:Y&;often

used for names schoolsl

åii L &.Êw ¿l¿, U ò o)

teacher

s lfrØ#

l:rÊe)

for ,,\]

Þa

fffi)x.w v

¿['f

, ffi+þl to

u,i

¡

+ffi /-t--ru

OL

i

f,fæ

,, ,È'r-yî 4 T tÐr: *a El ù: Ðr¿¡ 6 (tl, -

#Lt'

target; object of

volunteer to meet lhumble form of à )l lu.i.l

detailed

17

ut*.

aft.er

Ii'c. i ît

fine; good

i¡

connection(s)

little; short (time) lformal for ÞL]

¡J+l

4

s L+Xa ì ,1.,

junior and senior high school students

lu.i.l

a person

¿

+Éä

rt.u¡

I5

to replace someone

l, ry'l: lu

tt

lfamily name]

J:+r'

a

6Èft

z î->w,b

10

so5

L'r J

ù'r

vliv¡t

ffiill

of

person who handles a patttc;lslat business mattü [ã is generally a humble expression

-LR/n'â

lfamily name]

¡trp*

?

receptionist

¿l( l'¿

3

l.tL ri

6E|ll

to look for

in cftarge

quick and simple to chatter

z 6

t:trTl

,,

vttu â

16

housewife female office worker(s)

llit., offrceTady)

#,Æ

relative(s)

¡lxE

tÙrT.

private lesson to keep company with; to be a companion to

r.

trt¿+

7e

mil u[. u r¡¿

,o

surely

<

translation

ffiñrffi

bulletin board

ìf¡,

fashion model

>>>>>Vlbll.( t-#.1'

ç'i t 1w+ftúÃ ,

¿¡

(

+o¿l¡.

lperson who deals with matters pertaining to

10

foreign studentsl

:I

(tÈ

job opening [i¿., mouth] rìr v

5ffiffi

special talent;

s

magazine

+Éñfr

16

19

ski11

:/,¡vÅ'l I /ì4 l. FË-T å to lose no time in -ing r'f to hire æi +l'v4f å-z SantaClaus ü'-t¿- b (/¡) perfect flt

a--

ffiæ

¡5

editing

tr

ç*

lfamiþ narneT #lll 177yF'.<2 r*f.ryr*

o

e

¡¡t(

u

Ê^

Caucasian (

11

on the ocean (

to drift ashore

¡,t¡,8 i

6 ffigJ-f â

#-l

to allow

lffi å.

(

warmly

r: [¡t¿*t¿¡'n

to be moved; to be

13

Elatlffi

impressed e-

ttu

ancestor(s)

Effi *tt s,Bt.Hi-

+-luu, lu

legend

ts-

t[' '

to recall

-i:f-üîå

toward-

Ëd'r

longing; yearning

r.tf-

-

to hold [u.f.] [written expressionl

tr_,

e ffiEX

offthe

whaling vessel

ffifif;trÈ

"etluÈ.

ru(

Japanese waters; coast ofJapan

t¡ Br.+¿

?Mft

a!¿t

¿l

- Q ) t¡,F,¡tT â to feel as if before long; soon +';t¡r €.v¡' (- å ) l*,ù'T 6 to be determined to -; to resolve to -

I

s (-ù:)ffiizË

¿:^å:

attt '

r:r\,

a

ÊX

q'l

10

[:El

to enter a country

<

continent tEE z 7t'- l..tj-t FortGeorge t 7av l.7Yt*^ scot s ìvf ¿7Y Americanlndian ôr9DþaiL+ 4 iH ùft å a person who goes adrift

Dutch (person)

À

r:ç'i;

Ranald McDonald ¡¡['¡

f,., Lfu

ù7vlL

national isolation

crew member

flâEl

t4

t*ti t¡

i

frt#

method

#t.

fortunately; luckily

¡['¡ {¡

c;,\,

frffi rs

direction; area Tr'

(--.) fiìJ, i

to head toward

711=ZE

[name of a shipl

t

t gi

_

lu.i.l

.lg#,,,,, ¡l¡ f ¡

t¡F.

lthe biggest island in the north of Japan : E

JhiEË 'o

Æø-&ítøxå u.61 ¿5' ' (-ù:)tEj-( to approach (-) [u.i.] ¡

+-tuÈ

i

flâE

t (tÈ EEru

31

Tand 33

to land (on

-)

H(

to be surprised

ÈeriLpi

¡

lname of a cityl

t

tn 36 XZWJ 4.È nHf-

xx

overseas; abroad

to

decide[:-t:i*Ð

â) ¿;ln

lthird-person pronoun

'&.

for amalel ttàb'

E,{L6 t!

ffiM-r a :tiç( 25

ì8il

26

^¿ õÆ(r¡)

¡l

*î¡

¿'['; 37

¡s 28 Èå J-âr

to die from an illness

t:lÑftt'msll [ma1e given name]

genius

(

to open up the country (to foreigners) t:El?ffi

mEl

(

¡

u'

(-ù:) lÐft-f â

¡¡'¿u

â

language study

tlr,¡ r'

Dutch ship

Itt t I'

23

niece L

È¡u

i v lfiù

EXfl.

22

Æ tt¡ri

z\- ø

[the name of one of the four major islands of

2r Ëil6 :

throughout (one's) life

ffifr-r

Japan)

t(.¿t

to send back

Ëfrr(

)1' 'Ifl

>f

warship

-+.

the Shogunate

rut| 6-

r¡5fu

Fffi *r( Èlå ËbìET o['

(-ù:) LW'f â #Æ

l:4.øl {Lttu

¡t u¡ ¡

tf,-( ¡

20

the next (day / year / etc.)

captain of a ship Y¡9¡<

18

¡t(

30g

to appear lu.i.) to be shipwrecked

interpreter inconvenient to learn; to study

tt-

¡¡,

IIFië -{.'y . ¡;;r

-

RA

.

¿l

Edo Bay

Commodore Perry to return [u.i.]

l-:]ri+(

*frrJ

¿tiv¡i

x.w b'c

treaty negotiation

t!.

ülftl:

çl È. 'tÞfrc

splendidly to be useful; to be

helpful l:'tÉ.t:-v'>l

""t

TJlrl{r

h#t

I

h

LW

z.#Efr

s.lfr

6.ffiffi

z.Èffi

s.,fE^

r1..+E

tz.ffiÐt

to.lR,,ù'

tz.

zt. JhffirË

zz.*ff.

zz.'ffi.

20.õffi.

zz.YÀì

ze.

¿.Èff g.Eb â r+. =#f

s.ffiE ro.ffi&

19.#[.

z0.lpJ/Jr

zq.WlLâ

zs.ìÉÉR

ìET

zs.ffim,

so.Xf,

ÉÄ rs.Ël* r¡.

¡lfffi

ts.tÐL 6

¿-

)

¡r.lI¡=-

r.ff4

z.# L t,.

g.ÈlÉ

q.ffiffi

s.ffi-rR

0.ffifrffi.

z.Æ#,

e.ffiÆ

g.É)

ro.#il1

tq.+flft

rs.'[Ëù¿

rs.fâËl

zo.WIfu

(

tz.Æffi,#

rs.ffiùtË

ro.ffi (

rz.ffiEX

rB.lñ.à.

zt.Hffi

zz.ffi (

zs.Effi

z+.WW.

zs.H-ff

zo.tE

zz. FãEX

ze.yä

zs.Râ

so.*fr!

rr.

tEE

!.

sr.ülÆ

This radical stands for a rice plant and is generally used for characters representing kinds of plant, states of, or uses foç the rice plant, etc. t_fÄJ

tfxj

[ril fd¿

151

8*-"'

t "'

Xf*Y< åür?T='Y

is about the only X.'

lã#t

>

t. t z >>> äâ.Ê< Surrttrt]

This expression is used when Y is about the only case where X holds true. X and Y are both

a)

Elã^r)ìØ À"(ìt ('.È 6Off. 7t+äØffi< årrå¡ü Ltrlcrl. (College years might be the only time when the Japanese can relax.)

b)

U-T

Eh

rF.Ràìffi21.Ì:rÌ, â

Øß_ t6ÆØ ¿ ô < àü\rr"

(,{bout the only time Tbkyo becomes quiet is around

c)

#.Lt¿fr&wt. fr7 v7

47

Llre

Bon festival.)

r"fA¿:E^ffiþw.i-l¿( åür?"T.

(about the only teaching experience [I have] is teaching Japanese to children as a volunteer.)

/r* f pHfJ t.z,lf

,Þ

='as expected; also; aga¡n'

is aconversatio¡alform,of

[â#2 >r.3]

Siå,þ.,¡L¡...an

erb,ry,liich,indicp!ès,thâfwþatisbêing.

said is what is expected from our general or specific knowledge.

a) I a y . T i1

¿ ltWâ*.Tì ->T¿"'tÊ.0) ffi I¿t, ö \¡lf U&yâXl:t¡, ol¿"

(John Kennedy was a politician. His brothers also became politicians.)

b)

Ë+¿rffiÉt..6

f Èì. 1up tf U HLa Ø¿:ffiH7)rà.È. b * j-"

(Kan¡i arc interesting, but las might be expected] they take a long time to learn.)

ott

J

onlyVou

-Ëå-f{='lf

-'

là#z

>

¿.

s >>>

FFÈã

This expression states a sufficient condition for attaining a desired result. ð å

,, .r:V.(1-.€,rfeijln)'ð'å-¡,1Ùuls:'l.' .:,(:,,Tþ'þ..ffih .ë,Z,t1thlf'.'.-,,.:'.,, ¿,'¡¿',*¿, ò,,are.droþþed.,ú.hèn å å is attached; |:È ffitr¿IS;,I*Ì'is'acc itio f'o'ry, i',1i!::',i':i'¡ 'fr'P.fficles' z:t''

a

)

iÌ"tt )gú: ð 7-T n|{ffifr,ù: lJ b *-ì} ¿," (You won't get sick if only you exercise.)

b) Eë *"rftrr'Ë

b

c) 2 i

-

*

î.

(tf you only sleep, you will getbetter.)

7.¿:H( )

| þ L c'c.ë à,r,rtrft'. Ì¿r.D

I iÀfT.

(If you only attend classes andtake notes, you will do fine.)

152

L rr

*nnHl

tttrt 7rLlr{ F#U

d) Ë+ð àfr

I

i

?rrtrft'#îEflÈrffie) 6 È r,. btI {..ùtó b * È,L" (It's not the case that knowing kanji guarantees that you are able to read newspapers.)

(¡È

e)

EHðåó*11{.

Lóirl¡îî.

(The only thing I need to be happy is free time.)

.,

',In

g.orpq,capes, there-

is a chqice between,-_N.Ê-¿ Vjttr,O¡.V

.:r t.:l::;.. -: :. tì: .: ::;.:.::4.: r:r:,1r.i: .;..:

à.,l.Èu-,1È.aS.,.,,-i

$è fol.lorying

examples:

) g)

f

(TbðåÊnôfr^'. iÊb*1.
(If only you would take your medicine, you would get better.)

zât8ët¿1, ¿f lÀ#z s >>> tf : i {rrr, ^,f*l ..:.1x ,ûhictr:øèant¡iu6aa'io¡i.'èi.l.qóté.ái ¡.ãn"', conjecrure with some > t.

,

l

ã Lìuì¡ÐÊr)r E Ð

i

,cèita,inty. .It',follows INø], [/¡-adjectiíe+,rr'],;¡anOtþtain foJms gf -vgrbq anaÉ,, , a¿i uét, ' , ,,' "

a) âB¿*EEEÈ¿.6 , HÈm&aorrf r"T"

(Ifs Sunday today, and so banks are supposed to be closed.)

b) BÄt:{lÂ,t'!./¿È'6 c

)

Bæffiàì-h+/rff

f Í.T.

(His Japanese should be good since he lived in Japan.) BÐi;

FÉr¡ b*u- l*f (If it's

a used one,

f'1.

it should be

cheap.)

d) 2'<4 vffiþFflcÍt.åz\l: å o1- 4, y 7ætjffiL ( r¡r.f*f (.T. (For people who know Spanish, It¿lian is not supposed to be dífficuit.)

e)

BAffiø=+ù:/rÌ?.1Ì. BÄffiøffHÈìãñe)

6

Í*dt'T.

(Students w1no are in Third Year Japanese shouldbe able to read newspapers in Japanese.)

$ rrr -l*T¿Lrt

lÈ#2

> t. z o >>>

=e=,btt

tub\r á

âuraatiur]

r0Ð

a) *.6îÞÛf¿tt" (Ifs iike

a dream.)

153

.lg#>>>>, b)

¿

¿,/JËt. l, ØVHb ë ftf . lÌå.4/c[r.

(I feel stupid being forced into buying an expensive thing like this.)

c) ä Ðr ä ¿¡.fl=Fþì /¡ ¡. ;1 ¡. ç t /ìda. (It seems difficult to find a¡ob.) Ilc¿lu

d) X+ffi4FT â7tt¿rrJ-" (It looks like lhel is going to get married next year.)

lffia#t $ trr N ë tr?='as -' a) ##Ø#En¿Lf ElÄ,-frr <7 t yr^¿1. W",tWzr!'åJ i/ì.

(It seems that the number of Americans who go to Japan

> ¿. t s >>>ÊâË¿

t,(]

as English teachers is increasing every

year.) tflú 3

ùr<1,+

b) 1= à7+-ll. ãffi+å¿l'T À b öDIiÊìEø("ä^ñtt'È> LþlJ!'" (Chomsky is perhaps more famous for his political activities than as a linguist.)

| ," N/¿Þ (lI) ='because

(of); due to'

-l¿Ð(t:) follows [Nø], lt¡-adjective*t¡1,

lffiævl > n a >>> ìEãRi¡tu rr¿ur,zu)]

and plain forms of ,-

adjectives. It indicates the reason or câuse for the following clause. pression, and hence is used in writing or in formal iitoátioos.

a)

tdtr t9 È

XÉØf¿üt7

i 4 làì*-t

-l¿

e[Þ.$, :,4"F d,.1,],,+-

fÁ6¡¿l:.ex:. Ð ::is.¿ .:.:i,, r.i :. :..: .,...-r:i.:i:.-:....::;. ,.: r t' tr:r:11::

1'::

:'.i::r',

i::tr::r

,

:ì:.:itt:,::.;:,1

Y+ tvã ttl¿"

(The flight was cancelled because of heavy snow) À(Í?

b) #?ttîFÆt¡t¿dt-

Hi¿ å ø ù:ffiFflåì7):f: fi o

(fan3i take a long time to learn because of their complexity.)

c

) #ffiø'e È 6 )BilÈìt. /J r,. É &)- #rcåftÆõEl:Æ D ( t. /¿.

(Because there was no interpreter who could handle English, the Shogunate was greatTy inconvenienced. ) (aI

rtr. å

(Because of the deteriorating economic conditions, many people havebeen laid off.)

e) E#ffiþfuúfr-f â Ëó

(E). EÄ^fra /c.

(He went to Japan in order to study Japanese.)

f)

E#ffiþfu,ffiU r¿l¡

e)

(E)

- BA^õa l¿"

(He went to Japan because he studied Japanese.)

rt

a) "'VwtÍí hO¿¿TE;ffãfâ

TrLlrr F#u

I

>>>>>[â#1]

I : In general, the party that

ffiØ^: AÊt I è)v

; t t€, t.^îìå#ãsrt þr.< uffiÉ**#og+är ?72 l. ¿ rf,

.xT2" ffiffiø7 tvtt 4 | øZ ¿Tb

* t ¿f¡íltrÉ[tÀZ"f {ÃØL: bb. 4{Lu. à'i ö" ¿

)v

answers the phone speaks first by saying ù L ò L. Some people, however, skip ò L ò L andidentify themselves by saying, for example, H+'Cî. Business es-

1"

:

tablishments normally identify

ár3"

themselves immediately, with-

ffiff-7)fråW.tåó b *-l-¿..

i.. ng¿ YEffiFÃøffiFk,r'L f : ¿ìð b *T" ¿l

/¿

¿

[

ffio)L: 4 )-AîzJ,o ?ffL{'.¿l- -EtaElù:à.à. t-C!# L !' ¿ L þ *6ffi1- Ur¿ r' t E!'* Tåì- pñHø +'{þ-W c ô aË ò ^r. 6 L.r r,./¿ lìit * 1¿.. è-)v ; iå!.. /ì1. D I i À-c. 1" f''¿t-F+ù:1Elr. * T. XôU ( *áñFt.t,./¡L*1"

outsayingtLöL. 2

:

The caller must first identify himself/herself by saying - È F L * -t-. If you forget to identify yourself, the person answering would ask ÐÈ Èffi (polite for Ètrù)'c ^TLfj'rr. L ¡ I à.. The latest trend seems to be to leave

out the latter half of this senonly trlL î l as

tence, leaving

intact.

3: Once the caller idenúfies him-

b)

'-

EgÉ?8f;fr(messase)

t t €' t.

äffiti

self/herself, he/she normally asks

for the person

l' ¿ ) lt'a" '{,OÍJÊ?' ilrBlË llr,., 4 )f-T7Jt" ù,t€ut è)v i 60 ). Èø*+ø ì 7 2 l- ¿ Ífr L :r ráf2. å*¿ 7''"rbz L+ür¡f;f 71,3" tljElË bo) i. tÞ¿ÌâÈ r e å HÈ. û'c.iô b * T¿ì. ètv:. ó. 4iîTù," lEIffi¡at6')ñ\ Í' Lt iÈ., Ùf ilrBl& )1,wc ô¿: ¿åF6 ¿,8r. * T ùl Ð. è)v i 4 ) î-rù'" 4 lLîfÌ. Tð.*li lvùr+6'lñ|' L t 2ft e,- .L 6 ^.*'€ffi ( /ìð å l i +Jlãå ètv

i

¡l.¡E ð

(to give a message) < Ë Ë l, r * TIJEIË

È)v

i

IIJH&

tf

/r, á'

5.

ti'ù'b * L/:. Eì--c*rå * T. !.ôU ( Jdß-Fì,.L*T. {'ùt. ^TLL*-1" :Ð A, ( /ìð t'"

he/she wishes to

talk to, e.g., ffirlrJhär.. ù -¡ l- + r.. * T È.. In the above conversation, the caller instead states the reason for the call by saying

¿

¿

-eÈ

I¡

å,lElì.-lc

-o) r..t,îTàr

or ? l, Èr1-þ#1.-C r,. 6 c L + â Lñ->ltØf. btãffiI.i¡ L

* Ll¡. 4: If the party that picks up a phone does not identify himself/herself, then, you can ask by saying

(polite for 8) îL ¡ i you are calling someone's

-o)*;4 Ð.

if

home. 5 : When

you want to leave a mes-

sage, you can use formal expres-

sions such as

-l ) *á6à ( ti

Ë t. *È/1,à. and - L ld6¿ ( fì ð t' or informal expressions ( f¿t¡t. ? such as

--c'C.G,Lt ard,--t1.Ê-¡ f *ót.f

.

.18#>>>>>

1 ,,,

El-)b7Vl

- ,{7i: Ì¡ b /¡ð t.. -Å¿lBä¿: ¡
aHYE.t_ Hæþ#.2 â7 y.,s 4 | þ LÈ t.Øf". !' å !. ô tÃ#¡#+ffi.Effi#þ tr.ti'Cr,. * 1" ù i -^¿t'< î ¡ y y#à##nriift'. a Ø+ffiÓ¿Ì. âË ¡ ) Efr,EþWv" !. * T" î- Ø- /\Øàffi?ffiH L /¡ ð r,.. âffi u-

ØffiI¿.t..ffi (detail) ùlÉÉ.

f ,,,n-rVJVl e a) b) c) d) e)

'<7 t=àù'{1.

Ì¡ b r¡ è t." B++.ù:rtJÐ tâ?{F r.{ffUãiàffiþffiHL/J ð r,.o 4.ø:- L þffi

-^ÌtB+4.. t) i -^ÌÌâ&E¿:

l:É#þlt,ttJ'C.-

##øvy Tvtt:t

L'å)àr. EH.

ffiFå. EFfr, +ahLt¡¿Ø#E¿.u.,ffillÉlÉ"

When should theybegin? How many times a week should they meet? Where should they rneet? From what time to wlnattime? How much should the tuitionbe?

J "' E-rVJVl e,{z¿:t¡ D t¡ð r." âff 3 Ø, r.4 y vttt._ l9€?ffEf,¿:Êffiþ TTJt- 'ffi.ùttrFffiËf,¿:€ffiþ¡" ùll¡ffiØâffiþëì,Ff,Tf ø^¿: t¡, ->'c. - ffiH L /J ð !."

t--c

ô,r¿l

åË={r.*

*^¿r, t4 f y- ù i-^Èì#

4uAv-r71.-l7t e

BÄr"t€ffi?Ë r EA^ùt. +ffi?ffið Ì¡ It {L¿x'-r¡ à /¡ ( /¡ a ¿ . Éilç¿. L årc ( (to actshy) t¡¡,t¡ù"ffi4 i L u *ìi¿,. Ð i Lt¿ 6. ffiðìÌ å ¿ ¿ ¿s-("È å {" l, ¡. ) ù""

4¡lv-7"þlF->f - 741¡7 ?HLâr,.. y 7l7vZ"l./JðL.o ,Ã

,,

5'o O 1s6

7

Ø

lur¿L r-fr¡¿L

/J

l.¿l-c-å/¿ò.

ð !.o

4v2-?

ê7¿: /J b. âh'Ø+Xf"f"-*É#l-ù.->/¡ t. {. ffi Lât. /J ð !.o

(* /; ù*-Ér,.t/¿'o r:) T )v)t 4 l. ù::

--'

6,,, fFJt e ãlJø L/¿: å Øb67 tvtì4 l. ù:?!.(. ø(Fxþ#ä

/J

frtl^L7

tv,s4 l' J

a) ffiätt-
( (

î ¿, v#à##Wtr:ft

-'L 6 â: ò b /¿-. < 1 ¿, v#ã##Wt:îî->l¡ : å tltb 6. -< î '¡ v vÊàffi#Wf M$RL /¿ ¿ å trìb â "

(

) ã> Ur¿-ç

(

)

(

)

c) )-t)-ftvl¿YY*à#+Wt

) æ\ffiì-ârìôi" ) æ)Eû=ffiFåffiL âtì ô ) " ) -ìEFñ¿:Xffiffräå- âIìô

( (

e) Ì-

1/

-ùÌ

* -t-" cD aHr.r. ffLr.

) øñffit_ù.fn à /J r.." ) øz ¿eÀ(ffi->'c.\'-âo ) t:11'> l¿ : å ùtb 6 "

(

d) 9- l/ -li

6 u'

üllJ ð ì,." (

b) 9- I -ùt

t,')ffit'-tr^?f

I

ð r,.o

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a

Humble Expressions hen one gives a gift in Japan, one uses an expression that minimizes its importance: )t.òT&V\V)C175ì (lit., it'sjust something insignificant). The spirit of humbleness has always been valued in japan. lt is the same spirit that makes Japanese speakers say {EIÐõ'd

tìtttfu75ì (/it, there's nothing worthwhile) when they serve a meal to guests, or LìUìZ, å lvCþõDtËl\',/¿lvCtcrdtl (Cl) (lit., it's far from the truth) when they are complimented, for example, on a member of their family. 2ãòl'a!\+r)elñì, howeveç is a fairly formal expression. So, when you give a

t

t,fcbo)

U

t

ldLìfu

gift to your homestay family, a less formal expression

such as

Cdäì wil I suff ice.

Gift-giving hen one receives a gift in Japan, one is not supposed to open it right away. wanting to open a gift immediately has traditionally been interpreted as a sign of beíng materialistic. Don't be surprised, therefore, if someone you give a gift to in Japan does not open it in your presence. Likewise, if you receive a gift, thank the giver profusely, but do not look too eager to know what ís insíde. Like so many things in Japan, howeveç this custom, too, is perhaps in the process of changing. some young people nowadays may ask you to open what they give you at once.

Another difference in gift-giving between the U.5. and Japan is that when one receives a gift in Japan, one often starts worrying about what gift to give back. For example, if one receives an Aäiur 0.e., gift for special occasions) from a neighbon one must give back a gift (r.e., an AffiUl of equal or near-equal value. When you are in a student-teacher situation where you are the teacheç however, you do not have to worry about this. ln other words, if you receive a year-end gift from a student you have been tutoring, you are not expected to give anything back. Since an average middle-class Japanese family is accustomed to receiving so many gifts, they are not easily surprised these days. lt may be difficult to give them the kind of present they might find extraordinary. The best kind of gift for a H#Ë to take to Japan for his/her host family, therefore, would be something that would be hard to obtain in Japan. Take with you, for example, T-shirts from your college if there are teenagers in the family. Picture books with beautiful color photos of your city or state might be another good choice. o

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165

.lg#>>>>> ,:,1:r

;Ì!i

¡ol

t-¡'

I' o)

gift; present

AÉbW

17

fr,þffi.i

to worry about

*is*, s

anirnal

WrW

to go out of one's way to do something

[>>>Í;t/-

t'1]

tr'

:v

f

t9 21

I

?7

Ì.

Êa

to open [u.f.l

mascot to wear

¡BJ 23

6mÙâ

red

tt, Àt.

tù'

þt

fr

€s

to be pleased; to re.joice

I

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z rËÆr¡ (

without hesitation unreservedlyl

Ulú.,

t-l

tsþ

color

ûr.¿L u 4iLL

4 ffiMWæE

¡ ',

¿*t

þ

- /¡ ¡.

7-y f

I

t¿.r¡

I

flã¿¡r¡ l-

to have no choice

but to

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14ffi

L

¿

WÆ r ¡.¡g ¡ .ti Ð "C.-Æ

-

[>>>*rål- t.2]

navyblue

at least once

lcontraction of

*:

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¿fl

pri

ìEX t¿¡

tfamiþ namel

È

-/JÈ+

b

lcounter for suitsl

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not at all

suit

Èr( t1

u

n- i

wedding reception

-

t'4]

-t¡I] {t

12

weekend ì

'&t ãøa

g¡ft.

of appreciation

tea cup (for green tea)

>>r>>ÊDlpÀ

O

1

season

i't ,

traditionally

*õ+fi

mid-year gift

tt, i tf ru

3+* È¡

t+t ¡

fáËffù:

#Lto ,c. ì 9 EIIâ LrJ*

ulr+*

relative(s)

I

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ffi*Jâ

14

R+h

to visit

ã,tÀt

ffi,ItffiTt

ffiw

influence

,'ìzlrv

Christian

È¡9¿'n

#,à

church

just;

_t

3s 36

xwï

6

1a'= i- I

chocolate

lover; sweetheart ¿,.È.

-t:FE clt v

à

40 Ì2

42 to help each other

¡.'i '¡, ì-

t6ìEl,

not limited to one's superior

E

exactly

reciprocal gift

'f

4s

*,Ð 6

l:âlt¡¡

¿"f'ÉâÌ b t1)Ll

weird; eery cash

I

[>>>EË,/-t-1oJ

-hd

sightseeing trip

original

[>>>*tÊ,/-t'e]

to exchange

37 Æ,L

loca1 product

rl¿ E r'

Æ*,0)

only

¿['o¿

e,

õfrffi¿: {¡"{¡. 22 n&. ÈtT tB WTIã) 24

30

ù'7u¿it11¿) .xt!

vicious circle

fruit

rc IËTþ,øÊVI

zo

l:HHl

increasinglyl:ò-lÈl

mffiæ

34 /C'lì

New Year's gift of cash

to invite

clearly

¿['*r; tl

New Year

*'¡-.* ¡-

búde

ttt< v vt/,,¡'lu

¡ i ¡tð

HM

rc

end-oÊthe-year gift

to deliver [u.f.]

to *á+:Ë

¿

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a'J 29 Ell å È. ¿:

to eqjoy

fá8tr

groom

28

someone iu.l.l

13

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ffihñ

/J 6 to be indebted to

t¡ro I

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exftavagant; luxurious

HùR(r¡)

end of tl'rcyear tr

4 tôffi,H

tt,

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25

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6

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2

fond of

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to decide[af.]

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ts.ffi#

ñ and is generally used for characters representing god-related objects and activities.

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a) þ ä"ä ë"H¿. ù â Ø¿lt4lì7).

à.

Eãffi("ff ¿

>

¿.

¿ >>>

þdtzdõ

D

uo*

ùr¿

I

ã]

i

" (It's not easy to take the time to go, so I will talk on the phone.)

b)

Y4.: cølFX. ãÈËLt¡Ë¿ìl.t.f LI iÈ"" (Do you think I should rewrite this composition?)

ftE.: þê^bë"ËÈÉ¡r¡ ( ( ü r,-u-Â,Dsä!.fîÈ." (I don't think you have to take the trouble to rewrite it.)

(ttdþd

:är()

vs. tf ir Ë"ir ð" denotes doine something in a way that takes more timæ and effort than o"""r.ury, o,

purposely doing something that is not necessary. So, in general, there are at least two alternatives and you choose the one which takes more time, effort, etc. 'tà: È, ( , on the other hand, is used to indicate that one has spent time, made an effort, or obtain something, or to reach a certain state. It is often used with expressions such as Ø ¿: ,

and

Ì14'¿ È'.

c) Ëc/t,< BAffi?BoI¿0)ù:. æb/Jr,- å T (You learn Japanese with a great deal of effort, but

d)

(

fËþf L* i. ifyou don't

use it, you forget it very quickly.)

t2 ë"t? ð'X¡¡ ( ò L. t.f"T (You don't have to take the trouble of coming.)

J.

f ,r,Xå,Ultfrl$ftlr='1s have no choice but to -' lãffi2

> ¿. t

t >>> uflãñfzLì< e D Êãä%urr)'Ë]

T,hiç,s¡prossion, means that X,,is.notr what one normally wants :to, :do'bq1 óne hag :no, choÍce-,.. t, . r,: . ., :. rll,jl r' . . ::,r .:i.:rit.:.:r ,,r. -.:.:.,, .,ri r: 1..:.riri.J,.r.li.:..).1,r:.r:,1'.,' .:jitrll:: a:: :i': ì:ì' but to do it. ,:,:.¡.i,ì1.,1.-

a) táâÈìä t.ffiù1.

7 tv.,¡

4 t 31

â J, t)ltã'r)rr¡u'"

(When one does not have any money, one does not have any choice but to work part-time.)

b) IFàrä t'È. 6 _ Ë!.'C.ft < e ú) llfi þtt¿çt" (Since I don'thave a car,lTtave no alternative but to go on foot.) lã#: t. t >>>.'. eean*at'] J rrr Vnâ,/ önâ .' .,r¡èVd¿.á / ù {L â fonri,which is,homophonousto'lhe sivè,ffi'-ày-,bð;. ffi#t '' (honorific >

forrn),

as in the

t

following examples.

169

.lg#,,,,, a) ft+^. &þÊlt'ltt¿?

i îîtrt, t.:

¿'HH[ø ¿.7Ë(" L & ) È..

(Professor, I hear you have written a book. When is it scheduled to be published?)

b)

ft+ùt7 (

t

¡ 1tt"

tLt¿i.6lt- + T.r-Jì.LËaf

I'l¿ À,'e l, ¿ ^)Fà professor] you .{merica, things were very different from what they are When came to lfalking to a now, weren't they?)

Qr>r>

ËÐ"<

y rt

(-f*) ='at least'

lã#3

a) æ+þ /¿ ( ðÂ,Ër../¿u.Èì. FFñ¿:'r¡!.ØT'-

>

¿.

z >>>

ttþ)<-El#Í¡ïaÊ

ËbT#ÈÊ+f*ffiAËÈf"å

ì5

t¿e)r¿]

åJ

i

l:

/J b Ì¡ 1." (I want to learn lots of kanji, but I don't have much time. I would like to be able to read and write at least Kyoiku Kanji, though.)

b)

Ëb< -Ê.If Bä^ffa r (There people must be lots of

r>I¿ L. ¿ ,B

i ¡¡sþr",ïì 6 i

"

who would like to visit Japarr at least once.)

c) EWËÐT -HFd <'å trl* E#ffiþfutfrL-c {, å !./¿ t. ð ØÈ. d)

(I would like lthem] to spend at least one hour every night studying Japanese.) È¡L ëà6à

¡ù:{fóf

ä¡I)fttr (' å ü' Lf t, 6 !.1¿ !- ¿,s, i Èfñ¿å&u,lì ô i

"

(There must be many wives who want their husbands to wash dishes, at least.)

S t"t -åäfl='so that -'

lffiaryt

> t. a

>>># uo a * ; tr]

tX À , t: Yl means [Y so that X]. In this constructiol, X often contains a poterntial verb, negative form or stative verb, which normally canlt be controlled by one's will.

a) r>À,tÌ.ùt*l,b

6 & a E1 a a v

- | þð

ùÌ'l¡.

(I gave lthem] chocolate so that they can all enjoy it.)

b) Ëtr/Jüt* ã llãt.t*a!.t

( /ìå u..

(Please write it down so that you won't forget.)

c) BÄ^litf6åali*õ#.þ l¡Ðf t.*f.

(I am saving money so that I can go to Japan.)

d) +æØ+å+dsr: ü,ïh,âj äEçð Lr,.ËHrÉt.(õ b *-f. (Children's books are written in an easy language so that they'll be easy to understand.)

170

*uo*

]¡?À,

e) ffiL!.HÈìF zâ e.Ò|;W#.þ Ltt.* (I am saving money

f

) ffiLt,#þHÒ

T"

that I can buy a new car.)

so

t¿ütlzw#.þ

l-( !- * 1.

(I am saving money in order to buy

,

a

new car.)

i.No,tlc-é..thatine)', th9.verblis,4po-t9nti-.yèrb, whilè in

$ tt *JZ,/ 1Eã-â='seems -; appears -'

f),

the veú!s'..an

lffi¿*t

-,,,/jiadjectives'and ,t,::adjeêtivês both:aþþearinæ;adù ial:foim

a) t., (

I

as

> t.

z

a9ti9-n,v ,..' o >>> rFñEËtcEz

az ;-e

øaf

follows.

ò fr-ã"IZE,Z6"

[Hel always

seems to be in good heaith.)

b) BA^rr+J bã
7','¿z r,

a)

4

l#afil > t.zz >>>...ex;t

arz]

emphasizes the preceding noun or phrase.

BÄffiùrË+ùrb âù, ù Zz. ffiÉ!.Øf.T. (Japanese is interesting preciselybecause it has kanji.)

b)

)FS¿ ?

BA^õÈ

Ì¿

l' å Ha { !'* T.

(I do wânt to go to Japan next year lfor surel .) :.r

,

.

:

,.,:,Thè¡e:s.eems: to:he;some.ré3son.why.,,orie has 1o emphasiz-e ap-arti.cBlag:,tl.o.ri..r¡$rlpå¡ase. Sentence a), for example, would be used when someone has said that kanji is troublesome or

,

that he wishes there were no kanji. The speakei then rejects that idea by emphasizing the ,"u.on clause. i4 generally replaces particles lJì/k,/lr,/lt, but is attached to other particles, as in,r ¿ 4, L i ?, etc.

$ i:,,

>>o

XåËplüY='tt's

true that X, but Y; Although I said X, Y' l#aM > æ z >>>

È

ffcf

grven to

Ìr'followslplain forms, but qualfy X.

a copula

/i

t

u

z< z ¿Ë :
is generally:omitted. In ttris expresqion, Y is

171

o J s,,,,, a) , y 7?7¿ÊcT ú.

EIAI:È.?

y

zlr vl|b * b r,.*rù¿,"

(although I said Christmas, there are very few Christians in Japan.)

b) *u- å EcT g.

ltr¿rHa ¿

¿,

u b b *,È À,"

(Although I said it's cold, the lakes never fueeze.)

$,r,7-f=Just; only' a) Ê/¡t'r.Flffi¿må aLlrìr,ëLf r.lJr,-J I¡¡YätxEb *T.

læa$¡>t.z¿l

(A student who is oniy concerned about getting good grades is problematic.)

b)

ï¿tiæ.Øft#/¿ùÌ

L(

t- â 0)Ìt.

c*

å r¡L-

¿,8,!.* T.

(I think it's boring to be doing just housework.)

c

)

Ê/c'€ffiÈrffri6 J

i

¿r¡â ¿ LrìtIttìElffi{hDçó

b

*r¿,"

(Internationalization is not just to become able to speak English.)

f O -" N (Of NP) EFå/¡(rt='¡s1

a) E#ffiþfutfrLf r,- å+ä¿r.

limited to

-'

l#a¡v¡>¿:z>>>ff,,ucmael

Bäffi€4t=Wt) *,Ë Å."

(Students who study Japanese are îot iimited to Japanese majors.)

b)

&tú.-

/ e ØtEæz))JlrlÌ BAÊF

ò tuT Lr/rüro

(These days, professional sumo players are no| confined to Japanese.) t:

This expression can also be used in the affirmative, c

) *+Wt:fttl 6 Øttx+þ+XL

/cåEE

à

in

d.

n< t\6

" (Only those who have graduated from college/universit¡r can go to a graduate school.)

f 1 *' ë¿lt¡lu (* particle) Tt='âny -' .

as

, G- 9terally,,p4r-tiè1es-

cles such as L ,/ù'

a)

tr<

Elvt¿HtlUT'

l#ævt>t æ>>> eruart;tt]

àì and ?. are.'de-letedì.whç¡.they,rare,.fqjlõ,wqd ,t:'.òtr,':\i{il :étliêrÐartiÈt,/

t:,etc., remain.

t !.!.tT"

(Any present will do.)

b) Elvr¿),.tt' å?'t,r-

¡^?ù à ) L )ttl,u,"

(It's nice to receive a cardno matler who it is from.)

c

)

Etvt¿),¿

råËìg¿:Ì¡,{Lâ^tr- i$/i.

(A person wtio canbe friends with anyone is lucky.)

d) t

¡-t¿ffi:cü.

(Any place is

a

{Èe)¿x-'ffiri"

home once you live there. [:There is no place like home.] )

]

>>>>>ÊDwÅ

a) "o #umdæt Elu

). ¿ fr. *.J,t¿ú ø u,rþ /crr/ù?.rtt

bØ

R#ßo)t6atr ùt'f.'f ËBr

Elu

HE

Eu

>>>>>[âËÊt.:]

¿

1,

you give a present, it is customary to say ¿ fuÌtl.l¿t¡o¡ D + à t..1,'e î ül Ð, ¿ Ìv.t *. tt tJ r. ò o)îT It E, ¿ lLl!.À,ØÞ

1 : When

"

b- Ðt ò. t4*.ÈÀ"" z ø)rãt\ ô t"r 6#7 z, ür È /c rr /¿ Í¡*L?" 4 À,t¡fi,þ ffr.*> t¡ ( 'c. ò I å. -z I¿ Ø tÊ , t - ì- lvØñffi È /¿' it {" j- à" 6 "

r

L'fîùl

å', etc.

2"

2: W1len you want to state a reason

for a gift, you can say, for ex-

-f t. t È"t. l¡ *¿T111, È:/c*¡lL"fTor ì,.a{¡ toËff|: t¡: .c r,. * 1o)î.

ample,

tt]:-.

-f

ù

lrrrdVv-, e

,s7ù: tÃ->f., Éâåsâ* r' ò 6 '>'c.-&) {Ll-¿.rr:ËÉ bFht=-tt.'cffLâr..r¡7" v€ y þ /ì: /: å.. /¡-tl' i {Lt-ù. oi¿ù,þffiBÃ L /J ð !."

tfiul

lf#¿*.

EL

y 7<;'tr:ti--)v7 vv ¡"¿.aÊfiia 6 à-ct¡Øàs. *4'ø2 -Æi{Lt-ù,c ù'ØYr ó t;

^ (knitting) ¿ìT+-C'. fi ò ffi¿,È: ¿ ¿ìä ù,->I¿Øtt:- [X0) " '&f-t*ffia+rJ ({tI¿1"1-l" r¿ÐìGmA,î ¿Ø$lLTit. ó* bt.*¿:{'. å{L./Jz).->lcurt ¿. Ë t't'&kØç-.ÆÈ¿ì¿ { rr ){Lt ( 'c. â{"ò 4{Lþxgt: L{!.*T.l

Ì¿

À,1-T

f,r,Ã-rVJVi e,:Zù:ä b. --^àìg+ä. +.ØÊHÞ{r[tJ- ( /¡" ùl t

ò i-^àì,+ BAffi ù: T 6 "

7 | 7 r I t) -0)).'û:/J b /Jð !.o a) øHY

a) EAi:Ër,./¿ ¿lÈ., Ø&++.rJt, H'ùøån. tffi-t(

å

/¿ z"

vì v | þHL{ùHT",t

{LþffiIJ !. i L l,Ì¡!. o){.'. E++.Ii þrÃü ðÈ--r_ 7cØ/wìy lt:)1.{!. ôt,ô-#,8Ã1â. b) 2 y 7-"'.0)8. ¡, 7 | 7 r ì. t) -Ø'H (ffi) ¡s7"vìv | þ < {Lâ" c)'hÃ l. 7 r ì. t) -l)ffi ø'#4.ä,,:- /vc¿' v I k ù)tfâ"

7|7r

i. t) -0)*á1ð Â, (*áËð

h)

ù:

?c

7(

{L

173

.lg#>>,>>

3,,"iii.7tv-J7tlcilvl,à

j

ö biZÁ,

L¡i

t¿4Ø å Èøffiffi¿:rr.{ì..ór,. ôHFãLlJð !.o (l> l-Q )\.- i++.7Jsr./JùlÌ}iå".

it

är-ffi¡fia 6.¡

It,.:6¡ * L /¿å.1 l/ìir¿ìffifF Ur¿ À,"e1 ù.)

b) EÆnTr-> /¿ L å 0)b â++.þ F,ù.ü:zJr2,,v-/þ(Fb , 4 ø44l:t: E A,T¡/ v¿'v | þ l> 6 .>I¿ù.þH7"1L

/J

BAt" ÐÂ,¡¡ffi

ð t."

4,",fF*. e 1 -c'ffi l-ã-cI¿/vë v t Ø,Hr.Hù:?r.{. I i {LU¡t .r¿Ëú¡+h) ¿ r. iffif.'ffx? ËÈ ¡¡ ð ù.o Fð ¿*

H?" 0 øFtlz !. <-ffiA,íctr.69 ( å Ì

r,.")

e BAÄ¿rlrf - l. Í.-HL.wþ t_ { r. * T. cD ?Hr. -(_ n1)xrJrlEL I t.þùr-'x ?^Ètä ð 1." [¡.u

r,t¡.

taffi zri

¿

)

o¡.

AËÆff ¿''* (

n ) il b)) n n ) a

c

d e

)

lf

chopsticks

Etr

:FÉ

1c6

merchandise I

b VJ

affordúIe

ct4

òtrt

ffiÈw

tr

ùlrLd'o. FåË:

Kamakura-style carving

@{,f

to wrap

: Ø^Ì17 ./ y 7"'/vë v l þffi. { !. å /¿ u. å,8:11.6" 7 ) y åi:!.åË)ÉùÌ. 7./ y rt/\ù. È¡ Li1./¡r,. L. EA^à.{> Ld'¿lJr,., ØhÉl|*,o))vì, t-u-" *J *6#ØlÊÊ9.ItE+Ef"ó å. 4

ì: t\,

¿

Ø^lÌ.

+,#ø tiå.i:ñE

ò

H: lcØIì ô i "

IE o 7-+Tr. v /

ilÐl w

u

hØ*+ØãtJJffil¿+fi8ä=<

"

ôÈq

E.tIt HÃ ft+^ ffiEc

Fu'FÆ¿ÀËI¿t-îr.6 i Èù:. \,-)0)*ü:È.-E tr:/Ì,->{ L* r.* LÈÈ¡. ft +t*l6lúF,(*[. à : L+ t,. * -fà.o 7ct, Èr¿t,. tóæt. : ¿ T- l, ¡ i. BAù* 4 À,/¡

ìtv-À0,{tl¿Ì1t.À,i,æt.t.T. f 1È. È. 1., òÌñ.à.t..-L -, -þÊ'C.ffiu-/ v ? z?l*,u.{l,.*T" ð "c. Ëì80)è y l= --Ã ¿å. lnør EäÄøffiffiüÉffiHt-W¿Ìfru/¿ ¿ ¿ -c"T" Z o)il'tå OL -C". frl^øH#øäl^t"c'3'Èr. t+Øffià. à Ø,$- 4 z v v l'" åffiflâ t I¿Ø'f î" B^{.'ö - à./J b Èi¿. à. Eâu.ffiíìF} b r#FfiÉfrÊøfrùttt ( /¡of t-â4 i.r"Tdâ" L ¡o åCI'c < tl,l¿Øù*. ffiÆwæHù:+Ëf+ðf¿l¿lìùl{.'. =ì t¡ è-y

õa

¿:

¿*fEf#ð {t Ì¡,ù.-> l;

:

å

{"

Lt.

Ä/¿Ë Lå.=t¿:ff¿Sùu¡¡¡. t ffit.{HÈ d'uùsu. ùl /J u. å u.

):

å

XffiP#ffi,z¡ Ð. A5ù:lf L.H{fiØ L/;. 4{L7r'b. *6#þ++-r{l..å./Jül

Elä-c"¿x,.

*

ð. fl,¿: ttt+IJÐ'c.Øl#w'e L/¡. *ùt. xE ò E#)',øF.

)ÉØF"ffiWffiF¿:ry¿x-fr,{

r,.

â

À,11ùt. fÁùÌâsdêàìÆ. b ä ( {wo'c. !- å Ø{"-

¿i Lt

àu.r,.t'å )ù'L,E,.'{ì..*T" 4{Lù' à. -äóN: < b I-I¿øIJ'- Wffi F¿ì6{b -¡ -C'Jft 6ffi ü:. fáã ð .å,È tr zJ; Z> À,r¡ / v ë v | þ ò 6 -r È L å -C L /¡. Kn'R-'CfÃtJ'C ô-I¿ù. ã4 i ä*áXllår-fk]',"t(t,'* Lt" S olf,b T ) Y rt

{"tt. í {tù. Ùffiffiþ Lä ùttrrùx-'ä 6 /J u. Ø'a- +Hùt, : fr{"ftlLL * T. Ð i âå.tf'/¡ ¿'*áôÈ ù:/¡ à/J[.] ?. tôt$ù:/Jð o-C ( Èð t...

à.Ll lE10B

z-+fv - 1-+.>

.lg#>>>>>

.tr-

.,1 -,

a-.

-Eât,'ffi49

arranged marriage

¡{¡,aç,F. ¿ a

äì€ffi4$ .

Tove marriage

¡-ì

â,

*rm

plate

I

È.Lð

complimentary close used by women

ceremony

¿"¿dr.

Fåffi

relationship

a) 7-+)'yå.t¡ù-ãØ+{"ÌñÐ.!.-L -, -þÊI¿ b. â Øt-f zJ,"

b)

Er,.

/

v?

7þ ttti./¿ b Lf t.

7-+): v¿å. Ërf Ba^Øffi,\8tÉffiH¡Ërytå-n¿* L/;Ès. 4 øffit-, BÄ^ØffiÍl*

wffiHt:îî./¡¿ å trtbâØî-t- I jå."

c) z-+lv

E

) l,îlàtr. b *f

à..

¿ÌffiÍF=t¿:öff* L/¿å."

d)

4 {Ltt /J't}'11È."

e)

EIA1 ¿t. aØ C ô7î,ÉffiÍF ¿ -ãâç.6¡6

¿.

¿*t,

c,Øfrùìþt_a)f !ù."

T#JI6 À lþ<

+ÐffiA,:aa Èf

,lr

. .: rijtì:i:;r: ; '' ::r:,::iijl(i' : ai:.i::a::t

'.':: ::.,.::'

t:;ra;t:':;::::F!;!:

1

'L,.

I lìtq-

!tt, ,rtli1 . . :t!Þú ':!ì_r,

'1in'-

'lt''trt ,,-.., ' I' : I í"t iÌ,1

rl,rf r-r1rf q"rlr rr ':'jil

r-.t '

LT URB No a a a

a o ULþLÈL

Shinkansen (trËf,ffi)

tTt h" Shinkansen, or the Bullet Train, started as one line in the 60's, but has since I expanded to a few lines running the length of Honshu, Japan's main ísland, as well as part of Kyushu. lt is not inexpensive, yet it is a fast, safe, and comfortable way to travel. Trains are on time 99% of the time, and even if you miss one, you don't have to wait very long for the next one.

R¡okan (ffifr) here are enough hotels throughout Japan, but if you really want to relax, go to a ffiÊE, a Japanese-style inn. lt is expensive, but if you wish to experience part of traditional Japan, splurge one night and stay at an above-average fftÊE in a hot-spring town. Soak

I

I

yourself in the hot tub, eat the food they serve, and get good night's sleep on a futon. Hopefully you will feel all refreshed the next morning.

Travelling apan is a populous country and everyone loves to travel, which means wherever you go, it is usually crowded. ln the spring and in the fall, many schools have so-called iäVffii+, teacher-led trips for elementary through high school students. Although it is impossible to avoid these crowds completely, you should at least try to find out from travel agencies when the peak times for school excursions are so that you can enjoy at least some sem-

T J

blance of privacy and quietude.

a a o a

a

>>>>>tft

'

fr

EJR ØffiØA,ëDú)Htrë.

u..å,Í-f ül Ð"

C)v

ffi#ffiØqlf+åsHr.

ffiF

ã>4

C)v

ffi*tj*¿*ð

ffiË1

lñDfltØrt--br*TJ"

C)v

4i11ù'" ¿tò"

C)v

:

ffiË1

r.r-TTÌ" D+. tlJlf,þlFb *.-lþ'Èr- Ë * )Lrôß+L ( /ìèt'"

ffiF

*** ¿t,1.. ráf+/¿r L * LÌ¿. 12 H 20 E&ËÉ#

/¿

:-Øffl,ØLt:F L¿åÆf'ftàìó

dnt(.-t.

b

ÆRE

C)v ffiË1 tsC)v

ffiE C)v

* Tå. à.

ÉÈ[Å,r

t'"

L.T-Tå.o

ÆÆ¿x 6

äF

20 0) D

ffiËffi#¿*. t- 6 /J ì.- Å,{"1à.. ffiftffi#t*. {+å# å -ffi¿: ÌÌ->t ì.'* To 4 ifTzJ," EfUîTdao L'( àf'-Tà..

15 ffi

1î

ßtìØ

(Àà.

"

.L 6 ¿l*É#(.'T"

Fl. ìEË 6,090 H. âffit' 10,580 (-ãHôL L+HtLþ-&îrùH Lf ) D + ¿ trr{""

ffiåf+ê

( Èð

*T7)'"

RHË¿s 17 ffi 13 â.

C)v

b

4,490

-nL+FltáFà.b L*T. ......t'fsÈl} L * l-T¿" 420 Høta'; b Í"-l-. Ðt ö.

Flù:

ä b * 1.

b

476 E_

-l 'lo#>>>>>

ev, It

Ë1

U z5 ät

5*x,-^tF

t lc ì 7-.

ìiE;Ñl.ffiffi E

ffiãl b6 ¿¿ l; U. JTB effiffi ú) ?fflEï

6"

---ÌÉ{t'fÊ4E^f-rÈ È t.

Â,1"Tåì.

Ð¿

z).#È.{. ó

*

b

H(

z¡ r.fRÊH

t'T l- !' i lt'"

Ùtä

&Ë1

<

[.à:L{"t,.*.tù" W B ¿. å

s +I Ëi

U

L*

*aËfiü,l

1ø-c". ,).4 i61+t, ( Èå

r,."

*** t, ¡i ¿Jð 4 ir¡Ø¿ìðð"r,.* L/¡" :EFI{..TÈì"

fË&lEàÆø KÊH"c.

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C)v

¿

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fu¿:ËË ì- â Lí¡fSÈ !. !.{.T Ì

tôÃ,8It+lJÐ'C.-e l,

ln {lo

o

l.ð,.4,ù*. EIAø

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181

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¿

Ø

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182

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k

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Þ

\ o ¿: É â È, r) Ø L A L R {" Æ. ü t o{L i Er. ü* t¡tt Í+*RÌ T. u * /J' 'c a ô' . /¡ ö !\ i:'rñ H ( ð âo i:T' ' i . 1. t.ì 0) J ùJ,' ¿* ì, âo * ig2 H + ( !. t'È i b '7c Ë ^n ¿ì r¿" Ø 6 t ô * {L H tìttt5 H fr H '{ ¿t'ii -f L ) \ o rH, lþ, Ël¿ H L\ 7)t l¿ ¿: þ 6 î iE t t ffi f: tíizi )h !r " ÆU ò -ì äF #ß 7ç iE 1 )J il É! o) t, r¿" iÉ [8, ¿: A + ù: *tr L\ o) o) ùÌ oro2s-ro 183

10=#>>>>'

lt+

(

i,

to make a reservation

AKIT 6 ¡l

¡t

ticket

ÐJre

tKn *t¿lc ¿

11

(ticket) window

u'¡,¡J¿"+ ln

, tr+f#å

12

F

employee

14

r¿4

leaving Nagoya

ü.b'b

lname of

¿ii *-¡-i

fl#

fee; fare

¿"

(passenger) fare

t,"*.,1,i-Lè.

-NHfrL a-f -

(train) schedule

ñÊE#

ffi¡t'â

10,000 yen

bill

to keep (something) for (someone)

a

r¡]<

.X.,R

special express fare

passenger ticket

ìEH

request; application

tJì í + tt?

reserved-seat ticket

###

i-¡,¡,

desk

t: < ¡¡¡

car

tr-iÈ¿,

¿

i ffi*ü æ u

wa# Urrl-+lr¿"

raikoad station

ü1, {,t,

-

ticket

bullet train

4z

number

¿'. å pri lt /,

¿t¡-l-¿

3 ,ffRE

Lt

-äÉ u k¡+*-lr¿ ffiftffi#

Ë

a

bullet trainl

17

Iô)

change; balance

b

of

money returned to the

arriving Tbkyo

purchaser

EÞ*

Wffi

]g'ct'

' rtt;

seat

¡ )

t¡

ffiË ri çt ' l# þffiÐ.

l-

business trip

HdF

J TB

ut

tf

: -ifi t1r'

Lt¡,

#il'¡a

view

frä

Japanese-style room

,rì-.X

bath

l4v

quiet to check; to look up

Ðbø l, tl--

one night's stay; overnight stay

f

1

t¡rùt

11

16

uoriL¡

lÈtî

[place namef

bathroom; toilet address; place

of

residence

,p.ù¿

È#

with two meals inn;lodging

ffi

<

ffià. (r¿)

¿

s-[

to rest Uit.,to rest one's Japan Tlavel Bureau

(

:ê{úå

lplace name] bodyl

v-tlt¿-¿--

K Inn

r: tL¡

¿'.a

â

¡,¡"

KßH

irt¿¿

19

<

¡*

lgffift

place where one can be

reached

,,l

gti

1yfr¡tl, ¡{av"

late afternoon, usually just before dinner time <

Effi

private house providing lodging and meals to tourists

ctù' -

, [Ê.{16

¡ti tl n#, 16

$áÆ1,8

,gt'

È

joke

informal cotton kimono

Yã&

kimono I

Ètàt

clothes

to become tired

å

tl,

ftffir

bath

vE¡t (-þ)F,Wîâ to see the sights (of -) ¿-t¿: 9HÐ men's section of a

å

tl,

feeling I

ñffiÈt-t-

comfoftable; pleasant; to feel good

rÞ

bathhouse

to change (one's)

20 Êæì-â

ø

¿o'lut¡

ri.¿

r l,ø 18 Ê4Ð

FJ.

5

u

-tr

2s

ffii

to wash

@

*È

women's section of a bathhouse

f

to b{L z

[uttered when something unexpected happensJ

o

:'ù¡u

Elñ

domestic

I tl/ t

pass

¡trt

ffift+r

5

tfltF

7

¿-u

ø-;-

travel agency

Eî]]

to remain lu.i.l

ø-i{ti

very big city; metropolis

Ëx

t:/tÈ

*,Ü 6

agríctslture

i'1

u'rrl

to receive

+

cow

during the period (when

FF

horse

-)

r{¡v

rallway

i¿"

silo

Æc

to stand; to be

valid *5'¿¿er

(-)ffirñ + ttct I

8ffiÊ

i.J

+

Jç.

s)b

north

ffi l¡?

fr,a

7vyî,1 7

south to run

frontier

sheep

i:'

17

t{r¡a

t2

Mother Nature lli¡., mighty naturel

-E 1ú

ú¿i

al

u-tr¿

y*â

L+

3

d.

t{.

tÊf*

t:EIØtr]

built [u.i.]

tt. Lå

18

trÉ, +tLYrti

19

scenery aru

ft{Èe

people native to the

Iand

.l 10#>>>>> ¿''"

I

tg747

Ainu

tt?

f'J

37

6fÍI ,l¡,tt ffiJhl:

lmain island of Japanl

3,

<

from north to south

¡['lfr' HI

E.^

largest

t:-ÉtÈ i.l

*oL¡ ¡.

21

f\FE.

lplace namef

¡tr¡* tfüR

lplace namel

-1.

EXffiÉ!¿: t' 22 Ën LfiÈli 23 m # +-

za

nffi

city; capital ¿.-f

Éi.

ú'r: u

damage

ttt

*r+

commerce

Buddhist temple

u],u+

ffiff - t-

35

t:â#l

an

f,f,r

center

Bt u'

ugly

shinto shrine ì

EÐJ{t

T¡t-

36

äE r{'¡:. /&;fL ElEl .

37

crowded to criticize

trl

glcv t

rushhour otdet

Lt
WW 2e 30

characteristics

vs'i¡tu

r.È

+ tJØ-

T')t

y

n

one

6t b

tenth [>>>*iå.2- ¡ r ]

America,for instance

r¡ãfr'

ts#

CTllnC

ia 31 &.

t

at night t-â

ü.¿ bËå

186

walking alone

lplace rLame) big statue of Buddha

tr-1,

¿-lul c

¿¡

can't see them all

t¡1 t

l-À'

ffiffi

[>>>g;åv- ¡¿]

+5'r'Èì1.+,t

rt¡

¿¡t

-F'- i

28

would have to be the best choice [:-rì*

WE

art

lEÆl,I¿ [¡¿ 26 ffiYJî â 27 iv!z7Y-

(-)

(-ù:) [86

world

t'ñ t-:f

zs

attractive

internationally

education

Èø"

É!(r¡)

i.l ffi=nËnf.'Bk wwr

ffi.Ê

l{. u r,

ZT

ah;

å,

È¡ril.(

constantly ffiZf. ¿' ^..1, (-åì) Ælb-f â to change a tl ¡ ( tå

lplace nâmel

¿r'tÈ

¡r(

¡J

ffi

,

ffitr

vigor; liveliness; vitality; energy

village

¡rt¿u" ¡

,o

å

lÉfr

[smallest of the four main islandsl

La

*6fÈ,

castle

F[ffi¡lJ

Mt. Aso

- tr¡-,

¡t( 6 uå

&H ¿l

r¿

¡l<

È

'XlJl

&ffi,

Mt. Sakurajima volcano various parts of the

country lot;ui ln

lñR t9; i b

hot spring leisurely

,,,,,*

ol I

þ

1.7#!

2.qJtr+

3.ffiH

+.ff!,

6.-#

7.!Æffi

B.#

e.xlfl

ro.

-ãEfL

H5Ë

12.-lÉ

13.ffil-ì 6

tq./r'4

rs.

fllä

L6.lÈtî

L7.Em

TB.TÊ,{Lâ

tg.F,W

zo.ÊWJ

21.ffi)

22.w,.ìì

zs.ËFffi

zq.ffiÊ

zs.

26.fr,â

27.ætrn

za.ffiâ

zg.tÞ

¡0. Æ

3r.ftr

32.ffiilh

¡s.ËrS

M.úrtâ

ss.ffiË

ss.åß

qo.ffi-^fW

11.

å 1'

36.

ffiæ

37.19.

se. #É

41.

+

42.Tfr+T

+s.&tfu

r.ffFffrfl

z.W*\#

ø'ffilt'â

2.ffiffi

s.&ÊÉ s.ffià" (/¡)

+.ffiftffi 9.ffi

s.ÆñE

ffi

s.lEÉ ro. UEÐ

L6.E'Ðl

F,E rz. Élf*

tt.T,#. re.ËX

19.

+

ts.Êffi L â zo.Rþ

zt./.''FE.

zz.ffilÊ

zt.ffiF

z¿.

ElffiF!

zs.#'ñ

Hf,!-

zz.lHÆ

ze.fit#J

29.ffiffi

s0.ffiffi

tt.[F,#

zz.ffifiYJ

sz.WE

s¿.â.Ê

es.

so.&,8

¡z.lñR

u.ìEffift

zo.

rz.

tq.Yà&

ffi

This radical comes from # and is often used for characters representing kinds, conditions, products, etc., of thread.

tfÊt tf;ãt t_#€J rd¿

187

.l

to#>>.>.

í

"* iiäÁ ffraction) .È,1ù1

l#afii

i

> t. z s >>>

#)o-ìErìÊli]

-Etv

lìffi

(fraption) is expressed,in Japanese bÍ l,(nùdbèi)â nùmþer)l.,Notióe' nèse; a-ile.nominator comes b.efore a numer4qg er;llir:.A ø:,1:'$};,

rølapa-

=á|r,-,.,,,(:þ;9tc,

Zru

SentenCe

+lüë

l#afii>t.¡o>>>d:(þrõr*¿ãu+¡'4a
F li ¿, srl mêans 's2 to the eÍtent sr, or 'itissó

is'ge.nryifplain'.f-,9, s,'

tllât st.' S,

,l

a) 4 y F-a;h

u,-lÌ, t¿a*Ë7îüõlÍëå" 6 t.

(spicy/hot) ¿ Ltrtb 6"

(Sometimes, Indian curr¡r is so hot that it brings tears to your eyes.)

b) Ð tt /J tr lÍ ¿ t6 t¡,f:fì!r

:

Ìf

r.,

{. T"

(I am so fuil that I can't move.)

c) (Tokyo has an amazingly large number of people.)

- ,This

construction can be paraphrased,to,[Sr,(f

fo{.lq):.S1.¿l

T].

as

in d).

d) 4 v Ølt rz-ùåÈ. à ( (- t¿7¡.fiårgãlf ¿1.'T. F-

J "'

lE[åiJf¡='more than an¡rthing'

a) â-

l¡[J

U

l#a*z

> t.

t t >>>

lql& þ

lffiafii

>

t.,Eñr)tõ :

r]

€'lFÈìffiLt-t"Tiâå"

(Right now, IwarLt a car more than anything.)

b)

t,

l¡[å

tú:

i

fJ ú&gÆFÈr*#(.'T" (Health is the most important thing in the world.)

Qr,,,

fiÍt)YEfi|ã

t.ts

>>>.n*Êßt¿Eõl

Y in this construction can be either a noun or a verb in plain present tense form. This construction means 'As for X, Y is the best thing to do; As for X, there is nothing befter than

,ù

a) ã1. B ù: ¿Ìht¡ t, è - ¡vþffiùi:ffi,õ.

(Orinking cold beer is the best thing to do on

b)

6tt

Ét .fl3ãäda/¿

ùll'¿ùx-'.

HtrrF'

úJ

*I

a

"

hot day.)

(tf you want to visit an old city, Kyoto is the best place.)

188

Y'

ttrrrfft fi

$

ott ^,¡f

¡f

lffiuvt

¿. E ¿

>>>

Ëo)t to)ô+Þ#+lät...]

Í.c, l:Lv+

)

Hfl¿: ù*Ëú) * * Ø#++ffi+Ltrt&,t -"

b)

l'.

a

>

(There are marry old temples and shrines in Kyoto.) Lþ 2b BAE¿liâ/¿tr:f ¡f Êft.å,Í.. Ë¡ *at - L (Japanese rice wine tastes good even co1d.) ¿r. ,' r¡ F,ff? ¿¡ ( . (If you go to sleep with the window open, you will catch cold.)

c) #.þlrlltt¿**86 ¿. d)

E

i ëzo*,*r'à Lf ( liÈ r.."

(Please come as you are.)

6 t6#.þlËr) É * *ìEå /J t.Ø ùt_ À ( /J !.. (Ifs not good not to return the money one has borrowed f¡om other people.)

e) )vt¡

189

.l to#>>>>,

a) ,,, r#Jïâ

>>>>>[âffi2]

(ËÉÉ"c)

ffift+r

ffift+Í

äËH ¡. 7 ^ìryrT. It: t¡ bØ i - ffË&¿:frÈ /; L.Ør. ffiffiØrffiã, Í¡.FUr L,t¿L,¡Ìv(.Tår1. ¿: ¿.#-¿.t"ó * b É ( ¡¡ t.rfrÊË¿t /J r. {.' L J I È." ¿Ìr,."

:fËl*,!.:'r'. l. ¡ i

ll2rr

-+E ffift+r

^Æ *a=nffi,t L *

ù,

you are making a reservation, use expressions such as -

1 : When

d)?ñl ?

*ôÆ

r.

L t¡

r..

Â,1Tå¡

or

-þ1.#J L/cr-rl,fT7)r.

zJ,"

t"ifrØÍË{.Tàs.

T@f\

J61+t,

( Èð

r,."

*ù'4

ì å-

L* L/¡. È ¡ ) å'À ð ¿ ) Ì¡øù: :'Èr,. * L /c" mmhKø KâEr". :ê{ú å f". *á-^ffi-ÌÉ*U^+Elt'j-àr. ó. D+. Ìñ!?L{ò 6å*Tå..

ffift+r

It,r,.. 'c'¿i+Ërf#!þ^{L"c *óÈ * TØ1'"

ffift++

*af$/¿ri

l,,,HSAAU e Hê*(p.192)þEa,

wØHfñ,^æàäð !."

a) b) HH¿.6ÉåF*-r". lô¿.

bl {'r. ( àà.à. b *Tà.. c) &ÉEn tB,H*{.'¿Ì. r,. ( åù.ù,b *Tà.. -ËHu.Ø¿1. !. ( 6-51å." -ãät. /J :' f

Øùt?

190

Lrôt-*

,>>>>rft.l

/,,,æ,A#ú e a) b)

LÁ"ù'l"+L

U

;

(

ffiW#&ØWr^lj*(p.193) þ Hr

/r ð !'o

-

^ØHPÃ^Æà Ø4"A 107Ë¿Ì'lEñU(.'îÐ'" 4{Lt} /¡¡c*-c'Tà.' RÉ¿.6lE,H*îf,r( ø¿:lóÈ ð r' HH¿. ùffi^FF.*açTrlØù:. Ø4'-4173äå ô¿. 40sãt"¿*. ¿'Ë âØËàrffiFåàr

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Homestays we learned in ffia¡*r) fg+,lËffi1, Lesson 3, there is nothing better than doing a homestay in Japan to understand what a Japanese family is like, to see how "ordinary Japanese" live, and to improve your speaking skills. On the whole, they will treat you well: they may put you in the best room they have, cook better (or different) food than normal just because you are there, try to take you to places they themselves may not normally go to (e.9., a sumo tournament), and they are likely to shower you with gifts. Even then you might feel uncomfortable: your room will be smaller, you might have to eat food that looks completely unfamiliar and unappetízing, go out with the family when you don't feel like it, etc. You might even resent the fact that the host mother doesn't give you enough freedom or privacy. As Mami says in âãÉ 3 of the current lesson, howeveç it is very likely that she means well, and the unpleasantness you experience is most probably a mere misunderstanding, just as much on your part as on hers. lf you come to a point where you simply cannot get along with your host family, discuss it with æ+EIft, who could make arrangements for another family or another type of housing for you. s

Making Apologies mericans and Japanese don't necessarily apologize in the same situations. Americans, for example, always say, "Excuse me" when they bump against someone. ln Japan, however, don't expect to hear lArtËlv, ft+Ltrt [,fi, etc., on crowded trains, platforms, and sidewalks although you are pushed and shoved allthe time. Japanese don't usually apologize in such cases, unless they feel they really hurt you, e.9., by stepping on your foot by mistake.

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L¡-¡åE(r¡aå. iåår.L. H fi: L ¡ t ¿ )Er. o'c - ffiJi;-¿*'{FJffi :'é ? Ð-4/v +-ffilfrf--ffi$[¿r. 1-cf v ì- -t ? tl^t¡ l"¡,, ¿ ØFå+ffi l:'ffi-l: Ø ¿:. E[. : "cÊhfLL f : Èo {"ùde" *áËð A,I¿t,- AÀ,Ì¡0)z å,ù,8É1,1.âlr'6- mÉ) ì"Dç/¡ Hft: (,. ? El^Ø*óËð ¿,{. 7>À.,r¡ 4 ) Ìì ¿,H i ùl Ð. ì-4/v +Ì{E L /¡ È ç r. ùl /J t.., { ¿ å È./J. :

Z_+)ìy

:

4)

ìr. È¡ Lfu/¡u.Èa"

201

.l

tt

#>>>>>

¡i

, L ø ÐI r¡)vä,8,:

¿T

L+

) 4E¿ìE iFù:'ùå,.(" Tþþ, ò ;îÈ.

4 r¡UÌ¡ 'C.

¿* ùn

þt

-) !r :¿ ,irl¿âàìØS

Løb -,.1 H*9 ,8, þ . +";.F,ÈXâ /¡'c Èì +: *v, o \ äffi 'c ü: Ëi 'ffiffi ¿ ffi Ø É1 i'i* #æ HZ ? '#.'¿ ,h

ærffi

tiFål/Jt I t

if\- L7': 1 o)BUìt

202

(5FæÊ : Èil.rt+EwäËþ> t

ÙÌ L ffiÍ'

-)

ä K E åì ù:

EfE

H* A {L ftù t+ ¿: o

T l¿ t Ð Ø

¿t"

aI

¿

t: Y 27 l¿ I

>>>>>

o)/¿fiUL\HË
t

\ì#,b

rìËf:

f¡i

'âL;6ffi.A

3yíu,ffií!;íËå^+ * o -' A o ù:'i b T. È - È

{¡#ï9#;E;A'È i"P '-o g ù: ò ì # ð" lä M F" ) : .:fr*Ër-ätJIiÆË¿/i {1 î {\ f 6 ji'¿t

Fq.â¿ l- ) EA qÌJn 'C U !r: /r 2 À" È ffi â 't 'x !r È I¿i.11T

ti t r. 7 â o a) y f$ )t ./ _ b å Ø ¿:i ffiå U È H L ') 454 v= .' 1't þ' L h rtL # Ø ffi ¿Ëþ urm +åìæ. fHùi,#êG )ø ËEIUtþ LtLdâB)r¡41\t¡vØØ6æ

t At¡ ¿#ffi¿ Tfr ('T¡È#å"¿¿þjAl;-¿u

Ì¡ ¿ É /¡ #, b r * Ì)t:Ê.Hrt : Æþífr.v /¿ ¿ ¿" FE T Y ¿*'C. \'t /¡ ( 5þ G â( ü: I' '; Êft M,,'Ø tr ffi lÈ L í3 ffi. Lr. åß",fË < b 4 Ë È I¿

{i'i; i Èri ¿" 1 !.i ço Èìi o I¿* ð U !r

EkËfEÍ

fiZ l-rr=U-¿Ofdffi

I

)v F

å

!.

{ ffiù

å

I

E

HF : Eà

kP :- i:

{"'l' \

|

É,;À

4\4 t¡ a ò 4o Ø, þ TÁ t+ r€ä

:ffi

ò +. xE+k +û: i)ì

T¿

( lÉ lv fr ffi ð H E )'t+ =S À"'lH Ø 1- T qr o) â t1'tb fH 4 * FÆ '; t¡ * : þ Æ 1I- {L,E' U U I¿o Ë ^È" É t*,i 'l .h, ¿ I( =# þ È" {" i I: /¿ r L k #,: frr: b þ "h g.=#û.T'cþtLL L

#fti;.íX.öí.freiZÇg fE Y Ì- Ì- - 'U Hf. /¿ b'-o (.

L\ 4 : l¿ l¿ É g Ø á E ¿1rc*\ H,)ì Ë H :r : i # i -o j's'+''Ëi .::í,;á %wL Éi:köi": ¡ iI 4¿¿ tiâÈ f¿i tr1þ.: Li zc'2 -ti ' [: ù:,h,å ,? Ø ¿å t¡ â þ í E H E-U ; ùgr:i i:'c 9ì 5 5 t,EãÍ jL3 )Ë 3ìfr ffi -í'oE Hi1"-o' t.Íä u1

¿ !wRê.c ir¡'Sòð:2r1ftD)'l¿

5Ða+vbzÈr¡¿:i:ðú.:o "þ z ¿: 7r â" å å. lÈ ù' È ) t, l¡ ffi l: ù: þr t',f; È' ¿ lt, Ø -c',2

I -

.=bElL.þ¿t:ÈùåÈrt, ù1"a7 þ,ü*

R

El L

¿*

Ë l-

È)

â {L {" þt ô

Ë+ fû|' L o \ft

ðH

203

14

õt EI

leg; foot

IE

18

S'il.

* L,'r,-

17

Ë

side

¡7 *.¡,

('È

E

27

mouth

fr,[Ft

â

'ar

to butt

in

t

o ltlv

('

æÈrT *tt¿

¡i¿

a

to live

g V(past) l¡

ffi

approxirnately

ìË:"7

to spend (time)

þ4 (t¡)

various

t-l\ô\-ô

4xw

r: tô'

iD)ã t

t

to suit; (something) becomes (a person)

tù'

6

t'

+b

L

Ell

5

smile (on one's face)

¡

cheerful r,.

(hand) gesture

fEË

difference

Ër..Ì;(Ø

(-Ì:) âllnt 6 l¡pafticípate (in -; ß ãh6 to inquire l:HHi 6l ls 7tYùffi, Americanway cttl tz Hl: always [:t.rò] F

0þ1

lwritten expressionJ ¿l¿

Ea

F.ì

Itt.t

state; way (a person does something) A

-( åt./¿ Èçtrit+(

+EF

¡10>v

r¡'c L I

m:Æî

(something) returns lu.i.l

â

Lk u.

such that; to the extent t}tat [>>>g;ËZ- Fg]

+th

-c.

)-

ft#þfic

the middle part omitted she

-f

wftì û

to melt into; become a

paftoî

to underst¿nd; to be

conyinced

to express figuratively

¡

'&k , a

t8

?

Y¡ãT

actively

t;.T .

to be concerned about

ffi

thing which one has just learned [>>>*;É.2-t.tt]

+r"*r
Fl¿: 'z ffi ffi átlu ù'

ã¿1

ftËi -

kind; sweet

+ffib ,(_ ¡¡'t"

11

to gain; to learn

it ,)t*

gesture

€ ? I'

'f

14a

to (do something)

,,

-1

+.(

1 t-

used

younger brother

-ì ., Hffi,b

short

2ff'

øÈ

[>>>9tË-/-t.ro]

Yt¡'

7 Æ!'

to kid each other

*t¿i¿

lfemale given name]

tt

ô'

Àð"ù1.âi

Jil1

[famiþ narne]

t/Àä f

to endure; to put up

with

ì

Eà¿Ìðtî

to be fussy; to be overly

critical

"t_

20

the end l:#Ki?

b

to make amoYebefore the other person does it (in anticipation of his/ her move)

r. h.,t, ¡'

RXlh

l

different culture

.lt t 6t

lr'

t.

Ðþ D)'c 21

-Ðt

VÌi

L at*-

Ht:*6

sphere

ffFE¿:

personally Llit.,with one's own bodyl

ffi+ 4At+

for reasons of

*{t

ll'.

31

to be too much (to ì

rtr

(-à¡)fr¿:

Ëei t'

lÈ

Ë16

ù,ttr â (something) bothers someone; (something) makes

r¡

(tÈf¿'*

'

(

tl EL r. --o çC¿Që z rr

at*

to fade; to decrease

fEsr.'

to regret

Hø

true

ffitl

¡la¡! 37

ft tt'|

obstacle

a-l¡

to weep; to shed tears

¡.

by no means; never

ù

ffiÆfr(r¡)

wasteful

¡¡. r¡

ill of

E4

Ji

(someone)

l+<

'&.w

)EWT â

[:ä*Ø]

a5?

?ffiT

¿F rlt

in whispers; secretþ

to be unsuccessful; to

¡'tru 4

i

ÆfË

days

the latter part omitted one's thoughts/

impressions l|¡"vq ¡

L:fE).

XR ¿l

æÆ

use

Ãfr?ô(

to catch a cold

t' r+

29

("

rlt

[:lEIËò]

Êlla t t!.i

spirit of independence

(t'

34

many times

to speak

gradually

¿

-

itt

faiT 28

[:ñ{ø ¡ l:]

cl¡rr' L.l,

lt,

to be lenient

u!rf¡

b

Ëå

¡tat<

#83Ë?

7aundry

to caution; to warn; to

critical

,

at the end

äBüffiffi

behind someone's back o

#1þ.t: +ãt irhtË

t¿l'tÌ¡,

¿lrt

HC

not at all

-.

someone uneasy

advice

'fEIÆ å

miso soup

f- ( -/¡¡.

Ër(

advise

,ì¡' t

result

<

¡Ftl L

wÊ

without limit

¡¡'

*ì,

tolerate)

l:

ì

tr ll/n

Eil

40

^[.+u'¿]¿+a¿

+ffi,ft+

collection ofessays first year oî Heisei [1eBe]

>>>>>

iliz l-?r=u-¿ordffi

I

iþ

I.ìEÌ,.

z.Wtrt

s.EH

+.

6.äBü

z.ÄHl

g.,E

s.Wâ

i

Lz.HÃâ

1,,

ts.'&k

16.É*

tz.*Ð

6

ra.

21.^ â

zz.WÊ

26.tFH

zt.ffiR tz.E

n.lD/\ã

31.8Ø

*ñfr

t+.ffi

s.ffi ro.

ffit,.

rs.

fHË

zo.ïf

rs.

ffi

zz.4L â ze. ô.41+ ss.#ftf

z¿.

Ë!.

zs.kW

zg.ã \

s0.ffiffi

¿:

zq.Yffi,7Êtr

z.WÆÉ

3.Ã*

+.EtÈ

s.

e.'Æâ

g.Kffi

ro.

16.ÐTJil

ì&:'T rz. Fffi tz.4{tâ

zr.ffiFE

22.ffiffi

zo.ffiEft

zz.'¡hw

L.'ffr

o.HtrT TT.Y¡ã

z.

c

Èrffi

fr'lË

frìË )

rs.WÌl) ü

t+.Hffi,\

rs.ffiffiÉ!

re.ffiæl

rq.EX{LEil

zo.

zr.Ë à (" za.ÆfgXF

z+.

ffiS {r

H

zs.ffr¡,1

This radical comes from the shape of a house and is used for characters representing kinds, parts, conditions, etc., of houses.

tãl tEt fËt rd¿

207

.l t

t

#>>>>>

I

1 "' - $Lff-lrr à,/ ttOTllI à='because -'

a) ft+.

: Ði

lv-et ù."

lÈ#l > ¿. z >>> rd: l¿ Þ Hâ: tcÐrutrt' a] lÊtr¡ >¿.0 >>> e
f

r,.sÂ,ì8r,.-6.Tda. L I¿ (What happened? You are late!)

)

HÈ. tI J, L t-I¿ L a ô t:X.ù. à tÉffiÈt7). tt -> l¿ (I am sorrSr. It's because my parents called me just when I was about to

Y4. : T 6*.-r¡Â," b)

++.(*): ¿ i

Ë,oTl Teave

ñ' ò

" the house.)

Lt¿Ø" =1J¡' ùffic/¿øJ.

(What happened? I've been waiting for half an hour!)

++.@): ¿'Ð¿,. ðe)¿," Éc*r; à. Ë

(road) àìù

Øî¿ ( ¿.1,-ct.t¿l¿tvtitt,ò"

(Sorry! I came by car but the traffic was incredibly heavy lso I couldn't help being lateJ.)

,r, -öf,J=

f

a) #fr-o

Lã#t

> ¿.2

>>>trt

cura:ttr]

) 6l=ffiTtþ I /¿f ¿ì¡. ¡..

(One should travel while still a student.)

)

i

blifuúfrþ L'C. Jô ¿ " (I wiil get my study done while it is still quiet.)

b) #lt,t¿

c) Ët,tä bl=fi¡Ø Ll¿t.

a-

LþL'ct6 ( t

r,.1."

(You should do what you want to do while you are still young.)

d)

Bäl: ttâ

Ò

å r:. -Æååirí¿=ff b È r.- å,8,r. * I amin Japan.)

(I would like to climb Mt. Fuji while

e)

ËÉt(t"râ) ËEffi¡ñ¿l¡.

-c'c,t-

(Time flewby while we were talking.)

1.

*:È. t:

i'.W,,hèn'.9'3,,þri9,'pr,

eded..þi'a.:lê€,a-tiyq:v,,erb,'f.9,r,m;f.ex,Þ,,r-.

something hapþens.'

f ) ó* bìE( r¡ål¡t,t)b|;'1fr->/¿ã¿ìl.!.f"Lå l" (You should go home before it gets too late.)

g)

Ëù: Lz)'È'(t'f¿çtabl=ffiÆþ

L*T.

(I will do my homeworkbefore my mother scolds me.)

es the,,m.e.a.ni.

g1

,,

:befþig

itiz

>>>>>

3 ttt Xå¡fi,Et¡$='n

weighs on one's mind; to be concerned about lÈffi 't >

::r..In,,this'construction,,X'san,bê'either,á¡ôu{r-9r'a,p9n1ene.o-r1rþ

a

)

FÌñËår'ã,E r¿ú)

*t

"

(I am worried about my

b),$ (I

À

7

¡zz=u-¿ør¡m

grade

¿. t o

I

-'

>>>fl ctaa ua]

ne!|,,2-édl:b. t-4,$ry,bi+þ.Q,,,;:,

[sì.)

î 4 Ø++.ØXffi,¿. å +mÈì-iÉ t *tt

!-ø)tÏfi,Erc

Úl

*I

"

am botheredby the fact that my host studenfs family has not even written a single letter to me.)

{r'>>

¿öVTf)

lãffi

t > t.t t >>> ¿ã u(€lEnaulø*l

This phrase can be used with either a negative or affirmative predicate- In a negative sentence, .",itm .:eanl..f (iÐ¡ã'-rnme.i.trow.næ. a ffies,' In an afûrmatile ltê,nce';ít..1i ,tne.-s@

..ói...:.'am.l:.....:.=,:':..:...'.',.'...'.'.,.............:.:'"..'.'.i],

a)

¿a l,< $tìt),à ät'Ëll.,b4ù:Ff,t'( ( /¿ð t'" (When you don't understand no matter how hard you try, please ask your teacher.)

b) i 4It- ¿aV
c

)

$ a)

¿ Ò l'(

a

lie no matter what.)

t'-ÆB^nTÍ'>f

ð./¡

!'.

(I would iike to go to Japan once, no matter what.)

ott ?ü l='inadvertently; involuntarily'

lã# t

>

t. t z >>> ?trËÉ1,¿¡vu

r

:z]

fÌr.ùÌlJr,.: àì?tttlt:H6 :

¿ åló 6. ¿ (Sometimes, we accidentalþ say things we should not say')

Êo'C.

b) ffiþ l,-c, ¡.(- Pürffifñ3Ëþf L * u l¿. (I was talking and lost track of time.)

$ o" Nl¿ã,ä?Itâ='to pay attention to -; to be carefulI of¿ -'>>>.nä' añâ?lttr] lãffi

a) Eß#þ#TffiÌÌ.

7?

t

>

I

e

v l' E¡-..ä?tt( ( /iè r'"

(When you speak Japanese, please watch for pitch patterns.)

b) A: D+. ó ur¿#Wz (So,

you arc

Teav

íng tomorrow?)

B: ) À," (Yes.)

A: Ds. -flä2llTtJ" (well, take care!) 209

l

ft

is used in many'idiomatic expressions in Japanese. The following are some of the expressions containing ñ.

*. -llñ,1É?( ='to realize; to notice' (cf. Lesson 5) ¡l c) ftiñdEù:Fúo:.bârË^^ -t;fi¿t'2ã:f tf .t-6'.L/¿. (I didn't notice the poster on the bulletin board.)

d

)

*õ#.þ w L L T¿Ø l; ft ¿t'2 ¡ I /¡ Ø ùÌ, *n,lñ o 1 lt, t> -ci L (It was after I got home that I realized that I had lost my money.)

/¿

"

x V(plain) + ãEäã='to bring oneself to do V; to feel like V-ing' e ) êffi B ØW*fuffii 6*nt--r¿ t) *, Ë lþ" (I don't feel like studying on Friday nights.)

) ?ãã,l:/rftrf. mtðt.å*T. (You

f

can do anything if you put your mind to it.)

|

>,>

V

(plain) åäE*tmLrlâ,/Êö,/ffiÛ+to

ask / reil / ask lsomeone] to do [somethingl'

lã#z .

-È,

i

ù:,

".(p,

in

> t. z z >>>

ÊuìctrËå )

t¡ dtffi

tì

t,rË'rïl

this, cgnstructÌon,: indicate!, that jt, i-s an indirec1 -q.99tg, .9[ a

prqsent)'J't ù:Ë

a) ft4t¿:fÉffi{Â?Ét.

i

J is equivalent

coryqand or

-c ù:

a requqsf, [V,,,;:

átaiitøqupi" .u-c¡;,tV,i',itt,lÉ.'

a

lette¡ of recommendation.)

þ,,t y y þ ¿* t. Ttù. t¡,t. å à {:ÈË = (My host mother advised me not to go to school wearing shorts.)

c) æ+-ffi *

¿n¿naa * : tr]

( !. /¿ È ( J à l;*¡Eur L /¡.

(I asked my teacher to wdte

b) *rË ð A, ù: y

ro.,a- nè-.w

lffiarryÀ > !. 1 6 >>>

Í+ffi,\

-

lÌÆc 1

(I was told to come home by

< 6 J. 11

ä fx É"

) t;Éttl,t"tc"

p.m.)

$ rtt V(VOlitiOnal) ¿ l¿t¿à=,when I was about to V, lãfr2>¿.tz>>>Ê
b) Éffi'e'ß.øF?Ef,l.r-

) t t,ï¿å-

ÊÉZ lË¿¡frr È l¿" (When I heard his voice and tried to talk, tears came to my eyes.)

>>>>>

rto

$

(X?.)Y< åt,lfÊ='X,

Y'

to the extent

fiz ¡zo=u-¿ør¡e

I

l#uw>¿.a>>>...¿BÊutË
* "itË¡t*u,ti¡ràffi'*¡iÈrt:,is:õnÈ; '

:::',;i'.å,r,.,'like t*I:,'iñdicates rhe degree , , 'r, (or x f). Ycan be a t¡-âdjectivc,(¿.g,,

a) T t

t:f

r$li.'(

à

ur("T); an'1.ù ,Sç,f;ul"i

Ø(". i€ffiØãàìBAffiÌ

rfrt' ( a

i

l,+/r åtr("f .

yù -c LlÌ.A,cÌ,.6 b < (He has lived in America so long that his English is almost better than his Japanese.)

b) ër,4 i Ès/¡ ( ê 'Tðo(. âffÊ^åft/Jtr< åütf'LÊ. (There was so much food that we almost could not eat it ali.)

c)

uhÞtr'

EßØL&|Jffir>Èù¡r¿ (

ðl',ó:f.

BAÀù:ð*ÉLtr< åü\('T.

(There are so many ways of reading Japanese names that they are even difficult for Japanese.)

,, Thê.,( È t . phrase.can precede, the. situ;tion'it,.isi ¿éscri¡in,ii;åi, me1!rng, however,' is the sam-e, as lX a-. fi -(, $ ¡' lÈ'1.; ",' . :',,,,'

ñ.i'Y

( "f '¡;

¡1 : 1¡¿

:

,,,

d) . Øffi,Z)+,ÃI*EF¿ìffi ( î¿ 6 < å trHË L t.-6T" (This reading passage is so difficult that lto the extent that] I almost get aheadache.)

e)

¿È

ÐåÈi¿ì8,å/¿ur< årrÑÈì(,r.¿ ( Kå: ¿¿ìó6.

(There are times when it rains

f 0 *'

V

so

hard that you can hardiy see anything in ftont of you.)

(plain past) üOlÊ='used to v' lffia¡ry¡ >

.::i:r..r..':..:

ì:.:

;r-:::

.. j'ii

:

::,:...'.,:-

..

¿.

s >>> ,.'...;t,,

ìE

e

L tE€

or¿

t. t 9 >>> È z t¿loØrê. z

tc]

:

lV(plain, past) ö ØÈ] is used to express something one used to do in the past, to reminisce

a) Íffiø: óùi- I ( # LII À,h'ãl,t¿t'øt¿" (I used to fight with my brother

a

lot when I was a child.)

b) ;l(#Ëft¿*- J ( ËÕrrl ( ruãf, Ut¿{¿Øti" (I used to play hard and study hard in my college days.)

11*' V(stem)/c( ¡..,,A¡,suffix

a

)

+

l¿t

aÉtaçhçs

lffiafi¡

> ¿. t

t >>> grìt¿
to a¡ht4rted.n¡mtø ofverþr (stemof,*'. :,f,oqq):,agd,mgaqs.Íhat

ffi,ä t¿T Ø',s Y ùÌ,*a!' L

!..

(Bread fresh from the oven is delicious.)

b) hI) t¿< 0)/
211

.l

tt

#,>>>>

a) ,,, yfrä,=ö (ElÉÊË'îtÈ t.Ër'ffi ? ilrH

:

bØ i

L

r

I

ì.. 6

:

$a 6 e c ë.rJr{¡,tþ'1'" - Ta*ì¡Â,àr.^¿:)

sions such as l>

#ã,1,(ürÉËtt* Ë/rh"" f : b- tA**.Ëlv" ,r.Ë7)ìt* ( z¡'c"Cl- *:{.

znñ'àã.ãcW*12" illEl: i.ôt- ( *áÆE\. L*1"

1z

ùl*-t|.1,i., ò c Ð", {¡

i Þ L-(t.Èlì å -'( ( þ*Èlu

z å -.C ( lul¡ r- ?, etc.

2:You can apologize by saying f 4 *, È À," c Iuà, È¡ fr"þ ) ì,, *, T or

b) "'öP-TEâ

!rÆ.: l) v t :

When you are bothered by someone's behavior and want to complain about ig you can use expres-

Tð.*'tàÁ,.î

('-L*T,

etc.

>>>>>[âffir]

Y l' ð Â,. * r¿ËiÛr¡-¿a.

ftÆ.:

rù¿,. EH* Lffi=#àrqë e, t¡ \ -c, Ê ^* tÈ l,'t l, *. -t I¿ $ oT T fi, ò " El , * l-l¿tt" ¿nñ'à ffË< /J å /JrrJ i

Iiv| :

f-U<<ÈðLrta4. Í*t,r. znÐ à-flã,?l-l *t

-T

t{i

3

3

:

-

(-

È¡ o)'Cf ¿. È ð à) is used to give an excuse for your

'1,îtr.

action.

4: When you want to ask the other 2"

person to be caref,rl the next time

or not to make the same mistake again, you can say I lr,È. â ù1,J. i i:l,t ( Èã t-ia, 47). à tÌfi þ2tl'c,h, D +.âËùl-f ia, etc.

1 ¡.¡

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ø

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rJ

-

to begin to talk

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washing dishes

thanks to

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Ét'ffiT

tã ¡, t-c,

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enough

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¿*

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Medical and Dental Care n America, when you want to see a doctor or a dentist, you first call for on appointment. ln Japan, too, it is getting to be that way, but there are still some doctors who do not accept appointments. You just have to go to their office and waít for your turn. Prescriptions are also becoming fairly common, but if you go to a neighborhood doctoç he/she might still prefer dispensing drugs himself/herself. Health insurance is virtually universal in Japan, and it covers dental care, as well. EYä, too, should carry health insurance. lf you are covered by your parents' policy in the States, however, that might cover only emergency cases in Japan. The wisest thing to do would be to buy health insurance in Japan. Most of the time, premiums will be reasonable. Before World War II, Japanese medical science was greatly influenced by Germany, but since the end of the wal American medicine has become more and more influential. As a result, you might not find much difference between medical practices in Japan and the U.S. There are, however, small differences here and there, one being that, in Japan, one's temperature is taken not in the mouth, but under the arm. The Japanese, as a rule, do not take care of their teeth as well as Americans do. Preventive dentistry is not as common, and orthodontics is not as advanced. As a result, you find few youngsters wearing braces, and uneven front teeth are not unusual. Doctors and dentists, like teachers, are always addressed ftfr. Don't make the error of addressing them X ðfu !

J I

Food for Sick People hile chicken soup is probably the most common food for people with colds in the U.5., in Japan sick people, especially those with digestive ailments, eat okayu (hot rice porridge) with umeboshi(very sour and salty pickled plums). Okayu is easy to digest, and umeboshi is believed to have all sorts of healing powers.

o o C

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Y7T-

to complain of

-.x.1,

feeling

10

to throw up

11

E#

doctor; physician

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14

f26

to examine (a patient)

ruEt

map

T..u' u

Èl'

because lused when

20

somehow

13

t¡r¡a, ì

3,fEI¿ä( Èb.u'

o

rL( ,'tLç

complexion not much; not enough [>>>*t*,/- l-'1]

o)t

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¡i

nRH-l â

langvld

ffi,aìLlî ¡ttr u. æfrÈrî å u¡?¡ ? È.ffi llrtt STffi

rs

throat

zr

to swallow

22

i'¿r¡.

care!

to take (medicine) gargling

I

çt¡

ffiÇ¡.¡,

soft

tõ'lìtþ

hot rice porridge

to feel a chill

-aI

za

(-¿;¡¡[Ll¿¿å¿l/Jt. nothing canbe better (than -) [>>>Eiâz- ¡s]

<

<1¡ rc#

appetite

diarrltea

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6

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6

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t:#àÊftÛl

to feel tired; to feel

oit

ffi

sofa

ll'

from illness [¿i.]

L'2È lu

to get up

D*m -tr

grimace tooth

ß E'ì-â

Ëå

lpolite verb meaning

patient

-f

¿'

E[6ffiÊt

suddenly

f

ltrlu' +

L

to getbetter; to recover

Ozaki Dental Clinic

u +.(

to become Yacant

X6l

I

-112*>'>>'

22s

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TAICO

CIOl\CO Japanese has

categories:

ffiËffi

I

arich

ffiËffi

system of sound symbolism. Roughly, they can be subdivided into two (phonomimes, onomatopoeia) and ffiffiffi (phenomimes, psychomimes).

represents words that imitate acfual sounds. English has some of those, too, such as

sounds that animals make. Compare the following:

bÀ,bÀ,

Sound dogs make: bowwow

tsÂ,.l¿Å,

Sound of a gunshot: bong

¿:s-tó

Sound cats make: meow

l*-/¿

if /¡

Water dripping.' drip, drip

ü-

Sound cows make: moo

ÐL't- å'Èe

ffiw I! /v,/T ¿ lv

I{l¿Ilt¿

H eavy obj ect falling : thud

tUL,ttëc

of actions, etc., impressionistically. English has some ffiRËfl"-like words, too, such as roly-poly and shilly-shal/y. In this lesson's ffi a+n lFfl:#l,wehavequiteafewffiffi,ffi, suchas È b È b, L < L (, ¿f¿,¿flÀ",ìì4trî4,and

ffiffiffi

are words that express states, feelings, manners

Øùb<Èr\. There are three important differences between Engtsh and Japanese here. First, in English,

if

one speaks with too many #EËffi or ffiffi,ffi, one may run the risk of sounding childish. In Japanese, there is no fear of this unless one uses onomatopoeia specifrcally used in baby-talk, e.g., b À,b Â, for t. Second, English is actually filled with verbs and adjectives that originated as ffiËffi or ffiffffi but are no longer regarded as such, e.g., slam, whack, flash, slick, smooth, plump, glisten, etc. In Japanese, on the other hand, many ffiË# and ffitrffi are used adverbially, often with the addition of å, as in the following examples:

åbåb(¿)tËtr L( L( (¿)ffitr æÀ,ttrÀ,(

tÌQtî4

¿

)HFñT6

( ¿ )trT

Ø6b<àb(¿)trr 226

to have a piercing pain

something (usually, stomach or teeth) hurts in a dull, persistent way to ask questions in rapid succession, i.e., in machine gun fashion to talk in a subdued tone to talk noncommittaþ/evasively

>>>>>

t 1, * ú) (¿)tFt

fift|-fd

? f¿ 5

r< r< (¿)ffiri

Third (and this is related to the second point above), there are very often cases where, in English, completeþ different verbs are used for related actions while, in Japanese, one and the same verb will do with the addition of different ffiËtr or æffi#, as in the following examples:

tl Èrtl ÈrX,) t:*-> LK)

to guffaw to grin

tl6Ll

àt)

Í:f : ëtã

<'r <'rx, ¿:¿¿:t,æ,

to giggle to smile

æffi

r-2t-2ëÈ2 lLLlLLTt.,

227

12ffi>>>>

I tt' 6(l¿-t¿Ll='not

much; not enough'

lã#l

> t. ¿ >>> ã <

t-ËrdD a tctùrrD]

> ¿.¿ >>> ã <

t-€t¿rûra/ettrrrtr]

This expression is always followed by a negative form of a predicate. a

)

ô < t=fut&L t¿v¡Øi:Xø¿fr'

b

Ê

i Ø¿Ì816.

(Ifs not good to complain without studying much.)

b) ffifrøffiÙf.

å

(

l¿ê^råÈ¿/¿ut.

(When yoú are sick, you can hardly eat anything.)

/rr, ^,{t[r/t-'perhaps i,

-È.

because

l.':r witlìout à.i.SrVe1 a reason or a

a) yä¿st

È /Ju.

-'

cause,i-::,i.i

lâ# I

'..,,

Øttft+.o)ËLtlì ô i tt "

(Is it because of the teacher that students don't do well?)

b)

l¡ l:¿'

ÉlâøFñËr,,þftL1)Ërrù:T â0)åJ ( /J!." (It's not good to blame others for your own mistakes.)

c

)

d)

4

ilffiÈsffiÈ.r/¿tf t,rá¡. ftfr,¿sl¡¡." (

e)

{Lltfr,ØËütlìJ.

(It's just your imagination.)

[He] looks dispirited, perhaps because he did badly on the exam.)

ffi*ilffi¿rìEL.tlürár_ ifrô.ùt&u," (There ate marry absences, perhaps because the final exam is near.)

228

>>>>>

J >o' V<¿àLf¡{¡,r='1ry

V-ing'

lã#'l

>

fiñltl4 p lc 5

t. I ¿ >>>lî:

(ð ãtuEêrr]

This,is a polite,form oJV tAaJ.èt1,,Sìnce,1li,ð,lir,ìs,a,f.o.1m'¡ ,b¡-qo.rneo4øhigheiü, status to give a command to someone lower in status, - ð å Àr¡ Ë r,. camot be used by a pêiso+1õwer.in,si4tus.J ,i:z\tà:,.9,*iE, 1i!-:ì;å..ô.Ì]q tiô,Í.ê::iilf.ô,,,9¡ !*ú:rì{rt:=o,f},,:V,.4ra'à å,/¡ ð 1., and is used, for example, by môthers in talking to children.

a) rlLI lùTîàlvt¿ðüt. È: å#¿:/¡ b *TÀ" (Go and rest for a while. I'm sure you

wili feel better.)

{,,, N <åtl

lã#,z

> t. z z >>> ör)ìro <

5tìl.lõ]

N'(',ì6 1., in this case, indicates that,N is thè ininimum fevel, degree, etõ¡ Gg.; eqs st,,lightest,

etc.)

f åt. isoftenreplacedby ( ài-.

a) fá/J¿.ØtË!-F¿Ì- 7-7" (åurù: L/¡ãàìt.t'f.. L I

).

(When you have a stomachache, you should limit your diet to something light iike soup.)

b)

r¡Ë# f å ttãùt /J t,. å 6l b * T. -St'Ë= (You should be able to write at least the kanji you Tearned in the first year.)

5 rrt -liff l¿t¿ZëJ*ll¡lt='¡olhing can be better

than

-'

lã#z > t.zs >>>tt{ìtrtruËi aeao *u,r,]

',r,nii

einte

is

mostftequèntry,$wittr

a) ffiftØFÌ*€ã Eru

the plarn, present

t"4tëtfUfiíof;léîti$;

l,ftz ë.l*äür.

(When you ate sick, sleeping is the best thing to do.)

b) BA#Èrffi{ù â !, i r:ä b t¿tt'->l¿ Ù. Bä^ff < Eruuf¿z t ßr¿rr ù ("Ë + À, Lfu1frl,îÌt, tft-> /¡Ëå1r.. !. ¿ ,E !. * T. * 17

t

'

¿,8i ùtþ¿.

(If you want to become proficient in Japanese, the best thing is to go to Japan, but I think you should

first study properþ

[i.¿., the basics]

in 'A.merica.)

$ ttr E åååE='as one wishes' a) fts¿*/¡f./¡¿:, , ) ea lilÌÈ. Ð 6 r¡ l. ö ØÈ"

l#aryt

(Work generalþ does not get done as quickly as one wishes.)

b)

ô t\.-Èlu

A : ffiX¿* å if.1å." låå.¿a-ct.*TÈ." (How is the thesis coming along? Is it progressing well?)

B:

äÈ.tJ7).F.ã

.|ãfg¡1/¡ ( (Elc(1.*T.

(I am really troubled because I can't write it to my satisfaction.)

>

n a >>> B ã t

ã

f

rEi*r)ìHãrì]

-lP#,,,,, | ,r, ,vl¡{þ¡-'lstend to -; to be apt to *; to be prone to -' l#æM

a) BAffiàì,,Lffir( òffia#È ¿Ìâf f.'È /Ju. Lt- i ¿

>

¿. z

o >>> /tu) 5 urlrtS

Ø¿t. t{-El^ØEÈürt)tf

tr]

bt.

Ìì"

(It is not unusual that a foreigner who can speak Japanese

b) 7 ./ r,

Í'.¿*ó

* b ÌËËrîb

t: L/¡ ¡-;þ-¿ì¡-

a

little can't read or write it at all.)

¡-o

(It is better not to be too modest in .A.merica.)

a) o," ffiträlfriñrâ 184.

:

7

>>>>>[Ê#t]

-+ vã A,, ¿^ ) U* L/¡à¡o æÉr)f#üì

Ttz'?-1"

z-i'v :

ì,9

i ^ìå ( t:€äÈ.e /¿ìl¡.¿:.

!fi7)t'ffiütr{,

Tr" z¿r#å¿ v*t2" ft\.: ffiùi ? z-+lv:mùl/J!.ÀiÍ'T" ftE. : Dr ó. âBl*+ \ XE'lñ->(fñÂ,ÈË¿ìt. l.-ÕTdâ"

z-qlv: ftL.. 4it-*.î. ftÆ.: t¡*EFl: 3.

1 : When you notice that someone is

not feeling well, you cansay W

êÐmr-'cTÈr, ñfiÈr/Jð ¿ i îT{x, Ð ¿ r.mr.¿,"cTr" erc. 2 : Some of the useful expressions for descúbing symptoms are:

-?,r4i.//,Êû (Ê, ø ¿, *r¡ É, El,

¿.,

etc.)

-àrff6 (#, Èå, ( Lç4, îî,etc.)

ùlt¡

,i

-ù¡tâ(æfr,ftåfi,Ð*r., etc.)

tl\

-þ:fâCFffi)

ffiùtb 6,167)rlì6

L¡(r(

!., ê ffrrä t.,

fifËüz)sfft' 3 : To someone who is sick, you normally say lát$ù:.

--tffiñ1.14?r'c5

|

| "' E-wJVI e

ò i -^¿È A*XøÈÆ¿: /¡ b /J ð !.o g+ät*å.Ìl'? ô âEå¿: HâØffinþffiHÃ L-C !. * T" *ØH#þLfr,-c ( ò À r,.,

,{ 7 ù: r¡

t.t-

b

- -Âùåg+ä.

¿tt *-

E # r' {älñ;J

head

Ø

à'

throat f f

trl

u.S/J'ti

medicine

a?a

È r)sfl

6

to have abad cough

r¡f,'*,1,¿t

thermometer

f ,,,g-IVJVl e

,{7ù:z¡ b- -Ä¿tB+ä. ò i-^t*È-À 714 Ø*d&ð À,tr:/¡ b /¡ð t." g+4. àìÉEåå f :' /J !.Øt. *dËð Å,às#E^Ã¿: È * 1" H++.tt. *á/Jå'àì/È < a+t+ nilrtrÌ/J!.

å

!.

)

:

L þ#HAL

*

1"

{>

I

!.o

^0)H#þ1fr,:{ rltb

Tffiþt 6

to have diarrhea

i

i

ut

r).

EtÈ Ã,lrtT

6

to feel like vomiting

J "' A-w7"V1 e ,{7t:¡¡ b- -Ä¿rHaffiØ{.'å å 7 t, h^++.. ò i-^rÌ 4Øtv-a./ 4 lØE A,,\#ä¿: t¡\t¡ð!.. z ,, ù^àrÉEËå 6ù¿¡¡ ( r. BA^åì,ù,,mL{!.*T. ffi ã¿i [¿.-rt'?Or.tl f'

ò l*á/J¿.¿:-ffir,.J 'r..ò r,.r.å1.

âffili ( /¡'ùl/¡ÉÊ{''L/Jð t..

4"rrl{V.|-? e'<7

ì,=h\ù,

lL- HtlØ+ffi1)

a ô øffiÇ=øÆwût? !.

{# Lâr. /J è Ì,.o

5'*fF* e ãtì1)ÍffiØ.

ôØ:ffirÃØÆWt:-tr.{. -É'+

f

6

r,.

ø{Fy-þE*

/J

ð !.o 231

-llz#>>>>>

e

BA^Øx++.Xk_Lùs# =

órLr

r !. * To cD ?Ëf,L. r.

.àl

â

à.'bt.

di

'L¡ i

ffiFÊ-T

A

to break one's leg

t:

L ùt t?tr.O. FåË

ô)y-ùttr

-( t'*?,ll'x ?Ã.d'¿l¡ ð l,'.

Eþffi

¿

L

I feel sorry for you. I sympathize.

C

J-

C :e

¿¡[:<

Éñ (r¡)

-

[the sound of the howling

windl ironic

to break down

åfì/¡¡'o n a) aØ-^ù1. Èil:4¡r/; tr b) HÍYÆ.t*, i' r,,\{..ó å. Ø-^ù*. -ffit:7+-t,-ft-> /c: ìrìbâ" n ) zøEÍV4l*z +-þL{1. :-Æ.þift-r¿. n d) Elt- Kt,. EÈa/;. n e)'¡Ê.zJtÐþtft-cÈ n f ) , 7 | It., zc0)E- -E+Ë tr¡zJ,->Ìc" (É.â: J.

$'r' ti

lüEl ¿

c

232

¿

å

tobe fixed)

>>>>>

127fi Ðt. U

EEIå (ra0s-tstz) Ø a

ô,

frñlrt4:

',fr.W./\-7J

w lriÈ. 7 ./ t) ù Ødr#,xøi 7 ù 1 ¡ ù'

ù . ).¡-y

iÅÈ¡FlA^*l¿" ZrlJÐùåJt -f y z l. ¿ ¿1[g1t--C !.tåì- th.r,:4grtffi.ì_â I ) ¿- /Ã.->r¿o HHt+{.æx+ (:4 +.'-') 7.x. +) þ#.ìLl¿ r. å b 6. ¿ Ø^¿* El^årÊÌ:ffiå (.. Eä/ .ØftI+.¿ ffiÍì5 L/¿ll'å. b l"/J ( . Eä¿::r,.(Ì; < ã À,o)ZF.òÉr.l¿" 7 t y rt (l,afcadioHearn) å r,. o).t"

È>

Øñffik^Ã:

{ r. â )x.ttÞr¡t-n;_

Bä("ütâ{" 6ã&"e^1,,¡-y bâ" E

'¡Ê.Ø&Èi¿*

ÆþÊ.L/:,.- v d- RfTffi.L{ r./¡ffi¿: . lfrlvL{ Fla^ù: /¡ b _ åÈi ð :('Tåf((,

, y - ð I ( ¡¡ ù.-tI¿Ølìåì. BäØX+t:ÐJÐf r,./;flElr\t*. a/J EA^ J b1: åHt'fÊÞf¿ð àr1ì6b. /\-v{:IEIDt':/¿" Laôlrr-'ñ.ØlÈ tì+Ìt. HA^ù:/J â LAt:R( ÌÃot L*:/¡. Èåì- t;-vþtQØffi, lbb. FIAÄ¿: /¡ È,Ì¡ ùtþ¿r-'l

I

-l

Ét a *

tobecome anataralized citizen

iE U

Ð

tl€

0)

lI O,

FåË

i

ù"tr*fjzl. å /J !.o

u q

À

älÉ^ # ¡¡1' {Et.

t¿l

;RØ9æ#,tue.

/;È.

+f,.¡'cîìr'

to love

lñl?t â

O

ù,cl¿l LÊo

åpri t ¡

fiâ

:

C

standard of living

low [*É1.]

i

Þt

salary

tt ã b 0) l- x Ë 2 trd ð Uì. f

)\- v tt, æ#þffi.i- âI¿d;ù: Ef^.fa, n ) )\Ø4ð BAu\È: n ) ur-YÌ1,. n ) 0). El^{. t t 7, ù"cl ff ì>{ta\,-6" ô{ Ìå.:t. n d) ur-7ù1. a

¡¿"

Y

b

y

c

7c

tr e)

/¿"

Å,ù*

(

EÄØfl.8tr^W1fr0XÈfr+å

EA¿:cr.{-m

¿

ò

Lù,ÆþEùr/¡7)r2/¿o

/t 5

iEtoffiffiãiË^6

o ¿øFá. v

/uhî)Ëfêh\

l,'ii ,.i' 1',

'11

URE No o

o

c o o

Errors and Laughter ust as Japanese people make many errors when they speak English, non-Japanese naturally make lots of mistakes when they speak Japanese. Making errors and learning from them is part of the learning process and should not be avoided. Japanese people might laugh more than Americans would when they hear mistakes, but you should learn to accept that because their laughter is well-meaning and good-natured.

T J

trtråt,r ¿

Loanwords (or ft'lFH >>>>>

r¡ I

oday's Japanese vocabulary consists of three categories of words: wago (l1"+o, i.e., Jupun"re words), kango (Ê#, i.e., words that originated in Chinese or made-in-Japan pseudo-Chinese words), and gairaigo (tl*F", i.e., words that have been borrowed from languages other than Chinese). Most gairaigo come from English, and their number is increasing rapidly. ln this lesson alone, we have seen several English-based loans: F4lt, <> ! =), Z/ (- l'., I t r-, etc. Loanwords are troublesome for English speakers because they very often change their shapes. For example, many words are cut short. A good example would be l'.1Þv l'. (from toilet) shortened to l-.1Þ. Loanwords frequently change their meanings, too, as you have seen in the case of <2! =7. Loanwords undergo significant changes in pronunciation also. When you pronounce them, the best thing would be to forget they were originally English. Pronounce them just like any other Japanese word. You will then not only sound more authentic, but will be understood much better.

Japanese

Attitude Toward Foreigners Speaking Japanese

efore World WarII, the only Caucasians who spoke Japanese were missionaries, and even they were not all that good. Japanese people therefore developed a mistaken notion that their language was simply too difficult for gaijín. Even today, when foreigners who can speak Japanese are no longer oddities, many Japanese still hang on to this same old myth. When a foreigner, especially a Caucasian, suddenly speaks to them in Japanese, they sometimes just freeze, i.e., answer with a blank stare, unable to say anything. This might be particularly true if you go shopping at a store where you are not a familiar figure, or if you stop a stranger to ask directions. Don't be discouraged, however. At the university where you are a&#Æ., you will definitely receive better responses!

@

6 ô o e

,,,,, E##Ëffi1

1e7-+Jt. 7-+lv dr ff :

7-+)ìv

tJtôñJtËë;ÉUculõ"

Etßac¿ { ò tdù.t-l¡ : å trtb b * Lt. èÀ,/¡l à(.-Tå.. Ëw¿: Efr/\ØE.r\à¡t' â À,f:Tùt. 4 ØLØ

À"îf

i È ^ --

/¡ = BffÕlì¿:fÍ:

"

di ffi: 7.-àìv

4\ ffi: A-+lv

d\ ff :

7-ìv di ffi:

4o)i Ë¿:Ëu.f T C*óËð À,t,-ffi¡¿¡¿1" 4{11? *áËð.à È t. ôt- ôffiL( t. â ) ttt:- ì. 4 tr,-fÍå /¿ ( /¡ oI¿Ø'e - l*a fÌfru.,^-fÎÈ t r.. À,"aî ù t ) o1Ê ->I¿ À,1T " | | 4 v) À þ ltá+iftt..l o"c.ã ifrùt'c¡rþìnr/¡'È.Èo "Cð. Q )ÊoIcb- tóÐð À'7rt l4 i" Dr. HÃE4À'r¡t'f]å * L* i ) o"CÊ ) lù1T !"

L? Ð)t')btIù'Ut" fÁù*¿{òWoLf :{- ll4 vîT" t y' v^f-rÈ/¿t,..TîTj o"C_Hffi.ft.ã: È à _ {c . f/v\htol 6 È, Z-C. " å ¿:¿. (

ts 7-qìv

dr ff : 7-+lv

..,L?

$áËð

h!çh- fl'àì l*ó+^-liÈ/¡u'Â,1îùf I

ÐJ o'c.ão/¿

åH:r¿t'l-

[. Â,{''T"

20 dr ff

:

z-qlv

ôó. Fryfiù:ùå#)Et:{u. iH&t¡+á+àrð âþ'È>" 4 ) t¡ À"1T "/¿"à. å -ft^ø I *a +iftr,. j Ø#ËàrHù. = Ì¿ A,t Jó&ð

Å, ù*

lt"-r*j Ø ¿

_

¿ /¿" ¿

,B:t À'Iì4 iî1" di

tfr,:

bb, 4)f¿'tI¿Øo /t:-,:o

237

.l t ¡

#>>>>>

r oâtlFo)î1 :t2 . r]t\-y. Effiú)Ëffiloar¿trucLìõ" Etzl-Y

:ØFË. 7-/ y rtØE)&ù.ù./-tvþ

{¡

à=I¿À,ícîtrl

¿*"

É ffi: trtì-Y

s ffi ffi: rr;l-

flrår B4a"

j : if' Ð#Z¡Ë È, l- þ L ( r,. â L E,-tÍ t.. å âl¡ r,. t¡ A"tT . 2

^.i. Lliti L(("Ll i" 1'

Y

)lÈFfrkH"c. mansion t:{ÈÅ,r!. å /J à. !. /J !. L4 ZI¿ Èt L l,. Å,{"T"

H ffi: 10 ¡r,rì-y

å!' T:"[.Ë e, Uþ t-'c.t- â (-E

t------

##ø mansion Í. HA#ø l< yy = y) L 4 lvt¡¿:Ë, À,"ATtt " i- à. ît.:¡Å,Ëu. * T" t€ffiØ mansion { !. j ø¿*. ,llUi- üx-.r. t) ù v fØãñr¡EFEøltÂ,{. u. â t ) /¡. .1r ( tÈ ( rüimÌ¡x-e , ËßE¿s zo ò 30ö bâØtrtÊE{.'Tda"

Ë ffi:

D+ó. EÆø-zy! a y å t*. È LÈ"ù:Ër.*Tde.

Irtì-Y

: ØfËò. 4 Ø :- ¿ {"*óà. L/¡ : Ði Ll¿lvtTù."

ls É ffi: Irzl-Y

¿

Èìö cl¿À,'C'1

"

zc,)Eùr^N/.: r¿À,1_ ,ER¿. åx*.c¡ 2 y_ù:*, r¿rvtT"

É ffi: tr,lì-Y

lABCl,s- l. Ø+ÈiØ 7 .,1- l' * ("ráÆHr- L * Tl : f

1l þ

tÌ Ð. ã¿:Ët'{F+

D+ä ( (-"vy

=

b

!. i å Lt

YD+b,

rEffiS Eâ otc

à. ¿ Ø)Effi+Èr.

ll¡ A,Iì" 7 ¡1*tÂ,¿..1 o'CÊol¿A,"C- KoL ç!.*

LÈJ. tÉ¡

/ t:"to

tn

{l-l-

Frr

I

f-'r-l t-T-l D

tr

rT-I tr

I

\1âm

b

'il11,''

238

A,

,",, Eô#6ffi1

!-1Y v. fi3-¿=ÉUcutõ" ) - 4 y v, a 0) c ôBä#¿¡T.r.À¿,Ì+ tt:/Ã.-:I¿tt" Æ *: !'-4 / v e)f{>/Jr,.ülå"" Æ -: 4 A,t¡ a LÉ-c'C tù À,4 À,î â L a ô 6 - ðTrìt - 4 / vIìtJ" a---------Ð-4Yv t ) n)/Ã" 7 y,{. BÄ#Øffi\frffiÐl¿ffi. {4àsffil,t.oI¿? Æ *: ' 9-4/v nrte-1!¡fuþ_.. îu.Jì'tWl,¡'cI¿t¡,ã>" lf¡¿Xl ¿ lfÄ¿ìl Èì ¿" , Ër à./¡ 5 À,1. ð-2ùf ,h'7r"ùtÃ,ù"-¡ÈÌ" Fùlâf ò j (âà.6/Ju..4,/ìùt¿dâ. Æ -: B 4,,\ ¿: ö ffi L r. Â, D ç /¡ L. å" /J " Ëû: ù*#,EEl(" È /J u. I " -c" ö El^^¿åil,EEr" È /¡ u.È ùt{". {É i Ø ùtI+/¿" ô i ? l-4)v Q

Æ -:

9-4fv

*,b4iÈùl¿"" [#!¿ fuþ:4 Øtrff{".

#,nÆ¿*

¡r

I

rnr

ôffiÀ'ÈtJ - ,û+ù:Éå trt( tf¿' E^

þ

5

u. È Â,/¿'.

Æ -: 15

9¡.4/Y Æ *: ì-4)v

Ai lù? à. lÉD} i /¡fru.f¿sbbT å-6Å,{"El:/¿/¡. å"jr.1aL" flJà¿*'. EAffi/ì¿ lfl'¿i+4("j-l ¿¿.. lË¿*+4r;'.1 å¿.- l*áttùl+ 4{Ltr.

ä/¿È'j åÈ.- ç.!¡.ôbâIìôi? 9€ffi2¡È. I'mastudent. la'ütr" iff{rø

æ -: 9-4/v æ -: lr.lYv 2s æ -i

¿:.

/¡ 6 ii Ðh"

E.l r¿Ø|ffifr#È: t /r. trffiù*æòËs/¡Â,/ì" .0):ôøf,YLt¡44., bÀ,Ì¡4 i /ì ¿,E i Ì. tflt:ft*.å;ÉTffi¿:¿x. lu.6: Lrl..*T¿.1 Lù. li6ffit',ù:/J b * L/¿ È"j ¿ ¿.Éb/J!. å. ftTL¿: r¡a!¿fuTÉbÌtr¿ù" 6. ,ù'EÉLÈ ç:È j" 'c"ðde" 9€ffi¡;-: aFl-u. j" dø¿ ¿Ë )øt:. abook. books. the book. the books !¡fuT- l,ì ó l.r ôÊt,frùtb â A,Iì7r.6- ë7¡,1,å.55 i /\+ò r€ffi+ o-c âØù-. FåË: { ùlå' b t' 6'lla'} " Dç_ ñHHø/¿Ðù:. Z{ttt,È,t",-t òt€#-C#t Iù,"

f ö . {4-cÊ o'c 6, -ææ*ffÈ

å

{>

l-4/v æ -:

se)( ( þJ

!

.l t ¡

#,.,.,

J f Ë'c.,í#, ù: þ -t É ùÌ i ò ¿ ffi i a #. ffii¡; r'tL 7 ¿ frL ù: ffi, -('L l* f+ i)ì |'t tt, ./ ¿Ìþ:ùÌ'i î" ÉË,Ht

rr a U T¡, ; T¿ !r , L â b L Ø !r v É'= o l" â 'ìì'.(, t; ói'+Æ 'i, -iË!åEi¿ å äiô A. F ? T î ff ) r\ '_õ 2 !r 5 : tL -{ì. ffi. # ru *')t-ðl*ù* ffiffi # Y 1Êrt f":'+';þt'Ã'ù '&.

H; ('bàíh il' ) H' I iìiH 4i $-ffi+ r/=H+^'i,jåi ;*';i ,;ä åiæE#[Ki3t äÉi fr,.ü\ +2.X ¿

1Ê.

Ë:"'t * fo i'/r Á +/¡ #^' ¿Ì t-: H 'í + g: A t ð # ÀA K Ïb z' Ê'È ùFFUÉ't,?"¿*q'ØZ È t ÈfiÃ ffi +: ñ 7 , 'i ffij. lå ,* {Ë t 'Z ù' .: ^ ? t*i q ¿i*

,J.

-re

'.#I.HiÈryËL+?;+ i,íí.È, 1 Ê

*ffii ffi BrjB U o rt> H -{. rc o - , ffi. LHäþ.-)ØtÈ,U+HL'{âi.yR ö ¿ffi2 ¿ !\ þ I¿

/:ffirfLþt+. ¿ì

ü* I¿ U å

Ë+ !. +.

A ¿i

H #.

A òifr,òlilB'ù*,+Øo)^r4Ètfr 7c o) fr 4

H

^

FF

b

t_.Ð'+

fEH

F î

L-+rJ

i â F ¿Ì, ti,,

Lr þ /Ã 2

t'tù 'tfr U 7€ -t ¡\ ù* rlj {L ù* Iñ r¡"b#àì7b 2 ,J':*

/ å ¿: l¿ Èt [r Ll ,) + o)

Ð l¿.',rt h

{"1 b flH, þt B {.

âWHAðry ottJ'=ñ'-c

1*\

"c¿"þËft v

{4

HÌl

aØË'#4

=*Få)¿*r r\ r:. t' å þf"L')

¿i a.

frËili¿ÌÀ"ù Ì fr4 tþ # ¿" -\ *tÈ. Ø þ:t. æ) T S /¡ 1 r¡ /¿ L Éi. +. ù

Rx ÉÅtt ftk

Ii

ÍF,t

{& I

?qi..i,

/;

o)

þt

7c

" *) ¿*o)utù E ^ "c¡ffi frL+.þt o

,",,, E**ffiffi1

15

.l t ¡

#>>>>>

tf,'lt¿

6ffi

't g *a$iJhr,. Ð¡,

personal experience

bathroom Llit., place to wash one's handsl

¿J¿

)E*-

past

Ð'¡a

to state

u t;tJ

Øt

*"'¿J U ,ì¡t

¡¡

-4ffi6 x-¡u¿i

funny

¡'-

¡

('

consíderably; real7y; to a great extent [>>>*]t-l- t'21

[>>>git-z-

lù'À,zc

À,t

¡t)ùyl^

Hollywood

¡r[.o 11

i nl..

(-Ø)*Èi

particle(s)

Ef,ü

opposite

to correct [uf.]

this side (of

-)

to laugh

¡¡]

21

L.

lpl'CÉ.Î lr

whatever eise might be said; after all

¡t( Ë.

&Æ(t¡)

thafs worthy of

l:trL EJJñ r¡fttr'

actorlactress

EFæ.

¡|¿"

r¡tJ

242

pronunciation

x,

you, Jason; thafs truly like the great student that you are, Jason l>>>x;Å,t-¡-q7

ÉT

mÊ

.F-

â to be modest; to humble oneself

ã'1¿sY-'4 '/ Y

lname of a templel

alcta¡,

t8

living;1ife style ll tt¡" (,-¿;)S¡. /¡ ¡- it mustbe (-)

Ë'Èt

4

#yú+

lname of a prefectureJ

¿f

hard [as in "work harü']

v

o;

FÐ

reason; explanation

ot ur i rl¿ø1.

rtt.

complex

¿.

ffiffi 22

honorific language [if., respect languagel r:5t

t

(-ùr) Ë+ (/J) (at

i 23 ñ,FË t{,+vs

not good/skilled

-)

practice

o F^'Ìtv t'. r['

+-'Y

u*

r Éfr¿: Èqri:(

Donald Keene

72

Chinese language

tç5 ¡, ¡!¡ 14

â to decide (to

-)

[u.¿.]

in those days

[:

4Ø¿

L-i v

5ffi

4l

16

17

extremely [written

mÐa.

expressionl r;t't¡¿

X+ . tr., 4ffiL

woman

s [H(r¡)

18

t:A{S. kØLl

19

ïl'À,ô'b l-l¿

truiy

l:Ft:l

T*(r¡)

8+t Â L/¿

not good; unskilled

24

significant; great improvement; progress

-

[>>>*8,/-

1-6]

[>>>g,E/- t 7] [Chinese lamily name]

broken

le.

ElJff

summer cottage

2?

r¡[t '

m*.-l *L ffiøa

g., J apanese)

to encourage to urge (someone) to do

(something) i¿t¡

28 ffiJa)

usual; that which was mentioned before

artut:tJJf LU

ti

EBÆ ffi zs

rtt

||[f']: I -äåì

f

ò

¡.

anti-Japanese sentiment embarrassing

but; although t:-ülÈ?, ¿'l [>>>*tå-l-

Tãng dynasty [618-907]

t

I, l¡,¡, EXËÊH

nÉ

to loaf on the job; to idle away one's time

-fr-e

-ö 12 bâE

at last

+¡l+'a

on one ttand or on the other hand (depending on the context)

ñü

finaþ;

¿

26

-l¡ØØ r.t

Hffift

around (someone)

EI¿:

to copy [u.t.J

¡rti

ro

Taiwan

to invite

although

¿ti utÈ¡

[>>>*;Ê/-t'9]

tE<

to notice; to recognue

zF -f-

most

25

#'Ð â

t'

at

blackboard

_tr

g

$'f,.

*ta-

t),+ tx

ÆÞ

fixed-price htnclt/ dinner

.{. êt

1a

ft'

in those days

(-ù:) ù¡'bc ( to come by (a meal) *5 (-t:)trñD å to agfee to; to accept

¿'!..¿ II-

one sentence

Chinese food

<

L.iLi

carefree; slow-moving

¡{ri,

RdE

Ëê

E

¡l.*¿

-x ^.r;r

4 o)tA t['u¡

t['¡-¿ ¿\ìdi tr¡lE ì-L07l'

free [time] È)

u

_l-

¡at'U.

most of

¿?

;t(

unfamiliar

tr#f+æ F

-cf

z

l:ffit'Ì¡t^ / F,/¡: åØär.l

ß F,merSJ

¿'

å

6 t-'ål¿:

selÊstudy

ttv

formally

+Effi 'tr : (-t:) *Ð 3

si

v't

ËlË

poem;poetry

Sr rf¿¡¡a

one day

¿

I1brary

^ìû ¡t(

10]

first of all

(r¡)

average; ordinary; like normal people

rti

30 mÆ

l-.

desire

.l 'l¡=#,,,,. t

àr. L"-i:

3t 7 ì y rtã

).33

A )t

v

È

ftW United States of America

1',1

l-c

Ì

47

rYsli-lu

l:

{,

48

,l

,t'

a

Ëffiffi J.;lçt- ùl

little l:,Þ1,)

view of moralit¡r much; considerably tt tli

orchard

RffifEI

&

tL¡ i

t'i ¿ l¡,¡,

North Carolina

akeady

ffiù: ù'

(

l:xÆl

(-å)7Ê-îâ 'lEÏffi {, #ffið u-t¿r' É6 ÉEET 6 "/u

to contradict

(-)

r¡'¿tJ¡

ffia

to snap çl¡¡

34

¡'

(-þ)ffi#-î ¡.Þ r¡ b +l'27yrÈ ¡h¿

36

îúã,t a u¿r5¡V.¿i

40

?&

¡Jr å

¡ri

¿'rL ¡

ä f+É 4t i b

49

¡¡ã¿'l'

to point (to

-)

50

al|of a sudden

å

L'C¿*

t'¡f a

+Ð

cherry

t i{,

5?

to commemorate elementary school

(-

;.¿ r å)

ftt¡ a

r#w.

lfamily name] [male given name]

Tf

¿ ù ¿ò

well [used when making statementl

¡î; ¡;

for; considering [>>>g;tz-

;t(+Èuri

¡ll]

even

so

l: [¡¿ ; l< ¡r¿

-[E 46

b

vsli v,\'

IøH

Bd

again

Etffi-hlå

with respect to nationality

¡lì-ct

on the contrary [>>>E;Ëz- ¡ r+]

- a.l )7

to be different (from

I [written

-tT'lÌ t i ûff

-)

reader; reading book

is concerned

mountain cottage

t:üØ.ElJ#l owner

È-

lþø 5z b'* È, ù; â rIr¿

as long âs [>>>gitz- ¡ l¡]

-;

motaT education

-

n.L

-+.

as far as

as far as

¿'Ìu

Japanese reader

¿lå

together with; in company with

[>>>*;ã.2-¡tz]

age

t:Ë,

[:-ätrô]

hard

J[¡\

expressionl

44 HÆffi-ffi6 ¿t( t¡.t 4s -ffi,^

to master; to overcome

-Ffmft' ¡bt* i¡ rlr

textbook

¿?

43m

to understand

itself

utru¡u.Àøl'

content

42 Q'{Lt:

difficuþ

-

;t(¡(

a modest or hesitant

-

many times more

ss

to give up

<

Ãfr,wt a b

other

-r,,'

æffit

â

to drop out to understand

245

¡ #.,,..

.l t

1 ,r, Ntcà ,/ N z /c å

lâ#t

>¿. le

>>>ôËÈÁ,rc5]

a) i LØEct¿à- yçEll'à. b É i Ø !" (My mother complains ali the time land I feel frustratedl .)

ù¡o))yct¿b- a à"rÌ,: ¿Ë i

b)

Ø

¡."

(He said this. lCan you believe it?J )

rr, .l a ffë ='considerabty; really; to a great extent'

2

lã#,z

J

,lÍ

å"

is a còttoquiat form of

>

t.¿ >>> å

: tãë#eE 5 uâ...]

indicâtés that something is of a degree conÌ ¿* ¿", which ..-'...,,.:r:.r..-::r,Ë:',,,-.,.'.

..;¡ùaàùiV,@m*¡,uu1,,,.,'.:.r-: a) ËìEø 7 r yr^tÌ. N+ØïE+.I*iff ¿Ëiå?)ìô 6 ¿,Hz(t'6 1 i /ì.

(Most,{mericans seem to think that university professors have a great deal of free time.)

b) trØêãllj pffE *1't' 6 Ll-.

(It seems that the dormitory food is really bad.)

3 t* ^,1!Ët rtC[l='it lPt_og.ó.r,v¡n9....1¡.,1¡,s.ta

a

)

ó

Â,

must be

-'

lã#,z

2¡^ È rÌ,X.t :IÈ.À"î u- â À,TÌ lt, t

-

t.'> tf à#r¡

b) b4 aî*rÉ+ffi? LÍr'â0)ttt BAÊætr/JLro (The person who is bowing over there must be a Japanese.)

c

)

<

l:lv

ffiElÂ¿:

L'¡t BAffiùttð Lt"l;Ëür/JLt.

(Japanese mustbe easy for Koreans to learn.)

d)

É,Ft

¿.t >>>ËeLìÊI5 Lä

uctìãt-Etìtðtì]

msofæ 4åìÉ

(Since he lives in a big house like that, he must be realþ well-off')

ù'L¿

>

ø/¡ t .äffi ùiõÆ[;SUtt¡ ¡t"

(It must be inconvenient to live without electricity.)

þ l' 1. lr 6 l;lËü r /J ü to

,,,,, EäÈf6sl

Qrrr, ËTår(fE) ='¡ndeed; as may be expected'

a) BA t: *ff

ò

{lÂ,t

u. /c

Ìi

ùl

ã>

c

t - ëf

lãfri

>

u

È3-rïv¡

>>>

I v >reaf

rî El4#àsI#/¿""

(Since he has lived in Japan for ten years, he speaks excellent Japanese indeed.)

lþ)

V

b) r6B+Øft8l¿ùl ó z f

. ð Trïl:f

ÌÌ' å L

t.?li.

(He is an excellent calligrapher, as may be expected of someone who teaches calligraphy.)

"'

5

NtslvlÎ,lNtcrl?

le#z > l.z

>>>

*+*.fílv<

ÐJÐãÄtrì !. 2.24 >>>

1

2. 26 >>>

*l||Ãréárålu<

#letvh\

!. 22 >>>

¿O)tâO)

!-26 >>>the books

Etu<]

Both /¡å,å. and l¡A,1 can follow a noun, wittr the meaqing of :things (or people) like-.' Only t¡ ¿"'ç, however, can follow a sentence. Ì¡ À,'C, is a contraction of many forms such as tj å'ÌÌ- /¡ à'I. tj å ¿ t. i o)lt. orthelike. li:lirlr:::Ì

a

lii:

)

1 li li:l:..:i ':.

,.: .::. :':::, :r::l:::: , l:..

hfii

..

--

¡7 )

t

(t¿ ffi t. t ,Ba l¿. (I thought things like particles were difficult.)

Þl;-¡ilr¿

b) tfl'ùll ¿ rfÄÈìrÈìÐ)Biù't¿,1"( (=t¿EEtraAÉ)- ðz¿f bâà.ùtÃltoI¿. c

)

$

a

(I didn't understand at ail things like how wøtashiwa anduatashi ga differ.) ttr' í

Wffiþæ.b/J !. å ft?L¿: Ì¡ â

lvt

(:t¿

ë)

f¿ t, Êi>{vr¿z). 6.,ù'ÉÉL (Since I was told that it would be impolite if I don't :use keigo,I was worried.)

>tt -*¿0)0)='although

)

b)

-'

lffiævt

>

Ë

ç = t¿.

t.s >>>fle)5nãára/t€øo)l

1ãlffiøfùt¡frþ=+L /¿ úOO. É+#ä l-îffifÃþffi,tp ¿ ¿ ùÌ * l¿(" È /J t." (Although I studied Japanese for three years, I still can't read newspapers without a dictionary.) r¡r.l i À.,!d)r. ù, t ù,/! BäflÉl+ølÛÃþW.b ),,fi.r¿$oo, fiffñÉlz¡ftrfÉffittÆ.L ¿ ¿* LrÌ,t¡.ct¿" (Although Japan adopted western culture, it would not change its traditional values.)

Ii

.l t

¡

#>>>>>

| ,r, -fr( (f*) ='on one hand; on the other hand' :aiïi.i,iÈ

læ¿¡ry¡>¿.gf

ÈEi t"i'nse¿fi;4,Þn*.êlÊø;.r: *È:Jii'Hu*.êi.éi,j

"r

often omitted. a

)

b)

ø < q'ËuffT æ z.c !. 6 àì. -ä't'. É4r¡ ff x

it

r r

r.' !. 6 4Ël*ido t,4/J r,.o Ì. ¿: (The number of working women is increasing every year, but, on the other hand, woman who hold important posts are quite few in number.)

H)KHffi¿Ì. -ÈV' rf Erå v.t)v0)9çlLä*ftàrffi1,/i¿ì. füÉ'?. ttRÐÆffitr¡tÈ ffi å r¡ ->'c.\. â o

r¡Fñ

(es for U.S.-Japan relations, while, on one hand, cultural exchange in the private domain is quite popular, on the other 1nand, trade friction is a big probiem.)

8'* FFlD&äfi='almost It

means that

replaced by

a) *_vË

every day'

it

ìEû,

appears like every day, although Fl, +, El, FFÉ|, etc.

Â,ù*.

'Ea&¡

lffiarvÀ>!.91

it is not actually every

day. ¡.8:'cãh:ibè

rfi#n+æ?ê-rr¡ e it¿"

(I hear Mr. Keene ate Chinese food almost every day.)

b) 86ffiø' I

EËrdo&a t:ffiffi¿r6 6"

^-c'ù1,. (In Japanese class, we have homework for almost every class period.)

9 *r.Ü[r{tüt='at

most'

lffiaNl

>

t.tz

>>>

titìËtìElr-Ëtlì-Ë]

It indicates a maximum limit, which is still a small amount.

u r, ) ix (* ti- -ffiHl ¿: tt ttt ür-. :Æ5 /¡ þtÌ'r' !.ä/¿'. ", ^(In aTarge class, on a good day, you will be called on at most once or twice.) ü

b)

EÆØt)-i

y

-3vtå.- lfraþIfial¿ Ll,aLÙ- tft,rütrEf. ãElf Lr ,.

(Japanese white-collar workers, when they take vacations, take at most four, five days.)

1O

* -l¡,lf b='although -'

lffiaw

a) Bäùr. d\ã r.ÉEl/Jáf åffiËtEil/¿" (Although Japan is a small island country, it is an economic superpower.)

248

>

n

s >>> EùËl¡' L r*bt 5 ]

,,,,, Eä#ftffii

å.

ô.

år â El ¿r,fEl å * rÌ (I am sorr5r but I can't visit you today.)

b) îåãt¿

c)

B

ä ¿: {Ì Â, -e r. /J ár å El äffi ,)ì-Ë

(Ifs curious that

a person who's t', 1¡ i ttÀù) t.

ü ffi

been living

ì}

in

/J r,. ø l*

d) lJù'e, /Jù./Jrïà*äffiô CD ?Ef,t.( !./¿ (Although

I

å,å# f¡"

Japan can't speak a word of Japanese.)

à. /ì¿,ril,,Jltt,â J i

didn't understand, I listened and listened to the CD, and then

I

¿: rJ

?

t

È /¿.

st¿rted to comprehend

it.)

í f *" N ¿ LÍH ='îorì considering' a)

lffiuW

> ¿.¿

t

>>>,1

\+ll-+¿+ e uzm]

ÈîH¡ ¿¿*. BA^¿ t?Í*t€ffir)r-h+f T" (Maeda-san speaks good English for a Japanese.)

b) HHI*. tfltF¿ t,<ßïtr#trì¡!./¡¡.. (fokyo has few crimes for a big cify.)

12 *' Z*t'J¿[r?t ='even so' a

)

læaø>t.tzl

(

(

r,. å,H t- /¡ Èì. Z tt t= L t, H r. Ø ù: tÌHt. l¿. = (I had expected that prices in Tokyo would be high, but even so, I was surprised how expensive

F-ñI*Wlffitlffi

everything was.)

b) T t

( I r. ¿,8, i

yrØHæ¿i. #Hffigtr*eiär.å ð riÍ ü I' t.ØîÌtä t,Ìì ô ) tt,"

ùì, ztrt=a,(t, ü i,,¿ffiffi

(I think it's great that American high school students can spend. lots of time on extra-curricular activities, etc., but even so, wouldn't it be better if they made students study

c

)

EAØt+¿*. &âl:ffi Â,-c..ù$à.

bt-âitùl¿:

ù

âffi7)o) À,d b (--å å ffira'¿

Ëòl¿f

¡.frl¡t./¿ó i.

u. â

a

little more?)

" z nEUÍ t,. tr

(Japanese colieges are said to provide time for students to relax before they go orlt into the real worid. Even so, I don't think they should just goof around.)

Í3 -"

^,FU ='as far as -;

as long as

-,

lffiañt > t.ts >>>lÀo)flãßþl

It is used to set limits within which the fo[òwing statement trol¿S true. tt generAty follows plain forms of verbs and r,.-adjectÌves. Nouns are in ÍJõ å-form (t.r., {+.X.cA a m I l, id'..rarãdjeòti., either in t. ó a rorrn,a!,ø.¡jr.Þ,,rl .,)Èi.,::',.,r., ,,'.r

.'(i.

a)'cå

â)$ b î1"

åw.q o)¿ ¿ ¿tT (I intend to do whatever I can.)

b) ffifinr¡ t.FU. +&Hfñ*

/¡ ¡.;þ¿r¡. ¡..

(As long as you are not sick, you should notbe absent from school.)

I

13

"l c

)

ëF>>>>>

A | ,h+.-

'lEI¿.1'

l'9€fi1É*41¡ /¡ u'(" l-

¡ ) ù'"

(Sensei, do you know of any good English-Japanese dictionary?)

B

i Qt f"î{a" fl¡Øffic'(.t- 6FrJ t'¿*. BAÀørcoøfüälÌ'å' b (". 7, Y ù Lt: ffit,-\àf !-Øùlt¡ u.Â,f.'f .z'C.b.f¿ È

ùl

Ð.

trÀ b

¿¡r¡i€fllf*Fi È t. ) øÈ;ó b * TÈ.6-

æ

¿if'fÈ'"

far as I know, all the dictionaries are for Japanese people and there is no good one for Americans. However, there is one called Fûngana English-/apanese Dicttonary, so you might want to try it.)

(We11, as

14*" IIã-CT--'on the contrary'

.;¡¡l* a)

...a¡çÈid,à

fit.-L

l#aflø>¿.ss>>>zfilrrr5,ã.a(EÄFãEãt
poti (otconseeuence¡ii1l.0,nhä

tL*,...-..h.'$1..i .'"',-,,:

( /¡cl¡. -r-VffiÆUfcÙ, frà"e(È/¿/J dirtier than before.)

(I washed a white sweatèr, and now it looks

b) c

)

å

')'!'

ffiffi,øffi.u,frþffifJ

¿- 7t'ZcTillt' å /¡ ( /¡ 7ã a Llrìbâ"

(When you read instructions for a machine, sometimes you get more confused.)

-

c* ¡¡¡'ffiSl' þl :

6 ¿ rìð 6. h' ì-cT 6 å" â L (If you study too much the night before an exarrr, sometimes you end up making silly mistakes.)

ilffiØÈîØHfi t:fu,ffiLT

"," Eä#Ëffi1

a)'-lf ë*,Uùöâffiãf â

>>>>>[âËÉt]

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Man's World Ithough Japan is changing from a man's society to one that is kinder to women, the transformation is quite slow. Women are enteríng all phases of Japanese life, but still many positions are closed to them. Female office workers, because they are not given important jobs, have more free time than their male counterparts. They save money and often spend it on traveling. Housewives have to spend much less time on household chores than before thanks to modern conveniences. As Susan's host mother explains in âEÉ 1, they have more freedom to engage in other activities. Men, on the other hand, especially if they are corporate workers, have to spend too much time working in the office. They come home late and exhausted and thus have very little time or energy left for their families. As a result, mother-child relatíonships tend to become excessively dependent while husbandwife relationships suffer. ëlþ ¿a

3ñ

the lmperial Household has held in its possession the "Three so-called Jingi," i.e., the Three Sacred Treasures: a mirror, a sword, and a crescent-shaped jewel. A set of three to make up a meaningful whole has always fascinated the Japanese. ln the 1960's, the new "three treasures" were a refrigeratoç a TV and a washing machine. ln the 70's, "3C" (notice its singular form because of the lack of plurals in Japanese grammar) represented a cal a color TV, and a cooler (r.e., air-conditioner). "äH" íntroduced in âËÉ 2 is a term coined in the 80's and refers to three qualities young women wanted to see in choosing husbands.

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â È^-c.-r " Øffi þ {.'Ë 7c +U.C.Ø

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tþ.

( L

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tT ù' Èi * àì /¡ É [Ð( E c, æ ìì Ø ð Ë ffi kf¿" ti¿l ^À Ê ffi (" àì h È L\ n ^b Æ. þ: Ë ¿ b k ft tT,E'i kî ùÈÈr ffi'fñtt¿*Fxð,HÈrHl' ¿ìl,.i a "ft * u T L'c. Æi, ffi*lâÈØTk+T'cffir¡Í=') r¿i7ffi Ë U ð " ( a b ¿" É 1 fÌù:' îi ¿1.': ^ì o) å {" B I'c. Ø À, {L f ö 7c !r b/¡ Ë {" þ Ë l¿ 'â i:i ð k r. X Ít Ë l. o) â 4 i b ó È7crffiT^*å¿-+'C.7)ü: -c0)+uâf0).Ìþâþ ( TÉiH rr¡ -ì-f ô É )J Ë (" !- È 'É=É þ'ì-ffif âffitj Èì | Ø ffi ri 4 ò 7 þ â É dâ ìr #ùk - L.ùt ùS2 LrLu Ë'c.ffi* Ø å /¡1 16 ¿ I iE ü: Y Ø Ø {L ^È ¿: B . "c r¡ Ø ür. {L ( /¡ i:'f {" ¿å /;{.'* rt A"c"X. ' ¿ì 0) -f Ø /¡ L\ !\ Ùå t ò * Æ.

f: b ù:

^ì I å

I k âÀ.âUHryLØ#*(" {i8^ t FÌ nÆ a + + -c" (" {" ù: (t Ø !r Inr ù: 4

4

{Li ftË 30

6

å t * 25

"Ë

þ

b

u

1 /¡

â "

â ¿* 20

ø

't("

*114*,.,,,

r.tltrl

ËF, ^[,

da5rtime Efñ )t'ra * -+-v, - akind of adult

opinion

s

unperturbed; caTm *fr(¡¡) ro ¿1.'¿'l¡unfair; cruel tt *¡'L /¡ l,-t. quiet; submissive I n ffifit¡ ¿ L þ-l â to have one's own o

¡tr¡ -

ffLu' *fñ 2t ò' fúÈât

a

ù,rc

pleases

within the domain of

-o1i'6 ..*

#

+t¿¡ll' 1ft#

¡i

H+

¿{<

DK

lfamale given namel

tnÀ,

L

i

lrrc

+

È.*

¿'

F'Æ*tF trl

) e'S* Lu' -ì t0 616 tQi 7

ry^

¿tL¿

i

oË J tËt

n*

st5r1e

14

x#

housework

¡,

to be envious to be popular (with)

ideal 3 high's

income level of education

¡Ju

g{.{'

thick omelet (in

height

+Æ

lunchbox

,t

TH*E

American

Lq)l:ry2

lfamily name]

Japanese style)

r

L'¡u¡,

lfamily name]

tllÆ

company

in N's own way [>>>g;tz- t'z]

F¡¿'

+t*t¿

to keep (someone)

7./ y ùfr,

HF,

t6frY 4

22

husband and wife

,, LÉ

one's senior (in job, school, etc.)

l:

,

tr

wife

ä b l:

N

-

lonely

,f-

way; to do what one

rs

school [it., culture centerl

o¡të

ffi

to desire; to wish

fate;karma

rrtrr

(,tt t

(

#H

lfamily nâme]

12

lfamale given namel

,o

t/¡ :

Ë7 /gl J

r:qri, j

x)J

input

ãffi

,6 #ââ

document

l+ *6#

< 7)

7s

7

JIEÍ

#¿:

( ''rl-¿:

-

*

5'<

¡

51.

22

taking turns

t v¡, 25 HH

although; in spite of [>>>*;â./-

b

planning

ffiffi,

rrracf,tine

self

cZ

ffiri 6

F3]

to continue

r¡tçl

to agonize

2Z 'IùíT.r

o

r*t;¡

irtD ò

E

ffi(

to work

*t

rË¡[

I WMã

ñ3-

-F j'i j i u

{¡,d¡"

t¡

ffi+w

t{¡,2

3Ëffi

s+1

s

continuously

!)v¡i

tr*.xffi'È r

*¿Ðå tfcV ¡

*{Ë

I

Ministry of Health, Labor andWelfare to put together (in a report); to summarize

ro

L¡

Ég

l:

conversely

)'ù.lJs Z â

,!Ù:fÜ L

canbe observed

in contrast;

as opposed

to 11

tt'

¿'

[ÊTl

â

t{¡,2¡, ¡,

to decline lu.l.l

:?HþÉr-r+ffir)rH ( /r

2 WÊûh

ðuC

rl(

ßÊn u

child-rearing

¿) 35-39ffiE :35ffiå.È39ffi*('-Ø^ Èì1,

current situation

+-+ l¿ D

(status) r¡t(

to suppori

tt.l'

<

¿'i+t,ô)

wltite paper

[:6

-a-

rÜ

comparcdwith the previous year

unmarriedperson ÍF L t r,. r¡ u.,,\l

? 9.À:â

zl¡È¡¡¡< labor; work force

rate

to rise; to increase

RM#

problem

, frtw)J

-

L

LEI _t tf a?¡,v+

I I Þ^Ìfi :7Inl'ffi,â D!)D' to do two things ffiü #ffi

to indicate

bc

marriedperson t:ffi{Ë Lf r. ã^l

concurrently

ratio; percentage

uB'

crytit-t, €¡,r{t1,+

¿'t','

¡

Htâ

increase

È tt¿ u+

making copies; xeroxing rcgr7ar position

m

âÉ

serving tea

t: e'tutltu

5

L

='d-

clerical position

zti¿7iv¡<

(

u¡%u'

4

r'1, tflL¡ *ffim

Eätf,fcl

¡ 9r;

75

ËxT6

to st¿rt

a

business

*114n,,,,. +.ti l.

16

Ëft t,t" t Ët) ut"

t7

r - + lùr -\t'bl*n)

2

r¡[.cr ¡

¿,.

*ffi¿:

Æ#

actually

¿l¡ ¡ 18

zt -lJ ¿ Þ: l/a to manage to o[.¿< continuation ffiffi

generation

r'tB Èr, È

ltæ

r#Jdfi

looking after one's aged parent(s); care

¡t¿ueti

.EË.

+tf

[family name]

13

ìËffi

[ma1e given name]

ËØ+

society; world

å üù:

Ètå'¡ i 4ax

5 Ðb"

ìilùt¿

some womerl

JtÌÌ'/¡ à å

husband and wife both

working [:*fÉ'/)rÐÈ å {¡{Øl.rr.6: ¿l

*

together with

a['rr ¡ 14

_ F 6tÐ

-

[>>>*;t,z- ¡s]

15

-ù:i¿.!^h,v¡, *.HT â

,l

ÐØ*,b ØË# b

(-þ"'l:) *'¿.l}'a to enhust (something) to (someone) [>>>*;tz- t'o]

spectacular; amazing

L-C toward

Ùtru?

to change oneself

[:

76 P¡

¡

##

i

holding two jobs at the same

a-

T6D 6

to adapt

Tô,Lâ

to end; to finish [u.r.]

te

¿1g

to give a birth

'

, ¿ 9JE

to raise [u.r.]

19

Éffi

husband

20

(-

L

å'þ u $a ,o

#L t)

suffering 6

/JU.

have to /¡ 6 /¡ u.l

[:-ä

ülÈril

¡otù t:

Êta ¿o'.

I

l:*tØtt# 6. Ll

time

?lEffi¿:f

-daùl/¡

-F

a

Ëü

carein one's home

life

industry; business L,'u-

one's partner

fEÆ

5ìþA.Lâ)

s

percent

-ffiØ *

rr¿å'

-¿

o

12

¿o

¡r

10

¿tù

fl¿\Bl {t'

l.lt -¡l

triple afflictions

over

to give - las a reason, as an example, etc.]

â

flexible

<

¿ã '.

a 1itt1e

-f

v sri t¡ lu

*W.Q¡)

to close one's business ¡.,

r¿'¿g¡; ud

to rnanage all by oneself

J.

g#È4ñ

{*r- ¡

wife who devotes herself to housework exclusively [:Èffi/¿'ll Lf r. å^l

u (-¡-¡ìËIüT 6

to adapt (to

-)

2t

Ltl¿

å

burden

)

ÌÃ'Ë'

õ

A,1 side by side (with -) f :- ¿ -ffit:1

Íffia \ ì-ò) Ért ,

holding

a

hardship; suffering Èt'

(-ù:)mf å 6 zz

lower position

_

to endure

(-)

t'¡'iv¡'t?

ËÄÉll:

superhumanly

22

ll'rl'T 6

to cover up; to make up for

(-t:) *ilz¡u.

cornparable (to -); equal (to -) llit., not to lose to -l

t-

Qttutl

Æölî â

¡o

¡ã+¡

Ë^Jìb

to agree (with

every time

r

tf

rllá ¡

i

-

to adapt (to

33 â'e) ¿1,/¿

F

r¡,'

Èti

40

lEll*

living together in a de facto relationship [:ffilF Lär.r'-ffi¿-.fÈtr: ¿l

-m

a groltp of people doing the same thing

F7]

tt¿

È

MfrÍ-T â

-)

tobreak:up

?-L

Hþîâ

to carry (something) on one's back

u'

t

to be to one's

disadvantage àlÈ

äÈË

unfair

way of life; life style

¿ty /,

,fE^

not acceptable [-- t.ç/¿']

34

¿t-f'T

to remove; to get rid

36

-fv

to throw (something) away; to discard

,

ù>'øt'a

to combine

sa

¡,'¡t$6

so-called

â

to have one's name entered into the family

register l:ffillâL-C.-

t¿ti

^r' õ^+

to reject

Æt-462VùLâ. Ll

to fr,gltt

(-¿;¡6'bÈ 6

â

-)

strength

)J

:z

family register

o ?r.

¿5'q'

trt

Fffi 7tÆï

[>>>*tÊl-

)

furthermore

Ãft.T 6

being like a superman [:Ë,,\É'!r¡{ffi È ]

CJìl:

Èi¿ ¿.

Ëàù: - Ç'¡

effort

È ¿'i Etu

-/¿

I

3e

t:q5r¡È

(-ù:) Hffi't a 2e

DINKs ldouble income no kidsl

to respect

ftD¡( 'qt

)J

f ,1-v?Z

sa

individual

v -g-i

ÉÉ

of

freedom

å.SÈ. ( t,. ) to say this and that;

48

* tt*

ffi:t+t â

to meddle affairs)

in

(other's

to expect; to count on

*114u,,,,. þ

t.*

z.Efå

¡.*fñ

+.4f8

O.IFÃ

z.YÆ.

s.'Effi

s.*4

s.HE to.)*h

rr.#ffi

rz.llF#

ts.Ei

M.-tfiÌ

rs.âE

to.ffilT â

tz.ffi (

ra.IËr[

zo.

zt.frWh

22.HrJ'+ffi

zs.Lfl

tg.ffiM# z+.*MÊ

zs.fET

zo.ÊF,

zz.Iñ,â

za.Ë ò

zs.#W,t:

so.

=!ãË

s+.++lÌ'/¿ à È

ss.

Ëä

eq.ãË

¿0.

Ë

er.

itØ F

to.#h +t.Æ,*

E

r.ffiS o. H{r

sz.Éls

¿ 33.

ztJt

se.õr\F

+2.âfr

+2.ffi!É

2.ffi L t,.

z.5E#

q.fr4

2.ffi

s.ñ'ââffi

s.ffiffi,

IL.-llt{,

rz.

ro.HJâ

tz.frT zz.-E

r¡.Bffi rs.4 zs.Ë#

3r.ffi*

zz.ffi# gz.Éffi

eo.Hffi

sz.Êñ,

zt.EfrÊl\ zø.Mffi,

r 268

/c

ÉFË

Éü

s.trffiÈÐF ro.'lü{r

Êë

M.EEfrlffi'È

rs.

tg.Y.L â

zo.ìÉ¿:

zq.ll#.

zs.*W

za.äIf â ss.Tffió.

zq.ìËtrfi

so.fHffi

M.ñt L â

ss.ËíÄ

ss.F-ffi

sq.lElËffi

+0.Wfrft.

This radical comes from the image of a house with a hanging roof and was originally used for characters representing kinds, conditions, etc., of roofs and buildings.

tËl tEl fHt rd¿

>>>>>

Eäú)g1!Ë

¡

I

t>>

NEftNø ^.ltfútâ='N

has its own

-'

lÈ#t >¿.g>>>ötËtut¿t*atr¡'øg¡Er:raaul

a) #I=I*#,OEiÊrrr ô â. (Parents have their own lives [to live].)

;

. fH t

r,. ì-trr b 6 À,1ì ù, à * S å ¿ ¿ì¿,Ftì" (Children have their own ways of thinking, so we should first listen to them.)

b) f. {^ü f: fÍ:F l* O#

2"u Nrf*Nr/¡Ul;V='lu.,

does things in its own way' NrlÍNt/¿úJONz='lur has its owlr N2'

lâffr

>¿ rs>>>=t*Eaotr]

a) A: t) it"x->Lfulfrl-T¿È'? (Why don't you study more?)

B

: ¿ trtt {r.

fÅfåÍ/¡/J U |Ëltt lv|{,cT

t\6r

{¡ b {*îùt ¿".

(I am doing mybest in my own way.)

b) vrrJfiEtr*vtufitåú|0)Jër)ìô b. EËEf*Eä/cú10)&ðÈìð âù,Ù.

¿Ë

6

|ì¡. ¡- å ò Ëà /¡ t.. (Both America and Japan have their respective good points, so we can't say one is better than the other.)

J ot' ^,<{ff; . ', :,,likó,Øù:,'gxþreçses-the

lã'F:

i4q

>

¿.

'of,ja|thou-gh'.l.Ho.rv.gve.r,"

z >>>

(,ì¡!:

,,,':féi.ti¡È'of,displeasure, ¿isiguÈi óiicô-ntêiñii.irüsjþ-Íùäi-éi,ið.Ïlii*ç

;'ario,þran@¡r:t¡:;¿iæti+¿3"44'.'.

a) lHø

< rf

Etf-ftrüìl¡È¡å

;;,;:",,.'t,,':'::',:.-,,. i+;rr..

l¡r.ølÌ.

öñä.r.n<õf tõ c cÊl'å'r*ur < Ëtc]

[N

exp-rclse-s the spea$ú.,s,.,,

øl,

[r*-adjective+.,r:ff,i.t

,{r,;,i,-+'-''.;t-tr1:t' :n-

Elð.

(It's troublesome when a child does not want to play outside.)

b) TSr¡< Ël:1

f S b /¿Ès6^¿Ìt.çÈ.

(A person who is poor at doing something but loves doing it is

a

big pain.)

c) *râü /Jr'( Ër,:-ãt-fØttÌ'È. bH i^l*Elb *T. (It's too bad that *tere are people who have absolutely no money but keep buying expensive things.)

d)

N->'c (

t.6 < ËI=ffi.L( ( È¿lJt..

[He] does not tell me although [he] knows about it.)

269

14gn>>>>

Qrrr, ^, ??ürä

,/ fJrröl$ÉT=,for

such and such a reason' fã#3

,;.,,

i, isa,eøflwra

¡o

or'

t¡',1),,Td

this ptrase

{o11"*r "

t >>> tbÐã : (LìãEÈe]

9_q"j",,,,

r,,,ÞJui.ng ,,'*

ùi.tt' Ø r - 7 ØfuifrtrtfltL t. L ut ã IErfi Tffiffiþ l- 1 ¿ rsr'+ä ò r. * (There are students who don't do homework saying that they are too busy studying for other

)

a

,t'

> t. t

î.

courses.)

)

b

B

ä-c"

ùt

ffiÍF -f â ¿ ¡ t )

IE

É

?

ç Ð 7a fll*tr'l & \.

" (Many Japanese women quit companies ".â11 for the reason of mariage.)

c) BAr¿ÌA{&ÌÌffiiffLt+ Ð6cTtt)

tEÉ?'É4/JftS¿*Ër}f ò à À/J1.o)Èrgffi

l¡ À"-C1" (In Japanese companies, it is normal for women not to be given important positions for the lostensiblel reason that they will soon quit to get marcied.)

ror

$

){¿¿,úEY

læawz>1.7

.. ir'

'

>>>Htr¿å€tr*(E:
' : ':

:

'

canbe,a,nounloiaverb(plainfo{m), X L ¿ ö¿::'háir¡vôjÚà¡iórieänr4Èi:,,r,.j,,'':'.,,',,"':,,1,. (1) N ¿ ¿ ö ¿::ttogetherwith; along with'

A) HtrùIâE¿

,

¿ T EBAøÉU'trJacb â "

(Kyoto, together with Nara, is an old Japanese city.)

(2) N ¿ L

t:7V

lplain, present) å & È¡ ¿: ¡¡,¡ffis'tiìidicáte-s':,thatr:lAqjX:dápp.e ¡s,.grdoe¡.Y',It"often'indicàtes that l>

¡vo

changes'p_roè.eæd-,

11P.4.!..9.9ouslY.

b) +þWâ¿¿i)r¿',er.. rrtÀ¿=iuÅ (It seems that

c

)

Ë*¿rffift¿

as one grows older, one begins to

¿

trYÆl\t

(Langtage changes with time.)

7a

rù: r&âbt-u-" worry more about triviai things.)

"

$ "' XãYl¿ltärüã='to leave/entrust X to Y' a) ffiiH¡¡ : ¿ lf. ffiffir *zt'tf ( {¡ t-!. å,8 i.

lnawz

>

¿.1

s

(I think we canhave machines do simple tasks.)

b) jrÐJt¡ ¿ ¿ fÍ.

h,Ët¿,v\frùì¡- ¡.o

Ê:f

(It's better not to leave imporiant things to others.)

c) *#þâffiu,$' y

ffiftrr*

å tì ô ) tt," l. ¿: :f á,ü ã (I wonder if the day will come when [we] leave all the housework to robots.)

>>>ffiãætr*t'taøe]

''''' l r> X/eüÍ:V

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Kawaii (r}þtrtr)'Cute' n Ëffi in Lesson 2, Sachiko used the word kawaiito describe a squirrel. The word kawaii was originally used to describe only babies, small animals, and dolls, but in recent years, it has come to symbolize Japanese pop culture. Hello Kitty and Pokemon are no doubt the most famous examples of this "cuteness" culture, but cute elements are found not only in character goods but also in fashion, personal appearance, mannerisms, etc. You even see these cute characters on the body of commercial airliners and many government offices have cute mascots, so they are not just limited to children's goods. A young female office worker might characterize her male superior's mannerism as "kawaii ." Once a seal wandered into a river in Tokyo and became very popular because it was "kawaii." The word "kawaii" has indeed become a handy word to express one's positive feeling.

1 I

Group Society n Japanese society, the group you belong to is very important. So, when you meet someone for the first time, the first question you are asked might be which company you work for or which university you are attending, rather than what type of work you do. Within the group, maintaining group harmony is considered to be very important. Conciliatory and cooperative attitudes are more valued than strong individualism. 50, confrontation in public is avoided as much as possible. Japanese value unanimity in any decision-making process, and so, consensus building is sought before any important decision is made.

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abroad

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special issue

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theory of nation building

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20

wide

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original title

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in aword; in short

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super power to point out

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strategically

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Japanese made; made in Japan

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33

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condition; circumstance

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deeply

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fashion designer level of name recognition

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architect

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liking; taste

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job hunting

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somewhat long

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d+

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almost

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advance

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fl

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cooking

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development

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l.

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materials; ingredients

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B

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c)

A

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Èi¿: Jü#'c"

BAffiRc

f

a horse.)

(At that time, there were brothers who took Japanese, weren't there.)

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(More preciseiy, they were twins rather than brothers.)

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E,

c$/lt EÊö

E =,rather (than) ; if anything'

le#z>zzal

ll ' 'ðh'- tweerl.the'two alternatives,',,, a) '&/dl*Ecbh,¿E) E&#,t:il;) (!'6" .,

(She looks more

b) BA^fr

ë,

like her mother lthan her father].)

c bh'¿,É

)

¿Nfr-þffi *

/J

!'"

(The Japanese people, if anything, do not like confrontation.)

c

) fA¿*. Bäffi¿*. t, cbh'¿Ê)

¿ffiîfrùìî+ËÌì.

(If I have to choose one over the other, I am better at speaking Japanese (than reading it).)

J

tto

^,*å/CãålTã='to it

have a feeling that to have the impression that; seems to me that' lã#,2 > t. zz >>> Ërìäìõ ã Ji ã f.f ñtÍ Lt3-]

a) BAæàì,r'LÏEL/¿i )t¿RtìL:f f. (I feel my Japanese has improved

b) BAÄl*

(

a

little.)

I -/

i

I

l- å tv þ ÊÀ' D 6 J /J -ã"t$ l' * " HJJ ø lv. (It seems to me that the Japanese people value a group that they belong to.)

291

.l t s

#>>>>>

{,,, *ë,1î(Ëä) ='to (say) something

a) +EÆffiØ+äàìtËå.f !- å ¿ 7t'HÈ

like

-'

l*#l

* t/càr. ä5t.

(I heard something like the number of students in Japanese

LÌ

i

> t. t z >>>

l¿nDþrìrìJ ¿ñ'l

È."

Tangaage classes

is increasing, but is

it

true?)

b)

f

:

È¿7)ri?

tì lrj ¿ á'l ( Ëbd't,* L /c.

(They often said something like, "This is cute.")

5 '''

N

(¿) |f,fiÞ='similarly; just like'

l#uryn læa*tz

a) 7 z,

)

ùl BA¿ IAT*- 7 Y rt f" ù (Anime is popular in America just like in Japan.)

>

>

¿.

z.

zs

>>> e ru e è E{Ël

oo >>>

H

ðÄr EËl

6.

^frÈrð b) ffiElffi¿: ö EA#H+*- öfffi¿ìö å. ù'L¿

<

(The Korean Tangtage has honorifics just like Japanese.)

l$ a

t>>

)

!ËE-?t*/¡!t='¡o1

merely/simply

ElälÌ+EtÍF-livþffiffi,L

-'

l#atvl't

> t. z t >>>

ël¿vÀãñ z ?:ta ør t*aur]

Í t. â ØT' ttt¿L\"

(Japan is not merely imitating foreign cultures.)

b)

&

( øLtt.- g'ì=r6+.þffif

/¿p) ùI,1ffi¡.f r- 6

o)T,Itl/¿,Lrtìô

(Many people are probably not working merely to make money.)

7 ,r, N/Èåtf='full of -'

i

"

læa¡ry¡z

>t.( ¡- l!

>>>

lËt

þI

t'¿

5

tto)]

èÌ,ô¡',+.Ud,r'ffi a) 7 t y r"c"Ìlffi4^t¿à110)9-.,{

vþlt!.f

!. â++.þHù'tr} â.

(In America, we sometimes see students weartng jeans full of holes.)

b)

v øfFxþ ÉT ø ¿tffirñÈìÈ. å. 6 . (It is time-consuming to correct compositions full of mistakes.)

FËË u. r¿ à

8 *'ruøåfftf¡fJ[l='1¡1.re is no room for -' Èàii I a) *tfro)*lüÐr¿tt" Ë

(There is no room for compromise.) 292

lmary¡z

>

!.13 >>>F:ffia*üeaurl

't I I I I

>>>>>

tf àì5.ElfcEä. y l'.r)tSElcEä

I I

b) fH+¿rff?Hr.( ( Èrljt.^ti ¿. -#ffio)Êtür$/Jr,r. (When the other party does not listen to what

$ "' Nt! (l*) åtl¡ä/¡(rt='to a

)

[I] have to say, there is no room for discussion.)

be no match

for -; can't win

-'

læarytz > !.1 4 >>> ¿o)=^æct*i5,aar*ur]

: ØÉ#Ef*rt'lc

A,t¡ù:fr5/JffiÉ

t)/Jr,r. E ð (Even the most legitimate reason can't prevail over this word.)

b) *Ä¿*r.- (

6 àìÂ,1Ì..2

1l>/p l;l*á¡ t¿þï¿çt"

(An amateur, no matter how hard he/sbe tries, is no match for a professionai.)

f

O

*'

V

(stem) Cåür='difficult to v'

a) Ø ÐàìlË1.

¿. 5Ø¿sf;de àt"tlìôi

læa¡v¡z >z.-ls >>>="Rt

J5ur]

"

(When one has a sore throat, it mustbe difficult to eat.)

b) âtìo)XW.Ilfü,,\¿:

¿ÌËÉ

Li

å

tr.

(I find it difficult to talk about my own failures.)

11 *' NE¿/iþã ,/¿t¿þå/¡¡,r='1¡tot)

to be particular abouü (not) to be picky' lma*tz>¿.4s>>>-20)ã;år¿út-¿tËþDrdrì]

a) 7 r+ v l. ù: zt¿rJ.:?t,r6

¿. Bäffiþ#TØtÌ*ÉL!-å.ö Lù¿lJt..

(tf you pay too much attention to accent, it might be dìfficult to speak Japanese.)

b) äffit--z t¿þ å (Ifyou

12u

rt.

/c tt ft æ < XtrtHL 6 " picky are not about the location, you can buy

a

house inexpensively.)

NE*Jül?='aû in'

Læamz > ¿. s 6 >>>

t

1 t¿aurct*]

Yt ØåfÆÞL : /ic /¡.

a)

ËfiÉrcrcr*tt,(4tf

b)

ffi-F,ø* t) v ë v 2 tt+ì | / r titst'rHË¡

r- ¿ Èìg a (In the Meiji period, it was very unusual for awornan to study abroad.) ù¿r¿"

(The first Ol¡rmpic Games were held in Greece.)

293

.l 'l s

#.,,.,

a) ttt

lrtë,2-ålâ

ffi+:

FFE*+øI¡Ë¿ ¡fr L :f; 11. +Et* I ù I ¿. àF,/¿ FläJ ¿ rrã 7-vt. BAØlÌâ à à.8äÂ¿:rì,.f B råÆ D{ L. ù -c I,+ â .- L ts, E ã, vtôrrå+JH:Iã L Êrr¿,Etür

*f2 ør'. eôU < *rffirr L:f f3" ¿ËÈaQi.ôU
ffi#

llzì-Yð.1,¿lù ,F+EA¿:{È¿,f.. L. È c L + å.t-cTÈs. Bäf"G{l,r â Øtrt-æffi|-

w+

¿

lffif

f

U

t )lta"

*** D + ó. èø#ãl=cü\(

ft ¿ a tr#

x-Tf

x

9.

4 : It's important that you preprre a number of questions ahead of framed in such expressions as ùl,lEüf L i Ð. and Ð

¡ i *"'4LîTù..

-t:zr-.r

-

you did not understand what the interviewee said or

e*.ì¡¿,.

ú

ã-ËfrEtr

L

*T5.

*** w+

question him/her on this subject.

5 : When

**t T

2: First, let the interviewee know what the topic of your project is and then ask if it is all right to

time. Your questions can be

ñtno

ffi#

one by fust introducing yourself.

3:Conclude your introductory remarkby saying I ó L ( ÌáÆt. L

Et;ì- Y

ù.-tf¿ a

1 : You can start interviewing some-

âE Htr,ft Ltr ¿ z ô ãL\ ât r 6 ¿ 2 E t, t) hì¿5 ¿'ë-'tr:f l.,t¿" **.ffitf,ElJ t)*1.,t¿6"

when you need more explanation, you can say, for example,

i-Ë*dÆL. L*.1, l) i,tl.

ð

#t ( ffLrr.t;È¿t*+¿,à. or

f

-

å t,.

i d)ll ¿' i t. i ;

¿'C

Ð'.

6: You can end your interview by thanking him/her. ftÆfúffit-- t¡ b * L l¡ means that you learned lot from the interview.

a

294

I I I I I

>>>>,

t îbt ò Hl¿ E ä. Y l.'') à51È E ô

I

t >'> E-rvJVl e

-s7 ù: ¡¡ b. -,,\¿i4 v, 4 v ì c,,-þî â^l*.

c- -1å^. -^¿Ì 4 v 2 C- - þ ð {Lâ )"ù: ä b ä ð !.. €#t'4 v ) c:--kã/"Lâ)',t:4 v / c---þf¡Êa. T,Ë

4vl)YlþLrlJðt.o

f,,, jV-27 h-ì7,i e

ËâØEù:ÈÅ,Í.'r,. å BAÂ¿: 4 v, c:- e^ A,i¡HFãþ l,t¿t, ìt'ë ì-lJ ð !.o 4 l-1.

J>,,

e

þî

â

i"

2 -aâ i/cHFü?fÉt,. /J ð

/¡r)ù:.

)x.î'tøìy-7"þff->-C., îþ"C Z I z 0) )uI¿ t, t:#tL ä ð !.o =

12rv,z-

*ffi¿: EAz\¿: 4 v I c-z

-

þ

l,'C. 7>*.

l- !.

r,.o

Qr,,,[tlllr-ï2-, e Eãrfto /¿: å 0)b â.L ?F,ù,i: L{. ¡Jr ìv-lþlF b /J ð !.o 4 0)/\t:- _ Bä^ ¿ÌËi ¡¡ å,H ->T:lt' ¿ i È"- E A,r¡,f;¿ìË ) È,H: /¿È.HÈ /J ð !.o 4 {L4 {LØ ì ¡v7" tttþîæ Zþ 2 i 7 ù-#*L /J ð !.. $orr

4V.1-,

e atøhÏÊ¿óåò 0;î,

à.:'r,-L.t,Hiò o)ùtt)t*Tù'o el,LrÌ,fElf L¡

jà., E

A^¿ì¿.i?!.!. tHi ð ØLbt¡I¿Ø80))uåìà.b!.!. t,Bt òØ ¿ ¿*. lEDr"t, ¡ -sz1:.ffiL.âr./Jê !.o 7cØ1þ.r 7 7tË##|,_ ,, Ã'cËÉL.âr,./Jð !.o

izJ,"

$"' jv-rT h-177 e

BA¿. e'ù>ljfcØÃù:),,->{È{r.å òØ¿å. EA,/¡ òØ{" îà." ã>/¡I¿ØElå. à BAr: |9 Lq, ffiH (to expori) L{ !' â t, ØÌ1. {FJ{' t- t i tJ'" t) 7 | þ(F'>A, ?r^1##.L/Jðr..

.l t s

#>>>>>

l rrrfFl e

^ØEËôà'f'*¿Ð/JðL.o a) 4 vi C:--Ø+l-tLr)þlâ.>t -tvþÉ* äðl'" b) +jW,ø4 vr' c-- þUr¿ÐãI*, 4o)4 vy' è- --þ*. Lø...(FXt:t,/¡. ð ìu.o

e

EÄØâlf"r"ffilé "c

!. *

1"

ftr^rn¡ng)

CD ? H r.'C

Lr!. â7./yhLTvl-vvùs,

k

.

L

ùl trr ùå-'O.

FåË:

^.Øy-ùìÉ ¿'t.tt¿

81ffi1.1 økE

a selÊservice sqyle

sushi restaurant

IE

fat

äÈ TL

rolled sushi

z"ç¡

¡.^

{

L.

frÌf' x ?Ãìnr,/¡ ð r,. "

avocado

*'c a

t1'l.na

vTi i r"

tuna salad

LùÌ. ä(t*aù.Lr,.àLr,." n a) Effiî.uØT n b) 7./) h Øllv7 | i v0)æå, ltL A,¿Ea^6 L!." n ) rr^ùt. TL¿Ì{4û:1.1. t,Hz-cì,.å J iÈ" H+Ø'î n d) 7,ìrt Þ"?Ê:/¿TLtl. l_0)t y

c

7

LËù:ùi,/Jì,."

tr e)

296

E#Øî

=:--tt.

Ë¿. àÆ.h-c{!./Jr,.o

-fAøfi¡(n¿ffu

I

(¿Øfralw¿ttë¡#t7)tõ D äutu" â7)ì 5ärì +#ØÅWãã Zrd75r õ ffi atrdË t ì. )

f/r-t

'>>>>>

ù rhr 5 F,lc E 6.

Y

1..ä,

5 EÉ E

ä

I

oâËfl

w rti7 J ùù.bØW++.î. +++¿åHHØä&i¡,-\#øEHËFÍ.. E Affif BAØñãË0)r-7þW-> {t,. å. RH{"ùÌ,$z | 7 r ì y - þHltù â Ø¿r*É L ( . 7.,*- Ì. ù:{l¿,(.r. 6. 7 Å- l. ù:ft¿Ar. å ¿. t.?(" ò ffiå r¡ ffiù:rs-14 -lrt'e * â0)1". u{-7 ¿ -Ø*Tå/¡v 4 rIt_ } ( r{-7 ¡ -þ lâ" xÈ ( f tà.* Lr.,{- 14 _ :c¿i,/J ( (. +Ë Ut,EtÉþlrJ à.ry.4,1.. È1.À,È bê^lt b ur¡àìà#T/a'ùlØ. ffis/¡,'s-7 ¿ -'f b6" 4À,l¡ffi¿:¿r. Wl:lÈ.À,ît.å BA^Øx++. l¿ t'l þ. !.:{¡4s: å l: L(l,.å" le pJ ü*. äEØåÊiùÌlË/ì¿r. T / y rt ltLffåâ:H*¿:¿r lu r'l å r,. ) =v / i -¿^þlÊ.o(!.6 " '{È.tt. ? 4 r o)H+L{r,. âN+0)k+iÄ+ffiØ#ä{.-. ËE ØHA^Ì b ¿l:È b Etìl)ffi,RþÊiø'e , Tt y rtLØ?4, ü:¿åâå.bç T ( . ffåâr.FTL.o t y ù ltw+ âffi¿r. < 4 2ØBAffiËr#W, ffiË*e¿. zØr, -" 4

y

tjôL

^Ør

+^þltrtl.ù.WÀ,1,s-1 't -kTâ0)"c, e lrü: òXt ò 6rl¡o ? 4 rØr 1 7,t - l. /¿È l*. * fiHA#¿rTf /¡ø{... e p ùt9€#f"EAØËH¿:?1.{!. 6t. ôH7ã1,- ¿ p ùå r¡¡'/¡¿.tf /¡Ë#'a 7€ {Lt:Æå { ì.. T¿" Yä.Tc Ë àlX(

ù.6=+h' (.à!. l-I¿:-ô. ffifrftäÈìËr.l¿" ftE_òÃ:{. î¡ zùy!a y¿ìmr.t" Lå.L. ?4 rtì.40)iL_ bâa å ¿:hxCÈfâÐt¿" #ffiøî¡ z lt v y' a Ylt,ffit,.-c t. å Øùr. ¿ rr ålüi L À, [^{;4ð Ëi?/¡ ( /¡ o-c. t- *..>T¿Ø È. ffi¿ìBxHffiØ¿¿¿:rÃ-¡'c. ?4rùtv r'ØÉ-ã?Ffl( ¿_ L11¿tÈiHft

.l t

s-#.,.,.

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n ) n b) a

!

c

)

Iur

e.

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u uì

¿,8þ

T1.

6 þ Ø t¿ oã? tt ä ê u r.

¿ tr ¿t ¿'-vþffi61*'t.,lEI{>â¿. È't¡

¿

(

Ì¡.t l-* :Ì¿ Ølì ô ) "

rlll. ffiEftÆ.øa-l-Cmr.,Hu ð à:/¿¿

å¿só

âØ1-

4ùT¿.t-ù.->

l¿ØIì ô i " u p ¿r. ÊiElftä LB#+.rcLùtð.À,tÃHffit.ffiL{!. âØùt, !.+¿: t¡cT¿

øtìô)" EA-c¿1.

. Â,/¡ffi¿:. Hþäff.rn+àst.fLùl'. 7c 0)l¡Øffi,flþffi < o)¿ì-#

t.t. å ãà à i'r. +åll

(/lt, Good fortune

b

*., Ê,H?Êi>t¡u-0)Iì ô ) "

&#ØXì*.)

-

| ØÉE ?l+ÉnF¿:iú-ì.

)-lØ&EvmLÈ" (tc¡4¡"u

-# ¿

fl*

1.2-10

Lå.-t*L¡

L.2-6

9-

L.5-7

-T€â

L.4-14

T'>

L.4-13

Ënrc Þ]*ø,/vly!ùc

1.6-i 0

Èvrå¡

L.12-2

Ð.-L

L.4-15

lÌvrËlrr làcå.(

ù>ø

ùrro)*

1.1-2

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1.4-B

1.1

Èe)r (-Ë)

1.9-4 L.5-4

--Ëî(B)

L.13-7

?iÌ¡,ë.Êoî

Òt>lc

t.11-2

4tt'lz

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-w

ÌttÈ-->î

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1.2-3

ZILEU<4> leLl¡, L.13-14 Ìclà

ùc

(,ù.FüLl¡)

L.12-6

L.13-12

1.5-9

L.4-3

t.6-7

(å ¡*) [Eà r*v¡ (lc) FEà rev'

3-9

L.5-2

L.7-2

-t¿->ùJ,tïèoIT

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1.11-11 L.14-7

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L.8-7

t.10-4

tcù>ùc (purpose)

1.5-5

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L.1-12

tcÈ> (when)

1.1 -1

ásË

L.12-7

t¿È>,/ .>t¿È>

1.1 3-1

rèòû

L.15-7

1.13-i3

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L.4-2

Ì¿.t* ,È.9. L {,

-

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i *r Ìtf

B

ta

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5-9

1.5-i 1.1

1

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L 11-6

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t.14-3

4 6¡r (xtiy( àv¡îT) ç 5¡r (X(. y( àu¡/È)

1.8-1 1.1

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1

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t.12-4 L.9-7

â,/

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Ìèþ

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teut

¿¿ùcT6 êëùCfe.><\tâ,/te.>tc ¿ ¿ ür (-åÐ (<) ðàÀræëv' äÈ.

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(rc) ¿ t¿b

t,

1.1 5-1

1

1.1

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1.1

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L.6-2

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1.8-3

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L.13-4

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L.14-4 L.2-7 1.1 5-1 0

1.6-3 1.1 5-1

L.3-2

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1.1

4-B

1.5-6

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1.7-6 1.9-8

L.11-4 1.1 5-5

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1

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1.1 0-1

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L.4-1

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1.1 -1 3

L.3-7 1.1 -1

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f

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1.6-8 1.2-2

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L.1-7

Causative-passive

L.1-14 L.7-4

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1.5-3 1.9-

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L.9-2

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L

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L.4-6 1.9-5 L.11-7

tLâ,/ trtLâ b iùC-teut (¿r)ffrþlaì¿r bÙTîT þùltùt/¡t¿¡

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1.1 5-3

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L 12-5

L,7-B

3-6

1.11-1

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1.8-2

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thick omelet (in Japanese styie)

ð<ä

address to send mail

1.9-ffi

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to

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United Stâtes of America

1.13-ñ

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ùrLlEl leg; foot t>LlclüHl tomorrow trLê tð â lËtÍfr âl to break one's ieg

lnl

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to shower (someone) with (something)

1.9-â1

b ¿ùrtulffirLl- longing; yearning ðË I#l morning

Ë

L.14-+2

1.9-ffi

L.12-^3

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circle

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L./---"ñ.

to gather

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1.15-â3

to raise [¿t.]

to correspond (to

L.7-ffi

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L.1s-#,2

etc.]

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L.4-^2 L.7-^2

L.4-ã

warmly

to have a headache [i¿., the head is

1.1-â3

L.1

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to give

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I

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to keep company with; to be a companion to

bùTâl-Lùf

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1.5-T

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ðì,¡( [ffi+]

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to give

2-Ë

1.1-â3

addressee; the person you are talking to

1.10-# 1.1-â2

L.2-T

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1.10-â1

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greeting

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t)

1

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towash

beforehand; in advance

lË
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to comeby (ameal) to walk

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1.1-ffi

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one day

L.1

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first-rate

L.f,-ilù

l'Êßl

luttered when something unexpected happensJ

1.10-Ê3

[ma1e given name; often given to the oldest

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L:4-ffi2

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bbÈâ'z

to adapt (to

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L.14-#,2

to combine

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to show someone around

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[H]

likethât

1.11-F€

t.12-fr,

stomach

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1.1

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[Ë+lc]

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5-ñ

1

1.3-ffi L-

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1.13-ffi stylish; chic

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t¡

[iUEl] lfamily nameJ urùtÀ[H_R] opinion ì/rd[Þlæ] after to be comfortable

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r

t¡ r

L. I 5-81

L.14-ñ,1 L.7-^2

intimidated

1.15-â2

L.s-â3 1.15-ffi2

1.8-â1

ì/r, L Å ùT l"d>U> t..Ffffiôl hard t,¡a?( [-E] apairoffoorwear v\?0)È 13¿ì

before I knew

it

lJÀL¡ < t*ffiel

(dependíng on the context)

(someone else's) younger sister t¡

r.p /a.¡|

3-#

1.4-Ë L.4---oñ

1.10-â2

1.10-Ë 1.1

3-ffi

L.l1-#, L.6-+2 1.2-Ê i 1.4-+1

1.12-Ë

àlä

1.12-:út

(-f ) U¡ à -> l-+ â [honorific form of TT] (-rr) U¡ä to need -; - is necessary u\It"ù\ à-â ll.tl,æ à-âl to change

U\blþl

to get frustrated

color

U\þW6

va¡ious

so-called

Xi tm*l

1.15-ffi2 1.1-â

1

L.b-ãñ

L.1s-â3 1.9-â1

U\bU\b (rß) lêÀ (rÂ)l

U\hl.

3-;ñ

! flar þ [rrr& reÈ å årH 6 ]

bad cough

L¡ à ur

1

1.1

1.1

ì.ì?þ [ìEÊt] anecdote l.¡Ø* /¡ [ä[Ë] lfamily nameJ t,¡.1ìÀz). [84,ft] different culture t ¡ * v¡ [â#] lfamily nameJ ì,rA [Ë4] meaning r,¡öi ¿äÌ"lffië/"1

1.1-â1

I

1.8-ffi

L.¿--ñ ÌJÀ( É ù3 [*ttÊffilc] generaþ t ¡ -¡ lf i î t-Ë?l on one hand or on the other hand

a

1

L.7-E^1

clericalposition L.14-^3

to have

ì,ìËùfÀ[-æ] most L-5-fl t \b àì0) tô Ìrfâ ?ffiØ*l some women L.|4-ffi,2 L. 5-E1t U¡Ë,1ìÀ [-A] one sentence t \b t. 1,, à- /-ë 2 l-E H+Ll 10,000 yen bill L. 0-â

L.12-ffi,

t,¡atJ( [-ÌË] one nighfs stay; overnight stay

L.12-^1

t.1-+2

1.2-+3

1.5-ffi;1.13-Ê1

very hard

ù¡a

t.2-ã2 ù¡? C [,ä<] to hurry; tobe in a hurry ì'¡/È< lfr<] tohold [ut.] lwrittenexpression] 1.8-ffi once

2

L.T4-=,tN2

L.14-r

L¡

t,¡Ë ¿'[-Æ]

\

ì,¡->

5-ffi

L.B-â1

Japanese style pub

to be dispirited; to feel

L.4-#,

r [u c - årâf r ] t¡ l U\Oëb[t,ra$] aroundwhen tr¡"¡ L¡ [-ffi] together L¡? L å a l-+l throughout (one's) life u¡., LÀ iùTl'ù>u' t-afmôl V

1

1.1

1.1-â2

U¡ùl/¿

ùrEå.+ [EiÉE]

1.1 1-F€

unexpectedly

!r ð¿ Ëåtì/¡ì/ì [Æi/ù,Ð¿rì/rì/¡]

per occasion

dont know when

ù>hfeutT6 t*Ê9-äl

bLtaà,5

[-E]

son] 1.2-â3

1.1

1-ffi

L.14-:û,2

impression

u\hv x jùc0¡¿âlñ*8ffiâ7 - left an impression on (me) [u.i.]

L.15-:n2

L.1s-â3

,ì VT'r 7/ t

1.8-ñ

Atnencanlndian

\l"N iTâ LíIHTâl

to quote

1.6-T

-ì àt¿*is [--Lrtt] concerned

as far as

-

) /ì¡r gargling t a ù,lJti [lEli ]

i

L.12-^2 lhumble form of

å.Èìi ' [mi]

lhumble form of

L. I 5-õtr

and

X6]

(to ask)l

1.5-â

j ùtzïtà-â can be observed i ùTeIl l9ttl receptionist

1.8-â1

iù
i ¿"< tø< I to move [ui.] i VI4l cow <"

tf$å

(-Ø) ib

Cl

to fade; to decrease

L#Zâl i2âl(-1.)1*61

i ûtaåtrl tolay

-)

[r.i.]

(egg); to

givebirthto

Û

(passenger) fare

L(/'LW tëffi+l àL¡åì[4É] movie Ò

L.t-fr,

extension 1.15-ffi

1

1.1

i-ffi

*iL¡t)ù\ [Èj#lù.] cetebration tå i à- I'T 6 tI6#9- ä I to cheer for

L.7-^1

3-ffi

t./-="ñ

tôì D6 '[(-t3)¡6Dð]

to agree to; to accept

þi D6't¡ü D6l

1.1

to adapt

3-ffi

L.14-#.,2

¿5¡.rvr IBXJ

1.5-â2

West Ui¡., Europe and Á.merical

1.6-â1

Ì5àâ to end; to finish [u.r.] *i*iðÐ lltñl downpour; heavy rain ISJSI¡¡ [åt ¡] there is/are a lot *j*jù\ùC l/çlìlc] much; considerably

L.14-ffi,2

female office worker(s) [i¡., ofÊce lady]

L.14-^2

*i *i

1.6-â3

L-

l

--erÌ

L.14-:n2

L.2-^2 1.1-â1 L. I J-Ëñ

àà-¿ Well. lused when looking for a right expressionJ

ål

-

*s*sëå.[iffi]

1.10-â1

*i*içÛ i ltfH#l

1.7-â3

L.õ-E¿

ùt /ù ùÍ*i *i t \ lt, ë lÐùT rLdt Lr lÍ the more (students) Ihete ate, the more

L.12-^3

å1.å¡aLF¡s] influence Luro)TlI lX¿Wl fmale givennameJ àlJttõlfiffil

L.14-*2

1.9-â1

driver (byoccupation) 1.6-ffi

smile (on one's face)

1-ffi

[u.r.] 1.6-Ê1 t-r)VlOLl

to give abirth

i hbl-lÆÊJ

1.3-ffi 1.1

without hesitation [li¿, unreservedly]

1.1-â3

lu.i.l

1.6-â3

U-õî

1.10-ffi

tË¿tl i à+È Lì/\ tobe envious ì âlæ,â1 to sell [zr.] ì Àå¡tr.trr [B¿ìVrLr] lucky i

* fried shrimp burger È. à.-ìì tË"ììl to choose à-â læâl to gain; to learn à-l-l#l fate;karma à-l'ÈutTâ IËffiÈãl V

I

1.12-r

to complain of

1.8-ffi

àl'b xÌÈrLD¡ i iÉËffi-Ll à-l'0 xr¡( [ËR¡¡(]

1.1-ffi

EL [type of noodle] * i [Xg] horse ,*tuâLeO+.ãILâl -)

à-ëirl-lÌfFËl

1

1.7-E

Edo Bay

1.1o-ffi

1.1

to move (to

science fiction

to visit a far-away place to compete in sports

L.4-:út

a

to be born Gn/ at

;LXJL7 [SF]

1.4-â3 1.10-â1 1.2-Ê

1.3-â1

1.14-â1

to copy [ur.]

->l¿à-6

1

1.7-Ë

Ò'llfi'>l to t5rye (messages) i z ( LV. [*Lr.] beautitul Ò

5-#

1.1

L-

within the domain of -

i2Tl+Tl

1

L.14-ffi,1

receiver

i là

1.3-â1

to greet by bowing slightþ

ZTFT '¡

(

Ëõ

lÍ (

tml frain station È.Ëì'rÀ[Htr] railroadstationempioyee å.L+ ( T6làffitâ) àË

1.10-ffi

lplacename] the professional

*i*i$if [tül lfamiþnameJ tôIð Xb¿ ö'tJtgûl $eatioy t*JìELl reciprocal gift (-ø) lezl.ùT(f) thanks to *sÈ¡ Lv¡ strange; odd; funny

1.3-ffi

sumo

1.7-ñ 1.6-â3 1.3-Ë

*SÈ.å L

1.5-+3 1.1

1-ffi

rt;frþt6 tunny ft;frlþ hot rice porridge

1.11-tË

1.13-â1

L.12-*2

*i¿s*, [/¡,11] lfamily namel tiå ä tËå äl to set up *o' < t4l the back *; 1 u) l¡à:f- tË ì89-l ro send 12

L.11-^2 L.12-â3 1.7-Ë back

1.8-ffi 1.9-T

tËðl to send #
1.3-â2

to'¿å < lR

L.¿-^¿

ÈifiDtlElDl

iS¿feì 11Íìl to carryout; to conduct lusuallyused languagel 1.3-ffi 1.11-â3 *i¿ ã to scold angrily *iëå totreat (someone) to (something lusuallyfood

in written

or drinkl

L.6-È2

)

*sså Lå.18ffiËñ*l ozakiDent¿lclinic *jðe)å lwÒ:á1

1.12-â3

to put away (to include) [u¿]

L.1s-ffi1

*ið à tÈrml plate *Së àôàr,¡ [*j¡Ûrht.]

tòLà-âl#Z6l J5 DS ¡o'"

toteach

*5L¡ i åÐ [{¡iËIl] È LA ti.'#l castle i5"ûV¡lf [+sffiË] *;

1.9-Ë washing dishes

to be indebted to someone

¿5/Êù¡ Dlc

[*¡ÌlFl:]

rbke care!

*j/¿z)¡U¡ [*sE^v.] each other *sË+ t*s#l (seen) tea

( Atl$X
1.9-ffi

1.9-ffi 1.9-ffi L.i

i-â1

tt'+l

e)

ùa

please.

å.¿¡

1.9-FÉ

L.14-*2

remember

6 [*¡ H ù:z].å.6 l à i I lu.i.l main

*ið

ù3

tó+

i!ãffi1

L.5-õ'¡

-;

t#l

to give importance to

,-

parent

t lfï [Ã'lffl

L.4-*úÌ

1.15-â2 1.6-+

1

[¿¡.] L.1 5-ffi (person) tåì2 l"t¿l:,4-ltrvY^l Dutch 1.8-ffi tô ì, ì"t¿È Ì'lrf , v Yffil Dutch ship L.at-8,Ì to exert linfluence]

*i9*iÀSttttvÆl

1.9-ffi

lname of a movie theater]

1.1o-ffi

L.ö-il

L.|4-#2

burden

1.14-â3

L.i3-â1

L.B-â1

L.12-:ú¿

tõ$l-l)6let)Ê.Ì"Dâl *j

1.1-ffi

L.2-#û,

Jsða(þþtrrlfi2ffþ¡rl

1.15-+3

1.6-â2

1

L.1-+2 1.10-â3

*.;ûL¡È9-[,Bv.HT] to recall *S6 LåU¡ [mîÉr'] interesting

L.12-^1

1.10-â1

Buddhisttemple

*ilfàå l*Hzâ) to learn; to commit to memory; to

to value

Js(ðàv¡ [*¡?tftv'] *ô<à

1.3-Ê

L:lT [lsÆu. LËT] tili L t*iäl chopsticks *iÀå t*rE[E] bath t5.tÀ¿ i t*.-f$l tunchbox Jsla¡à¡v¡

L.1s-â2

*iËä t(ilBl!)Wbâl [u.i.] 1.5-ffi jo=¡ å [*] husband L.14-ffi2 *¿'l 9 change;balance of money returned to the bathroom llit.,pTace to wash one's handsl

*jlaå¡V¡ [*sffiv.]

1.4-Ê1

request

heavy; dull; leaden

tofail (anexam)

purchaser

(someone else's) older brother

È6 (¡¡) t+(/d)l

[ui.]

t:tåù¡ [ìEùr] *ô?þ â l(,.-â)A,bâl to learn *i/¿ trJ.El lfamily namel

J5l3r,¡ðÀ [*iEëÀ,]

1.2-â

1

1.1-ñ

same

ti

]

to be late

to be surprised

to meet lhumble îorm of

1.1o-ffi

ã

I

1.1-â1

NewYear

ù: rs

<

1.11-FË

end-oÊthe-year gift

¡t b E re â lt.Ëãfr

*i¿ tËl sound L.7-à2 *i¿i ¿ tffil youngerbrother ti¿ ¿lO tFBl men's section ofabathhouse L.1O-â3 *5¿ L/¿* t+J+:Ël NewYear's gìft of cash 1.9-ffi J5 è t¿ LV¡ quiet; submissive L.14-È1

tô9

1

1.7-â3

6leë)w9 âl

-; to get out of(a vehicle) 15â Lffi6l to snap *¡þtr¡ [*¡&] gift of appreciation be finished; be over [ui.] $bâl$bâl to get off

*jÀÈr<

tË$l

*i¿iùÀ,tññl

music

hotspring

L.O-8 1.1

1

3-ffi

1.9-â3

L.2-È2 L.

J- õrÍ

1.10-ffi

,,,,,ë#*Etl

tS

Ìtte@

lkÐl

women's section

of abatlhouse

0-â3

1.1

[iEtI] [t*ffi]

1.15-Ê3

abtoad

pleasant feeling (sensation) 1.15-ffi2

¡þ.v¡ð[/r#] L.14-ffi1

( lffiEl]

å¡V¡ð È.ìrr?

( [!tþl] < l*Ë]

1.8-ffi

foreign country; abroad

1.6-â3

super express train or bus

L.7-+2

lt ut:CÀ,TL tElffiTLl a selÊservice style sushi restaurant

¿rì/rùÍ

ùÙVrl¡ràÈ>T

counter

UfrerTl lwritten form of Æà r¡r,'t]

1.5-ffi

1.1

1-ffi

L-Z-ãn

L.12-^1

complexion

L.5-ffi

¡ä.tlåtI( [ÃtrËA< ] to catchacold Ì¡? 1 l*ffi] family å./êU¡ [#Æ] problem å./¿ð å [hÉ] broken [e.9., Japanesel

l¡rbñrlrlÌfrfiÊffi1

(something) returns [ui.]

lffi] [trê]

1.3-+3

1.13-# 1.1-â3

È¡JSU¡å

ù\l¿ÒùI â lfrttlT

to clean; to tidy up

matter 1.8-â

1

1.1

1-ffi

1.1-â2

L.l4-ffi1 L. I J-fl

lu.t.l L.6-ffi L.15-:úr,2

one's sense of value

1.1

5-ffi

1

l¡rbâ DW /|füfÈ#$] standardofvalue 1.15-ffi L.7-^2 z).Ë ¡ ì t#El section chief Ìt¡->ì¡'0Tâ tobe disappointed 1.8-tr; 1.11-â1 7D\'2 å llÉfi] vigor; liveliness; vitaliry; energy 1.1O-ffi ìr,o
to have one's own way; to do what one

0)$0)ltr.Øãl

person who handles a particular business

ùr.>

ltT 6 tffiËTðl

pleases L.14-^1

to stride; to swagger about

L. 1 5-ffi

1

å.c&( TâlfrffiTâl

lltllrâ it takes lwith respect to time or moneyJ [ui.l

(-lz¡¡,¡'Y6

û.Ë'9 l-ffi I

as far as

12

-;

L. I -8,I

1.15-ñ2

concerning

È.Sàl t(-Ì:)Eàfl notiimited to å. I à t¡ V. [ (- å lÌ) F à /¡t.] not necessarily as

long as

-

t(-)Ê.å l(-¿c)mãl

would have to be the best choice

1.9-ffi

1.6-â3 L.

t5-ú¡

1.1

0-Ëñ

¿t( vrÀ[-ëH1

Ll,T 6 LWEf 6l to believe frrmly ( Ë [åtü] various parts of the country

ù' 1

t+fl]

åì<

.,ìì

¿ì<

/L* t+Æl

to play an active paft

å.(t,¡ [*Ë] ¿.¿

college, undergraduate

level of education

1.8-â1 1.15-ffi2

in

-ùr/e

àìta LL¡ [7ËLt,.]

ñ.fÁåTt [¿.9']

fJ,fsòf, lù,ll

surety

ì¡rte\

speakersl

sad

withoutfail

-

1.3-ffi

t.1-È2

lfamily nameJ

I wonder fgeneraþ used by male

not necessarily

L.7-fr,

home; family

i tfiffil

å.fa à 9- L ö

school loften used for names of schools]

zl.

tËfl to lend å.9" tryl number

L.6-+2

togohome

face

ùrìrru)

1.10-ffi ¡ä.SÀ[/<ù] volcano L.l4-*2 ñ.D [ã:F] housework å. L è complimentary close used by women 1.9-Ë 1.1 3-ffi å.DoÈ.À[$Ëffil] orchatd

âl :#T Ìt>fcâl#âl

L.15-ffi,2

on the contrary

ù,à-âlWâl ì¡ràâ Liliâl È.tS

1.15-FÉ

i I â 1ffiffiÈ6.1 to liberate

Ì¡.à->î

1.1 3-T

È.T

to open up the country (to foreigners)

I l-õî

L.1s-ffi2

on

z).ð

looking after one's aged parent(s); care

¡à.v¡ð

L.

1.7-â3

[amoviename]

ìJ.lI6lWTâl to put [lË*] past

x or Y

¿¡ì/¡år¡r ¿.ìrrå.À

behindsomeone'sback

å'ùlÈrL+ tËrfi#l

@tt-*' -å¡-

å.llî[Hf]

f4ì/\ l¿.9- L ð -rÁùrl

fairly

L.4-*,2 1.2-Ë 1.3-Ê 1.8-Ê2 1.3-ffi L. / --oÎt

1.10-ffi (-tc¡f) l¡teþt¿t¿t L.l-^¿

L.14-à2

to be no match for; can't win

L.15-ffi,2

È.Øi

L.15-ffi2

tEIËEl

possibility

321

ù,0)D¡læf.1

she

1.1

lt)v?Vv.7tr\î7ltyl-

ù

[name of the author]

Ìt ts-ç U

trt

to cover up; to make up for

)Vît*!

ìr

)vîr'tY , -

a

av

7

kind of adult school

L.14-ffi,2

Ë z).V¡

1.10-â2 1.4-Ê3

culture shock

1.1-ffi

culture centerl

ùrfLlÉl

lthird-person pronoun for a

å\þìlìì/¡

cute; lovely

1.14-â1

male]

L.B-ffi

1.2-Ë;1.4-â1

ìJ'b\\Ziùc i feel sorry for you. I sympathize.

ìt t>â

l*bal

1.12-FÆ

to change [ui.J

1.4-õñ

fjtfufis

[¿i.]

lf¿tf¿lë àfr1

å.ÀÌt!r [Hffi]

1.8-â1 way of thinking

L. I -õn

1.9-Ê; 1.11-â2

relationship

È.Àùlt,¡ñ.t,¡ teüâl welcome parrSr ìt,1,ë j l) X ¿ a 1ffifrffitr1 sightseeing å.À D tË+l

1.5-â3

frip

Chinese eharactet

[(-l:) ffi Lf] concerning z).ÀDç [,8ä] patient ñ,L1.â [(-¿)ffi Då] to feel that l¡, L L l,Þ ù>.tB) ã [Bð,ù. äJ€Ð å ] ùrÀ,1,T

to gain interest

iô E à- â lffiüã.È, z

to feei impressed

¿.À¿ <

tffiËl

1.14-â3

fffiffif[] mechanization Ëåìàã lÊæì-âl S frt,r7)r

L.J-rX

to change (one's) clothes

1.10-â3

( [âú] planning äì¡,TâlñlYTâl

å å.

1.14-â3

to become a nafinalizedcitaen

ã¿ùt'ä

le|i r¡)fiÈìl6l

1.12-Ë to feet

as

if

-

1.5-Ê

-)

1.1

ÊË¡ì tâ#l industry; business S¡ ilâlæ#fâT tostartabusiness Ë < tftl < I to work effectively å < ¿È0 tfim9l consideration (for,-) È

O- ãr¡

1.8-ffi

al 1.7-â3

L.14-ffi,1

L.15-#,2

1.15-â2

L.1A-ffi1

1.15-â3

3Èa ¡49P1 season

L.9-#

Ë'ÈÀ¿L
north

L.12-ffi L.1

ål

to expect; to count

on

[¡5¡r¡ dirty Ë Cå. ì lftìg i I to be concerned about

å"rã(À[4trÆ] â

L.15-:n2 movie director

ðÀL+ tB[ffiã] marriedperson SD¡oz l*æl technology

$ /¿14¡r

L.

L.14-#,2

L.J-õ'T

É

Ë/ctr¡Tð tHffif

1.11-ñ

0-ffi

Ê¿
L.f-E,T

L.O-=fl

1

t(--)Hrðtr1

during the period (when

L.4-# L.12-ã3

L.Õ-att

Êå¡"r( [(-?c)fi¿Ð<]

to notice (something)

Ë/¿

lt,l'EìTâ\ffiüTâl to be moved; to be impressed

t

machine

1.9-ñ

t.7-ffi,

ìtrlr? ) lffiÆ,1 one's thoughts/impressions ù'À,tcLte) [ffiS(¡¡)] simpte; easy

ù' L ë ì

1.5-â3

to return to one's home country

/¡,*>61?ë)l\b6l to replace someone

[#St*]

Zf¡hbùÞi

Ul¿.,

hard

Ì¡,À,tÞì lÐffil

to borrow

,,

ry

inviting someone to join (a club)

à.*ù¡ËÈÂ, å.* < à ùC9 lffiÈW) Kamakura-sryle carrring 1.9-FË ùì*,LTâ t*EÈ61 to endure; to putup with L.i 1-â3 L.3-^2 á.4r lffi] paper; sheet L.4-ffi, â'à /è [ff] body; health â.à/¿ä+Te>â l#ëþfe>âl ìt,9 â lffiu¡ a1

to do one's best; to

L.15-:n2

it'sallright; onedoesn'tmind 1.4-â3

to rest [lif. to rest one's bodyJ

ù{À'll,â

coffeeshop

o-ffi

L.14-iñ,2

1.15-ffi2 L. 1

1

-ffi

1.11-â1

posrage stamp oîl9lîl è for sure; surely

L.5-T

åa

/

L.7-à3

c,à [S16] ticker Ë Ù3ì,¡6 [(-Èr)fiÌ3^ä] to like -; to be fond (of -) å

1.10-T

1.1-â3

fil:r].¿.ãl

(something) bothers å ¿cå.¿.å [(-Èr) someone; (something) makes someone uneasy L.11-ffi something bothers one; to â ùcfa 6 [ (-tr) fi ùc r¡ ð be concerned (about -); to worry (about 1.1 1-â

]

-)

1

I I I I

tttt'ÊËã*El

8tJì"Tâ tBBâTål Ë..ììÂ, tfiä'l feeling

1.13-ffi *bv>< tüù)
to commemorate

1.1

Ìf i i#gl wish;hope å Ìf ì L+ tñS#l one who wishes

2-â

1

L.J-õn

Ë

to do

-

1.3-ffi

1.3-â

final exam [l¿f., semester-end exam]

1

L.15-:úN2 * I rules L-¿-ãn setphrase Ê* I {rÀ< tÌ*Ë9I@l L.z-fr, å * ä ti*Ë äl to be set/fixed [ui.] I 7|lH you [Itis generallyusedbymale speakers L.1'^2 toward someone equal or lower in status.l 1.9-ffi 3Ðâl#'e>âl to decide [¿¡.] åÐä i(-13)i*Ðål to decide (to-) [r.r.] 1.13-ffi

å

öË tfr#Ël

Ë {¡Ët,¡t,¡

!è.>l¡'j tfrä-tri I to worry about âtoÙaleÊ)frt2ùIâl

1.10-â3

feeling

ä

<'ðì.¡

[Râ]

( È¿C

L.1

1.4-â3

L.12-È2;L]2-E

although; in spite of

( Ë t [n]

job opening üit., mouthl

( Ë'[n]

mouth

Ë+?).* Lì/¡ [E[ÊLù¡] critical < ËäÌf ËÈl [BälåðÈr] tobuttin

1.10-â3 -{At-ffi1 a group ofpeople doing the same thing L.¿-úÌ

L.14-ffi1

1.1-â3

+û t{E+bl

<

å ro ì L¡e ilâlWMf âl to absorb 3wÒ0 ¡i tffifll salary Ê ¡i t(1#J)ffi1 alittleoverå¡ìUt< täËl education å À i ¿.ì'. [äâ] church É ¡ iå.L¡ täñlêl textbook É ¡ ì LtäÊnl teacher

< à L Iæà

1.15-ffi1 1.1

1.10-ffi

xjV t.
Ë

¡ å. lffi¡I]

1.9-ffi

<

3-ffi

<

1.1

1.8-â1

Ë ¡ ì Lz [äË] classroom å ¡ ì Dre iä#l professor å ¡ i ¿1. tRPËl interest

8

2-Ê

L.|4-#1

L.J-ÃJ

1.7-Ë L.1-È2

tocooperate 1.15-â1 L.4-r

permission

lastyear

L- I -È1 a

àìrr/¿

to regret

Ll living; life styie < ÈrTlæòTl tolive ( à'r<[(-¿)E l<] comparedwith V t) 71* 7 Ch¡istian <

such that; to the extentthat

6L7rl#Lbl

suffering

L.

I l-dtt

L.

I t-#r

t.13-+2 1.1

1-ffi

L.O-En

1.9-ñ L.14-#,2

{/-ù,1-lÊffi1

warship

1.8-ffi

llVrlfÀ[#Bl

experience

L.4-ñ

lÌt,¡ ð [HT]

[female given name]

L.12-#,

honorific language llit., respect languagel

t âlÊâl

to wear

1.9-â1

lvtè) [üiÉJ lTt,¡8Lr [#Ë]

cut]

L.7-ã.2

1.14-â3

ù]t,rð[tr#l

piercing pain [esp. in

tohangup (aphone) [l¿t.,to

L.14-ffi,2

L.l-È2

someone]

stomachache/headachel

6lqâl

L.11-ffi

1.11-â3

L.14-:il,2 ôa l#Xl hardship; suffering name] 1.7-Ê3 < å ä *, tRiÃl lfamüy ( þ Lr,. [# Lv.] detailed 1.8-â1 < ì"1-Å1 [a form attachecl to a name in addressing

reference to a

Z

1.8-â3

lffiåürå]

1,7¡t¿Tâ

to assemble; to put together

ì LP i Ur'llll lthe name of one of the four 1.8-ffi major islands of JapanJ Ëp

t.14-+3

1.11-â3

Z$o)lÉWJl

Ë+( t#l suest Ë"+ < ùc [üÌ3] conversely Ë ¡Þ i å. ttf[E] vacation

-;ñ

< /¿6o) t+ryrl ÍÌuit

L.10-â3

kimono

--in

L.12-ffi

<

[fi#Ët,.¡.1

to have

L. /

airport

Cì{ùÀtlB*l bvchance
3-#

1.4-ffi; 1.11-â1

condition

I

1.9-â1

/-tJl-lìE+l in recent years

comforlable; pleasant; to feei good

3 StJÌ'l*+l å I Ë I (ffib)

1.1

to pqy attention to; to take care

t*.cLùTl'lÐl*ilffi1

Ë

extremely fwritten expression]

I

1.12-â3

1.13-â3

tendency

L.)-õn

economics

1.3-ffi

323

lwTâ13ÍHTâl to calculate DùË¿1, [fi]¡¡fEl bulletinboard ùlì.ìDÌgt[ä'dj] art llVr?( [#ffi] continuation lltrt/¡trttÀt¡ t#ffi€ffi1 cell phone r$ut\lvè, i lf < {fÀ t.R¿e¡fit*fiJ ùlu\ë

L.þ-Ërr

lll¡

lname of

ùtìrr¡

a

i lâlMæTâl

f-YI

ce1l

tâ#l

L.14-#,1

L.4-ffi

to express figuratively 1.1 1-ffi

1.10-â2

phone

1.2-â3

this morning

L.2-+1

ùlLå tFêl scenery ùlT tlHTl to turn off [ur.] !1.¡¡ä.lffiR] resutt

ùI->è

1.1

1.11--ffi L. I-E

pretfy; quite

j tTtffiffifr-l

0-#

L.1s-#,2

finaþ; in the end

ùla ë i [ffiffi] fairþ;

d

L.5-^2

fine;good

ùI.>èLUba à/-l#MßeE.) L.9-^2

wedding reception trI

o

L( -

fe U¡

[i* L(-14

t¡¡]

by no means; never

II

">

L

ùf

-;

to resolve to

oTv\T6 [(-ù3)i*ËTã]

Ì19 t'T

1.1

l)

1-ñ

/'T â t (- ¿ ) i*,ù'Èãl

to be determine¿ ¡o

tTffil

1.8-ffi

-

to decide

1.8-# L.12-È2

diarrhea

êl â lf ffitT âl

to have dianhea

Ì-lRl prefecture ùTl-läl sphere

1.12-E

ùI

1.1

Ì"1ül decrease llÀt,¡Ë lB-l lmale given name] IT l"z1'1 lc lffitttlc] strictly ùl kìJrÌ'| l9'Ð) front hailway ùT

1-ffi

L.14-#,1

1.6-â3 1.15-ffi2

1.4-tr

ùT/.ù,lu'z lË,ffil entrance (to a house or

a

building)

l'8 w , l-o lffinÉl ùlÀS¡ i t*#l II

(professor's)

holding two jobs at the same time

lll'Z Llnel ùlÀðu¡ t4&l

324

l&EØl t'I/-Zl-Tâ ùlÀSuro)

curent

L.f,-Ã

offrce 1.3-â

I

1

L.14-:úÌ,2

cash

1.9-ffi

now

L.12-ffi

1.1

s-ffi

1

to be modest; to humble oneself

1.13-Ê3

ùfÀÈV¡ [ÆE] original title llÅ,/êl¡ L t${t_Él contemporary

1.15-ñ1

ùlÀl¿ì,r ð ø) l#¿ß,Wl L.7-^2

rlnn

lla Ë ¡ < t#El

8-â2

1.1o-ffi

train line]

¡-ðfulKffil ùlð

L

lT

/.b <¿.tig$*l

history 1.5-â2 contemporary drama 1.7-Ë

archirect

Ùl'àt"tTâleâ)ngf

-) ¿ì,¡CJt¿ [Æ^] lover; sweetheart ¿ i ì.r i Àì ùc this way; in this manner

jù,l"T6L*Wf â1

iìl¡'LTsT, exchange program

¿i St;Ë#l

L.

i

¿i

LàÀ|IF+EI]

0-â3

1.2-â1

to exchange

1.9-ffi

L-5---on

lecture

Ë

1

1.9-ffi

^lÞ&ïv/,al

¿ì

5-ffi

â)

to see sights (of

¿

1.1

L.

l-

õn

L.O-úù Oi tË#l highclass; first-rate a ì ¿ i DÈu¡ [Ë&Ë{t] hish school years 1.2-â3

[name of

a baseball

stadium]

-dì Lzt-ËËl Room-ëì L+ t-å#l number - car ðÌ L¡ i tæÈFl' nesotiation ði L¡ aïó-lf'iúf â1 tonegotiate ¿ i.tlurã ì E) l- ¡ i lEÆfrMÊl

Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare

¿

i'rtilFl

¿

i

À

i iil#l

lplace nameJ

L./---"ñ,

L.s-â

1

L.i0-â1 L.ð-õr¡

L.J-ñ L.i4-ffi1 1.1

fall colors (of leaves)

0-ffi

L.4-ffi

ì I + < tæffi1 the iatter part omitted 1.11-ffi t.2-*2 à tËl voice ðâl< tffi+l language srudy 1.8-ffi (-Ìc) ¿ 82ù16 to manase to L.14-ffi1 ¿ ¿

¿å ¡ i o)t.iple$ØWl hometown ð< tffiAl words and phrases ¿ < årU¡ [Elrl.] overseas; abroad ¿ < Ë ì,r70r< ,ìì lElH+*ül International Division

è ( ä v¡( å ùa [ElHÉllc] internationalþ ¿ < rlÊ D¡ i lå lElffi.l]

with respect to nationality

1.8-Ë 1.1

5-ffi

1

1.8-ffi

L.J-ãñ

1.1o-ffi L. I J-Ër¡

rrttrH#i*El

è ( /at,¡ [Eñ] ¿ < lfÀ ljRæl ¿

<

domestic

1.1O-ffi

blackboard

I

L. I5--E

1.1

¿( I ¡< tEltll nation'spov/er -)

i ¡¿¡t fnfftl in one's fifties è LÌ i TâleWTâl tobreak down è DÀ,å

i

À

:r.îr,Æå

v

77

tutor

tobe treatedby someone tunny; comical

3-Ë

1.8-â2

L.14-ffi2 L.i 1-ffi

-¿ ¿àrîË ä ëë,fe6 [(-è)Rreð] -¿¿IcTâ

lwritten expression]

-

¿ ¿"ð

word(s); expression(s)

[ã#ø*.r,.¡

t+Bl

choice of words

child

:tÀ connection(s) ¿Ø&lff arl fiking; taste ¿ 0)Û

t*fðl

¿ ÌË+ L

d¡fÀtðtr1 :1

U-

¿

to like; to prefer

t{'ffi1 !)

I

J-õn

1.1-# 1.1-â3

it has been arranged that

¡

tffil å

tâ+Hl

lfamily name]

cookedrice

maklngcopies; xeroxing

L.2-f L.12-ñ, L.¿---on

1.8-â2 L.1s-ñ,1

1.15-â2 L.7-Ê1

1.6-â

1

1.14-â3

L.14-ffi,2

L.1s-â1 L.9-^2

navy blue this semester

ë1"3'> L/¿ [ùE*ËL/c]

crowded

tâËl one of these days il'teà,ì ù3 [¿Ài4Ãù:] inthisway aì"Ê,/,'l+WJ tonight

L-4--ñ 1.1

0-#

L.1-^2 1.15-ffii 1.1-ñ

@t=--' /

tVù,2ëa l+T-, )v#ü)

extracurricular activities

L,5-õ,¡

f-+j--,ìì9 t+Ì-ll-Krl pouringrain ü-È)(q À i lÌ-È;aHl $atuity

L.2-^2

- ë l¡ [-ffi] - years old ðV¡åÂ,[ËlÊ] recentþ ðì,¡ðùc lËælcl atthe end ä V¡ L ¡ [ËäJ] beginning; first ä t,¡/ÈV¡ [Ët] iargest ðu¡À[Fåõ] wallet SV.9 ¡ i tf¡fl] materials; ingredients

1.7-â1

*ll u

-Zë,1=f¿,.aa66

lf tÉ#l

L-

1.1-ffi

L,I?tsot¿ -E has been decided/ ananged that

ë è lfC¡ä.t

L.6-^2 L.15-ffi,2

1.3-ffi

it

¿¿

1.15--ñ2

1.3-â1

can

-)

1.2-â3

ë lvì¡r.>

qf-

to decide to

1.7-E

1.6-â2

À

L2-ffi L.6-^2

to be crowded

¿

(-lc) ¿È*¡àr*u¡ not to be particular; not to be picky

è 'r llt,r (¡¡) [iÊffi (r¡) ] (-Ø) a¿ it's about -

lìðbl

3lî 1 - comedy ðù)À sony. linformal]

1.12-FÉ

1.1

¿rlÊ tF#l famiþregister ¿Z ¿4 ¿ in whispers; secretly

to be different (from

tr

-)

¿ À ¿'

llÛ)t v v zv) private

¿b?iEfeâ

¿

to have difficulty (with

1.6-â2

L.14-#,2

individual instruction; private iesson

¿Dl"V

L.4-ffi

¿û>Ì"f¿ not acceptable ð&* [rJ.¡l¡] lfamilynameJ

l'lE^ä#l

Dlo

1

L.12-à2

ðD¡Þ

ê Lâlt ùI â lFtìr,tI â) ¿ DÀ, IIEÎ intlividuat

5-ffi

1.1

è L/¿è è låt*u¡ [(-13)üL/¿¿ å!Ìler¡]

3-ffi

to neglect to write for a long time; not to

[(-Ìc) Eã]

¿ if 6

À< TâIfrEETâ]

to master; to overcome

nothing can be better (than

/cTä

ë,ÈìË

correspond for some time

silo

ð ìr¡t2ì/¡

Ëå

[+L¡]

even

Erù

1.1

1-ffi

L. I ¿-úÌ L.1

o-ffi

1.4-â1 L. l)-ôta¿

0-ffi

1.8-ffi L.4-ffi,

lÆl,1e)l ðåù3ltElc] ahead (ofsomeone) thriving

ålÍ¿'trElräl ð < à D* teÊl Mt. saturajima ù2a7zf cherry ð Ìlä tTllðl to lower [¿t.] ð ¿ < t#Ell national isoiation ã

O-

1.5-Ëñ

L.1

fortunately; luckily

ðårît#Tl tolookfor ðå.Ð ¿ trEäl [famiþ namel êl¡,1, (fe)

L.

awhile ago

1.8-T

1.9-â3 L.7-:út L-¿-E¿

t. I ¿-út L.1

0-ñ

L- I J-õn

L-2-È1 L.ö-E

¡

ððà6lf.Z6l ä9-å¡

as

tosupport

L.14-ffi,1

I expected

Srùå tÆffi]

1.13-â3

1.10-âi

seat

äZì L#il to invite (someone speaker) 3.¡ L [*ËÉS] magazine

to do somethingwith

tlre

L.7-T L-Õ-

E

5

ëo11-TâL+fr-Tâl to lose no time in

ä a ùf I

ä<

-ing not at all

-/At¡¡

Ë¿ ä

i

t{Ëffi1

Lår/càìlÀ ì/ r [ (-

to have no choice but to

tìLV¡ [trLu.]

s,lì¿À

L.s-â2

tonely

1.14-â1

[m..¡r¿¿,]

a small cushion for sitling on

1.7-Ë

to loaf on the job; to idle away one's

ë å t [&] fpolite from of ð.t ä * ' [#] stâte; way (a person ð Ë l¿ùl tlá¡ll obstacle

time

1.13-ffi

1.6-Ê2

J

does

something)

-ffi

1.1

1

1.1

1-ffi

ð ¿Jì/¡ [æì1r] cold [with reference to weather] L.2-ffi Ë

bùlå$f å tæfi¿$d'äl

ð

Èr

à tr¡

h$l

Ëàùcr

to feel a chi11

<' tffi

<"1

a

lot of noise

ffamilyname]

-)

äÀ.tlu¡Tå [(-lc)ËÆTã] -) é l-Z i lú#l mount¿in cottage *lV t rú-7 SantaClaus

to agree (with

3 Ì,t¿1, (re) \fr,ã

ttrl

LðLr

326

tòl

poem; poetry

lilâ]

same

regrettable

)

{f tr/sra¿rl

1.9-â2

-

l{fËr¡u.l rt can,tbe helped. 1.3-Ê1 Lå.r)cffi] grimace 1.12-â3

È> [

L.2-^2

moreover;besides to scold

1.11-â3

l)ìtrl"lt¡t¿'t lffiFf,ÐtÈa] LÊ tfrl ceremony <

L
I

(ffiür)

reference to

time

passes

1.1

L. /

L.14-ffi2

L.7-ffi

L¿ < [EEI] lsmallest of the four main islands]

1.1o-ffi

D¿< AÀ ì tffiå'Jæl (train) schedule 1.10-â1 self-introduction Dð L¡ i rä.V¡ [Êa#t/t] L.t-fr

quiet

L. L.1

1.1

L.

I

5-úr

1.8-â3

t.7-È1 1.1

3-ffi

L.7-È1

t-úi

3-#

5-ffi

1

L.l4-^3 1.10-â2

L. 5-õn [H#] itseif L.s-ffi [ffi{t] age; period D/Èv¡ ü ø tffiftørl period drama 1.7-Ë l.t¿'Je¡tTË41 holdingalowerposition L.14-ffi2 Lbùcl-ØëTtàì,r [t^øffi] I

D/¿Lr

[a movie name]

L.14-:û,2

-lx

to have a dul1, persistent pain lused in

D/¿1,ì

L.14-^2

1

atoothache/stomachachel L.12-fr

LTå. (re) [ËSr. (rÁ)]

I t-úr

1-â

1.9-Ë

to 1ay flat (to sit on)

L.7-ffi,

L.

äÀ¿i t3Ël 3high's ðÀDoi < i=!ãËl tripleafflictions é À'l.l-l=ffi1 strike-out

!

1.7-rÉ

é/'ù'lâleÒ*ffiTâ)

to particþate (in

L

Låt{¡ Ll¡tâ

]

Däfit[ffiËfit] jetlag DLro ì tHËl selÊstudy DL¡ ttrål dictionary èl-l-l9Ðl self

L.l4-ffi2 t.15-ffi2

to make

Ëþbà tlX+fl

L.12-^2 L.7-+3

samurai

furthermore

äàlc':u'¿ t,

Lz)./¿t¡V¡ Lìttd> ->'z

L < Ig

üTJä

ð

1

1.9-â2 L.12-ffi

lfamily namel

L

1.8-â3

well; now [used when switching to a new, usually

more important, topicl

y-r-T U- lcNPl gross national product ! z1 7-lVlJN Japan Railways L.t-^2 Ð t'l 14 -È- [mB] JapanTbavelBureau 1.10-â2 Lâ.-t*tr¡ only; no more than L.2-ffi, D¡ã.( Tå tÊHTãl torealize lu.t.l 1.1 5-ffi þfr þ however; but 1.3-ffi Ll¡rt¿lltÈl way (of doing something) 1.1-ffi

L.7-ã3

[*Hùc] actuaþ Dz D ¡ i t*'lf5l cunent situation Dtùc [*ù:] realiy; truly D?lù [*et] actually; in fact Lplfu¡Tä IXWTâl Dz

Ë v¡¿c

to be unsuccessful;

to fail

L.14-#1

(status) L.14-ffi1 1.1

5-ffi

1

1.1-â2 1.1

1-#

I I

I

ttrtt

l*Ðrl

D?.1ì?

actual thins

Excuse me (, but ...)

L-Z-fr

1.1-+1

Lrl,rÈÉ rlÀ,lhâÊffi#l 1.10-â1

U
13

1.15-ffii 1.4-â3

automaticaily

1.4-Ë

Lt¡ [ffi] merchandise 1.9-FÉ ( Lùf,å ,àì I for the nrst time in a long time 1.2-ffi LÌJð lffiãl to tie (someone) up L.15-ñ,2

Dwitc( DD¡ i

Dp

( t4l

1.5-â3

LrO

( /Èl¡ [ßE]

LÈL¡

1.1

the end

Dûv¡À [$#F] office clerk Lù3 9 lffie>Ðt)l deadtine to indicate

perspective

L.s-â

Giants lname of abaseball

team] L.7-^1 L.s-â2

social education

1.2-fr,

l)l,l&àLl

a working, fuli-fledged member of society

l-+LLl$Hl L+'\å

picture;

ì L ¡ tËFfl

1.1-â3

1.4-Ë;1.6-ffi 1.3-ffi

address; place of residence L.1O-È.2

Løì l- ¡ ( å.2âì ttretrtl

job hunting

L.15-ffi,z

LwìLx<3-å|ffim9-ål to get

Lø

a

job

le.g., aI a

j Ll'lWhl

tË^tr] l-wl=Ìtl*El a person in charge L¡PÀ tlñl housewife L¡¡4 tðuñl hobby L¡e å

Dwl"LWTâ

iË+fäl

-

lJ-õrÌ

frrml moral education

L.l-# L.

tJ-#

1.10-ffi

L.s-ñ

tuirion

capital

¡ ì t--tl

L.

-FË

1.2-ã2

l-w2Ll'lfrhl one's home l-w ->b À i tHtEl business trip

LÌ

i ìr¡Ìc [Hml:] around (someone) -Lw ìå.À [-t!t|ül] - week(s) Løìì¿,À,lBßl custom religion LoìåÀitñäl

1

1.9-â3

L.5 - Ãtt

1.5-ffi

1.1-â1

to parlicipate in (an event); to compete in

1.8-Ê2 1.14-ffi2

1.1

homework

I'If,l'ùc lilH#lc] i tæÆl use

freedom

L.14-^2

L¡e(li( I ¡i tffiiÉHl hotelcharges 1.6-ffi Uwfz x aTâ l*iÉTâl to assert; to insist 1.12-ffi l-w.tl)¡,iTâ\frâT6l

Dw

to chatter

tÉÈl

L.1s-Ê2

L.4-^2 L.14-:ffi1

after-school school

photograph 1.2-È; 1.4-â1

LrÞ

DrE

1

1.3-â2

L.15-:úi,2

t+fâ+l sociology L.çå.Lrååiù.< tifâäËl

DùÞi

1-ffi

L.14-#,1

L+å.r,¡z)¡(

L+å.r,¡

L.J- út

i t##l ciass jU ¡ j t#*Hl

1.1-ñ

L+ tægfl ,+,¡7yy

tÈ+SrÊrl

ì è trllill state capital Dø i Ìe l' (re) tæ$i (r¡)l flexibie Lwìùcwi tn^l income DP ì 'à¡Àt+âl enough Dp ì'l¡Àøv\bl+ftØ'l one tenth L¡O i ìtr? tìE*l weekend Dpi ÀÌ (r¡) l¡ã}e(re)l imporränt

DÀÀtËâl oneself L* tEl island

Le>TlñTl

1.1-ffi

housing conditions

DroS¡ D¡oS¡

El

D¿.Àtfryffirf,l

ten plus a few hours

LO

resewed-seat ticket

D¿"i <Ë

t:wiTi

1.6-â1

Lz*¡À tHF¡ll question L2 tL\ \ 1T ìrr [* it ?l,rr]

I

*

!Ë Ei

D

L¡ L¡

i

taking turns

i

0-â2

L.1s-ffi,2

1.8-â1

1.8-â2

L.i-â2

lrJ.Ë&l

1.14-â3 L.1i-ffi

for reasons of

L¡ ì S¡ i tË#l

1.7-ffi L.

toobserve (theruies) 1.15-ñ2

r\lrr [#11'] introduction z)¡( Ë Â, tæ+êl scholarship

Ì L¡ iå¡aèì

L./--ú.

1.1

1-ffi

1.3-+2

elementaryschooi 1.13-ffi

commerce

1.1o-ffi

D¡ ì å ¡ i tfiWl condition; circlrmstânce L.t5-ffi1 D¡ i L[-hEr] one'ssuperior 1.9-ffi l- X ì l.ì¿rL,Þf./iþl decrease in the number of chüdren due to lowbirthrate 1.5-ffi D¡ ì LË tË#l commonsense L.15-ffi,2 Ù

xj l'+lïl"t*if#l

passengerticket L.1O-â1

I

L¡ìL¡ìI+*1 (time)

a

little; short

Þl,l

lformal lor

1.8-â

1

L¡ ì D¡ i t#tßl to dse; to increase L.14-ffi1 D ¡ ì L ¡ i tlFl D¡ ì T(¡¡) [(-¿Ðl*(¡¡)] sood (at-) 1.1-â2 Lx)Ìcu¡T6t#lffiTål toinvite 1.7-tr;1.9-ffi

Ll,b xa lhÊl height Ll'Icw ì Ètr. [m¡+]

l|x)lèl'lnf*l

joke

LÀùJùìÈ [,ù,mÈ]

D¡ilf ì t##l D¡iÈ( t**Tl L À i à ù¡ [F¡f]

information

symptom

Lx

i

9

<

to land (on

lã

L.

I

l-ûf;

1.10-â3

L.s-ffi LÀ.,lrttrñl

-hE"ETð] 1.8-ffi L¿-úT to

offerameal

L¡ ( å"Ì tÈËl diningroom L¡ ( ¿ca( [F*lczq ] :mm¡'¿ LÀ<À< tÈml appetite D ¡ ¡llv [üÉ] advice D¡ LtÐãÐl particle(s) D ¡ D ¡ 13 [æ¿ Ìc] gradualþ D¡.ùV¡ [AÌ*] woman !ay7 shock L ¡ ã V¡ [êäi] document

L.2-ffi,

ùÞ

i

ail the time

,úrú716 lTavu967

to st¿re

Ll"ù,ìuÈ/,t#S+ffi1 butiet train DÀ¿ i t^tll population DÀSt t [Àfå] person of talent

l-l'ë"llþ#l DÀDç tfr+fl

examination of

a

patient

Shinto shrine

Ll,Èvrll,ltræñl

newproduct

bride

V/.àìl-á D ttrHÉ¿:fl newspaper articie V l-lï lìÉBJ improvement; progress L /, âUt lffiffil retative(s)

L/-6a l#Bß1 sroom fvrÈÀD ¡ i tffiËfi1

L.4-ãñ

1.13-ffi

1.8-â2 1.9-ffi

1.3-â2

-T8 6

to do something too much; too

1.14-â3

1.3-#

1-ffi

L.12-#

Tayman

L.1s-â3

a 1ot

1

1.1

lEt^*Ftrl

L.s-â2

quite

L.i0-â2

Vt,

L.O-8,¡

1.1 1-ffi T j D'>t. ålc [trHtrlc] several days ago 1.13-â3 7-Y suit 1.1 5-# Ti l!/-lff.^l severalpeople 1.1-â3 Tà-lx1 end L.4-ffi -l Ê t-if å I fond of -

Là.Èå [ffi^'ð] ,)v Jill <

to worry

fVt,lìÀ

1.11-Ê2

to check; to look up

1-ñ

tobe wo¡ried

L.12-^2

to inform (someone of something)

l.ô

L.f-d5 1.1

letter of recommendation

LbÈâleY'&)fròÈâl

l'ôi ¿l#Ll

new student

L.1s-#2

täffiìæ#l

screening by application forms; selection by examining one's papers

L.1s-ñ2 L.14-È2

LÀùå?ùfùì ttr*Ël

in the tuture

[(-ù:)

Ø^

new producl on the market

1.8-ffi

-)

L¡ävr.ìlÀ¿i

Ll'o)lêØl LlvIJt \l â t,ù.mïãl

1.9-ffi

true

treaty

L¡ ( DtÈ+Fl meal L¡ ( Dä/êllâ¡fÈHfl

328

LÀ{àå t#Hl relative(s) LÌ"?c L+ t#Säl :+XL/¿tdn.b

1.12-=,^, 1.1

1-E

1.10-â1

L.4-+2 L.15-#,2 L.12-ffi 1.1

0-ffi

L.1s-â3

?- < tffi <

I

T(

[,]/¡v.l

/et¿¡

lðL¡ T¿<

to

-

llke [urJ few; 1ow in number

creat! (to rain) hard; terríbly;

9-ðltþCTl

tremendously L.2-^2

to spend (time)

x:r y l. rvFl:l-17:v

l.7vFÀl

scot

TD plotofafilm TLÈTCä6ITLëEâ]

1.6-â2

to make sushi by hand

T9-b tìËtrl

1.3-Ë

to advance

TTùâIWùâ]

to urge (someone) to do (something)

-f-t - each f "> t. far -etby fat Tfùc [trf:] alreadv Tt6 to throw (something)

1.13-# L-4-õn

away; to discard

l I

l I

,,,,,+=*Erl

j-lf à Lt,. wonderful; terrific ¿l l.l( TÈ¡tËÈri :wr'â (-lc¡¡6 to decide (on -); to haveltake (-) lþ6 l(-lc) Æ61 to sit (in,/on -) rà

tËl

one's height

L.4-â2

.ttÀå*¡

L.iO-ffi

herself to housework exclusively

1.4-Ë 1.1-â3

È/.¿iTâleë)ëürâl

because lused when something affects one negativelyJ 1.12-â1

( [1frÊ] character, [!ËÉ] life

personaliry

.f

¡rfr2f

standard of

¡r

D ro À

qùì,¡ D

[4]å]

ÈV¡

LÀ(

.Èlz¡'ülr¡ 'Èf,¡'ÈË 'tfL¡/¿

(

å

ùC

bill;invoice

1.12-ffi

ËlrÈlr-f*Ur fffg-la¡rl ÈÀl¿( tiftml laundry

L. I 5-õ,B

1.13-ffi grade; academic record

L,5-ür

qtV¡

1.5-ffi

student; pupil

(ra) tiËg (r¡)l

'ÙJ5

i

L.14-fr,2

i

to seat oneself (at a t¿ble)

fl/¿ì,¡ [ü{t] .tl-2 ¿.

(

"Èa Ë

¡ < (Ë

Èô {¿ ì

L.O-

generation

1.14-ffi,1

with much trouble ¿c

[il98]

[Ël&É9lc]

ã 5

L.s-â2 actively

explanation

1-ffi

L-Z-ffi

by all means a group ofstudents that meets

1.1

L.1-Å2 regularþ with a

designated professor to study specific topics

Èe)<ù¡Ë ¿lÈÐ<-Ël atleast once ÈÂ,V¡À[ñÈF] crewmember

1.7-Ë 1.9-â3 1.8-ffi

1.1

1-ffi

L.B-ffi

âl

it

to advertise

tâtr]

Èl'9 +(

1.1

1

-ffi

L.b-Eî

CenttalLeagae

L./---øn

one's senior (injob, school, etc.)

L.15-#,2

.rÌËù:z< iffir3Ë
ClzÐU¡

â lÈEf þ2 l- 7lV. r) - I 'È¿'ltì'ì [rEË]

comptete opposite

1.7-â

L.4-+2

captain of a ship

l"l

to carry (something) on one's bacl<

1.10-#

not at all

move)

'ÈÀlåÀtffi+l

lttjt] world È* iffil seat

1.1o-ffi

to make a move before the other person does (in anticipation of his/her

ìÌÀ,,1ì

.tàâ.v¡

L.7-ffi

È/-<ë421ft+èfi21

L.15-#.,2

proper; reasonable; just

t¡EEfül

L.2-ffi

7,À,1ft,t+æ1

Èl'b x i tËtæl

È /"A

(rr) [HlX (¡¡)]

.lÌù¡ùtÀ/¿r¿¡

L.7-ffi,

L./--ñ

.tlÀL¡o tË*l

Èl"Dwa

1.9-ffi

ì

t+Ell Èl-LT â lWfrT âl to die inbattle qèl'l)2lft,Hl the other day

people native to the land

extr av agant; luxurious

Èv¡ è

1.1-â2 the entire nation

1.6-â2 1.3-ffi

formally

at most

å [!åft]

1.13-â1

-)

.üÂ,¿ <

1.12-Ë

[#5TfrÉ9fc] psychologically L.15-ffi2

[E#î]

to major (in

1.1-â3

player seiected fot a team lusually athletic]

ttåtÉ¡lr#l

politics

Èì,r LË lc [iEfrùc]

L.3--õñ

L-4-õn

living

Èùrå ùoì L¡ tãÈ:FÊl 'tlt,¡ð ì [Æt]l success

1.14-ñ2

1.4-â3 1.4-Ê1

qÌU¡å¡1t

wife who devotes

"èlvùT2lftnl lastmonth rlÀ¿ ì D l#YÊ+l [name of a templel

.Ètr¡

.ÈU¡å.

ì L¡eÀte+Ìffi1

L.14-^2

fißthalf

L-

all

l --oti

L,5-õn

(Ë¿C[ffiffiÊ9lc] stratesically

1.15-ffi1

Zì lÉl demographic ¿) Vr IÌHìSJ difference Zì fJiùc l?tùtfl¡ü]:l initsownway

1.15-ffi1

êilt,lBlnl

L.14-#1

i

Z ìt, ë u t.> but; and yet

?i ¿i

increase

î

lZ

ì

/¿,

ëâ

->

L.14-:úx1 1.1

1-ñ

îl L.s-â2

L ¡ ( i#âffi1

regular

position

1.14-â3

?iT¿À.Tâ Iffi#Tå]

to consult (someone) about (something)

êì ¿i aÀ tffiäñl

L.s-â2

:Mr+rr

ZÈlr'1Ðft1 ancestor(s) ?l¿2L(-?)È21 togrowup (in-) Zt¿<â [Ë<6] toraise [u.t.]

1.9.FÉ

1.8-ffi

t¿i.l

1.1-â3

L.l4-ffi2

l

r I

Z2€ xaT6let)+#TâT to graduate (from

/ct,¡

-)

Z¿1911

outside

ZØi b ?Øìbo)

before long; one of these days

inplace of

that

L.2-^.2 I-EÌ

L.2-ñ

I saw you last; since that time

lZØEl

Zo) ¿ ô

Zo)TcL?ØMl

?Øtrtlt' ?üËç

and others

in that case

besides; in addition

i?l{El

t7 T?ttl¡È> ?tLÙ?

in those days

lZØEÈl

?o¡È,ù>ut

noodle shop

L.4--õîi L. I 5-õ,l L. / -Eñ

L.5 - õr1

and then; after that

morcover; besides even so

1.1-ffi

to respect

to be to one's disadvantage

Thailand

-/¿ì,¡L¡Ë

l-ffi-) -

/Cì/¡rÞrì¿¡

[tâ]

/ÈV¡å¡(

U¡Â,

t#ffiãfl

flrst

tlermometer

(big) tournament

[/t+Ë]

(

V r Â,.tàì, ¡ /Èr. ¡ås graduate student

graduate school

in conÍast; as opposed to

[f,S (¡¡)]

L.14-ñ2

/Èv¡L€À[tÉf*l /¿ù¡

[Zif.,

Llc [tL/¿]

mighty nature] significant; great

the general public

L. I )-ãrd

of

L.B-â1 1.3-â

toward

I

L.4-ffi

ftody) weight target; object

-

1

L.B-ffi

import¿nt

1.5-61

approximately; in most cases; in general

/¿u¡è[trÆ] anitude /ÈU ¡ è L ttämñl very big city; metropolis u

¡ 13

D.Èå.ì, r l¡ ¡ rÈ'1" fffi

-:

mostof

/iu¡,ììP [;t{À] big statue of Buddha ¡¿¡r.r.U r À a È 1"" i iz\+lËtr{þl

L.15-ffi2

/cL¡rÀ/ê [t4È] oh, no! /¿Vr9 ( [lÞE] continent l¿L ¡ I z [lüü] opposition; confrontation

)-dD

1.12-E

l.l-:úr

t.1-^2

1.1

3-T

L-Z-f,

t¿U\blllâÉl rbiwan t¿ZTlffiàtl constantly Ì¿à-âleÒßì-6.1 to endure (-) tË*l lfamiþnameJ /¿å.liL[Ëffi] [familyname] t¿Ìt *.6 tÉË61 toincrease [u.i.] ÈÊ ¡ ì 16l*ffiTâl to compromise I¿ùìL fmale given namel l¡ Lå. if t remember correctþ

/¿å.Ê"

t¿Llt

l?.

[ffiø.1:1

certainly

tcLxi l*Þl alittle L'1o-ffi ftTñ'ã.lwÌ¿'âl L.

I

5-ó't

L.J-ñ 1.1

0-#

1.1

0-#

1.1

3-ffi

*ürFttr]

Paciîc War

L.

L.3-F,ñ,

lÈU¡,1ì fairly well; to a large extent; pretty much 1.4-ffi 1.10-ffi

t./--ñ L-L'^¿

1.1

5-â

2

1.13-ffi 1.10-ffi

L.|4-ffi2 1.15-â2 1.6-â1 L.7-ffi

1.15-â2

t.1-+2 L.4-^2 L.f-ilù 1.1

3-ffi

tobe saved; (something) helps [u.i.]

L.4-#,

j lÐù¡6i1

1.9-ffi

t¿TùIt>

330

1.15-â3

L.14-#2

L.14-ffi,1

important

L.14-:n2

Èì,¡Då)Àì allright l¿\tT6 l(-Ìc)lüTãl /cL¡lÈ? (¡¡) lÌfl (r¡)]

/cU¡lùÀ[i#]

L.1-^2

l"l#ffi1 /cr.r L [(-]c)ff Ll

Mother Nature

i tt*l

i t#Él /cì,¡ L ¡ i tfü*l

È

ti+H¿f l

personal experience

lcytùI

/Èt,. D (/e)

/cìr¡ Lrp

WWII

@,=*"' /¿t,¡J5ÀùlU¡

,o*u.u

/Èu¡Dl3Tð [7tSÌcTå] -

1.13-ffi

L.¿'ùi

?l'IIutT6 tëüTål Zl-ëTâ\ffiëTâl

L.7-^2

to take a good care of

L.2-È2

tLI.î{ l-
? lrtlst¿V t L< Lz in response to that

t,l

¿'¿'

è/*ù¡]

1.3-ffi Èù¡lc¡¡ 1.6-â1 1.12-â1

sofa

Z|Lù3V<6

/¿t,r

lct,¡ Dtp

?o)¿lzØæl since

[tL/¡ð

(-l:)

L.12-#

?Ølt't¡\lcl?Øß,bt)t.l

è t*tr¡

not too good; not great

L.

amongthem

Llcð

1.1-â3

to help each other

6 lWrùJ âl to help [ur.] tcTtaâ tÊüte6l to visit t¿TùT

tcTkâ [ãteã] /clê /c/¿å.Ì [tri ]

1.9-ffi

to inquire

1.1

just; only

t¿t¿l¡,i

1.9-ffi to flght; to compete

L.7-ffi,

to frght

L.14-ffi,2

/¿/c Ë ë, üt [ (-lc'..ä) W å ìÄÈl] to hammer... into -'s head

t¿lÈLt.tsl /c/ê Lrr¡

[¡E

fcbttz

L.1

[ma1e given name]

Lv.]

Icl¿7¡.l$l -/cË t-i*l

1-ffi

s-ffi

1

L. I 5-ú¿

matfot a Japanese-style room plural form

1.4-tr L.1s-ffi1

instantþ

L./---on

tc'21 t¿'t' lÈ'zl

to stand; to be built [¿i.]

tèoÈl'T6

tffi#f,9-ãl

1.4-*út

1.10-ñ

to derail; to digress; to ramble

t.12-ffi,

Èa( [Æ/ëc<] I, aiso lc->î,V> 6 lÉc(r,rål tobe standing tè'tb l1ã-LMWTâI to drop out tcîÈ>o)lÊWl building /cå åùf [fr]àlf] for example

1.7-â3

lEtr]

t¿o)Lt: /cØÛ¡

fo¡ward (to

t+Ltjl

[#lb]

-/cô'ÙC

to enjoy

-;

everytime

Ì¿àil"l*ft1 /¿Ë ðtúFl ess

ù: occasionaliy I¿1,â to accumulate [¿i.] È¡à (¡¡) not good; must not do l¿dtÙ= inorderto

-tcb

)

-t¿òtT

L.z-ffi,

L
3-ffi

t T] 1.9-ffi 1.3-T

-

L.S-Ë; 1]4-ffi2 L.Z-ãJt

to be

tr

ù

1.1

1-ffi

l 1.1

s-#

1

1.15-#2 L./--ñ 1.7-^1

(-lc) ìgÌrtsv¡] it must be (-)

L. I

3_â2

Ëåìi tËi I 1.1-ffi Ëå.( IijE( ] nearby; inthe neighborhood 1.1-ffi Ëå.C( [(-Ìc)ìEc< ] to approach (-) tur.l 1.8-ffi tcì¡'È> l1¡l strength L.14-ffi2 to differ; to be different

Ë D tm¡fl governor Ë LË tfrffil knowiedge

L.4-*2

L.l-^2

bDÌ-tNLl acquaintance At-tüEl map b'zl)x1ffitr} -t>+ j Ë+

1.1-ffi

t.12-*1

order

1.1

¡p

0-ffi

1.6-ffi lcont¡actionof

( I-Ël

f L* i]

L.2-ã^2

1.9-â2

[counter for suits]

to be proper; to be solid; to be in good

-bwi

bwiu\Tâ [ÈËTå] advise

warn; to

bw

L.4-ñ

L.s-â3

to caution; to remind; to 1.4-*; 1.7-Ë; 1.11-;ñ

i lsi ¿¡t ¡ëa ('Ë []F4ülfLtrl

central ticket gate

bw j *; j

L.t-^2

¿i dl" ttr*â#l

Ë

L.12-#,

1.5-â2

l--+1

L.15-^2 1.11-+3

shape

in the middle of doing something

lname of a journalJ

L.15-#,2 sufficient

[

L.15-:û2

1.1-ffi

tul1or-

t¿9 â IEU âl

L.1

L-l-#

to be hesitant

when

1

1.6-â1

/¿ìn

È>

1.5-Ê

tù

1.1-ffi

t¿l-lgi lF,æl heating ËV¡Ë [tüÐ] region 1-^ team

lvT

L.7-^2

to request

whenever

-

r

L.12-*2

L.14-â.2 t>+/,þ.L
-)

probably

ï¿d>

1.2-Ë L. I J-õÎ

lfamily nameJ

t¿0)lÌüøl other lcØLf¡I! L(t,¡ * T [ (-ä) * LïrÌ. to be looking

tc Ì'IC. 1 lt /eì/ r l$lc -<¡ not merely; not simply

Ë àrìr¡ tßtr¡

correct

(time) passes

/c/eà.

/êäV¡ to feel tired; to feel languid /cÀ,1¡ [lF{ü] credit (for a course) lê¿4,'Ètr¡ [4T*] man; mate ÈÌ"f¿/-¿ gradualþ

L.1s-ffi1

L.1-^2 i ås( ttrSl junior high school bw jì¡,0 À i I ttr#H4l chinese food 1.13-ffi re

tcwj¿i.ttur[trË!È] junior and senior high school students

Ë

ro

ì ð( ðttrEl#l

Chinese

bwil'x < tEßl lunch bw j l-l"l+'ùl center

language

1.8-â1 1.13-ffi

1.6-â2 1.1o-ffi

j t¿l'14+l middle-aged 1.1-ffi t> w Ò +¡ /'T â lÈff âl to order (something) L.6-T tcWjU t,< t+ffi] themiddlepartomitted 1.11-ffi t>ø

ä¡ ì ð tffiäl

suwey; investigation

Ë¡i Ltffi+l

condition; state

[ü^trlc]

tt x ) Dl'<ä

lC

bx)Dl'à:9

tffi^-lìDl

superhumanly

Ë

¡ ì ÈV¡

L.s-^2

L:4-#2 L.l4-ffi2

[colloquial form

1.11-â1

Ë¡ ì/cV¡ð < tËtþ¡l

superpower

1.1

5-#

1

1.9-ffi ËÀì å" exactly L.15-ñ2 6 ¡ ì ¡f tffi4l cooking chocolate 1.9-ffi laaV'h L.1 s-ñ ä ¡ L+ [tr#] author b t2 L [a kind of sushi; a box of sushi rice covered with 1

1.6-â2

small slices of fishl

tìüãXl

[f.f

e8&ri tfüåâil

?leù3

[Hù:]

?* t*l 2t,l)

1.5-ffi

the following year

L.s-ffi

(at-)

1.1-ffi

to arrive

L.i0-â1

tnasaTaà always hvritten

expressionl

wife

1.1

[ffiì/¡] strong -Cþtrr :-t: ( t'

332

1

,7

polite

L- I -dr:

kids]

L.|4-ñ2

-)

< Ë ¿ i (¡¡) [ü5

îCË tHEl

(¡e)

]

âppropriate;

suitable L.1-ffi L.7-*2

exit

<¿6 affordable 7ìf l f - fashiondesigner (DrOÂ,[?ffi] procedure <-)< t) l+fÊ91 handmade tg^ìËl ¿È+Lr

-ñ

L.

¿- atl

L-l-õn L.1s-ffi,2

tot¿kesomeoneto

1.1-ffi

L.12-ffi 1.8-B L.1

0-ffi

[+,ÐtD+vr] 1.8-â2

(?ç [ffiæ] staying up all night îtettt¿[*H{trl¿] familiar;welþracticed

l+E^lLâl

1.7-â3 L.12-ffi

L.7-+2

to obtain

(.,5ì9 t+üF9l (hand) gesture <Ë à t(-ø)+ffi1 this side (of -)

1.1

1-#

1.13-â2

(9Såvy, )t-rÌteriyakiMcBurger ar5 ( ùrltì t¿ttâ1frâtfr,ttllÌ¿ttâl

1.6-â3

Stand out from the crowd and youjust invite trouble for

1.15-â2

yourself.

îÀ

1

1.9-FÉ

L.1s-ffi1

railway

1,15-FÆ 1.1

L.14-ffi2

1.11-â2

letier

1.1-â3

1.14-â1

]

L.l4-#1

to decline [¿i.j

fixed-pricelunch/dinner 1.13-ffi

<å*ji9-å [(-t:)üËfå]

to adapt (to

1

L.1s-â2

DINIß ldouble income no

[+ffi]

s-ffi

1.1

tÆ] mark; score; grade; point < /.'U> ÌtlÊHl clerk; shop-employee îÀ,å ñ¡V¡ t€fiHl electronic store district

1.9-FÆ

v2 À ì/r

[iÉfu
s-â

1.14-â3

namely; in other words; in short

2tL<\\(

V

quick and simple

L.14-ã1

?ðj fr¡t¡r [äüâårù¡ì/r] be convenient -tõùTâlffiITâl to continue t?ü lf,Èr] to wrap 2¿Òâleì.)wÈ>âl to work (for -); to be employed (at -)

f

T,l

<ùCu\ÌLâ

to keep (someone) company

2€o)¿l-l/.Ø+l

tËêl

1.10-â3

åê'v.]

Yft,

<

ë0

1.8-ffi

socialization; friendship; association

?< [(-13)Ë< ] ?< àttll desk

L.1s-ffi1

interpreter

?årì/¡&ì [Ær.¡i] :&r,'ä clt lt,â l#tLâl to become tired cåôr¿¡

(lrr i år or rather
<åsA

of ( Èð Ir; most often

by chüdren or womenl

?i+<

to suggest; to propose (a plan)

<ùriaì.¡ (ra)

being iike a superrnan

used

L.5-úÌ

îôi t(-l:)Hâil toruninto (someone) 1.2-â3 <\\blvTâ tæ*9-ål

<À,

L.s-ffi 1.6-â

tEfi#Rl electrical appliance L. îÀå¿iår< [Eñr+] Ë å <'

electrical engineering

(Â,Ë

t,¡

[1T]

1

L.7-â2 1

3-

H

1.1-â2

genius

L.Õ- Eî

1/-Lâ Ë tE+æå*l eleclronic instnrment; gadgets

îÀL+ t€¡Fl

rrain

1.1

5-ffi

1

L.4- õn

I

I I I I

r""+æ*El

îÀ.1à? [Eil]

legend

L.

îl-¿a <Ê (ra) tEffiffi(/¡)l traditional î1"¿.i ( Ë ù: lËffiÉ9¿:l traditionaliy Cl-bll,l,'¿i tfËtræål telephone number

l.

1V

õ-

Èrr

to melt into; become a part

1.9-ffi

-

1.1-â3

bathroom; toilei

1.10-â2

È"i å ¡O i.Èì,. [E#ä] classmate èi å ¡ ìËç( t¡fixËl arrivingrbkyo

1.2-â3 1.10-â1

i D tgffil in those days å i D/Èt,¡ tþffiftl rhns dynasfy ¿'i L? tlãfËl same room ¿

1.13-ffi

to appear (on TV, etc.) [ui.]

justtike

-

å ( v¡ (rr) [€,Ë

(re)]

to be good ar

¿ < S tffi#l special t¿lent; skill å ( L ¡g i tffiÆl special issue

( Ë¡ i tffiætl characteristics ¿ < ùC [f+fc] particularþ è å

1.1

try

I ¡i tlÉûfttl colleague;co-worker è ieUr [Ëv.] far Ì. -r-l 7 Ì. tournament ¿ *"' I l-lÊ I I jort "r ¿ < t#< I to explain [u.r.l

3-#

(.sç

[f+FJ]

special

It,/-!ffi7rl rcader; reading book ë 1 0't Ll¿[T4üL/¿] independent è'( I ç.rlr,' Ll" tätsü#5#l ¿<

spirit ofindependence

è ùltr¡

lFãfl

clock; watch

L. l-õ7i 1.1

s-ffi

1

1.6-â1 1.4-â3 L. / ---oit

L.

3-ffi

1.1

1.1

I

1.1

)-ãn

I

5-ñ

1

L.1s-ffi1

1.8-â3 L.1s-ffi1 1.10-ffi L.5-õ,I

1.4-Ë 1.13-# 1.11-â2

older

library

1-ffi

L.2-^2

local

product

I

-õr

3-ñ

1.9-ffi

special express fare ticket

1.10-Ê1

ë.2ÈÌvl*Fål suddenly å.2Ëz).èt,¡ì è [è"2Ëå.èËì è]

L.12-â3

have to choose one over the other

L.1s-â2

ifl

å(

very (much)

1.1-â3

-/ætr¡ 6 lE'ùÌ âl to deliver [¿r.] è fe I [ts[] next door; next to Ìrt/¡, F' +- Y Donald Keene èõl¡z( lftcla1] tojumpat å * ã [ÌÉ* ð] to stay (over night) lui.l ¿ * ð [(-13) lå* ä] to stay (at -) t¿¿.1 ¿

can't possibly

*¡

ë*t'T

L.i-ffi L.e-ffi L. i

-â2

L.1

3-ffi

L.1s-â3 1.1-Ê3 L.O-il

¿v>ä-1üB>âl to have

-

¿ {r/¿Ë

stay (over night) [u i.J

lÂël

1.1-ffi

friend

1.1-â2

èÛ together with; in company with (-¿) ¿ Ûù3 togetherwith àðüf/¿àÉ [Jtlf/¡àå]

1.13-ñ L.14-ffi2

husband and wife both working

L.14-#2

å {¡

å&¡ä.(

t¡ì

to say this and that; to meddie 1.1

L.

ëttØë ?"à¡\-tl*Wø*Wl åzËpiITl,,lWR#l

¿<{,

i t(-¿)mël

ase

è L ¡ å¡À [EtËÊË]

{, À

tffil

1

1.9-â1

¿"i à"Ì

L. i -Ê3 -¿¿bQÐ (-/¿) å ë, ä/ê have just done something 1.4-Ê3 ¿¿ôî bytheway L.l-*2

5-ffi

ë

¿'i

1.1-â3

tobe-ins

t.7-^2 L.i 3-ñ

L. I ¿--srÌ

somehow; no matter how hard one may

ptace

-å L( as- ¿ L< ùt for; considering

1.13-ffi

animaT

1.7-È

¿Li à-l+f]

¿"i ¿ < å.À tìËffiffi] view of moratiry å"Ì ùC O i tË^l infroduction

j ì'¡'tlffiVtl

¿¿ô1ilr|

1.7-â3

1

L.l4-:n2

ûnaily; atlast

ùtlf lcontraction of -.rà-¿ltf] ¿ ¿Ø* [rFØfñ] alcove ¿ ¿+ trFÆl barber shop

i 1-â

L.

¿i'tàì'¡ [FlË]

¿i ¿a

1.1 i-EÊ

L.2-^2

1.1

living together in a de facto relationship

of

¿

¿L

L. tJ-il

¿i L< ö no matter how hard (one) rries åì D¡ ïTâIET.)HETâ]

¿ùt¿ù[Ëllì¿¿r]

L.7-ffi

Ì¡7:f 7X ¿

I t,Rl

in (other's atrâtus) 1.14-ffi

2

Dragons lname of abaseballteam] 1.7-â1 chicken tltf.,birdl

1.6-â1

I

l

¿ ¿

u)

tq

to adopt [u.t.J u\tLâ IWV ^tLâl to manage all by oneself Vä â

è'9¡(tgrnl ¿:a-lEn6l

l.j, )l ¿Ìtël¿

1.1

effort

totake

5-#

1

rÁA

1.6-â1

quickly and steadily; atarapidpace 1.11-â i

@r=**' -

r

tT

Èr

[-

to get by without

fa*á9-

tËTl

rd ù.

-ing;

tlË b] to come offwithout

-

L.4-út

1.13-â3

to cor¡ect [ut ]

/e*åâLtââl to get better; to recover from illness [¿i.]

[jêù¡] long r¡ålL¡ [ã(tf] [famiþ nameJ fiålë å t€ffi1 lname of a ciw] /s/¡t/¿d¿9Tâ U+ÊÞTâl

L.12-^2

faÈìì/¡

to make

it up with; to reconcile

t¿y'¿tfg/¿t-

fg¡r¡

[FÐ] [name of a prefectureJ bÌ¡f¡.1*Ðl content /aã¡Ð [HtÐ] view /aÈ¡tDlc [Ë¿lc] somewhationg but; although

]

Ë

bÛâl#tiâl

1.1

3-â

1

1.13-ffi

1.10-â2 L.15-ffi,2 1.1 J.ËR

to drift ashore

+ lcontraction of -¡¡ þll"] -ta! ç/aþlaùr have to - lcontraction of -â llþlÌA å ä ù'] -/e

L-ð-lr

L.2-È2

/*à¡Ø

-teù¡È>

L.12-#,

1.15-ffi1

not easily

lafisfuc < [(-lc)ffiþË<

L.4--ñ.

Ùl

topitch

t*ðSlùz IåËE#l leavingNagoya (-l:¡ fa Db to get used to /ttf¡à. ør some reason fe'tlâl summer te->ë.1Tâlffi#Tâl to understand; to be convinced

1.8-ffi

1.9-â3

L.7-^3 L. I -

-otù

5-ffi

1.1

1

tül

L.6-^2

r¡ 7¡.1èâ te ù*l' tiE å ùã9.l to weep; to shed tears

L.

rtà [fr.Ë]

I t-úr

to agonlze

1.14-â3

lplace nameJ

1.10-ffi

f

te È> u t t¿î, ol lË ù. lc øl thing which one hasjust learned

L-

/eà,ìi [lE'l¡]

L-l-^5

to stand in line [u.i.]

(-¿) f*È> I'f síde by side (with -) fe I lc lfrm] Narita (Internationat Airport) -fa\ì:. in-'sownway

b6lÊâl

1.1-#

1.14-âi L.2-^2

/eär\( ifpossible; as - as possibie /a ã lÍ è' I see. tefu6l?lc)Htuâl tobe accustomed

L.5-E

(to

-)

fe

l$tèl¡,]

somehow

4>

1.13-ffi 1.1

1

-â2

1.4-â3

thingslike

luî,U ¡ o î,

L.4-ñ L. / -ÃJ

leÀà.¡¡Ë tffiHËl difficultytounderstand l¡À(

¡

1.6-â1

-tgfufi>:t¡¿ t* lutèÌt,

I t-#

L.14-ffi,2

to ring [u.i.]

[f¡û<É o <

{¡

]

whatever else might be said; after ali

1.13-â3

r

fe h ëU t o T 4> [{-qt è É a ù ] undeniably; no doubt; by any account [it., no matter what L.7-È2 others may sayJ

leltë,t¡t

L.12-#,

somehow

leÌ"ë-(4¡

tl-ùÆ-<ül

no matter how many times

-

/el'EL.ta< tl¡¡g¿a teìub.te( [fif è¡* ( ]

I

<

L. I

manytimes

somehow

1.1

-út

1-ffi

L.12-^2 1.13-ffi

L.15-ffi2

t¡ÀÌf!¡{¡ t.ltffiðl manytimes more f¿Ì'IfTâ t#&f äl tobe shipwrecked

L.1s-ffi2

fefuI!1.13 [ffiJtùc]

1.10-ffi

1.10-â1

L.4-#"

l.ùra

from north to south

L.i 1-ffi

1.8-ffi

l0lãtl

to suit; (something) becomes (a person)

ùcår< (rs) [ (-¡ÞÐ Ë? not good/skilled lat

334

l

(sushi serving of) medium quality/price

f*Èð [{Èb]

EÌ"à\!) ÛØ [+üØ]

t,

ü-¡ûfi¡e(

L]4-ffi,2

lname of dish; bowl of rice topped with things like fried 1.6-â1 pork cutlet or fried shrimp, etc.J

/a

(

without much thought

L. l-ãJ

pork cutlet

telxùTre

L.14-:n2

-J

(¡e)

L.

I t-Er

] 1.13-â3

,,,,,H**Erl

-ùC

( l¡

lC

L

À<

-;

hard to

::t:lTä

difficuit to -

1.1-ffi

to smile

1.1 1-FÉ

?Ë [:êff å]

with two meals

1.10-â2

ÙCËD¡ iZJ'V'*IIHËâãfr] everyday conversation

ù3Ë.\ùr IH?ß]

1.1

Japan and the U.S.

[Hlü] diary ùC(ì/¡å [(-lc){X
H ¿c

L-

to resemble

1

L.2-:út

ùcz Ê

Ùclt

s-ffi

(-)

l--fl

1.4-â1 L.7-Ê2

(Jtå v.) ]

second (largest)

L.4-^2

ùclt,Ì"ù'TâlqãlbTâl 1.6-â3

to Japanize; to become Japanese

I=El-â Àå¡v¡ [HäiEiE] Japanese waters;

offthe coast ofJapan

1.8-ffi

Japanese reader

ù3ùÉ¡,'ìlLì

1.1

3-ffi

lH4ryl 1.15-ffi1

lCö?|ffiøl luggage; baggage admission to schooi ùC rp ì à¡( [.tS] ùcroìå¡( Lùt¿,t^+fiHl

1.6-ffi

enffance examination

1.5-ffi

ë < tÊll

lC ¡P

i

lc

ì qtËTå lL#Tâl

ro

t¿3.þì v) À < ìc 1"3 ùrbâ

t^Jfl

input

l^fi,'råãl

l" L^lÃl person; Ll'ZT rc. â lAffiT âl I!.1-Û

human being to recognize

L.l1-^2 5-ffi

1

L. 1

iaÈ *ac

L, I J-ú¿

Hey! [a way of getting someone's attention] 1.5-â3

t*l

fever

1.3-â4

L.4-ñ. taoLl"Ùc[*,ul:1 intently; eagerly have to L.14-:û,2 -*aÌIteÈ>fe\¡ 1.1 -â3 teÌïi T â lF.þÈT âl to oversleep ìJtt?i (¡¡) [ffi?Ì (¡e)] iooking sleepy L.2-â,2 1

L.e-ffi 1.1

L. I 5-ãtù

1.1o-ffi

t.14-^2 L.12-*3 1.12-â2;1.12-E

lu.t.l

5-ffi

1.1

1

1.1 3-T

L.12-*2

to swaliow

ØÈr0 < Èr9 @)

0)Ìv(ì9 Lte

0-ñ

L. / -EJ

noncommittally; evasively; in a roundabout

tffil

tf*þ.7 l-

L.7-ffi

1

owner

Ø.1ä [ìü.1ã] ØZâf¡ ltraìÀðl

L.14-+3

1.1

1.1-â1

to state

¿ù

1.1 5-ffi ù!.Ì"blâ l#NTâl to acknowledge level of name recognition 5- ffi i IC Ì"t, E læHÉl

ÈLtÌl

0)¿J9-ltFrfi]

L.14-#,2

popular

L.s-ffi

way

L.12-ffi

a bus, etc.)

carefree; slow-moving

L.4-:út L.

l5-õr¡

@tt*-'

to have one's name

entered into the family register

o).?tJ t$Èßl to desire; to wish ØËfÍ ¿' later [formal expression] Øå' throat

-);

L.ö-ffi

L.l -ãn

) -)l v I. uncut ) - \rt ú, ,¡ I North Carolina 0)¿6\ffiâl to remain [¿i.]

1.3-ffi Ø6l -rÒ*âl to ride (inlon to take (a taxi,

to enter a country

L. I -ú¿

L.2-+2

t¿l'*,21+*1 end of the year o>) € xi të#l agriculture

to cultivate; to develop (one's ski11, etc.)

ù31ÍÂ,ð¿ < ¿tÀ,tBä##äl

Japanese rnade; made in Japan

tabã IÉEål to sleep t¿â lBâl to sleep; to go to bed -laÀÈv¡ t-+ftl the -s t¿Ì't¿l'l+.+ I every year -t¿Ì-t Èà.å [-SËå.à] since - years ago

tooth

1.12-â3 percent

llv¡ S Ì i tÆ*l lfl¡/¿t,¡ [Hff] medium /ì¿ h :7.¡vìy' |

to close

1.5-ãñ

one'sbusiness L]4-#]

Itt,¡lÞÌ [ãFÆ] actorlacûess (-f¿) lf¡ä.9 have just done ùÈÉùtå¡f6 tüåfi?tsfãl to feel like vomiting

ùt<

te
tothrowup

lÌ( L¡ tÉål whitepaper lå < D¿, tÉ^l Caucasian ¿f < À t#ffi] the Shogunate ÌÈùÌtl Im*Tl to encourase

1.1

5-ffi

1

1.8-â3 1.7-E; L.i3-â2 1.1-â1 L.1

2-E

L]2-È1 L.14-#,1

1.8-ffi L.

Õ- E'T

L. I 5-En

335

tffiæl [place name] ll¿'lì[ì9..!ì] tocarry ,fy7 1 y I . r) -/- Pacifr,cLeagae ùt ¿ ta

¿å

DÐ

1.10-â2

1.6-ffi L./---on

including

-; DÐ< lþlÐ
'

lÈ

t lthnÍ) ltLâlfr,âl to run 2lZ )\7

1.7-ñ L.1 0-ãñ

1.10-ffi

pass

låfÈ. Ltr¡ [Íùfà.Lv.]

embarrassing

to remove; to get rid of

1.13-ffi L.14-ffi2

to pass (an exam)

,¡ìX
[r\XF]

Ill*Lâ

l?ù,e>)

tÌ/¿SÈJ.uì

1

1.10-â2

bath

Ìùlt/r7Tâ

-T

1.1

1.5-â

place

Ê.1.

-ùü

L,

L.

bus stop

F*tt'âl

[Ðt*r.]

1.1

to be out

of

chil1y

to become clear

t\v þ- batter lf¡>t¿V (to meet) by chance lÈ'r(Àt#El development 2ty l!-aY F happy end(ing) ùåcö¡ aT6l*æTâ1 to announce Ilt"cl¡t¡¡ 6 l#Ll),ùÌ âl to talk to BrsL¿¿rl#L¿bl become absorbed in talking

Ìtlt¿l.ãl,r [tFËu.]

wide

a l*Li

I

to pay

336

âl

1.11-â1

[àE#] crime tfÀËÅ,å,irfiÈ{El ùÈÀSL¡

1.10-ffi

:+&þÉ{r@ffi7)sÉ( äå ¿ t

ùtÀl¿¡¡ [trf,{] opposite Itl-t¿LT â lfltrTãl

L.1A-ffi,1 L. i

to

judge

bl¡ lv l> ¡

1.1

3-â L.

J-

1

õr¡

L.7-:úÌ,

1.11-â1 1.15-ffi2

L./-re

i

[E

H

ffilÉ] 1.1

/r,l[ffi] objection; counterargument ôtffi+Itl comparedwiththepreviousvear

1.5-â

1

1.1-â3

to set ansry

E,rEl- hero ôårì,¡ [&#] damage

0'¿iËtftfiffil

aþlane

ôS ôË L,ìì9 t4L.lì¡rl

U->

19Tâ

ôcthÀè

---"ri

1.10-â1

1.7-Ë;1.12-Ë 1.1-â3

L.15-ã2

for the frrst time in a iong time

[tFH¿c]

5-ffi2

L.14-ffi1

1.1o-ffi

(one's) lap

ùC

1.1

3-ffi

t. /

UÌJtV lname of abu]lettrainl $( Lrffilvr] low

ADÀi

3-â3

1.15-ffi1

L. tJ-û¿¿

It /-E

1.4-â3

extremeþ; very

L.2-#,

tobe surprised

1.1-ffi

i.û¿" tHf'f4E#l

International Date Line

L.

t-#

L'11-â1 ôpðTtãraüll 1.4-ffi

L.1s-â3 1.3-ffi

hungry lused by menJ

ItÈ>êt¿î â lffiêtcî

drner llít., evening meall

anti-Japanese sentiment

1.7-Ë

1

ùf,ÀðtùÂ,trfr¿tr1

L.1s-#,2

L.14-:úr,2

5-#

L.1s-#,2

L.1s-ffi,2

llà (¿r)^å ¡61¿r¡^.ãl to be

1.1

Bangkok

tt/-t¿tua < t¿ltflJträTll

1.15-ffi1

ùttrì/r [#ùr] fast; quick It + â lffi1î âl to be popular [u.i. ] ÈÈr

power

to make ajudgment

L.14-:úÌ,1

1

t.4-Ê2

l¿tÀ,b

t@(l towork IttcÌ'T 6 tü#Tål to break up ùtË D ¡ ì t¡fål eight-mat room 112'x12'l It2tål-lftÊJ pronunciation

to

2{!tl/a2

1.5-Ê

spring

1-É

1.15-â2

ùå/cà(

â

t#l

l-út

Itt¿òIÌt ITâ løå¿.ùlål to approach (someone)

It-> ä l) T

1.13-â2

paper posted (on a board, a wali, etc.)

ùåð

t(-ä)rÊÐl

starting with

tìt)ùy F Hollwood ùù 0 åra m9ffil

to move to a new piace ofresidence

¿1.?D[+] sheep U o LI? I'X'fti'cl desperately U->lcV Qe) perfect fit pitcher ë.vft*

1.6-Ê3

O'2 N

L.12-:úÈ

õÌ.(t,¡Tã lãÊT

i

t3t¡r

[,l.Eft¡r]

âl

not necessary

to reject

L. I -8,Ì

1.10-ffi 1.1

5-ffi i

1.8-â3 L.7-^1 L.O-út

L.14-:fi,2

,,,,,+#*5rl

tlÐù¡1

ö å"tr¡ 2 tl'¿ ¿ ¿

terrible; awful

1.4-Ëñ

unfair; cruel

t-Ël

1.14-â1

1.1z-ffi

one word

average; ordinary; like normal people

1.13-ffi

¿1.¿lf¿,t*41 onenight f)¿t) ùrâ Ê t¿l.¿ 9lFål walking tlùc( (¡e) [ÆH(re)] ironic

1.1-â3

t#flTäl

1.10-#

alone

1.1 2-FÉ

to criticize

ôô[H.+] days ô* (rÀ) [üH(¡¡)] ftee ltime] È;r.- È:r- lthe sound of the howling

windJ

1.1

0-ffi

1.1

1-ffi

1.1

3-#

1.12-FÆ

i LrÀ t*äffi] beaury salon ¿¡'¡ìÊttrfi] sickness ö ¡ i ðùl'L IEHRI Hyogo Prefecture U xì l-Tâ\ffifrTâl to die from an illness Os¡

L.

O- õr¡

da¡ime

6ôÌJrâ [ËÈrå]

OZVltLl

[(-ù3)ât116]

-)

[passive form of

Àl¿lcö[Fîús] again àIc'zd>¡-zEJ second

L. I 5-õrX

L.7-^2

Àzi lÈrÊl common; usual ,ììcå.[4äftr]

1.2-ffi; L3-ffi

(commodity) prices

parts

1.8-ffi

,àì"ììÀ,

t*ilâl

part

À.\À

(ra)

Buddhism

L.4-ffi

L.7-^2 L.12-fr,

tTæ(/Á)l

inconvenient

L.12-r

À*ÀtTi#l discontent Àtþ tel w'inter

L.B-ffi

7, z l. V- ! 77V l:v¿i

L.Õ-m

1.15-ffi2 L.4-È2

7

frustration

172

71,'ËÊl

a

L.b-ffi

i.a.,llking for namebrand goodsl

1.15-â2 Íü.,brand-oriented, 1.8-Ë

1.1-ffi

(rd)l

Tt)?7^¿a Lîr)?7Êl [nameofashipJ 1.8-ñ

5-â3

à,6 lÞäl

5-ffi

7tr+å rÐ i l7'trFff]

tff¿ffi

sensitive; susceptible 1.1

Lf Ì'IË.kùi [trX¿c] Íiequently; often û l"+ u) ¿T â to be chilly/cool

-,ìì t-#l 77-7.1.i.-À

ltrF] Ài¿it#ffi1

1.1

1

L. I J-út¿

1.5-â3

club

firstname member of a club envelope

Ài À t*ffi] husband and wife È,j L on,really.; Really? .å'àä t(-rÞÐJËàäl

to increase [ui.]

L. I -õ1

1.5-â3 1.13-Ë L- l4-^ L-l-E

I

j

L.5-Eî

to fal7le.g., rain, snow, etc.l

collection of essays

':t,¡Ê

'extracurricular activities'l

1.5-õñ

first year of Heisei h9891

1.9-ffi

-:|. Really?; Gee!; You're kidding. .\É (È) should

1

[Tfi4ù:]

weird; eery

L.1-â2

"lìÀÈÊ tã'tr] analysis ,lìÂ,lfi tÏËl sramma: .lìrLåç < tfffil context .,1ìÀ+târy1 (/a)

L.

J- ilt

1.1

1-ffi

L. I )-ilr 1.1

I

-;fi

1.15-ñ1

field

[*fi(re)]

0-;ñ

1.12-ffi

[tlL] culture 'lìÀål< tÏ+l literature lf,€l

L]-ñ 1.1

-lì1"å¡

ìÅ/tl-W a

L.2-+2

professionalbaseball

TVVV 'l 7 frontier ÀÀV¡å læffifr1 atmosphere

Fortceorge 7È-Ì..9s-Ì 1.8-ñ À¡Þ.( [fi€( ] deeply 1.1 s-ffi ,lìå.c å'ì tfliÊel club activities lin the sense of

,lìËð¡ù3

L.O-8'i)

À< ¡iTá.lEeHTâl Àëi.lv¡lõâ+l unfair L.14-ffi2 ÀSùlôi tÀSttâil tokideachother L.i1-ffi ÀLStT,B*l mystery 1.3-Ë ÀDÀtffi^l woman 1.13-ffi

,lìaå¡alIL#)

L.15-ffi2

.âtr]

totake (medicine) L.12-â2

À¿1.Àtflffi]

1.14-Ê1

to spread out [u.i.]

1.4-Ë;1.13-â3

fmaie given namel

A Ìrl¡rl, es)

ÀV¡¿1,

*trå

t.2-ffi

ì L+ lHffiäl

U 9 ro a person who goes adrift on the ocean

öäif lEfðl

À<

L./---on

tl.'¡iD¡itffittl the condition of a disease or illness

x,i

[Ë#(¡e)]

to be included (in

Utte&.(r¡) [Àüa*(¡¡)]

Llt¿tlwTâ

À( So(re)

complicated; complex

1.15-ffi1 unperrurbed;

calm

1.14-Ê1

.\ì/ ¡ ìlì/ ¡ ¿rÀ h /- l+ Ê,ft,+l L.

I t-È1

L.4-*2 L.5-iin

337

[T* (¡¡)] not good; unskilled .rz?ì [FJ#] summer cottage ¡\? ù3 -t¡Lì lflJlC -fa¡.1 not parlicularly room ^ç [#E] î'747 fluently ¿{, - Commodore Perry to decrease [ui.] ^å [Hð] -./c

(tæ)

".r.Â,(/r)

l*Qe)l

.:lult Tâ l(.*ff)*l[lâl

to change

.\lvùTt/\'l â INMT â1

lu te ù, tô ê T 6 l*te ffiþ T â to look annoyed; toTookprzzTed

âl

¿tÀ+ < tffiã[]

L-õ-õn

It,

1

L.14-ffi2

L,

totelevise

¿- õrÌ

rea1ly;

JapanJ

L.1o-ffi

truly

L.4-+3

(to speak) withoutreserve or ln L. I ¿-ûr,

1.8-â2

translation

l' ò\\Ø l#*øl

1.9-ffi

original

@t=--'

1O-ffi f ù, 5-#

l

well lused when making

a modest or hesitant

statementl

- *

1.13-ffi

[-&] lcounter ofpaperl

lr¡

sheets

*.vâl8âl *à/ÈttrEl

for thin, flat oþects such

as

1.3-Ê1

[humble form of

11 <

/Xâl

1.6-â2 1.1-â3

lfamiþnamel

(-ä"'lc) *z).'ltã

L.5-õn

to entrust (something) to (someone)

L.7-ffi,

å

Ëf LtËå9-Ll

rolled sushi

L.14-ñ2 1.1 s-Fd

lf,þìrtfffiþtr] towant tï?ùfä¿ (#9.)

L.7-+2

1.1 5-FÉ ãß\â runa (-lc) * ¡treu. comparable (to -); equal (to -) [ltf., not to iose to -l L.l4-ffi,2 L.7-ffi, i.l|âlAtTâl tolose (agame) [ui.l L, J-ËÎ ìIf firstofall ?73 t h mascot 1.9-+ L.9-#, *9-*9- increasingly also L,f,-úr */¿ L.2-^2 ìt/cô å f [È/¡&î] See you later. (I am) not good yel L.1-+2 Ë /¿ ìf /êfT L. -õ1 * Ë tFJl town; city *,ËùrÈ:ÈlrcizÈi;,È) to anange to meet L.7-à2 t!ùtà-âlfåËÈ.ål tomakeamisrake L.4-*.2

(to speak) in a subdued tone

L.12-ffi

ìf

[-o)Ëår"'] -

ùË

i

ål

It

i

À (¡¡) iËË

(ra)

I

is more ... than

L.2-ffi,

L.l-*2

bountitul; pienty

i lt i tfì*l method Ita ùl.lfrffi1 direction; area Iti t¿ /-l â tÊüHlTãl to visit

¡t

fi*4 ,tr-

1.8-ffi L. / -

besides

rE]

L.4-+1

-

is the most neutra]

lÈllurÈÀtffiffiñÊl

lÍ"rå.r,¡âÌ

-oJî

L.O-M

77 1 ð å [,+-Àxr,f

(-ø) ùÍÈ. rr< lÆl

I [It

L.B-ffi

porter

:g+4'7)ì'h-À 7 î 4 þ l-1 t' 68 ^

L./-iñ. form for male speakers.l whaiingvessel

L.1-*2 L.Õ-út

lÍå¡1,å" almost ItÈÀå"-tet ¡ hardly; aimostnever lfù* almost ,+ 7 -Ì.ùrÈl[,ir7-48[] hor¡or film ,ß, Yî ,I 7 vohtnteer

I

1

I

ifËîtËîl

tJtùEËl

[the biggest island in the north ofJapan]

338

1.1-ffi

1.8-Ê3

(rÁ) [ÆfU(re)] convenient

Zu\TblffiW"f

ItÀ'lg/-(Ê, )

L-l-õn

lmain island of

[+Elc]

machine gun fashion

1.1

oneself

E./-¿.413

L.2-^2

1.4-â1

to change

,:

Iti

3-#

It,l"Lø i t+ttll

1.4-â1

1

to transform

.ìÂ,¿'Lt##:Ll iawyer .\/wLwi ttriJfil editins

.ì¿,9

1.1

L.2-ã.1

stranse

.\/-L/-Tâ l*Ðf âl

1.13-ffi

1.8-# L./--ñ 1.3-ffi; 1.11-Ë L.15-ffi2

1.7.8 1.8-â1

intown

1.1

z/ê [fÄet] [family namel t a/c ( -tar¡r [g( -r¡¡r]

tcð

è ìf ¿'CË

tfÄ*l t,$El

(ticket) window

*,¿Ò6 Ë

/eÀ

not at all

lfamilyname]

to put together (in a report); to

[S,ì¡]

*ia< I#
1

1.1

1-ffi

1.1

1-ffi

1.10-â1

summarize Lj4-ffi1

to learn; to study

toinvite

1-â

L.14-#,2

1.8-ffi 1.1

3-ffi

*.teT 6 lÊ"MTâl to imitâte Ë A lÊ+l lfemale given name] it ð tA ( not much iater; soon ìf ð ã t+äl to obsewe; to keep

*,W7,

L.1s-#1

lfemale given namel

trT

->

meals to

L.15-ffi,2

ð¡à.åä [ì4àã]

Èr.z)ri (rules)

1.1-â2

* I ¿ t* D +l ffemale given name] *.þ9 lBîl around (someone) 7¡ ù>u t

1.15-â3 1.15-â3

1.9-*

lpoliteverbmeanins*6] 1.12-â3

7¡ättt¿Vtl.EflÌur¡t.] 7¡.2

I'L+ t*ffi#l

A Då\ìr¡ lÆùìl

can'tsee them

all

1.1O-ffi

unmarried person

L.14-ffi,1

short

á^l-òùàl.Etràf¡]

1.1

unfamiliar

1.13-ffi

TrTi arlffil lake AÈ tËl shop; store AIZU6lar?#l misosoup

L.4-+2 1.6-Ê1 L.1 1-:út

4¡-[--EJ [famiynameJ AËÈ tËtEl fmaie given name]

L.i-â1 1.14-ffi2

fìbùcã. Ì i [ìËù:ìËi ] to set iost b.'zltrâ ln2ù\âl - is found [¿i.] 7¡'tII â ln?Û âl to frnd -[¿¡.]

âa

å {¡ l*tr¡

1-ffi

ZrëE

Ì"1

L.

care in one's home life

7rà\l) lÐWV

J

7¡.0

x1(Ë

Atâ l#âl

1.10-ffi

L.io-ffi

1.1

1-ffi

1.1

bLb

(-)

1-ffi

rather

ür9.¡ä. LU¡ [tr

I5-E¡

L.

1.6-ffi

Lt.]

difficult

t.2-^2

f3l¿ (rá) l^trffi (/r)] wastetul

L.11-ffi,

bTe)

tffil

daughter

1.1-ffi

{¡Ë+ (¡¡) [*#(¡e)] unreasonable 1.12-#, f: ë ktz + < t^trüÈl to be indifferent L.I 5-ffi {rà lffl village L. U-il Ðt,r [Æ] niece 1.8-ñ Ðt,¡L[å*û] (name) card;businesscard 1.1-â3 ¿)t,¡A (/¡) [åä(¡¡)] honorabte L./--ñ e)i å tH-hl 1

I

r)9-à LV. lVàVu,l tate dlotcÙC-teu¡ rarely e>rcùr*.âIH¿RâI

lå¡--

1.6-â1

1.1

1-ñ

(r¡) lEîf;û(¡¡)]

towakeup

L.5-úd

troubresome

i -lF]

ð ì L¿A [+U¿a] ð i L¿¿' t+ LìÀðl

L.2-È2

L.1s-â2

to need just improvement [lif,, just one more stepJ

ùf [{,

/ -ÃJ

1.11-ffi

ù/-ëi i ùr,

L.

menu

ÐääËTlHäË*Èl

6

1.4-Ê1

much (to tole¡ate)

L.1o-ffi

L.12-+1

L.2-ffi

manufacturer; maker

1.10-ffi

7¡è4>oîlhëÞr
L.7-*2

tsl)w/,T6le¿)frÊ'f âl

ù>Ì"1úl aspect ùlwÈ2lffiWl interview

L.1s-ñ1

(r¡) tAüÈffi(r¡)l attractive to examine (a patient)

ðrà.L tËl the past; the old days f]Û hÙa[trmlc] withoutlimit

to be too

L.14-*û,2

gest"e

7r4ù3Tâlnrcg61 :rd( A+¿ lìil] city; capital

I t-úr

L.4-+2

Z¡te7¡lñl south AIC < ì/r IHLr] usly erØ L b q ØÈ b lÐ Ø *. t, g o)þ#l

1.8-ffi

) - l, L.I-E¿ ) - )V e-mat7 L.Z-85 ÐSìt Ltr¡ spectacular; amazing 1.14-fr,2 Ðsìf L¿"ùlv¡ [HË* LF*t] alarmclock t.2-^2 e>VöÌrtâIAUl,ùrâl lhonorific form of ê-¡ a /fr{l] 1.6-Ê2

1.3-ffi;1.13-ffi

all of you

- [u.i.]

1.1-ffi

1.11-*3

[female given name]

Z¡teä À' LËë

to head toward

toweicome; to meet; to greet L.i-ffi

person ofhigher statlls; one's senior

h¿ùâ tile)ål to tecognue; to approve; to notíce

O-â3

1.1

1.7-Ë 1.1-ffi

indecent; unsightþ

private house providing lodging and

[(-/\) ¡¡È\i ]

to contradict

ð À [F,åv.ffiffi ]

anangedmatrtage

7ràâlnà.âl

7tl'LW < tEßl tourists

1.11-+3

a

L.O-ãr

linle more 1.5-â2

tequest;

apptication 1.10-â1

to appty

1.3-â2

ð

iTtFTl

lhumble

ðiÀt+fr]

formofË

i]

1.1-â1 L.15-ñ2

bia¡ket

< <Ë tHffil purpose fJbT/" ofcourse

ð {¡

1.3-ffi L-l-õ1

: t'Ë tfÅ,

a è {¡ [Ëð]

L.14-#,1

ù<ùå+l Ü < ä to be popular (with) €f.¡1, fashion model ir ¿Ðâ [:&Ðä] to request; to ask for ð ¿*ð tFål to return [u.i.] topraise;tomakemuchof

4ro)lãl ðØlð<

person

-öú)È -410)0)

usedto (do something)

[ut.]

-

4>Ei I A lffiMT âl to imitate 4>v>â to have a dispute [quarrelJ with ð I /¿ t#El lfamilY namel ð I +Ë [*ilJ] lfamilY namel ð¿,< tÏãl complaint

EVJ)V Èr¿,/¿l,r

L.14-^2

W late afternoon, usuallyjustbefore

1.4-â3

lÞi

WiLWì

1.1

3-ffi

1.1

5-ffi

1

1.1

5-#

1

1.14-â3 1.8-ffi 1.1

1

-T

L.7-=,î, 1.1

1

-T

1.8-ffi &¡Þì( before long; soon &å.* Lv¡t tobe fussy; tobe overþ criticai 1.11-â3 1.15-ffi2 &å.È Lv¡2 noisy ro

ì

tÐnel

1.7-â

baseball

&Ë¡oì D¡ì t4f$#l + < t*ttl approximateþ + < ð tån#l Japanese equivalent + < I hEÈl to translate S ( Èz l&t'>1 tobe usetul; tobe helptu1 .? ( lCl¿z [&lcU.r¡ to be usetul +ð Llr. kind; sweet */cå (lC) excessiveþ; indiscriminately Èc[fl] achap;agay &u è at last +¿tæl inn; lodging

+¿i tErl

tohire

1

l. / --ãñ

baseballstadium

1.1

1-ffi

1.10-Ë L.

Z- ãrÌ

(¡e) [ÆÊ(¡e)]

1.1

1-ffi

L.1s-#,1 1.1

5-ffi

1

L.12-#,

1.1

championship

L.7-ffi,

L.¿- -otl

L.J-ãñ

¡þì Ðr,. (ra) [ã^å(¡e)] famous ¡Þ¡ä.1¿ [lãã] informal cotton kimono

19

leisurely

WØblñØlrl lÞö'ðl t(-ä)fË#Tl to point (to -) lþAì lfemale given nameJ

tË+l

Wt0

lfemale given nameJ

W6Tl#Tl

L.4-ã2

L.i0-â3 1.10-ffi

tea cup (for green tea)

tÞð ¿

1.9-â3 1.1

1.6-â

toallow

1.8-;ñ L,L'ùú

i ðtÆ#l terms ¡i LtHffil form D

tÆ$l

L.2-ffi L.3-+2

errand; things to do

XiTëfìâ [Ë+å.8ã] (-o)) x ì ùc tiLe -

to see

-; in word; in a short À i lù tg¿Ìl ¡ i if t#fðl western-sgrle room À < tgl thenext (day/yeat/etc.) À

( Dz tSHl

i tfrgl

1.10-â2

À<

lf

1.8-â3

À¿

tËl

1

L.2-*2

À

i

3-ffi

1.10-â2

lplace nameJ

Àìr¡:t,.t.

À

1

1.4-â3

to give priority; to prefer

Wo

5-ffi

excellent; t¿lented L.15-#,2

L¡ i tÆtr] Wjl.x < ttÊl dinner [lit.,eveningmeal] Wi l>l-lh,Ll friend WiÈl-TâlWftTal ÙÞì

1.10-Ê3

1.1o-ffi

valid

1.8-ffi -xircTa to try to to make an effort to L.¿+-8,Ì

dinnertime

[female given name]

Wa¿jLãrXl

@t=--'

&Ë

tffi+l

1.3-ffi

1-ffi

problem

¿

1.8-ffi

1.1

Mongolia

[Flff]

jttrlclgfrl

1.8-â2

t.s-+2

tremendously

although

1.15-ffi1

+if ø<ÈÀlù+Hl lname of atrainline] L.7-^2 t.14-+2 +ìf {, ¿ tllËl lfamily nameJ +Ð¿ËËT lcontractionoffÐ{Jôå*f] L.6-*.2 L-O-EZ +Ò6 to refrain from -ing [¿¿] L.15-ffi2 È& alittle L.12-^2 &i¡àà.U¡ [Éiàå.t.] soft

side

the next day desire

L.7-^2

howitgoes 1.5-â2 L.4-ffi,

t.7-^2 1.1

s-ffi

1

1.4-Ë 1.8-ffi

1.7-Ë 1.1 3-ñ L.i1-â3

À ¿ U ìf

tËFl

t ¿+* tËtlJl ffamilyname] Ar:ËHø=v)i--¿ Ì L/¿ tãEl lfamily nameJ i t}Ël preparation (for class) À Ë [-øâüårret.1 there is no room for (-l:¡ ¡ oa't depending on À Lrg

(-l:¡ ¡ -tî2

9

1.8-â1 1.2-Ê3

Llh*] 9<ËtEül

1.2-â3

r)

L.s-â2

VZi t#.fl -9?t-¡Fl

L.15-ffi,2 -orÌ

L.¿-

ÀzlSè' considerably; realþ; to a greât extent

1.13-â2

tËøtr1 À ¿F'¿ i tfffiæl

L.14-fr,2

sociery; world

school designed to prepare students

for college entrânce exams

À

ô

å

¿ ù)

[nf

L.f-õ,l

A'nÐ ä ] to flag down

L.O-8,l

l(-ä"'î) F.tll to call - by 1.1-ffi Ìe
..

X6¿

accordingto

-

L.f,-

À å ¿À tË..ììl to show joy; to be pleased; to

rejoice

E'T

1.2-*; 1.9-Ê

1

ÀãðÀf lËÀtl gladiy; withpleasu¡e 1.7-â1 X.bl.< t¡'ttcà- ( ÈË t ¡ l(.-Ò x,7, L< *iGà < ti Say hello (to -) for me. ð lrl L.4-fr, x b l.

*jiaå¡u¡

<

Lt T lx aL ( ÈÆr¡ L*Tl EiëtôL<]

[morepolitewayofsaying

(

(¡e)

7

0eë

1.1-â1

[#(r¡)]

1.8-ffi

1.2-E ideai

L.14-^2

-rate

( å À [üElffi]

L.14-ffi,1 ttreory of nation

building

0

x)lRl

dormitory

I ¡ì-trû-l

I t+l

lchinese family name]

- I th

Teague

ffemale given name]

1.5-â1

L.5- úù

L.2-^2

borh-

L./-="tn

0¡ìËÀtH*l fee;fare 1.10-â1 9 x ) l.Ì"lñffi1 parents [lir.,bothparents] 1.1-â3 V Èilâ tî|JÆTðl to make use of L.J- EÎ I ¡ì I tflgl cooking;cuisine L.4-ãñ 9

xì 9'tlñül

to do two things concurrently

9

L.14-ñ1

xiqei#4El

9 xùrl'ltftffil Japanese inn 9 x ¿ì L+ [üft1Íl*] travel agency totravel 9 x¿ jT6lffiftfâl

þv¡ è

[fif]

(

(re)

[¡*ffi(¡a)]

cruet;

hearttess

1.10-ffi

usual; that whích was mentioned before

L.

¡

t5-úù

t.

/---"ñ,

L.14-*2

L.

O- õt¡

L. I U-õ'T L.

O-

s-ffi

õr¿

1

t.2-I

tLl"\o)lwØl

E

L.b-ffi

1.1

example

1.7-â3

L.Õ-

1

L.s-#

special division for foreign students

1.1-ffi

rushhour 9y!t-TV,l)Vl:.?, I:+)V ls RanaldMcDonald b /-1fl,1 [a movie name]

5-ffi

øi/¡¡11âlË+Tâl tostudyabroad 1.1-â1 9 w j Ìt¡ ( $¡r7)rfr | lg+aËffi] lperson who deals with matters pertaining to foreign studentsl 1.8-â3 I ro i ås ( .rlu¡.ì'a å¡ [B+!ËHtf+]

- à LV¡

[amoviename]

1.1

9

fLì,¡

r)

land

squirrel

9 6À,1Æffi1 theory

it seems that; evidentþ

3-ñ

L.7-ffi

lschool where a foreign student stuclies]

L.5-Eñ

j ðÀ|ffi¿fFTl

1.1

I !Þi t4Èl reason 0roìå¡(Ëåtg+rEl

easy; comfortable; leading an easy iife

tzL x

to understand

sumo wrestler

high class Japanese sqde restaurant

@u-*' à

93

golg¿ci*mtffi

by

J,0)Ì*,1¿,

ù'vtT â tI[Ê4Tã]

1.10-ñ

[place nameJ

þv¡lf i [;âF] air conditioning þË LtÆÈl history V ,'t) t-, a 7 recreation leve1 lz.\Ìz lr,Ë- l- rcportjpapei

L.15-#"2

1.13-ffi 1.15-ffi2

L.7-1

1.5-â2

34'l

tLlvbU\ùI 2 ¿ /- lÆ*:ffiffi1

tul'LW

i tffigl

iove marriage

practice

tLl-ê < LÆffi1 fLl-Èr<äËtËffittl

continuously

*tùI rcason;explanation 1.13-â3 t¡ùltù*/et ¡ ifs not the case that L.14-ffi1 *rS*rS 1.9-Ë

1.10-â2

1.4-B ã ì å. [ÆT] hallway; corridor ô i ëi E È < lfrøz-l labor; work force L.14-ffi]

l! LhELI

L.f-8,Ì

b 1ìC-teLt not much; not enough b /-àìÌ"lffiXl article; essay; thesis

L.12-^1 L. /

-rË

@t=*-'

1.9-â1

1.7-Ë;1.10-â2

bTfLTìa [ËÌtTùc] :Ëi¿/¡ r.''c

1.3-Ë 1.3-â to

(-ùt) t>t¿v) :-o)lã b t, ì l$rl to laugh; to smile *r 9 ôlr¡ [flà] ratio; percentåge

[¿t.]

1

1.6-ffi 1.1

5-ffi

1

1.1

5-ffi

1

1.3-Ë;1.13-â2 L.14-#,1 L.5-út

1.1-ffi to undersr¿nd

*>l¿'ltâ l(-¿)flltLâl to part (from -); to say farewell

342

1

a tatami room; Japanese-st¡rle room

bT*LâlË,tLâl to forget z.:'fcTlËTl to hand (somethins) irlcr¡.r[iËË] lfamiþ nameJ

unemployed samurai; a high school ba graduate who is spending a year studying for a college entrance examination

4:'V?lffiäl

3-â

L.3-ñ,

to go out of one's way to do something

place where one can be reached

þårtlr [Ë!¡] young bìJ\â l(-'àr).ftÌ)\âl

1.1

-

1.2-Ê

1

þ ä ìrrùl

-)

L.Z-ffi

[#ùrùl

ä]

r am

sorr5r,

but

...

1.3-â4

*>â1bâut) t*EäÉil to speak

(to

¿.

ill of (someone)

1.1

1-ffi

An Integrated Approach to Intermediate Japanese

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