Foreword With the increased international interest shown towards the Myanmar language in recent years, the need for modem textbooks that effectively and systematically teach authentic and \vritten in Myanmar today has been acutely felt. This in Myanmar Language" is the first in the series of Textbooks to be the University of Foreign Languages, Yangon, in response to this need. of Professor U Tin Shwe of the University of U Aung Win Naing, who has taught the Myanmar language of Foreign Languages, Yangon, for several years, has made a laudable 0H"'-'-'~T this textbook to further the teaching of Myanmar. ~V,'W~'HVU
and piloted by a Myanmar university teacher who has of his life to the teaching of Myanmar as a foreign language, liAn Language" systematically sets out to lay a sound as it is used by native speakers in the country today. With the it constitutes a self-contained learning package at the basic level that can be used in the classroom as well as by motivated learners of the on their own or with the guidance of a Myanmar language
The publication of "An Introductory Course in Myanmar Language" has been an occasion of excitement for those involved in the undertaking. As a sound linguistic knowledge is essential for a serious student of any culture, it is hoped that this textbook, together with the other textbooks in the same series, will make a substantial contribution to facilitating Myanmar studies.
Dr Soe Win Rector of Foreign Languages, Yangon
October 2000
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to responsible personnel of the Ministry of Education, Higher Education Department (Lower Myanmar), and the then Director General tJ l\fyo Nyunt, Deputy Minister for Ministry of Education, for encouraging and guiding me to bring forth this book"An lntl'oductory Course in Myanmar Language," a teaching material designed for foreign learners of the Myanmar language. I also owe my sincere thanks to Dr. Soe Win, Rector, University 'of . Foreign Languages, Yangon, Professor U Daya Ram, Head of English Department, Professor U Tin Shwe, Head of Myanmar Department, University of Foreign Languages, Yangon, Professor U Khin Aye, Head of Myanmar Department, University of Yangon, Associate Professor Daw Shein Paing, Monywa University, who had given me much help in writing this book. I also owe my sincere thanks to my teachers who taught me the Myanmar language, literature and linguistics. Special thanks are due to Emeritus Professor U Tun Myint, Emeritus Professor Daw Thi Tbl Htut and Emeritus Associate Professor Daw Mar Lay.
an
Aung Win Naing
CONTENTS Acknowledgements Introduction to Myanmar Pronunciation 1.
The sound of Myarunar l~
2. Vowels 2: 1 Phonetic vowel symbols 2:2 Diphthongs 2:3 Nasalized vowel 2:4 Vowels followed by glottal stop 2:5 Neutral vowel 2:6 Tones 2:7 How to pronounce Myarunar vowel and diphthong sounds 3. Consonants 3: 1 How to pronounce Myanamar consonant sounds 3:2 Initial consonant clusters 4. Pronunciation practice for Myarunar syllable structure Vowell i / Consonant 4:1 + Vowell ei I 4:2 Consonant + Vowel! e I 4:3 Consonant + Vowell ai 4:4 Consonant + Vowell 0 I 4:5 Consonant + Vowell oul 4:6 Consonant + Vowel lui 4:7 Consonant + Consonant 4:8 + Nasalized vowell in I 4:9 Consonant + Nasalized vowel! an / 4:10 Consonant + Nasalized vowel/un / 4:11 Consonant + Nasalized diphthong vowel i ein I 4:12 Consonant + Nasalized diphthong vowel I oun I 4:13 Consonant + Nasalized diphthong vowell ain I 4:14 Consonant + Nasalized diphthong vowell aun I 4:15 Consonant + Glottal stop / i' /, I e' /, 1 a' I and / u' / 4:16 Consonant + Diphthong vowel with glottal stop / ei' /, lou' I, 1 ai' / and 1 au' .I
11
111 l1l 111
111
IV V111 Vlll
x x Xl Xl
xu XU Xlll
XlV XlV
xv xv XVI XVII XVII XVlll
XVIll XIX
xx
Lesson 1
Lesson 2
min g!la ba
1
Good morning!
')
3
nan me b!lou kilo ba dba!,le:
8 9 10 10
What's your name? 1. Personal pronouns (polite form) 2. Equational sentence 3. Question particle for yes-no question Lesson 3
bpa'sa out sbi. ba db!la:
Do you have a textbook? 1. Declarative sentence 2. The verb of existence 3. Negative sentence 4. Yes and No 5. The particle for sameness/ identity Lesson 4
11 16 17 18 18 19 20 20
25
W'hat's this?
26 27 27 28
twei. ja. da wan: tba ba de
I am glad to meet you. 1. Nominalizing SuffLX '-dalta' 2. Nominalizing suffix '-ja. da' 3. Differences between nominalizing sufii.xes between '--dalta' and '~ja. 00' Lesson 6
3
di ba ba Ie: 1. Demonstrative 2. Question particle for wh-question 3. Topic marker
Lesson 5
"'-
I. Imperative sentence 2. Politeness
32 33 34 35
35
nain gan gja: ba dba te' ga!,dbou
38
University ofForeign Languages
39 40 40
1. The locative suffix '~hma' 2. The locative suffIx '-ga.(nei)! ka.(nei)'
sa kji. dai' kou thwa: gjin ba de I want to go to the library. 1. The locative sutTlX '--goul kou' 2. The auxiliary '--gjinlchin' 3. Declarative sentence-fmal verb ending for future time
44 45 46 46 46
4. Future and non-future time 5. Plural particle 6. Sentence final question ending '--gja./kja. m!!la:'
47 47 48
Lesson 8
ba hpa' chin ba dh!!,le: What do you want to read? 1. Object marker 2. Conjunction '-ne.' 3. Particle '-no'
55 56 57 57 57
Lesson 9
nei. dain: 't!!,naji sa bpa' te I read one hour everyday. 1. The Myanmar Numerals 2. The numeral classifiers 3. The particle for starting point 4. The particle for finishing point 5. from ... to
62 63 64 64 65
Lesson 10
!!,guo be hn!!,na ji htou: bi Ie: What is the time now? 1. Sentence fmal ending'-ba/pa' 2. Sentence fmal ending '-zou.!sou.'
70 71 72 72
Lesson 11
ba sa: gjin ba dh!!,le: What do you want to eat? 1. Auxiliary '--gjinlchin' 2. Auxiliary' -nain' (or) '-hnain'
78 79 80 80
Lesson 12
zun: kh!,jin: ne. sa: me I will eat (it) with spoon and/ork. 1. Sentence fmal particle '-no' 2. Adverbial case particle '-ne.'
87 88 89 89
Lesson 7
66
66
Lesson 13
~.
ba lou' Dei Ie:
What are you doing now? 1. Auxiliazy '--nei' 2. Auxiliary '4'/ta" Lesson 14
di throe' thi: b!!,lau' Ie: How much is this mango? 1. Auxiliary '--pei:' 2. Myanmar currency
Lesson 15
b!,lau' wei: Ie:
How far is it? 1. The noun modifier ending 2. The suffIx '~lau' Lesson 16
di nei. m!,nei. gao de' pou pu de
Today is hotter than yesterday. 1. 2. 3. 4. Lesson 17
The Comparison The sentence-fmal ending '~ne. tu de' The sutIlX '~lau' The superlative
ju. z!,na. koun dai'
Yuzana Department Store 1. The particle '~ne.' 2. The particle '~ge.! khe.' 3. Adjectivals and adverbials in Myanmar langauge
92 93 94 94 101 102 103 103 108 109 110 111
115 116 117 118 118 119 124 125 126 126 127
Introduction to
Myanmar Pronunciation 1. The Sound of Myanmar language The sound system of Myanmar language comprises eleven vowels including four diphthongs with four tones and thirty one consonants. The syllable consists of an initial consonants Of clustef of consonants plus! vowel, spoken on one of the four tones.
2. Vowels Vowel is a speech sound in which the airstream from the lungs is not blocked in any way in the mouth or throat, and which is usually pronounced with vibration of the vocal cords. There are seven simple vowels, four diphthongs and neutral vowel [ (} ] in Myanmar language. Each of the vowels are discribed in terms of the positions of tongue and lips.
back (of the tongue)
front (of the tongue) (lips) (lips) (lips) (lips)
close hal/-close hal/-tJpen open
j~7u
el...........
. / ou
e~o
a
2: 1 Phonetic vowel symbols Those who understand phonetic symbols look at the following table and picture. Roman character i
Phonetic symbol
Ul reI
ei e a
ra 1
0
[:> ]
ou
r0 1
u
fu I
[e]
Phonetic description
closed front unrounded vowel half-close front unrounded vowel half-open front unrounded vowel open front unrounded vowel half-open back rounded vowel half-close back rounded vowel close back rounded vowel
J!
2: :2 Diphthongs Diphthong is a speech sound is usually considered as one distinctive vowel of a particular language but really involves two vowels, one vowel gliding to the other. For example, the diphthong [ ai J in Myanmar language, consists of the vowel [ a ] gliding into the vowel [ i ]. There are four diphthongs. They are ein [ ei ], mm [ ou], am [ ai ] and aun [au]. The four diphthongs can be described in terms of the changing positions of the tongue during formation. Those who understand phonetic symbols look at the following diagram. 1
I ein
[ ei ]
!
oun e
[ou]
0
0
, ain
[ ai ]
I aun
[ au]
iii
No diphthong can be pronounced as it is. In order to have a diphthongs being pronounced, either a glottal stop or one of the three tones with a nasality must follow.
2: 3 Nasalized vowel Myanmar has three nasalized vowels in [ i ], an [ a ], un [ u ] and four nasalized diphthongs ein [ ei], oun [ ou ], ain [ ai ], aun [au lIn the production of speech sounds, nasalized vowels are produced by letting the air from the lungs escape through the nose and the mouth. This can be done by lowering the soft palate ( the velum) at the back of the mouth.
2: 4 Vowels followed by glottal stop There are four vowel followed by glottal stop i' [ C], e' [ f,?], a' [ a? ], u' [u?] and four diphthongs followed by glottal stop in Myanmar language. Glottal stop is a speech sound which is produced by the rapid closing of the glottiS (the space between the VOCAL CORDS), which traps the airstream from the lungs behind it, followed by a sudden release of the airas the glottis is opened. ? The phonetic symbol is [ . ].
2: 5 Neutral vowel Neutral vowel [ () ] is very important and frequently used in Myanmar language. It is a vowel sound, usually unstressed, pronounced with the tongue in a neutral position, i.e, mid central, not high, not low, not front, not back. One such sound is represented in phonetic transcription as [ 0 ] as in about [o'baut]. It is also called CENTRAL VOWEL, MID VOWEL, SCHWA.
2: 6 Tones When we listen to people speaking, we can hear some sounds or groups of sounds in their speech to be relatively higher or lower than others. This relative height of speech sounds as perceived by a listener is called "pitch". Tone is height of PITCH and change of pitch which is associated with the pronunciation of syllables or words and which affects the meaning of the word. A tone language is a language in which the meaning of a word depends on the tone used when pronouncing it
iv
Myanmar language is a tone language. That is, the inflection of the voice determines the meaning of what is said. There are four tones in Myanmar language. These are:1. Low-falling Tone e.g. to be dumb (with a post-scripted dot) 2. Level Tone e.g. mouth (without any tone mark) 3. High-falling Tone e.g. to be free (with two post-scripted dots) e.g. needle(with the mark' after the symbol) 4. Stop Tone
I
Rom.an charadeI'
Phonetic symbol
t
[ ·i]
i .
[ -i]
i: ,
I
et
I
i] [ . e] [ -e]
ei
! ei;
e.
e
I
Ie] [ . ~]
Approximate indications ofthe symbol's value in terms of Enldish sounds. Like English ea in beat, heat, seat (without articulating the final consonants). Low, level and long tone, close to the unstressed English e in regain, repose, return (no English equivalent). Higb,long and falling tone, like English ea in sea, tea. High, short and falling tone of eli (No English equi~~). Low, level and long tone, which might be obtained by 1 producing an entirely iIDstressed a in English may (model verb). (No English equivalent) High, long and falling tone; like English a in bay, day, hay. High, short and falling tone; close 10 English. bat, cat, hat (without articulating the final consonants). (No ! Enf1lish equivalent}
I
I
[.t]
[ . a]
a:
[ a]
consonant . Low, level and long tone, like the unstressed English a in martini, Meotis. High, long and falling tone, like English a: in car, far, mar.
I
I I I I
I
I
I I I
I
v
!
Roman character
Phonetic symbol
~
[a]
o.
['0 ]
0
[ -0 ]
0:
(0 ]
00..
[ '0]
00.
[ -0]
ou:
[ 0]
0..
[ ,u]
u
[-u]
u:
[ u]
I
I
I
in.
[ 'i]
in
[ ~i]
in:
[i]
&m.
[, u] I
an am
J ~a] I
[ a] [ . u] [-u]
un. un I un:
[ u]
Approximate indications of the symbol's value in terms of English sounds. Like English a in about, arise, around. High, short and falling tone, similar to English 0 in cot, ho~ lot(final consonants unarticulated), Low, level and long tone, similar to English 0 in unstressed or for. High, long and falling tone, like English 0 in bore, more, tore. Like English 0 in bolt, colt, holt (without articulating the final consonants). Low, level and long tone like English 0 in obey, November. High, long and falling tone, like English 0 in oh, grow, know. High, short and falling tone, like English 00 in boot, coot hoot (without articulatinK the flnal consonants). Low, level and long tone, like English u in humility, nutrition. High, long and falling tone, ending in a glottal stop, like English u in put or 00 in foot (flnal consonants not articulated). Nasalized high, short and falling tone; like English in in ink, sink wink(without articu1atin~ the fmal consonants) Like the nasalized, unstressed English in in informal, intensive. Like English in in bin, tin, sin, win (without articulating the flnal consonants). Like English 0. in hunt, punt, runt (but ending with a glottal stop). Like English un in ui1fading, ui1failing, unparalelled. Nasalized high, long and falling tone; like English un in bun, run, sun. Nasalized short and falling tone; no English equivalent. Nasalized low, level and long tone; no English equivalent; dose to the unstressed un in such proper names as Grundig and Lundy. Nasal.ized long, high and falling tone; no English equivalent; close to the Lancashire dialectal production of the union in Sunday, Monday or the un sound in the proper names: Grudi}?, Lundy.
vi
Roman character
Phonetic symbol
~
U71
o.
['0 ]
0
[ -0 ]
0:
(0 ]
ou.
[, 0]
ou
[ -0
ou:
[ 0]
u.
r,u]
u
[ -u]
11:
[ u]
in.
[ 'i]
in
[ -i]
in:
[i]
an.
[, u J
an an:
[ -a] [ a]
un. un
[, u 1 [-u]
un:
[ u]
1
Approximate indications of the symbol's value in terms of English sounds. Like English a in about, arise, around. High, short and falling tone, similar to English 0 in cot, hot lot (final consonants unarticulated). Low, level and long tone, similar to English 0 in unstressed or, for. High, long and falling tone, like English 0 in bore,
more, tore. Like English 0 in bolt, colt, holt (without articulating the final consonants1Low, level and long tone like English 0 in obey, November. High, long and falling tone, like English 0 in oh, grow, know. High, short and falling tone, like English 00 in boot, coot, hoot (without articulating the fmal consonants). Low, level and long tone, like English u in humility, nutrition. High, long and falling tone, ending in a glottal stop, like English u in put or 00 in foot (final consonants not articulated) . Nasalized high, short and falling tone; like English in in ink, sink, wink (without articulating the final consonants) Like the nasalized, unstressed English in in informal, intensive. Like English in in bin, tin, sin, win (without articulating the final consonants). Like English 11 in hunt, punt, runt (but ending with a glottal stop). Like English un in unfadin~, unfailin~, unparalelled Nasalized high, long and falling tone; !ike English un in bun, run, sun. Nasalized short and falling tone; no English equivalent. Nasalized low, level and long tone; no English equivalent; close to the unstressed un in such proper names as Grundi~ and Lundy. Nasalized long, high and falling tone; no English equivalent; close to the Lancashire dialectal production of the union in Sunday, Monday or the un sound in the proper names: Grudi~, Lundy.
vii
Roman charadeI'
Phonetic ~bol
em. em
[~]
em:
[ ei]
oun.
[ .ou]
oun
[ -on]
oun:
[ ou]
•
[. ai]
am
[ -31]
run:
[ ai]
aWL
[ ·an]
aWl
[-an ]
aWl:
!
[ ·ei]
!
[ an]
i'
fi? ]
e'
[e
14'"
1 [3 ]
u'
[u" ]
1
]
.
Approximate indications of the symbol's value in terms of ED&lisb sounds.
Like English ai in paint, faint, saint (without articulating the final consonants). Nasalized low, level and long tone, which might be obtained by producting an entirely unstressed ai in English pain, gain, stain. (No English equivalent) Nasalized high, long and falling tone like English ai or a in gain, pain, lane, wane. Nasalized bigh, short and falling tone like English 0 in don 'I, won't. (without articulating the final consonants). Nasalized low, level and long tone, somewhat close to the unstressed English 0 in bone, cone, tone. Nasalized bigh, long and falling tone, like the stressed English 0 in bone, cone, tone. Nasalized high, short and falling tone, somewhat similar to the English in in pint. Nasalized low, level and long tone; dose to the ruwilized English diphthong in in bind, find, but unstressed. (No English equivalent) Nasalized high, long and falling tooe; like English i in fine, line. mine. Like English 00. in court, fount. mount (without articulating the final consonants). Nasalized low, level and long tone~ close to the ruwiliz· ed English diphthong ali in bound, found (without articulating the final consonants) Nasalized high, long and falling tone; like English Oli in bound, round, sound (without articulating the final consonants) High, extrem.ely short tone, ending in a glottal stop as in English bit, hit sit, wit (final consonants not articulate) Like English e in bet. fret, get (but ending with a glottal stop) High, exttem.ely short tone, ending with 3 sharp check of the breath. by sharp glottal closure, as when pronouncing the English u in such words as but. cut. hut (without articulating the final consonants) High. extremely short tone, ending in a glottal stop, like English u in put or 00 in foot (final consowmts not articulated)
vm
Roman
Phonetic
maracter
sYmbol
ei'
[ei'l ]
ou'
[ ou?]
81'
[ai ]
au'
[au"!]
1
Approximate indications of the symbol's value in tenns of Ens.tlisb sounds.
High, extremely short tone; like English a in bake, cake, late (but ending with a glottal stop) High, extremely short tone, ending in a glottal stop as English 08 in boat, coat, moat (without articulating the final consonants) High, extremely short tone, ending with a sharp check or the breath by sharp glottal closure, as when pronouncing the English i in such words as bite, kite, light (without articulating the final consonants) Like English u in hunt, punt, nmt (but ending with a glottal stop)
3. Consonants Points
Manaerof IU'dl:uJatioB
PWsives
~
DetAl
AI-.,.
p,hp,b
t, ht, d
m,hm
n,hn
PIIkII4I.
Vdrr
GI«Ift
k,kh.,g
lei. cb. 1J;j
Lateral
th.db.
Fric6Jives GIMks
articulation
IHIiIttM
Ajfricmes NfL,td
of A"-lo-
l,hl s.hs.z
nj, hnj
M.hng
h
sh
i
W
3: 1 How to pronounce Myanmar ronsooant sounds Roman character
Phonetic symbol
p
[p]
hp
[ph]
b
fb1
t
[t]
ht
[th 1
d
[dl
Approximate indications oHIle symbol's value in terms of Enlllish sounds
Like English p in spar, speak, spit (without any aspiration) Like English p in J2S!l; l1!l!Jlf J2i1 (but with aspiration more pronounced than in En1ilish) Like English b in bar bee boat Like English t in sta~ steam stick Like English t in!Q!:, team, lick (but with more pronounced aspiration) Like English d in dare dear. doe
ix
Roman character
Phonetic symbol
Approximate indications of the symbol's value in terms of Enl!lish sounds
k kit
[k] [kh ]
g
{g]
Like English k in ski skit (without aspiration) Like English kin Is!ili kit (with aspiration more pronounced than in English) Like Englishg in ggt gjye,s:..oat
kj
e:.i
fd.4]
Like the unaspirated eh in English char (no English equivalent; the closest English) Like English eh in char, chit, church (but with aspiration more pronounced than in English) Like English j in_Lar. jpJI., lOJ{
m
fm] [hIn]
Like English m in mar. moo mug AsI!irated m {no English equivalent}
1m
In] [hn ]
Like Eng!ish n in no, not nigftt Strongly aspirated n (no English equivalent)
nj
[nl
Imj
[hn]
Like English ny in !>anyan (but in Myanmar the position is initial, and the articulation is markedly simultaneous) Aspirated nj (no English equivalent)
ng
[n]
bng
[hn]
i hi
[hI ]
til
[e]
dh
1 'DJ
til
hm n
s
[tG
J
[1Gh]
£11
[8}
Its
r sh 1
z
[z]
sh
[<; ]
Like English ng in sing, bring (but in terms of position, this sound is always initial in Myanmar) Aspirated ng (no EngJish equivalent) Like English I in [OJ!, lihb love Like I but voiceless and aspirated or devoiced Like English til in thick. thin, thistle Like EIlglish til in that this them Like English s in saJ!., sin some Strongly aspirated s {no Englisbequivalent) Like English z in zebrq, z!J2, zoo Like English IIh in shark, shirt, shut
Roman
character
[w]
IbyLikea consonant English w ~. ~ ~icJ" u:ater or when prec~ed I like Enghsh w m sweat, sweet, sWift or I I I
u
.
ill
quarto !Lueen guava
There are two basic consonant combination sounds in Myanmar language. These consonants sounds may be combined with appropriate consonants. j and w combine with other consonants to form synable~initial dusters. For example:
Roman
cnaracter
p + j = pj
m + j :;:: mj
[mj]
4. Pronunciation practice for Myanmar The beginners need to practice the pronunciation of The foHowing tables are exercises for should listen their teacher's pronunciation to imitate especially the chrous and.
II
xi
4: 1 Consonant + Vowel Ii I
pi. bi.
pi bi
ti.
n
di. ki.
di ki gi kji
~.
kji. ~i.
mi. ni. n,ii. ngi. Ii. thi. si.
ji.
ii
Zl.
i ..,. . "=
Iwi:
htl.
htl
htl:
khi.
khi
khi:
kji: gji:
chi.
chi
chi:
w:
hmi. hni. bnji. hngi. hli. dhi. his.
hmi hni hnii hngi hli dhi hsi
bini: hni: hnji: hngi: hli:
hpei.
hpei
hpei:
htei.
htei
htei:
khei.
khei
khei:
chei.
chei
gi:
m:
m
shi. wi.
hpi
w-
gji mi
nji ngi Ii thl si zi shi wi
hpi.
pi: bi: ti: '. ki:
nii: ngi: Ii: thl: si: "
dhi: hsi:
Zl:
sm: WI:
ji:
4: 2 Consonant + Vowel I ei I
I
pei. beL teL dei. kei. gei. kjei. mei. mei. nei. njei. ngei.
,--lei
pei bei
tei dei kei
gei kjei roei mei nei njei ngei lei
pei: bei: tei: dei: kei: gei: kjei: ~ei:
mel: nel:
hmei
hmei.
hnei. hnjei.
njei: ngei: lei:
chei: !
I
J
~ei.
hlei.
I -I
-f'i I
I
hnei hnjei ~i
hJei
!
!
hmei: hnei: hnjei: hngei: hlei:
I I
xii
thei. sel. zel. shei. wei. jei.
thei sel zel shei weI jei
thei: sel: zel: shei: wei: jei:
dhei. hsei.
dhei hsei
dhei:
pe: be: te: de: ke: ge:
hpe.
hpe
hpe:
hte.
hte
hte:
khe.
khe
khe:
~ie:
.che.
che
cke:
hme. hne. hnje. hnge. hIe. dhe. hse.
hme hne hnje hnge hle dhe hse
hme: hne: hnje: hnge: hIe: dhe: hse:
hpa.
hpa
hpa:
hta.
hta
hta:
kha.
kha
kha:
hsei:
4: 3 Consorumt + Vowel I e I pe.
pe
be.
be
teo de. ke. ge. kie. gje. me. ne. nie. nge. Ie. the.
te de ke ge kie gje me ne nje nge Ie the se
se. ze. she.
we. je.
gje: me: ne: nje: nge: Ie: the: se:
ze
ze:
she we je
she: we: je:
4: 4 Consorumt + Vowel I a I j)a. ba. ta. da. ka. gao
P!i. ba ta da ka ga
pa: ba: ta: da: ka: ga:
xiii
kja. gja.
rna. na. l!ia. n~a.
la. tha. sa. za. sha. wa. ja.
kja gja rna na nja nga la tha sa za sha wa ja
kja: gja: rna:
na: n,ia: nga: la: tha: sa: za: sha: wa: ia:
eha.
eha
cha:
hma. hna. hnja. hnga. hla. dha. hsa.
hma hna hnja hnga hla dha hsa
hma: hna: hnja: hnga: hla: dha: hsa:
hpo.
hpo
hpo:
hto.
hto
hto:
kho.
kho
kho:
cho.
cho
eho:
hmo. hno. hnjo. hngo. hIo. dho. hso.
hmo hno hnjo hngo hlo dho hso
hmo: hno: hnjo: hngo: hIo: dho: hso:
4: 5 Consonant + Vowel 101 po.
po
po:
boo to. do. ko. go. kjo. gjo. mo. no. njo. ngo. 10. tho. so. zoo shoo woo jo.
bo to do ko go kjo gjo mo no njo ngo 10 tho so zo sho wo jo
bo: to: do: ko: go: kjo: gjo: mo: no: njo: ngo: 10: tho: so: zo: sho: wo: jo:
XIV
4: 6 Consonant + Vowel I 011 !
POll.
bou. tou. dou. kou. gou. kjou. gjou. mou. nou. njou. ngou. lou. thou. sou. zOU. shou. wOU. jou.
pou bou tou dou kou gou kjou gjou mou nou njou ngou lou thou sou zou shou wou jou
4: 7 Comorumt + Vowel
poU: bou: tou: dou: kou: gou: Iqou: gjou: mou: nou: njou: ngou: lou: thou: sou: zou: shou: wou: jou:
hpou.
hpou
hpou:
htou.
htou
htou:
khou.
khou
khou:
chou.
chou
chou:
hmou. MOU. hnjou. hngou. hlou. dhou. hsou.
hmou MOU hnjou hngou hiou dhou hsou
hmou: hnou: hnjou: hngou: hIou: dhou: hsou:
! 11!
pU. bu.
pu bu
pu: bu:
hpu.
hpu
hpu:
tu. duo ku.
tu du ku
tu:
htu.
htu
htu:
du:
mu
. mu:
gu
ku: gu:
mu.
guo
kju.
kju
chu.
chu
chu:
hmu.
hmu
hmu:---I
MU.
MU
gju.
gju
mu.
mu
kju: gju: mu:
nu.
nu
flU:
. MU:
I
i
xv
lu. thu. suo zu. shu.
1 i
I I. 1
I
I
I
"NU.
I
H.
I
I
JU.
I
:zu shu
Iu: thu: su: ZU: shu:
WU
wu:
ju
jU:
lu thu su
hIu d.hu hsu
hlu. dhu. hsu.
hIu: d.hU: hsu:
I
4: 8 Consonant + Nasalized vowel I in I
I I
I 1
I I
I
II I I
fI I I
i II I I
r
I
I
pin. bin. tin. din. kin. gm. kjin. gjin. mm. nm. nJ1n. ngin. lin. thin. sm. zm. shin.
I
I
II i
I
IL I
pin bin tin din kin gm kjin
pin: bin: tin: din: kin:
I I
sm zm shin pn
Jln:
gjin
thin
I I
hpin
hpin:
htin.
htin
htin:
khin.
khin
khin:
chin.
chin
gin: kjin: gjin: mm: nm: njin: ngin: lin: thin: sm: zm: shin:
mm mn npn ngin lin
hpin.
i
I I
chin:
I
hmin. hnin. hnjin. hugin. hUn. dhin. hsin.
I I
hmin hnin hnjin hugin Win dhin hsin
hmin: hnm: hnjin: hngin: hlin: dhin: hsin:
I
I ---'-~-1n-.--~----W-l-n---+---Wl--n-:--+------~,---------r------~
I
jm.
1
9 Consonant + Nasalized vowel I an I
pan. ban. tan. dan.
pan ban tan dan
p!ln: ban: tan: dan:
I I
htan.
htan
htan:
I
I
i I
I
xvi
kan. gan. kjan. gjan. man. nan. rijan. ngan. Ian.
than. san. zan. shan. wan. jan.
kan ~an
kjan gjan man nan njan ngan Ian than
san zan shan wan jan
kan: gan: kjan: gian: man: nan: njan: ngan: Ian: than: san:
khan.
khan
khan:
chan.
chan
chan:
broan. hnan. hnjan. hngan. hlan. dhan. hsan.
hman hnan hnjan hngan hIan dhan hsan
broan: hnan: hnjan: hngan: hlan: dhan: hsan:
hpun.
hpun
hpun:
hron.
htun
hron:
khun.
khun
khun:
chun.
chun
chun:
hrnun. hnun. hnjun. hngun. hlun. dhun. hsun.
hmun hnun hnjun hngun hlun dhun hsun
broun: hnun: hnjun: hngun: hlun: dhun: hsun:
zan: shan: wan: jan:
4: 1.0 Consonant + Nasalized vowel fum f p_un. bun. tun. dun.
kun.
pun bun tun dun kun
gun. kiun. gjun. mun. nun. njun. ngun. lun. thun. sun. zun. shun.
kjun gjun mun nun tU un ngun lun thun sun zun shun
WUll.
WUll
jun.
jun
gtm
p_un: bun: tun: dun: kun: gun: kjun: gjun: mUll: nun: njun: ngun: lun: thun: sun: zun: shun: wun: jun:
xvl.i
!
dein, kein. gein. k'(Jeln. . mein. mem. nein.
dein kein I I
~jin.
ngeirt lein. thein. sein. zem. shein. wein. jein.
I
J•
gem k ' qem
gjein mein nein njin ngein lein thein sein zem shein wein iein
i
I
!
•
htein
htein:
khein.
khein
khein:
ch' em.
ch' em
_..:~ein:
kein: gem: k' ~,em: gjein: mein: nem: njin: ngein: lein: thein: sem: zem: shein: wem: jein:
I
I
c m:
!
I
i
I
hml"!ln
hnein. hnjin. hngein. hlein. dhem. hsein.
I
hmein hnein hnjin hngein hlein dhein hsein
,
hmein: hnein: hnjin: hngein: hlein: dhein: hsein:
!
4: 12 Cowronmt + Nasalized diphthong vowel I mm !
I
poun. boun. toun. doun. koun. goun. kjoun. gjoun. moun. noun. njoun. ngoun.
poun booo WOO
doun koun goun kjoun gjoun moun noun njoun ngoun
poun: booo: toun: doun: koun: goun: kjoun: gjoun: moun: noun: njoun: ngoun:
I
hpoun
-+
htooo
htoun:
I khoun
khoun:
hpooo.
I
I
htmm
I
I
hpooo:
II
I
khoun. choun.
Ir
I choun
i
j
I
L
choun:
I hmoW1. I hmrmn I hmoun: ." hnoun. I hnm.m I OOoun: I hrljoun, i hnjooo I ~joun: r..ngoun. J ~ hngoun: I
loun. thooo. soun. mun. shoun. woun. 1000.
10un thoun soun mun shoun woun joun
pain. bain. tain. dain. kain. gain. k,jain. gjain. main. nain. n,jain. ngain. lain: thain. sain. zaln. shain. wain. jain.
pain bain tain dain kain gain k,jain gjain main nam njain ngain lain thain sam zam shain wain jain
paun.
paun baun taun daun
baun. taoo. daun.
!
I
I I
,
I
loun: thoun: soun: mun: shoun: woun: joun:
pain: bain: tain: dain: kain: gain: !gain: gjain: main: nain: n,jain: ngain: lain: thain: sain: zam: shain: wam: jain:
paun: baun: taun: daun:
1
1
hloun. dhoun. nsoun.
I
hloun dhoun hsoun
hlooo: dhoun: hsoun:
I
I
I
i
hpain.
hpain
hpain:
htain.
htain
htain:
khain.
khain
khain:
chain.
chain
chain:
hmain.
hnain. hnjain. hngain. hlain. dhain. hsain.
hmain hnain hn,jain hngain hlain dhain hsain
hmain: hnain: hnjain: hngain: blain: dhain: hsain:
hpaun.
hpaun
hpaun:
htaun.
htaun
htaun:
XiX
bun. gaun. ~jaun.
gjaun. maun. naoo. njaun. ngaun. laun. thaun. saun. mun. shaun. waoo. jaoo.
bun gaun l(jaoo gjaun maoo naun njaoo ngaun laun thaun saun mun shaoo iNaun jaun
bun: gaun: kjaun: maun: maoo: I
Milll:
njaoo: ngaun: laun: thaun: saun: mun: shaoo: waoo: jaoo:
wun.
khaun
khaun:
chaun.
chaun
cbaun:
hmaun. hnaun.
hmaun
~jaun.
hnjaun hngauu hlaun dhaun hsaun
hmaun: hnaun: hnjaun: hngaun: hlaun: dhaun: hsaun:
hngaun. hlaun. dhaun. hsaun.
hnaun
I
4: 15 CODSOrumt + Glottal stop 1i' I, I e' I, I a' 1 and I u' I
pi' hpi' bi' ti' hti' di'
n' kID' gi'
kii' chi' gji' mi' hmi' ni' hni' nji' hnji'
pa' hpa' ba' ta' hta' da'
pe'
hpe' be' te' hte' de' ke' khe' _ge' kie' che' gje' me' hme' ne' hne' nje' hnje'
]ca'
kha' ga' kia' cha' gja' rna'
-
hma' na' hna' nja' bnja'
])U'
hpu' bu'
w'
htu'
du' ku' khu' gu'
kiu' chu' gju' mu' hmu'
~-
uu' huu' . Jlju'
lmju'
<
pel
II
>
1koo~' d A
'~I- - - "
,
bei' tei' hteC del' kei' I Lkhei' I gei' ki""i' , J" chei' ---ji I
' ., l-----S1e:i
I i
mei' hmei' nei' I ., l1nea
pou' hou' bou' tou' hte' dou' kou' mou' gou' kjou' chou' gjou' mou' hmou' nou' hnou'
paC 1
"
pau'
npal
hpau'
baC tai' htai' dai' kai' mai' gai' kjai' chai' gjai' mai' ., rnnal nai' hnai'
bau' tau' htau' dau' kau' mau' Qau' kjau' chau' gjau' mau' hmau' nau' hnau'
~
Q
xxi
mef thee dhei' sci' hsei' zei' shei' "qvei'
iet'
s}
OOOlU1
hl ·81"' thai' db.ai'
hlau' thau' dhau'
wou' ,Iiou'
shai' wl!i' . "' J81
shau' ,wu'
mOlu' thou'
jau'
thin gan: za (ti')
dei: bi' u: thein: han
min gala ba hsilla min gala ba htain ba hou' ke~ na: htaun ba
dei: bi' u: thein: han min ~Ia min ~Ia ba hs!!.ia u: ba htain hou' ke. na: htaun
m
auspICIOusness Good morning, Good evening, How are you? etc. (male) teacher U, prefix to names of men of considerable age or status polite fonn particle to sit yes to listen
I ka. I is the first letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order of the
strokes is as illustrated below. 1
{J
2
(YJ
3
cn )
2
Lesson 1
0A0Y.)ol Good morning I
~A0Y.)ol
Wq)1! t
Good (' w6p2:::D~~v)~
morning~
Mr. Thein Han
Take a seat,
Yes.
W 6pe::::D~ :()')~
~0~GCXY)~ol
Mr. Thein Han
Please listen.
0('
('
I"
II
--~-~~
IQ
U',-,'c<",-,.
('
:tJQ)
Mr. David ~
II
Of. CD CYt" II
('
~Q)O'Y)G3 III
SIr.
~ACD0011i a?~
~9('
G
. -----.-----.-----
'-~'---i
/ kba. / is the second letter of the Myanmar alphabet The order of the
I strokes is as illustrated below.
I I
i
1
______
- - 2 --I-"3---:-~T-"-"---------l I -1 I - - - - - · - - - - i ;I I I iI
F -
I
I
I
I
II !
I
iI
I I _ _ _ _.!..-i
~"
"L_.
_ _" " _ . .
:
I
i
i
I I
I
II
I
II'
I
I
i
I
I
11
I,
J
:
.
3
Grammar & Usages
1. Imperative sentence Imperative sentence is a sentence which is in the form of a command.
For example: thwa: la lou' ma' ta' ja'
(Go!) (Come!) (Do it!) (Stand up!)
In Myanmar language, polite form particle ' ..... balpa' can be used after a 'verb' when the speaker requests some action from or makes the hearer to do something. '- ba' is used after the verb ending with tone 1, 2 or 3. And '- pa' is used after the verb ending with tone 4 or glottal stop.
for example: thwa: la lou' ma' ta' ja~
+ ba + ba + pa + pa
= =
thwa: ba la ba lou' pa ma' ta' ja' pa
(Go, please.) (Come, please.) (Do it, please.) (Stand up, please.)
2. Politeness Language differ in how they express politeness. In Myanmar language, generally, polite form particle ' ..... ba/pa' is used not only after the verb but also the noun. A person would use polite form particle, when referring to persons of equal or superior social standing. Especially, it must be used in formal greeting' min g!la ba' .
'khin bjal shin' can also be added for politeness at the end of an utterance. The equivalent expression in English is 'sir' or 'madam.' 'khin bjs' is used by male speakers. When people are talking fast, 'khin bja' may be pronounced 'khin mja' or even 'kh!mja'. 'shin' is used by female speakers. For example: [male speaker] ffemale speaker]
min !@la ba kh~ja min g~la ba shin
(Good morning, sir/madam.) (Good morning, sir/madam.)
4
DRILLS
Dl (for male students] 1) hsru a kjaun:
kjaun: dha: 3) ~a kjaun: dha: 4) hsru a kjaun:
hsIDa u: them: han min ~la ba hsrua (u: thein: han) min MIa ba kbgmja hsma u: khin ei: min ~la ba hs!ja (u: khin ei:) min ~la ba kh&nja hsrua u: tin shwei min g!!la ba hS§ja (u: tin shwei) min g!!la ba kh~ja hsrua u: htun: mjin. min ggla ba hsrua (u: htun: mjin.) min ~la ba kb§IDja hsrua u: thi ha. min gj!la ba hs!ija (u: thi ha.) min !@la ba khJ!IDja
(or)
(or)
(or)
(or)
(or)
D2 Vor female students] 1) hsrua
kjaun: dhu 2)
hsIDa kjaun: dhu
3) hsIDa kjaun: dhu 4) hsrua kjaun: dhu 5)
bsIDa kjaun:
hsrua u: thein: han min Wa ba hsrua (u: thein: han) min ~la ba shin hsIDa u: khin ei: min ~la ba ~a (u: khin ei:) min g!!la ba shin hsIDa u: tin shwei min i@la ba hsIDa (u: tin shwei) min ~la ba shin hsrua u: htun: mjin. min ~la ba hsrua (u: htun: mjin.) min g!!la ba shin hsIDa u: thi ha. min ~la ba hsrua (u: tm ha.) min ~la ba shin
(or)
(or)
(or)
(or)
(or)
5
DJ (for male students]
1) hsru a kjaun: dha:
thwa: thwa: ba (khgmja)
(to go)
2) hsru a kjaun: dha:
1a Ia ba (kh£lUja)
(to come)
3) hsru a kjaun: dha:
lei.Ia lei. Ia ba (khgmja)
(to study)
4) hs!!ja kjaun: dha:
lou' lou' pa
(to dol work) (kh~mja)
5) hsru a
hpa' hpa' pa
(kh~mja)
~jaun:
dha:
(to read)
D4 (for fenwle students) (to write)
1) hsrua kjaun: dhu
jet:
2) hsru a kjaun: dhu
sha sha ba (shin)
3) hsrua kjaun: dhu
na: htaun na: htaun ba (shin)
(to listen)
4) hsrua kjaun: dhu
kje' kje' pa (shin)
(to memorize! lelim by heart)
5) hsru a kjaun: dhu
m~i' ta' ja' .! rna' ta' .ia' pa (shin)
(to stand up)
jei: ba (shin) (to find! search)
6
D5
[Classroom Instructions] Please listen.
1) na: htaun ba
'f':G~~olll 2) thei dhei cha gja na: htaun ba
Please listen wen.
~JJ GJJ
Please repeat 'after me"
o
co,)
(\.(m~olll
4) tgjau' si lai' hsou ba c
CQ
0
co')
.C?2O?GOY)m~ cym
Please repeat after me, one person at a time . Please say (it) together.
3da;?Cf( d?ol'i
Please read (it).
6) hpa' pa
(9oSo111 Please say (it).
7) pjo: ba
G~ol,H 8) kje gje pjo:ba
Please speak up. Please speak louder. Please speak faster.
otJoS
~ljan
mjan pjo: ba
B~§~ G§')olll 10) pi'bi tha, dha. pjo: ba Q9
,.-.,
Please speak accurately.
')
OOJJJJ ~(),)Olll
11) hta' pjo: ba oun: '
Please say (it) again. Please repeat. Please try to say (it).
000 GEPo12:11 .' 12) pjo: kJi·
t?a,
, GGP6t2°111 13) hta' pjo: kji. ba oun: ('
roo
14)
Please try to say (it) again.
c' ') Q ~()')t:232.i: O! 2: II ,--, r-"
mj~ma
lou pjo: kji. ba
§~~o? G~6e1°11l
/
15) in: g~lei' lou m~pjo: ba}f!e. €
01;'
0
3d()0JoCl:(
c: ,], '1'. l!
~GlPo
Please try to speak in Myanmar. Please don't speak English.
7
16) a: 10un: ~tu du pjo: ba
Please say (it) in chorus.
3d0:a?: 3d0j(0j( c{ooolu 17) ne: fli!: mjan mjan pjo: ba
Please speak more quickly.
t~:"2: §
mS Go.y.xrS ~ GE[.>ol II 19) hrnan ba de
Please say (it), one person at a time. That's right.
c
'" '1
'7;01 mU)ll
20) hma: ba de
That's wrong.
'j'J:01moS II
Please open (your) book.
21) sa ou' hpwin. ba c
c
'1
OYJ3fo g9 0111 Please look at (your) book.
22) sa ou'kou kji. ba
OYJ3f 0af1§21 01 II 23) sa ou' pei' pa
Please close (your) book.
®03f0 8~0111 24) sa ou' kou
m~kji.
ba ne.
OYJ3f0cq ~§2101~. II 25) hpjei ba
G§oll1
Please don't look at (your) book. Please answer.
8
thin gan: za (hni')
nan me balon kho ba" dhale:
nan me balou kho ba dhaIe: kjano dei: hi' pa arnei ri kan Iu rnjou: la: hou' ke. amei ri kan Iu rnjou: ba
hsilla dei: hi'
hsilla dei: hi'
nan me kbo !me ri kan bou' ke.
name to call American yes
b.;!iou kj!no In mjon:
how I (male speaking) nationality
I0 I gao I is the third letter of the Myanmar alphabet. I strokes is as illustrated below. f.-
I
1=0 L
2
1
~
The order of the
3 -
C-J
9
Lesson 2
'0e~ :;n&>o? GsT01 ~c\) What's your name?
OO~2:03~:()')~ Mr. Thein Han <'
eiO'Y.)G3 :ea:> Mr. David
OO'P2:::>3~:()')~ Mr. Thein Han
eiO'Y.)G3 :eS Mr. David
•
o
ro I gao I is the fourth letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order of the strokes is as illustrated below. 1
2
~-
0
3
I ) ")
UJ
to
10
Grammar & Usages
1. Personal pronouns (Polite form) The Myanmar kj!,no and kj!ma., like English '1', refer to the speaker (first person). The difference between them is that kj!,DO is said by men and kj!ma. by woman. For example: [man speaking] [woman speaking]
kj!no ~e ri lean Iu mjou: ba (I am an American.) kj!,ma. ~me ri kan Iu mjou: ba (I am an American.)
Number Person
Singular
Male Speaking Female Speaking English
Ii! kj!l1o
2!!!!
Plural
3m
l!l kj!l1o doD. k.i!ma. doD. we
kh!mja: thu.
k.i!ma.
shin
I
you
Equivalent
he, she
2!!!!
3J:i!
kh!mja: doD. shin dou..
thu. doD.
you
they
2. Equational sentence In Written Myanmar. 'hpji" is a verb which shows the equivalent relationship between the subject and the predicative noun. Usually a noun is placed before 'hpji"; however, a phrase or a clause may substitute for the noun. It is used to make a noun, phrase, or clause the predicate of the sentence. For example: kj!no + !mei ri kan lu mjou: + hpji' + thi (I am an American.) I
American
to be
S(entence) F(inal) P(artic!e)
In Colloquial Myanmar, no need to use the verb 'hpji" (which means to be something, someone). Use two nouns and particle '-balpa' for politeness. For example: kj!no + !,mei ri kan 10 mjou: + ba (I am an American.) I
American
particle
11
3. Question particle for yes-no question -Ia: or dh!la:! th!la: are sentence-final question ending. ----dh!la:! th!la: are used after the verb (or the polite form particle). -Ia: can be used for both predicative nouns and verbs. But ~dh!la:! th!la: is more polite than -la: and usually use with polite form particle '-ba/pa'. When the verb ends in a vowel with tone 1,2 or 3, use '----dh!Ia:'. When the verb ends in a vowel with tone 4 or glottal stop, use '-th!la:'. But after polite form particle' -ba/pa', use only' ----dh!la:'. For example: !,mei ri kan lu mjou: + la: N
kh!mja: + kjsun: dhu + Is: N
(Are you an American?)
Q(uestion) E(nding)
N
la Is + Is:! dh!la:
(Are you a (girl) student?)
Q(uestion) E(nding)
(to come) (DolDid you come?)
la + ba + dh!la: thwa: thwa: + la:! dh!la: thwa: + ba + dh!Ia:
(to come) (DolDid you go?)
lou' lou' + la:! th!la: lou' + pa + dh!la:
(to dol work) (DolDid you do?)
ei' ei' + Ia:! th!la: ei' + pa + dh!la:
(to sleep) (DolDid you sleep?)
12
DRILLS Dl Vor male students] 1) hsilla kjaun: dha:
nan me b~lou kho ba dh~le: kjW10 dei: bi' pa
2) hsilla kjaun: dha:
nan me bwou kho ba dh~le: (Mr. Sawada) kj~no mjit s~ta hsa wa da ba
3) hsilla kjaun: dha:
nan me b~lou kho ba dh~le: kj~no mjit s~ta kin ba
(Mr. Kim)
4) hsilla kjaun: dha:
nan me b~ou kho ba dh~le: kj~no kou kou ba
(Ko Ko)
5) hsilla kjaun: dha:
nan me.b~lou kho ba dh~le: kj~no u: sou: nain ba
(U Soe Naing)
nan me bglou kho ba dh~le: ju ki ba
(Yuki)
2) hsilla kjaun: dhu
nan me bglou kho ba dh~le: kj~ma. nan si ba
(Nancy)
3) h sill a kjaun: dhu
nan me b~lou kho ba dh~le: kj~ma. khin khin ha
(Khin Khin)
4) hsgja
nan me
(David)
D2 Vor female students]
1) hsilla kjaun: dhu
kjaun: dhu 5) hsgja kjaun: dhu
kj~ma.
kj~ma.
b~lou
kho ba dh~le: rna' ni ni ba
nan me bglou kho ba dh~Je: kjgma. do thi thi ba
(Ma Ni Ni)
(Daw Thi Thi)
13
D 3 (for male studentsl
1) hsilla kjaun: dha:
khf!mja: f!me ri kan Iu mjou: la: hou' ke., kjf!no gmei ri kan lu mjou: ba
2) hsilla kjaun: dha:
khf!mja: kou ri: ja: Iu mjou: la: hou' ke., kjf!no kou ri: ja: lu mjou: ba
3) hsilla kjaun: dha:
khgmja: gjf!pan Iu mjou: la: hou' ke., kj~no gjgpan Iu mjou: ba
4) hsilla
khf!mja: bf!ru nain: lu mjou: la: hou' ke., kjf!no bf!ru nain: Iu mjou: ba
kjaun: dha: 5) hsilla kjaun: dha:
khf!mja: htain: Iu mjou: Ia: hou' ke., kjf!no htain: Iu mjou: ba
D 4 (for female students) 1) hsilla kjaun: dhu
khf!mja: bi jet nan lu mjou: la: hou' ke., kjf!ma. bijet nan Iu mjou: ba
2) hsilla kjaun: dhu
khgmja: la ou Iu mjou: la: hou' ke., kjf!IDa. la ou Iu mjou: ba
3) hsilla kjaun: dhu
khf!mja: in dou ni: sha: iu mjou: la: hou' ke., kjf!ma. in dou ni: sha: lu mjou: ba
4) hsilla kjaun: dhu
khf!mja: mf!lei: sha: Iu mjou: la: hou' ke., kjf!ma. mf!lei: sha: Iu mjou: ba
5) hsilla kjaun: dhu
khgmja: kan bo: di: ja: Iu mjou: la: hou' ke., kJ~ma. kan bo: di: ja: lu mjou: ba
14
D 5 Vor both male and female students] 1) hsru a kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
2)
hsru a kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
3) ~a kjaun:
hsrua kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
truou' Iu mjou: (Chinese) shin truou' Iu mjou: la: hou' ke., kj~no truou' Iu mjou: ba pjin dhi' Iu mjou: (French) shin pjin dhi' lu mjou: la: hou' ke., kj~no pjin dhi' Iu mjou: ba in:
~lei'
Iu mjou:
(English)
shin in: wei' Iu mjou: la: hou' ke., kj~o in: ~lei' Iu mjou: ba k~ei
da Iu mjou: (Canadian) shin ~ei da Iu mjou: la: hou' ke., kj~o k!pwi da Iu mjou: ba b~ra zi:
In mjou: (Brazilian) shin b!!fa zi: Iu mjou: la: hon' ke., kj~no bi!Ta zi: Iu mjou: ba
D6 Vor male students) 1) hsIDa kjaun: dha:
si' bou
(military officer)
khwnja: si' bou la:
2) hsru a kjaun: dha:
than twnan
3) hsru a kjaun: dha:
si: bwa: jei: dh.§:ma: (business man) kb2mja: si: bwa: jei: dh.§ma: la:
4) hsru a kjaun: dha:
hs!ja win rna. (female physician) kh.§mja: hsrua win rna. la:
5) hs!ja kjaun: dha:
hsrua rna. (female teacher) kh~ja: hsrua rna. la:
kh~mja:
(diplomat) than 4l:man la:
15
D 7 (for both male and female students)
1) hsru l1 kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
(owner) pain shin shin pain shin la: hot!' ke., kjS!no pain shin ba
2) hsru a kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
(manager) man nei gja shin man nei gja la: hou' ke., kjS!no man nei gja ba
3) hsru a kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
ka: hsrua la: shin ka: hsrua la: hou' ke., kjS!flo ka: hsrua ba
4) hsru a kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
(police officer) je: rua shi. shin je: rua sm. la: hou' ke., kjS!no je: rua shi. ba
5) hsru a kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
(librarian) sa kji. dai' hmu: shin sa kji. dai' hmu: la: hou' ke., kjS!no sa kji. dai' hmu: ba
(car driver)
D8 (for both male and female students) 1) hsilla kjaun: dha:/dhu
ku: ku: ba dhS!la:
(to copy, to cross over)
2) hSIDa kjaun: dha:/dhu
Jet: jei: ba dhS!la:
(to write)
3) hSIDa kjaun: dha:/dhu
pel:
(io
4) hsrua kjaun: dha:/dhu
hpa'· hpa' pa dhS!la:
5)
hsru a kjaun: dha:/dhu
gjy~)
pjei: ba dhS!la: (to read)
kje' (to memorize~ learn by heart) kje' pa ~la:
16
thin gan: za (thoun:)
hpa' sa on' shi. ba dh,!la: hsilla dei: bi' hsilla dei: hi'
sa ou' !,bi. dan m,!sbi.
hpa' sa OU' shi. ba dhala: hou' ke. shi. ba de abi. dan jo: shi. ba dhala: hin.in: mashi. ba bu:
book dictionary to have not
bpa' sa ou' bin. in:
text book; reader no
c / nga.
/ is the fifth letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order of the strokes is as illustrated below. 1
C
2
3
c
~J
17
Lesson 3
uoSOY.>3fO ~o1:).) coo: Do you have a text book?
OO'P2::B,:c.n,
uoSOY.>3fO ~ol :).)COO:II
••
Mr. Thein Han
Do you have a text book?
~iO'Y.>~3 :tl~ Mr. David
••
OO'fJ2::B,:c..n,
••
utoSo}l Yes, I do.
~03 ro,G'fJ ~a:Y.): II
Mr. Thein Han
~fO'Y.>G3 :tlS
~olO)uSll
Do you have a dictionary, also?
c..n~~8:1 ~~olO(:1I
••
No, I don't.
Mr. David
I sa. / is the sixth letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order of the strokes is as illustrated below.
Q)
1
Q)
2
3
18
Grammar & Usages 1. Declarative sentence --del te is the declarative sentence-final verb ending. --de is used after the verb (or polite form particle) ending in a vowel with tone 1,2 or 3. -te is used after the verb ending in a vowel with tone 4 or glottal stop. For example:
la la + de la + ba + de
(to come) (He/She come/came.)
thwa: thwa: + de thwa: + ba + de
(to go) (He/She go/went.)
lou' lou' + te lou' + pa -t de
(to dol work) (He/She work/worked.)
ei' ei' + te ei' + pa + de
(to sleep) (He/She sleep/slept.)
2. The Verb of Existence The verb ' shi. ' indicates existence, location or possession. It is used to say that '(something) exists,' or '(something) is located (in a place),' or '(somebody) has (something).' For example:
-
-
jei shi. la: hou' ke., shi. de
Do you have water? Yes, I do.
!chein shi. la: jan goun mjei boun shi. la: mei: Z!,ja shi. la:
Do you have time? Do you have Yangon map? Are there (any) questions?
19
th!nge gjin: shi. de na ji shi. de
I have a friend. (A friend exists.) I have a watch. (A watch exists.)
When the subject is an esteemed individual, use polite form particle
'-ba'. For example: pa mau' Ima. gjou' shi. ba de than !ma' kji: shi. ba de mi. ba. dwei shi. ba dh!la:
The rector is in. The ambassador is in. Are your parents home? (or: Are your parents (still) alive?)
3. Negative sentence The negative phrase
N + N + m!!hou' hpu:
N + N + m!hou' pa bu:
(or)
kjAno + kjaun: dha: + ba kJ!no + kjaun: dha: + m!hou' hpu: kj!no + kjaun: dha: + m!hou' pa bu:
(I am a student.) (I am not a student.)
For other sentences, the negative particle Om! ..• bu:' is used for the verb ends in a vowel with tone 1,2, or 3. And
m! + Verb + bu:/hpu: la shi. lou' thwa: ei'
(to come) (to exist) (to work) (to go) (to sleep)
m! + Verb + pa + bu:
(or)
m~ m~ m~ m~ m~
+ + + + +
la shi. lou' thwa: ei'
+ + + +
bu: bu:
hpu:
ba + bu: +- pa + bu:
20
4. Yes and No , hon' ke. ' and' in: ' are used when making an affirmatjve reply (equivalent to the noun 'yes'). But ' hm.i~ ke. ' is more polite than' in: .' Actually, , hoo' ' is a verb means 'to be true; be a fact.' Thus, , hon' la: ' means 'Is it trueT and yon can answer ' hon' te ' or ' hou' pa de ' (Yes, It is true.) , hin. in: ' means 'no' for an negative reply.
These particles can also be attached to almost any word of a sentence to indicate unity, sameness or identity. Like English 'too, also, even, indeed.' Sometimes they can express emphasis, too. Usually, ' ~ jo: ' is used for question sentence and ' - Ie: ' for answer. Sometimes ' - Ie: ' can be used with ' - be:/bpe: ' which particle suffixed to a word for emphasis for equational sentence. For example: tho ga. Main: II.! mjou: kJi!,no Ie: Main: lu rojou: be:
is Thai. I, too, am Thai.
He is also a rector.
kj!DO banD: bi we de hp!na' Ie: we de sa on' we ~a: sa 00' Ie: we de
I bought (a pair of) trousers. I also bought (some) shoes.
Did you (some) books, too. Yes, I bought (some) books, too.
t
21
DRILLS D 1 VOT both male and female students] 1) hsrua kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
sa: sa: ba dhgla: hou' ke., sa: ba de
(to eat)
2) hsIDa kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
thau' thau' pa ~la: hou' ke., thau' pa de
(to drink)
3) hsru a kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
nel nei ba dh~la: hou' ke., nei ba de
(to
4) hsru a kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
Win
(to enter)
5) hsrua kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
kjai' kjai' pa dh~la: hou' ke., kjai' pa de
stay~
live)
ba dh~la: hou' ke., win ba de \\1fl
(to like)
D 2 Vor both male and female students] 1) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
(pencil) khe: dan shi. ba dh~la: hou' ke., khe: dan shi. ba de
2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
(friend) th{!nge gjln: shi. ba dh!!la: hou' ke., th!!nge gjin: shi. ba de
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
pal' hsan shi. ba dh§Ja: (money) hou' ke., pai' hsan shi. ba de
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
naji shi. ba dh~la: hou' ke., na ji shi. ba de
(watch! clock)
{!cheln shi. ba dh!!la: hou' ke., ~chein shi. ba de
(time)
22
D3 (for both male and female students) 1) hsilla kjaun: dha:ldhu
ka. ba dh~la: hin. in:, m~ka. ba bu:
(to dance)
2) hsill a
ggza: ba dh~la: hin. in:, m~g~za: ba bu:
(to play)
3) hsilla kjaun: dha:/dhu
kjl. ba dh~la: hin. in:, m~kji. ba bu:
(to look at)
4) hsilla kjaun: dha:/dhu
mel: ba dh~la: hin. in:, m~mei: ba bu:
(to ask)
5) hsilla kjaun: dha:ldhu
hpjei ba dhWa: hin. in:, m~hpjei ba bu:
(to answer)
kjaun: dha:ldhu
D 4 [for both male and female students) 1) hsilla
kjaun: dha:/dhu
(table) zg!Jwe: shi. ba dh~la: hin. in:, 7-!!bwe: m~hi. ba bu:
2) hsilla kjaun: dha:/dhu
(chairibench) kglghtain ba dh~la: hin. in:, k§J~htain m~hi. ba bu:
3) hsilla kjaun: dha:ldhu
(father) !lhpei shi. ba dh~la: hin. in:, ~hpei m~hi. ba bu:
4) hsilla kjaun: dha:ldhu .
!lmel shi. ba dh~la: hin. in:, £!mei m£!shi. ba bu:
5) hsilla kjaun: dha:/dhu
te Ii hpone shi. ba dh~la: (telephone) hin. in:, te Ii hpone m~shi. ba bu:
(mother)
23
D 5 [for both male andfemale students) 1) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
(German) shin gja man Iu rnjou: la: hin. in:, kj~no 0 sgtrei: Ii: ja: Iu rnjou: ba
2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
(trader) shin koun dhe la: hin. in:, kj~no in gjin ni ja ba
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
(vocalist; singer) shin lJ:.hsou do la: hin. in:, kj~no da raj'ta ba
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
hin. in:,
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
shin pwe: za: Ia: hin. in:, kj~no pain shin ba
D6
shinjou'shin min: dha: la: (film star; actor) kj~no man nei gja ba (broker)
[for both male and female students]
1) kjaun: dha: kjaun: dhu
kh~mja:
jou'shin min: dhlJ:.mi: la: (actress)
hin. in: kj~rna.jou'shin
2) kjaun: dha: kjaun: dhu
kh~mja:
hin. in:,
min: dhgmi:
thu na pju. la: thu na pju.
kj~ma.
kh~mja:
3) kjaun: dha: kjaun: dhu
sgjin: gain la: hin. in:, kj~rna. sgjin: gain
4) kjaun: dha: kjaun: dhu
hin. in:
kh~mja:
kj~rna.
5) kjaun: dha: kjaun: dhu
rn~hou'
m~hou'
pa bu:
(nurse) pa bu:
(accountant) m~hou' pa bu:
kou han pja. me la:
(model)
kou han pja. me m~hou' pa bu:
kh~mja:
sajei: hsgja ma. la:
(authoress)
hin. in: kj~ma.
sajei: hsgja rna.
m~hou'
pa bu:
24
D 7 [for both male and female students] 1) hsru a kjaun: dha:/dhu
(French) pjin dhi' zgga: Ie. Ia ba dh~la: hou' ke., in: gg:/ei' zgga: Ie: iei. la ba de
2) hsru a kjaun: dha:/dhu
(newspaper) dhgdin: za hpa' pa dh~la: hou' ke., mgggzin: Ie: hpa' pa de
3) hsru a kjaun: dha:ldhu
jOll'shin kji. ba dh~la: (movie) hou' ke., te Ii bel: shin: ie: kji. ba de
4) hsru a kjaun: dha:/dhu
thgchin: hsou ba dhf!:la: hou' ke., gi' ta Ie: ti: ba de
5) hsru a kjaun: dha:/dhu
19hpe' jet thau' pa dh~la: hou' ke., ko hpi Ie: thau' pa de
(song)
(tea)
D 7 [for both male and female students] 1) hsru a kjaun: dha:/dhu
san: dgja: jo: ti: ba dh~la: hou' ke., san: dgja: Ie: ti: ba de
2) hsru a kjaun: dha:ldhu
wi'htu.. jo: hpa' pa dh~la: (novel; fiction) hou' ke., wi'htu.. Ie: hpa' pa de
3) hsru a kjaun: dha:/dhu
we'tha: jo: sa: ba dh~la: hou' ke., we' tlta: Ie: sa: ba de
(pork)
4) hsru a kjaun: dha:/dhu
gme: dha: jo: kjai' pa dh~la: hou' ke., gme: dha: Ie: kjai' pa de
(beef)
5) hsru a kjaun: dha:ldhu
hsei: jo: thau' pa dh£!la: hou' ke., hsei: Ie: thau' pa de
(piano)
(medicine)
25
thin gan: za (lei:)
di ha ba Ie:
dei: bi' hsilla dei: bi' hsilla
di ha ba Ie: - hsilla lei. kjin. gan: ba lei. kj in. gan: gao khe' la: hin. in: makhe' pa bu:
this (thing) to be difficult
dina kbe'
lei. kjin. gan:
exerCise
[----------I <;;0 / hsa. ! is the seventh letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order of the I strokes is as iHustrated belowo iI-----------~----____r----__.___,__-------__I i~-----·---------I------=---+-----=-----I 1 ! 2 3 !
______.•___
i
I
I
I- ---
- - I ---=::---:=:---
1---1 0
1----
26
Lesson 4
~ OY.> o'Y.)(:o What's this?
O'YJro -
~ iO'Y.)<03 : t) a) Mr. David
••
~ OY.> What's this?
oo6p2:~':(J.)'
·• ·•
1J ~ Sht: ()111
••
(J.)~~8:1 ~Q)c?;{)lO(:JI No, it's not difficult.
Mr. Thein Han ~iO'Y.)<03 :t)a) Mr. David 006p2:~;:(J.); Mr. Thein Han
@
/
006p1l
It's an exercise. ~ GC\(<">1J~
~ Q),:m Q) c?; OY.>: II
Is it difficult?
za. / is the eight letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order of the
strokes is as illustrated below.
1
~
2
3
@
27
Grammar & Usages 1. Demonstrative (di-/ hou-/ e: di.-/ hoo: ga.-)
Demonstrative is a word which refers to something in terms of whether it is near to or distant from the speaker. The demonstratives in Myanmar language are: di, hou, e: di., hoo: ga.. They usually occur only as modifiers of a following noun or dependent noun. For example: di ba, boo ha, e: di. ba, boo: gao ba. In this case, 'ba' means' thing' Thus, 'di ba' designates something physically close to the speaker, 'ho ba' designates something physically close to the hearer, 'e:di. ha' refers to something already mentioned or known to both the speaker and hearer, and Chou: gao ha' designaters something removed from both the speaker and the hearer. Sometimes, 'da' can also be used same as 'oi ha.' For example: di ha ba Ie: e: da hti: ba
What is this? This is an umbrella.
hou ha bgJau' Ie: e: da twa ba
How much is that? This is (costs) 100 (kyat).
di nei. thf!:.htei: mgla bu: e: da dgge 1a:
Today (our) boss are not coming. Is that a fact?
di neija
this place that person that thing over there
houlu hOll: gao
014'
sa
di ha ba Ie:
di hajei ge: thi' ta ba
=
da ba Ie: dajei ge: thi' ta ba
What is this? This is a refrigerator.
2. Question particle for wh-qoestion
In Colloquial Myanmar, '-Ie:' is a final particle of an interrogative sentence collocating with initial particles, 'ba, be.' For example:
28
da ba Ie: da lei ei: pei: ze' pa
What IS this? This is an air-conditioner.
be ho te kaun: Ie: kmen dhe gil: mja: ho te gao kaun: de
Which hotel is gootl? Traders hotel is good.
3,. Topic marker
, -ga.l ka. ' is the postpositional marker to indicate nominative case. Usually, it is omitted in Colloquial Myanmar. For example: kj!no (ga.) kmm P!ni 00' k!hta. ba I am the company president. (Z!bwe: bo hma) IDoo' (ka.) shi. ba de There is a doH (on the table). Actually, this particle designates the topic or theme of a sentence, and also express contrast and emphasis. It can be attached to aU case markers except object particles. When the noun (or case marker) ends in a vowel with tone 1, 2 or 3, use gao. When the noun (or case marker) ends in a vowel with tone 4 or glottal stop, use bo. For example: kj!!no gao koun P!!ni ou' ~hta. ba Z!!bwe: bo hma gao ruou' shi. ba de
(As for me,) I am the company president. (As on the table,) There is a doll on the table.
Usually, it is also used with ' do.', which is a suffix to case marker (including object particle) as an emphasis. For example: thu (ga.) thwa: hsrua win ba kj!!no gao do. ~rei' hsan hsrua win ba
He is a dentist. (As for me,) I am a veterinary surgeOn.
29
DRILLS D 1 [for both male andfemale students] 1) hsf!ja kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
di ha I ~lf!htain di ba ~lf!htain la: hou' ke., e:da k~JW1tain ba
(chairlbench)
2) hsf!ja kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
da / ;If!bwe: da Zf!bwe: la: hou' ke., e: da 'Zf!bwe: ba
(table/desk)
3) hsf!ja kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
hOll
4) hsilla kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
(cupboard) hou: gao ha I bi dou hOD: gao ita bi dou la: hou' ke., boo: gao Ita bi dou ba
5) hsf!ja kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
(rubbish bin) e: da I f!lunai' poun: e: da f!lunai' poun: ]a: hou' ke., e: da !!hmai' poun: ba
(text book) ha I hpa' sa OU' ha hpa' sa ou' la: hou' ke., boo Ita hpa' sa ou' pa hOil
D 2 [for both male and female students] 1) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
(baH point pen) di ha bo: pin ia: hin. in:, di ha bo: pin mg hou' pa bu:
2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
da Ie' pa' na ji Ia: (wrist watch) hin. in:, da Ie' pa' naji mg hou'~bu::
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
(door) e: da dgga: la: hin. in:, e: da dgga: mf! hou' pa bu:
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
hou ha sa ou' sin Ia: (bookshelf) hin. in:, e: cia sa OU' sin m!! hou' pa bu:
5) ~jaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
hou:, gao ha mj;;'J;l:.n-wnla: (spectacles) hin. in:. e: da mJe'hman mg hou' pa bu:
30
1). kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
di ha mjel boll'n la:· bin. in:, di ha da' pOlin ba
(map) (photograph)
2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
da thf!dili: za la: hin. in:, da datn ja ji ba
(newspaper)
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
e: da Ie' ludn bg:wa la: hin. in:, e: da sa )we' pa
(handkerchief) (paper)
4) kjaun: dhu
houha Ie' ~e: ei'la:
kjaun: dha:
bin. in:, e: da lwe~' pa
(briefcase) (cloth sling bag)
(diary)
(key) (knife)
hou: gao ha tho. la: hin. in:, e: da da: ba
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
D 4 [for both male andfemale students] di ha/bi: di ha ba Ie: e:da bi: ba
(comb)
kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha: 2) hsrua kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
001 hti: daba Ie: e: da hti: ba
(umbrella)
3) hsma
hou ha 1mje' hn~thou' Nwa (face towel) nou ha ba Ie: hou ha mje' hil,!thou' p!wa ba
1)·. hs!ja
kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha: 4) hs,rua kjaun: dhu kjaun; dha: 5) nsrua ·kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
(~
I
hou: gao ha I ~bwe: gin: hou: gao ha ba Ie: hou: gao haZi!bwe: gin: ba e: da I su: lei hprua: e: da ba Ie: e: da su: lei hp.!ia: ba
(table cloth)
(The Sule Pagoda)
31
D 5 [for both male andfemale students)
kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
di ha gao I bu da joun (railway station) diba 2. bu da joun la: hou' ke., e:da gao do. bu dajoun ba
2) hsilla kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
da gao I win gji: mja: joun: (The Secretariat) da gao win gji: mja: joun: 1a: hou' ke.,e: da gao 'do. win gji: mja: joun: ba
1) hsilla
-.~
3) hsilla kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
hou ha gao I pja. dai' (museum) bou haga. pja. dai' lri: hou' ke., hou ha gao do. pja. dai' pa
4) hsilla kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
hou: gao ha gao / lei zei' (airport) hon: gao ha gao lei zei' la: hou" ke.~ bou: gao ha gao do. lei zei' pa
5) hsilla kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
e: da gao I ba'
s~a:
hma' tain (bus stop)
e:daga~ b~' s~ka: hma' tain la:
hou' ke:, e: da gao do. ba'
s~ka:
hma' tain ba
D 6 [for both male and female students]
kjaun: dha:/dhu
di ~lou' ka. khe'la: (to be difficult) hou' ke., di ~lou' ka. khe' pa de
2) hsilla kjaun: dha:/dhu
rrij~ma ZMa: gao 'lwe la> " '\'.' I (to be easy) . ,-" hou' ke:,mjwna ZMa: ga.. lw"l! ba de
3) hsilla kjaun: dha:/dhu
~me:dha:
4) hsilla kjaun: dha:/dhu
kjaun: dha: mja: 1a: . (to be l!llicll) hou' ke., kjaun: dha': mja: ba de
5) hsilla kjaun: dha:/dhu
kjaun: gao ni:., la: hou' ke., kjaun: gao 11.1: ba de
1) hsilla
gao kaun: la: (to be good) hou' ke., ~me: dha: gao kaun: ba de .
32
thin gOO: za (nga:)
twei. ja. da wan: tha ba de
min ~la ba twei. ja. da wan: tha ba de kjano dei: bi' pa amei ri kan Iu mjou: ba min ~Ia ba twei. j a. da wan: tha ba de kjano hsa wa da ba gjapan Iu mjou: ba
dei: hi'
..
hsa wada
to meet
twei.
wan: tha
to be glad
~
I ZL I is the ninth letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order of the strokes is as illustrated below.
1
~
3
2
~~ ~ "~.
33
Lesson 5
GOd. 'lOY.) 0~::xY..>01 0') oS II I am glad to meet you.
<:
~AC\X)oll1 GOd. 'lOY.) 0~::xY..>01 O')oSu How are you? I am glad to meet you.
~~oy')G3: eJ Q)
Mr. David
aaJ~G0'Y3 gj~ G3:~Sol.1I My name is John David.
3dG~~m, OJ(~l:oll1 I'm an American.
~AC\X)ol II GOd. 'lOY.) o~::xY..>olO')oSll How are you? .I am glad to meet you.
••
oaJ;G0'Y3
00001310111 My name is Sawada. <:
C(Jo,
'1
0
OJ(~l:OIIi
I'm a Japanese.
2 / nja. / is the tenth letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order of the strokes is as illustrated below. .
1
b
2
~
3
~
34
Grammar &; Usages 1. Nominalizing suffix ,. . . dalbl' In. Myanmar language, nominaHzation is the grammatical process of forming nouns from other parts of speech, usually action verbs or descriptive verbs. Even a sentence can also be made the complement of a verb by being made into a nominal (noUn-like) expression. In. Colloquial Myanmar, the suffix .~ da I bl • makes sentences into nominal expression; it is a nominalizing element with reference to nonfuture time. The verbal nouns or nominal expressions made in this way '- da Ita' indicate activity, quality, quantity, extent, or state of being, concretely. Expressions in are basically equivalent in meaning to one kind of' ... ing', or the infmitive 'to (do). , ..... tia' is used after the verb ending with tone 1,2 or 3. Ptild ' .... ta' is used after the verb ending with tone 4 or glottal stop. But sometimes ',." bl' can be pronounced as ....... hbl'. SoWn:
VIIl!"b
sa: thwa: Ian: shau' ~ou' lou' kji:
(to eat) (to go) (to walk) (to work) (to be big)
da da ta ta da
VlIlrb~
Noonl N@miD~iud expremsiOD
sa:da thwa: da Ian: shau' ta ~lou' lou' ta kji: da
(eating) (going) (walking) (working) (bigness)
•- da Ita' function grammatically like many of the same suffixes and other kinds of elements that are added to ordinary nouns. Following is a sample table of forms of the expression shau' to, (walking) derived from the verb Ian: slum' (to walk): hm: shau' to walk Ian: shau' ta walking Ian: shau' ta gao do. as for walking Ian: shau' ta Ie: walking, too Ian: shau' ta gao walking (as topic) Ian: shau' ta gou. w-alking (as object) Nominalized expressions
oouns. For instance, they
35
2. Nominalizing suffix '- ja. da' ja. is an auxiliary verb and means 'to have opportunity to; to manage to; to be able to; can (do)' or 'have to (do); must.' '- ja. da' can be used as a nominalizing suffix with reference to non-future time. For example: 1. twei. ja. da wun: tha ba de 2. kja: ja. da thei' wun: tha ba de 3. thu. gou twei. ja. da khe' te 4.
~lou'
lou' ja. da kjai'te
[(I) am glad to meet (you).] [(I) am very pleased to hear (it).] [It is difficult to meet him. (or) Meeting him is difficult.] [(I) like to do (my) work (or) (1) like doing (my) work]
3. Differences between nominalizing suffixes between '- da/ta' and '- ja. da' Generally, the nominal expressions made with the suffix '- ja. da' express the speaker's experience and feeling. But the nominal expressions made with the suffix '- dalta' do not express the speaker's experience and feeling clearly. Study the following examples.
Ian: shau' Ian: shau' talbta Ian: shau' talbta kaun: de di nei. thu Ian: shau' ta kaun: de di nei. Ian: shau' ja. da kaun: de
(to walk) walking Walking is good (for everyone). It was good for him walking today. Today (I) took a good walk
twei. twei. da hsrua ne. twei. da kaun: de hsilla ne. twei. ja. da kaun: de
(to meet) meeting Meeting with (althe) teacher is good. It was good seeing (my) teacher.
sa: thi' thi: sa: da kaun: de nja. gao thi' thi: sa: ja. da kaun: de
(to eat) Eating fruit is good (for everyone). Last night (1) enjoyed the fruit (very much).
36
DRILLS
D1 ~a
1)
kjaun: dhu/cilia:
2)
hsIDa kjaun: dhu/dna:
3)
nsrua
(to be happy)
thau' ! kmm: thau' ja. da bun: ba de
(to be good)
hpa' ! khe' hpa' ja. da khe' pa de
kjaun: dhuldna:
(to be difficult)
i!lou' Iou' ! pin ban: (to be tired) ~lou' lou' ja. da pin ban: ba de
4) hsrua kjaun: dhu/dha: 5)
twei.! wun: tha twei. ja. da wun: tha ba de
hsIDa
che' /lwe che' ja. da lwe ba de
kjaun: dhuldha:
(to be easy)
D2 1) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
thf!nge giln: gou twei. ja. da bi!lou nei ba dhi!le: thi!nge gjin: gou twei. ja. da wun: tha ba de
2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
fIef: thau' ja. da bi!1ou nei ba ~!e: ~ei: thau' ja. da bun: ba de
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
nYf!11Ul hpa' sa hpa' ja. da
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
kounpf!m .@:lou' lou' ja. da b.@:lounei ba ~le: koun Pi!ni ~lou' lou' ja. da pin ban: ba de
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
mj~ mj~
(cold drinks)
b~lou
nei ba dh~le: mji!1na hpa' sa hpa' ja. da khe' pa de (Myanmar Reader)
hin: che' ja. da balou nei ba dhi!1e: (curry) hin: che' ja. da lwe ba de
37
D3 1) hsill a kjaun: dhuldha:
th~ehin:
hsouja. dapjo ba dh~la: (to be happy) hou' ke. i th~ehin: hsouja. da pjo ba de
2) hsilla kjaun: dhu/dha:
ko hpi thau' ja. da kiln: ba d~la: (to be bitter) o hpi thau' ja. da kha: ba de
3) hsilla kjaun: dhuldha:
Ian: shau' ja. da mo: ba dh~la: Ian: shau' ja. da rno: ba de
4) hsilla kjaun: dhuldha:
~bi.
5) hsilla kjaun: dhu/dha:
eho: eho:
~bi.
(to feel tired)
dan shaja. dapjin: ba dh~la: (to be bored) dan shaja. da pjin: ba de k~le' k~le'
sa: ja. da chou ba dh~la: (to be sweet) sa: ja. da chou ba de
D4 1) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
th~chin:
hin. in: /
hsou ja. da pjo ba dh~la: th~chjn: hsouja. da pjin: ba de
kjaun: dha:
ko hpi thau' ja. da kha: ba dh~la: hin. in: / ko hpi thau' ja. da chou ba de
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
Ian: shau' ja. da rno: ba dh~la: hin. in: / ian: shau' ja. da rn~rno: ba bu:
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
~bi.
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
cho: cho:
2) kjaun: dhu
dan sha ja. da pjin: ba dh~la: hin. in: / ~bi. dan sha ja. da rn~pjin: ba bu: k~le'
k~le'
sa: ja. da chou ba dh~la: sa: ja. da rn~hou ba bu:
38
thin gan: za (chau')
nain gan gja: ba dha te' mji'
s~ta
Ii
dei: hi' mji' s~ta Ii dei: hi' mji' s~ta Ii dei: hi'
· nain gan gja: ha dha te' g~dhou gao he hma shi. ha dh~Je: · te' ~dhoujei' tha Ian: hma shi. ba de · di gao nei wei: ba dh~Ia: · hin. in: / ni: ba de · kjei: zu: tin ba de · ja. ba de
nain gan gja: nain gan gja: ba dlla te' g§dllou behma wei: ni: kjei: zu: tin
~
~dhou
foreign country foreign language( s) university Where (?) to be far to be near to thank
I tao / is the eleventh letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order of the
strokes is as illustrated below. 1
*
2
J
*
39
Lesson 6
,8
c(b:O'Y)~o:>g;>~~ University of Foreign Languages
Q ~~
•• c
~i
••
oS 'P
"
~0::>,) ~ C\.) II
00 g;> ~
c0 ~8::>.:Y)C\.) ~: 'P ~01 00 oS II
It is on University Avenue Road.
Mr. David ••
~ooG'
Go:01::>.)(\.)0:11
Is it far from here?
Mr. Lee c:-
~i
o
•
~i
Mr. David
c:c:; :0~ 000)11 c:t.r.:l¥3dC:1
No, it's nearby.
Mr. David
~
0')
Where is University of Foreign Languages?
Mr. Lee
~i
0 C\.) c:- 00 toc.§ c C S0: OYJ::>.:Y)oog;> ~
•o
c ~ c:G01]:W:ooco 000) II
Thank you! 0 0
'101 00
oS II
Not at all.
! bta. ! is the twelfth letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order of the
strokes is as illustrated below.
1
~
2
3
+
40
Grammar & Usages
1. The locative suffix ' ..... I1ma' The suffix ' ..... hma' is added to nouns. Its function is to specifY location in space or time. The English translation of locative '- lima' may be 'in, on, at, under, by,' as appropriate in the context. For example.' sa kji. dai' hmo: shi. de to be in the library to be in the classroom sa thin gan: hmo: shi. de to be on the waH nan jan hmo: shi. de
di hmo: ~bwe: shi. de hou hmo: mjei bju m£!shi. bu: Ia: sa 19i. dai' lea. be limo: shi. Ie:
Here is a desk. Isn't there any chalk there? Where is the library?
be ~a ji limo: m~' sa sa: Ie: nwei hmo: thei' pu de shi' naji hmo: ei' te
What time do you eat breakfast? In summer, it is too hot. I went to sleep at 8' 0' clock.
2. The locative suffIX '- gao (nei) I U. (nei)' This locative suffix ' .... gao (nei)' comes after place nouns. The English equivalent of this suffix is 'from,' indication a starting point, separation, source, cause, etc. '- gao (nei)' is used after the verb ending with tone 1, 2 or 3. And '- b. (nei)' is used after the verb ending with tone 4 or glottal stop. For example: from here diga. n.ei from there houga. n.ei from over there hou: go. n.ei from where (7) bega. nei Where have (you) come from? be ga. n.ei la ba ~le: (I) am from China. truou' pji ga. nef la ba de \; The element' -nei ' is sometimes left out. For example: ~u ein di. ja. ga. la de He is from India . . be hn£!naji hma eingo. htvve' Ie: WhaHime did (you) leave (depart from) home?
41
DRILLS Dl 1) hsru a kjaun: dhuldha:
bolt gjou' zei: (Bogyoke Market) bou gjou' zei: be hma shi. ba ~le:
2) hsru a kjaun: dhuldha:
hsu: lei hpgja: (Sule Pagoda) hsu: lei hprua: be hma shi. ba dh~le:
3) hsrua kjaun: dhuldha:
\
.
{!no j{!hta Ian: (Anawrahta Road) ~no j.§,hta ian: be hma shi. ba dh~le:
4) hsru a kjaun: dhuldha:
hsei: joun gii:
5) hsru a kjaun: dhuldha:
eindha
(General Hospital) hsei: joun gji: be hma shi. ba dh~le: (toilet)
ein dha be hma shi. ba ~le:
D2
1) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
bou gjou' zei: be hma shi. ba dh~le: bou gjou' zei: di hma shi. ba de
2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
hsu: lei hprua: be hma shi. ba dh~e: hsu: lei hprua: hou~hma shi. ba de
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
~o j~hta
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
hsei: joun gji: be hma shi. ba dh!!le: hsei: joun gji: mjou. de: hma shi. ba de
~no j~hta
Ian: be hma shi. ba dh~le: Ian: hou: hma shi. ba de '---------._----
(downtown) -----~-~-~- '-
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
ein dha be hma shi. ba ~le: ein dha e: di. hma shi. ba de
42
DJ
(summer) (very, too)
1) hsru a kjaun: dhuldha: 2) hs~a kjaun: dhuldha:
hsaun: dwin: (winter) hsaun: dwin: hma thei 'ei:'ba de
3) hsru a kjaun: dhuJdha:
nwu: dwin: , (rainy season) mou: dmn: hma mou: thei' jwa ba de
4) hsru a kjaun: dhuldha:
nei.le nel. lehma.ei' pa de "'-/
5) hsru a kjaun: dhuJdha:
nja. nja. hma lei tai' pa
de
(midday) (to be ~!ID) (night) (the wind blow)
D4 1) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
be g,chein hma thei' pu ba ~ ~le: nwei hma thei' pu ba de
2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
be ~chein hma thei' ei: ba dh~le: hsaun: dwin: hma thei' ei: ba de
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
be ~chein hma mou: thei' jwa ba ~Ie: mou: dwin: hma mou: thei' jwa ba de
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
be ~chein hma ei' pa dh~Ie: nei. Ie hma ei' pa de
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
be ~chein hma lei tai' pa ~e: nja. hma lei tai' pa de
(when)
43
D5 be gao nei la ba ~le: la ou gao nei la ba de
(Laos)
2) hsru a kjaun: dhuJdha:
be gao nei la ba ~e: kjaun: gao nei la ba de
(school)
3) hsru a kjaun: dhuJdha:
be gao nei la ba dh~le: koun dai' ka. nei la ba de
1) hsru a
kjaun: dhuJdha:
(department store) 4) hsrua kjaun: dhuJdha:
be gao nei la ba dh@le: lei zei' ka. nei la ba de
5) hsrua kjaun: dhuJdha:
be gao nei la ba ~le: bu da joun gao nei la ba de
(airport)
(railway station)
D6 1) kjaun: dhu
kjaun: dha:
thanjoun: ga.la ba dh@la: (emmbassy) hin. in:! nain gan gja: jei: joun: ga, la ba de (Foreign Office)
2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
te' g!!dhou sa dai' ka. la ba ~la: hin. in:! sa ou' hsain gao la ba de
(post office) (book shop)
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
bf1hou t!1ia: joun: ga. la ba ~a: hin. in:! je: sf!khan: gao la ba de
(High Court) (police station)
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
a' chou' hsain ga, la ba dh@la: hin. in:! sa jei: kf1ri. ja zain gao la ba de
(tailor) (stationery)
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
a: gf1za: joun ga, la ba ~la: hin. in:! jei ku: gan gao la ba de
(stadium) (swimming pool)
thin gem: za (khun bni')
sa kji. dai' kou thwa: gjin ba de sa wada dei: bi' sa wada dei: bi'
sa kji. dai' kou thwa: gjin ba de be hma shi ba dhale: di ahsau' au: shei. hma shi. ba de atu du thwa: gja. mala: hou' ke. / atu du thwa: gja. me
sa kji. dai' !hsao' !i0: shei. ,!to do
~
library building front; in front of together
/ da. / is the thirteenth letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order of the
strokes is as illustrated below. 1
+
.2
3
+
45
Lesson 7
ro@~d?03d} ~:6ij801o:>oSH I want to go to the library.
~iO':Y.)QO'.)O131
oo§eio?03d} ~:fij801(7)05"
••
Mr. Sawada
I want to go to the library.
'JJ05rp
~ol::l)roll
Where is the library? ~iO':Y.)G3 :~~
33«)GGO'.)033«)~G~. rp ~ol(7)0511
••
Mr. David ~iO':Y.)QO'.)o131
It is in front of this building.
3«)0(0(
••
Mr. Sawada
9i O':Y.)G3 :~~
~:§~c\'y'):1i
Shall we go together?
or 03 d}, 3«)0(0(
••
~:§90511
Yes, let' go together.
Mr. David
v I da. I is the fourteenth letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order of the strokes is as illustrated below. 1
t-
1
3
V
O I
46
Grammar & Usages
1. The locative SUff'IX'
' - gou
I kou'
The suffix '- goulkou' is attached directly to a place noun and is followed by thwa: (to go) or la (to come), or their compounds. It indicates a specific destination. The English equivalent of this suffix is 'to.' '- gou' is used after the verb ending with tone 1,2 or 3. And '- Imu' is used after the verb ending with tone 4 or glottal stop.
For example: jOlln: gan: gou la ba thu lUI: Rei gtm: gou thwa: de Ilou' kou thwa: la:
Please come to the office. He went to the recreation room. Did (he) go to work?
2. The auxiliary '-gjinl chin ' This auxiliary '-gjinl chin ' attaches to verb and expresses the speaker's desire or wish to do or have something. The English equivalent of this auxiliary is' to want to (do).' When the verb ends in a vowel with tone 1, 2 or 3, use '-gjin '. When the verb ends in a vowel with tone 4 or glottal stop, use '-chin '.
For example: mj!!D1a za thin gjln ba de (I) want to study Myanmar language. moun. hin: ga: sa: Kiln ba de (He) want to eat Mohinga. b§gan gou thwa: gjln la: Do (you) want to go to Bagan. nwei bma kh§ji: htwe' chin ba de (I) ~t to traveli!!. summer. mou: dwin: hma ru>jin ~twe' chin bu: --(I) don't want to go oUtside in rainy season.
1 Declarative sentence-final verb ending for future time: ' -me' , -me' is the declarative sentence-final verb ending for future time. It is added to a verb and it indicates future action or state (equivalent in usage to auxiliary verbs 'will', 'shall'). Depending on the person of the verb, , -me ' can express intention or supposition as well.
For example: di nei. nja. te Ii hpoun: hse' me m~e'hpan hta' la me
(I) will telephone tOBight.
I'll come again tomorrow.
47
'-mAla:' is sentence-final question ending for yes-no question type. 6""'m!re:' is for wh-4juestion type. For example: Q: A: Q:
A:
kjaun: gou thwa: m!\-la: ke./ thwa: me
Win you go to school?
!lOU'
Yes, I wilL
be do. thwa: m~e: .§:gU. thwa: me
When win you go? I win go now.
The verb plays the most important role in determining the sentence type. The verb is Smtmce Ymal Pankle with which a sentence is ended. The selection and use of sentence final particle vary according to the (DECLARATIVE or QUESTION), or the Time (FUTURE or NON-FUTURE).
I
l----""-......;.....~"----+-------'-----_+_----------..l
I U
go there 7)
me o there.)
(When will vou go?)
Myanmar, 9 is particle to nouns, especially personal pronouns, to denote a group of persons or things. The particle '-dweiltwei' is added to nouns and it expresses the plural of the noun. But the particle ,; -gj~lkja.' is added to verbs to denote plurality. Whether, in the absence of a number word, a noun or a subject of a verb is '-A.-'U"-,,,.Uiai
I 1
48
to be taken as singular or plural is generally made clear by the context of the sentence. '-doD.', '-dwei' and ' -gia.' are used after the pronoun or noun or verb ending with tone 1,2 or 3. And '-t08.', '-twei' and' .....kja.'are used after the pronoun or noun or verb ending with tone 4 or glottal stop. For example: kj¥lo lame kj¥1O don. la gia. me
(I will come.) (We win come.)
kou kou sa: de kou kou don. sa: gill. de
(Ko Ko ate it.) (Ko Ko and his group ate it.)
sa thin gan: hma kjaun: dha: shi. de sa thin gan: hma kjaun: dha: dwei shi. de lou'la: lou' kja. la:
(There is a student in the classroom.) (fhere are students in the classroom.)
(Does he work?) (Do they work?)
6. Sentence final question ending' -gis. m!la:' (or) 4-kja. m!la:'
There are two parts in this sentence final question ending. They are the verb plural particle '-gja.lkja.' and the question ending for future action '-mila:'. This form is attached to the verb. When the subject is firstperson plural "We," the speaker uses this form to suggest that the speaker and the hearer do something together. The English equivalent of this form is 'Shall we ... (do)?' '-gja. mlla:' is used after the verb ending with tone 1,2 or 3. And '-kja. m!la:' is used after the verb ending with tone 4 or glottal stop. Q:
A:
kj~o dou. oun: nou.. khau' hswe: hma gja. m!.la: (Shall we order coconut noodles?) hou' ke./ hma gill. me
For wh-question type, • -gja. m!la:' (or) '-kja. m!la:' is attached to the verb. (When shaH we eat?) Q: be do. sa: gja. m!le: A: kj§.no dou. [email protected]. sa: gja. me (We win eat now.)
49
DRILLS Dl 1) hsru~ kjaun: dhuldha:
l!l,hpe' jei zain / thwa: 19hpe' jei zain gou thwa: ba de
(tea shop)
2) hsru a kjaun: dhuldha:
jou' shin joun Ita jou' shinjoun gou la ba de
(cinema)
3) hsru a kjaun: dhufdha:
hPilla: I maun: hpilla: gou maun: ba de
(to drive)
4) hsru a
in: ja: kan / Ian: shau' (Inya Lake) in: ja: kan gou Ian: shau' pa de
kjaun: dhuldha:
5) hsilla kjaun: dhuldha:
thanjoun: / pou. than joun: gou pou. ba de
D2 1) kjaun: dhu
kjaun: dha: . 2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
be gou thwa: ba dh~le: l~hpe' jei zain gou thwa: ba de ~e
be gou la ba dh~le: jou' shin joun gou la ba de
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
be gou maun: ba dh~le: hpilla: gou maun: ba de
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
be gou Ian: shau' pa dh~le: in: ja: kan gou Ian: shau' pa de
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
be gou pou. ba dh~le: than joun: gou pou. ba de
(to send)
50
D3 1) hsru a kjaun: dhuJdha:
mandg,lei: / net
2) hsilla
in: lei: kan J thwa:
kjaun: dhu/dha:
mand~lei:
(Mandalay)
hma nei gjin ba de
in: lei: kan gou thwa: gjin ba de
3) hsilla kjaun: dhuJdha:
th!!.nge gjin: ein / ia
4) hsilla kjaun: dhuldha:.
aim
5) hsilla
hsou ni kmm p!!.ni / ~lou' tou'
kjaun: dhuldha:
(Inlay Lake)
(friend's house)
th§:nge gjin: ein gou la gjin ba de (Aung San Stadium) hsan: gwin: / g£!za: aun hsan: gwio: hma R-aza: gjin ba de
hsou ni koun p~ni
(Sony Co.) hma §lou' iou' chin ba de
D4 1) kjaun: dhu
kjaun: dha:
2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
be hma nei gjin ba dh~le: hma nei gjin ba de
mand~lei:
be gou thwa: gjin ba dh§le: in: lei: kan gou thwa: gjin ba de
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
be gou la gjin ba dh£!te: th~nge gjin: ein gou 1a gjin ba de
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
be hma R-aza: gjin ba dhf!le: aun hsan: gwin: hma ~za: gjin ba de
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
be koun p§J1] hma £!lou' Iou' dun ba dhSl-Ie: hsou ni koun p~i hma §lou' lou" chin ba de
51
D5 1) hsru a
kjaun: dhuidha:
"'!!ne' hpjan I sa: m~ne'
(tomorrow)
hpjan sa: me
2) hsilla kjaun: dhuidha:
dhg}Je' iha Ina: htaun (the day after tomorrow) dh§:be' kha na: htaun me
3) hsilla kjaun: dhuldha:
hpein: hnwe: ga Ila
4) hsrua kjaun: dhw'dha:
nau' nei.l hpa'
5) hsru a kjaun: dhuidha:
(the third day after today)
hpein: hnwe: ga la me (the next day)
nau' nei. hpa' me ggu. I thau' thau'
(now)
~gu.
D6 1) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
oun: nou. khau' hswe: be do. sa: m~e' hpjan sa: me
2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
thgchin: be do. na: htaun mgle: dh~be' kha na: htaun me
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
th~ge
gjin: be do. la m~le: hpein: hnwe: ga la me
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
wi' htu. be do. hpa'
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
m~le:
nau' nei. hpa'me bija be do. thau' thau'
~.
m~Ie:
m~le:
(novel, tiction)
52
D7 1) hsIDa
kjaun: dhu/dha:
1'n!1.ne'sa sa: m~la: hou' ke. i mWle' sa sa: ba me
(breakfast)
2) hsru a kjaun: dhuldha:
(news) dh~din: na: htaun m~!a: hou' ke.1 dh~din: na: htaun ba me
3) hsru a kjaun: dhuldha:
e. dhe la m~la:
4) hsru a kjaun: dhuldha:
me' gg,zin: hpa' m~la: hou' kc. I me' ~jn: hpa'pa me
(magazine)
5) hsru a kjaun: dhuldha:
g,ei: thau' mgla: hou' ke. I ~ei: thau' pa me
(cold drinks)
nei. ltl Zil sa: m!!la: hin. in: I nei. Ie za mgsa: ba bu:
(lunch)
(visitor)
hou' ke. / e. dhe la ba me
D8 1) hsru a
kjaun: dhu/dha: 2) hsrua kjaun: dhuldha:
mein. gun: na: htaun m!!la: (speech) hin. in: I mein. gun: na: m!!htaun ba bu:
3) hsrua kjaun: dhuldha:
po mau.' kha. 1£1 m!!la: (professor) hin. in: / pa mau' kha. m~la ba bu:
4) hsru a kjaun: dhuldha:
dhg,din: za hpa'm!!)a: (newspaper) hin. in: / dh!!din: za m!!hpa' pa bu:
5) hsru a kjaun: dhuldha:
!!:Ie'
thau' m~a: (alcoholic drinks; liquor) hin. in: / rue' m~thau' pa bu:
53
D9 1) hsru a kjaun: dhuJdha:
nja. za sa: ffif!:la:
2) hsru a kjaun: dhuJdha:
thflcltin: gii: na: htaun ffi~la: (classical song) hou' ke. I th~hin: gji: na: htaun gjin ba de
3) hsilla
pja. dai' kou la m~la:
kjaun: dhuJdha:
4) hsilla kjaun: dhuJdha: 5) hsilla kjaun: dhu/dha:
(dinner)
hou' ke. / mf!:ne' sa sa: gjin ba de
(museum)
hou' ke. / pja. dai' kou la gjin ba de
ka tun: hpa' mf!:la:
( cartoon)
hou' ke. / ka tun: hpa'chin ba de
hsei: thau' mf!:la:
(medicine)
hou' ke. / hsei: thau' chin ba de
D10 1) hsru a kjaun: dhuJdha:
thgjei za sa: mf!:la: hin. in: I thillei za mf!:sa: gjin ba bu:
2) hsilla kjaun: dhuJdha:
rei di jou za' Ian: na: htaun m~ia: (play) hin. in: /rei di jou na: mf!:htaun gjin ba bu:
(snack)
/
3) hsilla kjaun: dhtiJdha:
s{!tei'shou: gou la m!,!la: (stage show) hin. in: I s!!1ei' shou: gou m~Ia gjin ba bu:
4) hsilla
g@ja hpa' mf!:la:
kjaun: dhuJdha:
5) hsilla kjaun: dhu/dha:
(poem)
hin. in: / £f!:bja m!,!hpa' chin ba bu:
hin: gjou thau'mf!:ia: (thin/clear soup) hin. in: I hin: gjou m~thau' chin ba bu:
54
DB 1) hsilla
kjaun: dha:
2) hsilla kjaun: dha: 3) hsilla
kjaun: dha: 4) hsill a kjaun: dha:
(kj~no
dou.) kje' Ina: sa: gja. m~la: hou' ke. I kje' tha: sa: gja. me
(chicken)
(kj~no
dou.) nja. nei dh!!;din: na: htaun gja. m~la: (evening news) hou'ke.l mou: lei w~tha.dh~din: na: htaun gja. me
(kj~no
dou.) za' jmm gou thwa: gja. m~la: hou' ke. I za' joun gou thwa: gja. me (kj~no dou.) poun bjin hpa' kja. hou' ke. / poun bjln hpa' kja. me
(kj~no dou.) hpjojei thau' kja. 5) hsilla kjaun: dha: : hou' ke . .I hpj 0 jei th'u' kja. me
(theatre)
m~la:
(fable)
m~la:
(juice)
D12 1) hsilla
kjaun: dha:
2) hsill a kjaun: dha:
lhu doll. sa: gja. dh~la: hou' ke. / thu dou. sa: gja. ba de
kh!!;mja: doll. th~chin: dwei na: htaun gja. dh~la: hou' ke. I kj~no dou. th~chin: dwei na: htaun gja. ba de m~la: (Rector & his party)
3) hsru a kjaun: dha:
pa mau' kha. gjou' lOU. la gja.
4) hsilla
gja ne dwei hpa' kja. m~la: hou' ke. / gja ne dwei hpa' kja. ba me
kjaun: dha: 5) hsilla
kjaun: dha:
(they)
hou' ke. I thu dou. la gja. ba me (journels)
thu dou. hsei: lei'lwei thau' kja. dh~la: (cheroots or cigarettes) hou' ke. / thu dou. hsei: lei' twei thau' kja. ba de
5S
thin gan: za (shi')
ba hpa' chin ba dh!le:
dei: hi' sa wa da dei: hi' sa wa da dei: hi' sa wa da dei: hi'
..
khamja: ba hpa' chin ba dhale: dhadin: za hpa' chin ba de hou akhan: hma shi. ba de di ha ba sa ou' Ie: wi' htu. sa ou' pa gja ne ne. me' ~in: Ie: shi. de no hou' ke., di hma ba
ba
what room novel, fiction
!khan: wi' btu.
na. / is the fifteenth letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order of the strokes is as illustrated below.
CIT.) /
1
{J
2
3
eu ao
arJ
56
j.)8s;:ro (g) Lesson 8 :YY.>
<905 6ij8 01 :x> 00 II
What do you want to read? ~
fa~O'Y.)G3 :~G>
~
.•
SC~:
('(''1
...
<.900~COI::>.:lroll
OY.>
What do you want to read?
Mr. Da'Vid fa~O'Y.)OO':)o131
('
.•
faiO'Y.>OO':)o131 Mr. Sawada
_-"
I want to read newspapers.
Mr. Sawada
fa~O'Y.)G3:~~ Mr. David
(' 'l
~
::>.:lO?c:ro <.9O?CijCOI O?WII
U?~S,:~ ~olO?oSl! They are in that room.
.• ..
I;il
('
"
3 o::Y.) O'Y.>ro3'f 0 ro II
What book is this?
faiO'Y.)G3:~Q)
.
o
Mr. David fafO'Y.)OO':)o131 Mr. Sawada
o<6?lro3f801 If Ifs a novel.
•.
(" to (' R (' <1P,oo,. ~g@c:ro2: ,tOOU:)(;P'f'1I
~
--~
There are the newspapers and magazines, too, aren't they? •.
ur~o? i ~ ~c.~ II Yes, here they are.
I ta. I is the sixteenth letter of the Myanmar alphabet The order of the strokes is as illustrated below.
0')
1
0
1
r:JJ
J
0)
57
Grammar & Usages 1. Object marker '- gou I kou' '- gou I kou' is postpositional marker to indicate objective case. When the noun (or case marker) ends in a vowel with tone 1, 2 or 3, use '- gou'. When the noun (or case marker) ends in a vowel with tone 4 or glottal stop, use '- kou'. In Colloquial Myanmar, the object marker is generally omitted. mj~ma ~sa: ~a
(gou) kjai' te ~lou' (kou) mjan mjan lou' pa dh~din: za (gou) hpa' la: h~min: (gou) ~mja: gji: sa: de me' @Zin: (gou) sha gjin ba de
(I) like Myanmar food. Please do the work quickly. Do you read the newspaper. (1) eat a lot. (I) want to find a magazine.
. t"IOn - nee , I • - nee ••• nee '( or)" - Je ••• Je ., 2• C onjunc This conjunction connects two nouns on an equal basis (English "A and B"). Generally, ' - je '0' je ' can be used for more than two nouns. h~min: nee hin: ~hpei nee tha: nee
ko hpi nee l~hpe' jei nee pei: ba paun moun. nee nwa: nou. thau' te
rice and curry father and son Please give (us) coffee and tea. (I) eat bread and milk
3. Particle • - no ' This particle attaches to the declarative sentence, and is used when the speaker wants to seek the hearer's agreement or wants to ascertain the hearer's meaning. di kaun rna. lei: hla. de no ja dhi u. duo gao pu de no hsilla gao to de no
This girl is beautiful, isn't she? It's hot, isn't it? The teacher is good, isn't he?
S8
DRILLS 01
1) hsilla kjaun: dhuldha:
thgje' thi: I sa:
2) hsilla kjaun: dhu/dha:
than bgja jei I thau'
3) hs~ja kjaun: dhuldha:
kou bain ka: I maun:
4) hs~La kjaun: dhu/dha:
kh~lei:
(mango)
thille' thi: (gou) sa: de (lime juice)
than billa jei (gou) thau' te (own car)
kou bain ka: (gou) maun: de
kh~lei:
/ jai' (gou) jai' de
(to beat)
'~
(!;Si jin khan za / pou.
5) hsilla kjaun: dhuldha:
~si
jin khan za (gou) pou. de
02 1) kjaun: dhu
kjaun: dha:
ba ~thi: (gou) kjai' pa dh~le: thille' thi: (gou) kjai' pa de
2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
ba ~ei: (gou) thau' chin ba dh~le: than bruajei (gou) thau' chin ba de
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
ba (gou) maun: ba dh~le: kou bain ka: (gou) maun: ba de
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
be dhu. (gou) jai' pa dh~le: kh~lei: (gou) jai' pa de
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
~si
ba (gou) pou. ba dh~le: jin khan za (gou) pOU. ba de
(report)
59
D3 1) hsru a
kjaun: dhuJdha: 2) hsrua
kjaun: dhuJdha: 3) hsru a
kjaun: dhuJdha: 4) hsrua
kjaun: dhuJdha: 5) hsrua
kjaun: dhuJdha:
: du jin: dhi: I min: gil.' thi: (durianl mangosteen) : dujin: dhi: ne, min: gu' thi: (ne.)
(Popal Bagan)
I bggan pou' pa: ne. bagan (ne,)
POll.' pa
g,.lou' shin / (!,lou' th(!,ma: (employer/ employee) .@:lou' shin ne . .@:lou' th.@:ma: (ne,) s(!,nei / t(!,nin: g(!,nwei
(Saturday/ Sunday)
s.@:nei ne, t.@:nin: g.@:nwei (ne.) khwei: I kjaun
(dog! cat)
khwei: ne. kjaun (ne,)
D4 1) kjaun: dhu
kjaun: dha: 2) kjaun: dhu
kjaun: dha: 3) kjaun: dhu
kjaun: dha: 4) kjaun: dhu
kjaun: dha: 5) kjaun: dhu
kjaun: dha:
c; be ne, ba (gou) sa: gji~ ba dh.@:le: dujin: dhi: ne. min: gu' thi: (ne.) sa: gjin ba de
(~~e. be (gou) thwa: gjin ba dh.@:le: pou' pa: ne. bagan (ne.) thwa: giin ba de be dhu ne. be dhu dwei shi. ba dh.@:le: .@:lou' shin ne . .@:lou' th~ma: dwei (ne.) shi. ba de be nei. ne. be nei. kjaun: pei' pa dh~le: s.@:nei ne. t.@:nin: g.@:nwei (ne.) kjaun: pei' pa de ba ne. ba (gou) we ba dh.@:le: khwei: ne. kjaun (ne.) we ba de
60
D5 1) hsilla kjaun: dhuldha:
du: jin: dhi:l thille' thi: du jin: dhi: je thille' thi: je
2) hsilla kjaun: dhuJdha:
ghpei/ gmei/ tha:l thgmi: ~hpei je ~ei je tha: je thgmi: je
3) hsilla kjaun: dhuJdha:
ko hpi/ l~hpe' jeiJ nwa: nou. ko hpi je l~hpe' jei je nwa: nou. je
4) hsilla
bgganJ man: ~lei:/ mounjwa bManje man: dglei:je mounjwaje
kjaun: dhuldha: 5) hsilla
kjaun: dhuJdha:
nweiJmou: nwel Je mou: Je
D6 1) kjaun: dhu
kjaun: dha:
ba dwei (gou) sa: gjin ba dh~le: dujin: dhi: je thille' thi: je sa: gjin ba de
2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
be dhu dwei shi. ba dh~le: ghpei je ~mei je tha: je th~mi: je shi. ba de
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
ba dwei (gou) thau' pa dhgle: ko hpi je l~hpe' jei je nwa: nou. je thau' pa de
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
b~gan je
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
be ja dhi hma pu ba dh~le: nwei je mou: je hma pu ba de
be nei ja dwei gou thwa: ba dh~le: man: dglei: je moun jwa je gou thwa: ba de ,.! (: ~
61
D7 zei: kji: de zei: kji: de no
(to be expensive)
kjaun: dhuJdha: 2) hsilla kjaun: dhuJdha:
zei: po: de zei: po: de no
(to be cheap)
3) hsru a kjaun: dhuJdha:
di hni'pu de di hni' pu de no
(this year)
4) hsilla kjaun: dhuJdha:
gau'jai'me gau' jaC me no
(to play golf)
5) hsilla kjaun: dhuJdha:
"'!!:.kaun: bu: m~kaun: bu: no
(to be bad)
1) hsilla
D8 1) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
du: jin: dhi: gao zei: kji: de no hou' ke./ du: jin: dhi: gao zei: kji: ba de
2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
than bruajei gao zei: po: de no hou' ke./ than billajei gao zei: po: ba de
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
di s~ei ne. ~nin: ~nwei pu de no hou' ke./ di s~nei ne. ~nin: ~nwei pu ba de
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
m~ne' hpjan gau' jai' me no hou' ke./ m~ne' hpjan gau' jai' pa me
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
di ha m~aun: bu: no hou' ke./ di ha m~kaun: ba bu:
62
thin gan: za (kou:)
nei. dain: t,!na ji sa bpa' te
sa wa da dei: bi' sa wa da dei: bi'
kh~mja:
nei. dain: sa kji. dai' kou la la: hou' ke.l nei. dain: la ba de be hn!!naji sa hpa' pa dh!!le: nei. dain: t!!naji sa hpa' pa de m!!fle' hse naji gao nei hse. ~aji ~ti. sa hpa' pa de
everyday hour~ o'clock one hour to read ten o'clock eleven 0' clock
nei. dain: naji t!na ji sa hpa' hse naji hse. t!na ji
co / hta. I is the seventeenth letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order of the strokes is as illustrated below. 1
o
2
3
63
~. ~8: oo~c.y.>~ QY.)(9o-)o1oooSn I read one hour everyday. ~io:Y.>OO?o131 Mr. Sawada
••
s6~: G,. 016: GY.)§~o105o? C\Y.)C\Y.):II Do you come to the library everyday?
~io:Y.>~3 :~~
••
Of O)(>? I ~. or c : Yes, I do.
••
::r:>03,¥>~
Mr. David ~iO'Y.)OO?o131
O?OO(' II
GY.)()0301 :nOOIl
••
~. o?6: O?S¥>~ Q)?t?03010?0311 I read one hour everyday_
••
~,05 oou3¥>qm~ ro~O')~¥>~34}c8
Mr. David ~io:Y.>OO".)o131
'1
C\Y.)O I
How many hours do you read?
Mr. Sawada QiO'Y.)G3:~S
0<'
<"
GY.)()djol cnu311 I read from 10 a.m. to 11 a.m.
3 I da. I is the eighteenth letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order of
the strokes is as illustrated below.
1
3
2
3
3
64
Grammar & Usages
1. The Myanmar Numerals ti' hni' thoun: lei: nga: chau' khun hni' shi' kou: tahse! hse
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
L"
r,
r-'
([,
,hse\ ti' '. hse. nl" hse. thoun: hse. lei: hse. nga: hse. chau' hse. khun hni' hse. shi' hse. kou:
14 15 16
hn~hse
20
~C.7
tahse
12
~iifise
13
thoun: ze lei: ze nga:ze chau'hse khunhnghse shi' hse kou: '~i! 4!ja
17 18 19
10
20 30 40 50 60 70
80 90 100
2. The numeral classifiers Classifiers are words or affixes used with numerals to designate countable or measurable objects. In English, a few classifiers are still used, e.g. head of in: 'five head of cattle.' In Myanmar language, there are classifiers which combine with numerals to name, count or measure objects. Generally, they are used with numerals. But some are pure nouns and they occur as independent words. For example: Classifiers used with numbers:
- jan' -naji -mi. ni' -se' kan. -jwe' -je'
-Ia. -hni' .-wbn: -Ioun: -on' -mjou:
'people' 'o'clock; hours' 'minutes' 'seconds' 'thin, flat objects (sheets)' 'days of the month' 'months; months of the year' 'years; years of age' 'packs (of cigarettes)' 'buildings, houses, machines, tables, chairs' 'books' 'kinds, types'
65
The numbers ti' 'one,' hni' 'two: and khun hni' 'seven,' change from vowel i' [i? J to central vowel! [0] when they combine with classifiers.
But they have special combining fonns with classifier 'Kyat: Myanmar unit of money.' '- kja' , is used after the numbers 'two: 'six,' 'seven,' and 'eight.' And'..., gia' , is used after the other numbers except 'tens. '
For example:
ti' hoi' thouo: lei: nga: chau' khun hni 9 shi' kou: t!hse
daJja' hn~kja'
thoun: gja' lei: gja' nga: gja' chau' kja' khun~a'
shit kja' kou: gja' tW1se
1 kyat 2 kyat 3 kyat 4 kyat 5 kyat 6 kyat 7 kyat 8 kyat 9 kyat 10 kyat
Generally, the tens consist of ' tW1se ' doesn't need to combine with classifier.
J. The particle for starting point: ' -gao (nei)! kIl. (nei)' This particle attach to nouns denoting time or place from which or source of an action. The English equivalent of this fonn is 'from ... .' '..., gao (nei)' is used after the noun ending with tone 1,2 or 3. And '- 0. (nei)' is used after the noun ending with tone 4 or glottal stop. For example:
zei: gao nei la de be gao nei la dh~le: kou ri: ja: gao nei la d~la:
(They) came from the ItUlrket. Where did (you) come from? Did (you) come from Korea?
66
4. The particle for finishing point: ' !hti.' This particle attach to nouns indicating a certain span of time or distance. The English equivalent ofttIis form is prepositions 'up to: 'until,' 'till.' For example: tiB 7 o'clock khun ~naji ~hti. up to Mandalay man: ~lei: ~hti. until now ~. hti. nja. nei chau' naji ~ti. @lou' lou' te (I) work until 6 p.m. c
5. from ••• to: ' -gao (nei)/lm. (nei)' .•• '",,!bti.' These particles attach to nouns denoting time or place in order to express the starting point and finishing point. for example: ::J"kjaun: gao (nei) ha' s~a: mha' tain ~ti. Ian: shau' te (I) walk from school to the bus stop. hse na ji gao (nei) hse. hn!!na ji ~hti. sa thin gjein School hour is from 10 until 12 o'clock. -
jan goun gao (nei) man: ~lei: !!hti. lei jin bjan nee he Iau' kja Ie: How long does it take from Yangon to Mandalay by plane?
67
DRILLS D1 1) hsilla
kjaun: dhuldha: 2) hsilla
kjaun: dhuldha: 3) hsilla
kjaun: dhu/dha: 4) hsru a
kjaun: dhu/dha: 5) hsilla
kjaun: dhu/dha:
tC I naji
(o'clock)
t~naji
hni' I mjou:
(kind; type)
hn~mjou:
tho un: I jau ' thoun: jau'
(person)
lei: / bggan lei: bMan
(saucer; plate)
nga: I neija nga: nelJa
(place)
D2 1) hsilla
kjaun: dhuldha: 2) hsilla
kjaun: dhuldha.
chau' /je' chau' je' khun hni' I 10. khun hn!!la.
(day)
(month)
shi' I hni' shi' hni'
(year)
(village)
kjaun: dhu/dha:
kou: Ijwa kou:jwa
5) hsrua kjaun: dhuldha:
hse mjoQ
3) hsru a
kjaun: dhuldha: 4) hsilla
~selmjou.
(town; city)
68
D3 sa (Ju' ! ti' Iou'
1) hsru a
sa ou' tgou' pei: ba
kjaun: dhuJdha:
2) hsgja
khe: dan / hni' I chaun: khe: dan hn~chaun: pei: ba
kjaun dhu/dha:
da' poun I thoun: / boun cia' poun thoun: boun pei: ba
3) hsgja
kjaun: dhu/dha:
4) hsaja
hpf!.na' ! nga: ! jan
5) hsrua kjaun: dhu/dha:
hpgna' nga: jan pei: ba
D4 1) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
9:gu. be hn~naji Ie: ~gu. khun hn~na ji ba
2) kjaun dhu
be hngmjou: we ba dhgle: shi' mjou: we ba de
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
be hnruau' 1a ba dhg]e: kou: jau' Ja ba de
4) kjaun: dhu
be hn~b9:gan sa: ba dhgie: hse b~gan sa: ba de
kjaun: dha: 5) kjaun: dhu
kjaun: dha',
(pencil)
(photograph)
hsei: lei' / lei: / lei' (cheroot or cigarette) hsei: lei' lei: lei' pei: ba
kjaun: dhuldha:
kjaun: dha:
(book)
be hn~nei ja thwa: ba dh~le: hse. ~~hei ja thwa: ba de
7'
7
(footwear)
69
D5
1)
hsilla
nei. dain: be ~ji ei' pa dh!Ie: kjaun: dhu/dha: : nei. dain khun ~ ji ei' pa de a be hn~ ji gao nei be ~ ji ~ti. ei' pa dhW.e: kjaun: dhu/dha: : njahse naji ga. nei ~ne' nga: naji ~ti. ei' pa de
hsru
nei. dain: be ~naji ba' sWce' oo:~: ba dh{&le: kjaun: dhu/dha: : nei. dain hn~na ji ~aza: ba de be hn~naji gao nei be hn~aji ~ti. !Lam: ba dhW.e: hsru a kjaun: dhuldha: : nja.nei lei: naji gao nei chau' naji @,hti.~: bade
2) hsrua
3)
nei. daiIt be ~naji ~ou' lou' pa ~e: ~a kjaun: dhu/dha: : nei. dain shi' naji ~ou' lou' pa de be hnww. ji gao nei be hn!!na ji ~ti. lou' pa ~le: hsru a kjaun: dhuldha: : ~ne' sm' naji gao nei~. nei lei: naji ~hti. lou' pa de )
4)
hsIDa
nei. dain: be hD!PUl j i Ian: shau' pa dh!1e: kjaun: dhuldha: : nei. dain ~naji Ian: shau' pa de be hn~a ji gao nei be hniI1a ji §hti shan' pa dlWe: hsIDa kjaun: dhu/dha: : lllWle' chau' naji gao nei khun hn.@J1aji ~ti. shau' pade
nei. dain: be bniPla ji ~: ju ba dhW.e: kjaun: dhuJdha: : nei. dain ~ji!lUi: ju ba de hs!ja be hn!lUi ji ga. nei be ~ ji 1M: ju ba dhile: 19aun: dhuJdha: : nei. Ie qpm ji gao nei thoun: na ji pti. iDa: ju bade
5) hs!ja
70
thingan: za
(~e)
!gu. be hn!na ji htou: bi Ie:
sa wada dei: hi' sa wada dei: hi'
~u. he hnWla ji htou: bi Ie: ~gu. hse. hnWlaji htou: ha bi kj~o hai' hsa hi
da hsou kjaun: sa: thau' hsain gOll thwa: gja. zou.
guo btou: be ho!os ji btou: bai' bai' hsa
now to strike (the bell) What's the time? stomach to be hungry twelve o'clock food-stall; restaurant
lise. bOlOS ji sa: tban' bsaio
e I da. I is the nineteeth letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order of the strokes is as illustrated below.
1
Q
2
3
Q
71
~89;:ro (00) Lesson 10
:gy O')oS,~~ dl:~ro II What is the time now?
~icr.n«YJo131 Mr. Sawada
••
~, ~03;.y.>~ a?:(9ro II What is the time now?
~to:Y.>Q3:e~
••
~, ooo?,~.y.>~a?:ol(911 It's twelve o'clock now.
••
oat;~ ~oS«YJ(91\ Iamhungry.
••
31~ ~:G)O:~03~tJ? ~:§~. Wel~ let's go to the school canteen.
Mr. David ~icr.n~o131
Mr. Sawada ~i~3:e~ Mr. David
~ / DB.
It
I is the twentieth letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order of the
strokes is as illustrated below. 1
4=
2
3
~
72
Grammar &
Usag~
1. Sentence final ending: '-bi! pi' This ending following a verb indicating either that such action is taking place. or has already taken place. ',.., bi ' is used after the noun ending with tone 1, 2 or 3. And ',.., pi > is used after the noun ending with tone 4 or glottal stop. For example: mi: j!lita: Ia bi hsija thwa: bi hn~na ji htou: bi
!hpou: ei' pi ji: u: shi. bi
The tmln is coming.(or) Now it is here. The teacher has gone. (or) Now it is not here. It is 2 o'clock now. Grandfather is in bed. (He has already slept.) I have 11. gil'V boy friend now. (I have already bad a girJlboy friend.)
In question sentence, when the speaker says it quickly. ' - bY pi • changes ' - b!l P! .' And it is used with question particle ' - Ia:! Ie: .' For example:
mi: j!hta: Is. bi }a: be dhu Ia hi Ie: be hn~ ji ntou: bi Ie: ~hpou: ei' pi Ia:
(or) (or) (or) (or)
mi: j~ta: la ~la: be dhu Ia b~e: be ~ji htou: ~pou:
b~:
ei' P!4Ia:
2. Sentence fiual ending: ' ,... zou./ 800. ' This ending attaches to a verb and it is used when the speaker wants the hearer to perfonn some action together. The English equivalent in usage to the imperative 'let's. 'It can be used with ' - gjaJ kja. ' which is the particle suffIxed to verbs to denote plurality. '..., zou.! gja. zou. ' is used after the verb ending with tone 1, 2 or 3. And •- sou.! kja. zou. ' is used after the verb ending with tone 4 or glottal stop. For example:
kjaun: thwa: zou. (or) kjaun: thwa: gja. zou. lou' sou. (or) loll" kja. :lOu. hpa' sou. (or) hps.' kja. zou.
Let's go to the school. Let's do it. Let's read it.
73
DRILLS D1 1) hsrua
~.
kjaun: dhuldha::
~.
2) hsilla kjaun: dhuldha::
~u.
3) hsilla kjaun: dhuldha::
~gu.
4) hsilla kjaun: dhuldha::
~.
5) hsilla kjaun: dhuldha::
~.
~.
~.
~u.
~gu.
be hn~aji htou: bi Ie: / shi' naji sm' naji htou: ba bi be hn~na ji htou: bi Ie: / kou: na ji kou: na ji htou: ba bi be h~naji htou: bi Ie: I hse naji hse naji htou: ba bi be hn~naji htou: bi Ie: / hse. hse. ~naji htou: ba bi
t~naji
be hn~naji htou: bi Ie: / hse. hse. hn~naji htou: ba bi
hn~naji
D2
1) hsilla
kjaun: dhuldha::
~gu" ~gu.
be hn~na ji htou: bi Ie: / 1:30 t~naji gwe: ba ~
2) hsilla kjaun: dhuldha:: 3) hsilla kjaun: dhuldha:: 4) hsilla kjaun: dhuldha:: 5) hsilla kjaun: dhuldha::
~gu.
be hn~naji htou: bi Ie: / 2:30
~gu. hn~najigwe:ba ~gu. ~gu.
~. ~.
~gu. ~gu.
be hn~aji htou: bi Ie: /3:15 thoun: naji hse. nga: mi. ni' pa be h~naji htou: bi Ie: /4:20 hse. lei: naji hn~hse ba be hn~naji htou: bi le: /5:40 hse. hn~na ji lei: ze ba
74
D3 i!gu. ti!Ila ji gwe: ba kjaun: dhuldha:: MU. ti!naji khwe: ba bi
N + N (1:30) N + V (1:30)
MU. hn~najigwe:ba MU. hn~naji khwe: ba bi
(2:30) (2:30)
2) hsru a kjaun: dhuldha::
~gu. thoun: naji gwe: ba MU. thoun: naji khwe: ba hi
(3:30) (3:30)
3) hsru a kjaun: dhuldha::
~gu.
i!gll.
(4:30) (4:30)
4) hsrua kjaun: dhuldha::
MU. nga: naji khwe: ba~ ~gu. nga: naji khwe: lJa'bi
(5:30) (5:30)
5) hsru a kjaun: dhuldha::
~gu.chau'najikhwe:ba
i!gll.
(6:30) (6:30)
(e.g.) hsrua
1) hsru a
kjaun: dhuldha::
lei: naji khwe: ba lei: naji khwe: ba bi
chau' naji khwe: ba bi
D4 1) hsru a kjaun: dhu/dha::
bai' hsa i!gu. bai' hsa bi
2) hsru a jei hsa kjaun: dhuldha:: MU. jei hsa bi 3) hsrua kjaun: dhuldha::
mou:Jwa i!gu. mou: jwa bi
4) hsru a kjaun: dhuldha::
~gu.
5) hsru a kjaun: dhuldha::
jau' MU.jau' pi
twei.
(to be hungry)
(to be thirsty)
(to rain)
(to see; meet) twei. bi (to arrive)
75
D5 1) kjaun: dhu
kjaun: dha: 2) kjaun: dhu
kjaun: dha: 3) kjaun: dhu
kjaun: dha: 4) kjaun: dhu
kjaun: dha: 5) kjaun: dhu
kjaun: dha:
bai' hsa bi la: hou' ke. / bai' hsa ba bi jei h~bi la: hou' ke. / jei hsa ba bi mou: jwa bi la: hou' ke. / mou: jwa ba bi th~ge
gj in: gou twei. bi la: hou' ke. / t~ge gjin: gou twei. ba bi
\. pa mau' kha. jau'l pi la: hou' ke. / pa mau' kha. jau' pa bi
D6 1) kjaun: dbu
kjaun: dha: 2) kjaun: dhu
kjaun: dha: 3) kjaun: dbu
kjaun:
kjaun:
kjaun: dha:
be dhu la bi Ie: hsrua rna. la ba bi be gou thwa: bi Ie: zei: gou thwa: ba bi
ba jau' pi Ie: dh~n: zajau' pa hi be dhu. gou twei. bi Ie: t~ge gjin: gou twei. ha bi
ba thau' pi Ie: ~ei:tnau' pa bi
76
D7 gau' thi: jai' gau' thi: jai' kja. zOU.
(to play golf)
2) hsilla kjaun: dhuldha::
§:na: JU §:na: JU gja. zOU.
(to take a rest)
3) hsilla kjaun: dhuldha::
t§:khu. guo sa: i§:khu. guo sa: gja. zOU.
(to eat something)
4) hsilla kjaun: dhuldha::
t§:nei ja ja thwa: i§:nei ja ja thwa: gja. zou.
(to go somewhere)
5) hsilla kjaun: dhuldha::
ou' htou' hsaun: ou' htou' hsaun: gja. zou.
(to put on a hat)
1) hsru a
kjaun: dhu/dha::
DB 1) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
/ ., pjin:",<1e Ida hsoujgau' thi: jai' kja:zou.. ; .~~/j
(to feel bored)
~-_/j
2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
pin ban: de da hsou ~na: ju gja. zou.
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
da hsou t§:khu. guo sa: gja. zOU.
(to be wearied; be tired)
bai' hsa de
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
§:guo a: de
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
mou:jwa de da hsou ou' htou' hsaun: gja. zou.
da hsou i§:nei ja ja thwa: gja. zou.
(to be free)
77
D9 1) kjaun: dhu
~.a:bi
kjaun: dha:
da hsou jei ku: gia zou.
2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
mo:bi da hsou ~na: ju gia. zOU.
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
bai' hsa bi da hsou nei. Ie za sa: gia. zOU.
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
jei hsa bi da hsou ~ei: thau' kja. zou.
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
mou:jwabi da hsou hti: hsaun: gja. zou.
(umbrella)
D 10 1) kjaun: dhu
kjaun: dha:
jou'shin kji. gia. in: / kji. gia. zOU.
m~la:
(film; movies)
2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
thgjei za ~hu. guo sa: gia. in: / sa: gia. zOU.
m~Ia:
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
si: kg,re' thau' kja. m~la: in: / si: k~re' thau' kja. zOU.
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
pjo bwe: za: thwa: gia. m~la: in: / pjo bwe: za: thwa: gia. zOU.
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
Ie' khou' ti: gia. m~la: in: / Ie' khou' ti: gia. zou.
(snack)
(cigarette)
(picnic)
(to clap hands)
73
thin gan: za (hse. ti')
ba sa: gjin ba dh!le:
dei: bi' sa wada dei: bi' sa wada
ba sa: gjin ba dh~le: mj~ma ~sa: ~sa sa: gjin ba de mj~ma hin: gao ne: ne: sa' pa de kei' sa. m~shi. ba bu: kj~no sa: hnain ba de
food curry a little; a few (of taste) hot business; workto be done It doesn't matters.
Ilia:
ae: ne:
sa' kei'sa. kei' sa. m!shi. ba bu:
o / pa. / is the twenty first letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order of the strokes is as illustrated below.
1
2
C'
0
3
0
79
~8(j);:ro
(00)
Ll!sson 11
o-Y.>ro:Cij801 ~roH What do you want to eat?
C'
~~0y"),"3:~q)
C' 'I
••
...
O'.Y.)ro: ~ COl ::lJ ro II
Mr. David
What do you want to eat?
~~0'Y.)r000131
••
~C'
Mr. Sawada
I want to eat Myanmar food.
C' ~ioy"),"3 :~q)
••
~C'
~'g)3dro:3dro
C'
to C' C' C' 'I .. ~ ~'g)O')c:m '~:'~:q)OOIOOOOIl
Mr. David ~toy'')r000131
C' '1
ro:'ijCOIOOOOII
Myanmar curry is a little bit hot. d3i~~ol 0(:11 It doesn't matters.
••
Mr. Sawada
0'61~~ GY.>:'~o1oo03" I can eat it
" J hpa. I is the twenty-second letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order of the strokes is as illustrated below.
1
2
C·
0
3
(9
(9
80
Grammar & Usages
1. Auxiliary:' -&jin! chin ' This auxiliary attaches to verb and expresses the speaker's desire or wish for the realization of the concept denoted by the verb. '- gjin ' is used after the verb ending with tone 1, 2 or 3. And '- chin ' is used after the verb ending with tone 4 or glottal stop. For example: l~pe' jei thau' chin ba de thu kj~no. gou twei. gjin ba de di s~nei ba lou' chin ba dh~le: hsaun: dwin: hma khrui: htwe' chin la:
I want to drink tea. He wants to meet me. What do you want to do this Saturday.
Do you want to travel in winter?
2. Auxiliary:' -nain ' (or) , - hnain ' This auxiliary is used with verbs and it indicates ability, capability, or possibility. It is pronounced as ' -nain '. Nowadays most of Myanmar people pronounce it as ' - Imain '. For examp/e: ~.
lou' hnain la: ~gu. m~lou' hnain ba bu: fuu. gou ku nji hnain ba de zei: hma we hnain ba de
Can you do it now? I can't do it now. I can help him. (You) can buy it in a market.
It is interchangeable with ' - lou. js. " making no difference in meaning.
For example: m~e' hpjan thwa: lou. ja. ba de ein hma hpa' lou. ja. ba de kj~o. gou ku nji lou. ja. m~la:
I am able to go tomorrow. You can study at home. Can you help me?
81
DRILLS Dl 1) hsilia kjaun: dhu/dha::
moun. hin: ga: / sa: (rice noodles with fish gravy)
2) hsru a kjaun: dhu/dha::
dein gjin / thau'
3) hsrua kjaun: dhu/dha::
za' pwe: / kji.
4) hsIDa kjaun: dhu/dha:: 5) hsIDa kjaun: dhu/dha::
moun. hin: ga: sa: gjin ba de (milk curd; yoghurt)
dein gjin thau' chin ba de (drama; play)
za' pwe: kji. gjin ba de mj~ag!!bja / hpa' mj~ma g~bja hpa' chin
(poetry; poem) ba de
chin: [oun: / ~a: chin: loun:
g~:
(cane-ball)
gjin ba de
D2 1) k,aun: dhu kjaun: dha:
oun: htg,min: sa: gjin ba ~la:
2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
hsel: thau' chin ba dh~la:
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
jou'thel: kji. gjin ba ~la: (marionette/putiet show)
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
wu' htu. dou hpa' chin ba dh~la:
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
thoin: K-aza: gjin ba dh~la:
(coconut rice)
hou' ke. / oun: h@nin: sa: gjin ba de (medicine)
hou' ke. / hsei: thau' chin ba de \01
hou' ke. / jou' thei: kji. gjin ba de (short story)
hou' ke. / wu' htu. dou hpa' chin ba de
hou' ke. / thain: K-aza: gjin ba de
(martial arts)
82
D3 1) !gaun: dhu
kjaun: dha:
zei: gou win gjin ba dh~la: (to enter; go in) hin. in: I zei: gou m~win gjin ba bu:
2) kjaun: dhu !gaun: dha:
hou hma nei gjin ba dh~la: hin. in: I hOll hma m~nei gjin ba bu:
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
hsrua. gOll mel: gjin ba dh~la: (to ask; question) hin. in: I hsilla. gou m~mei: gjin ba bu:
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
in: ja: kan hma pjei: gjin ba dh~la: (to run) hin. in: I in: ja: kan hma m~pjei: gjin ba bu:
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
di hma sha gjin ba dh~la: hin. in: I m~sha gjin ba bu:
(to live; stay)
(to search; look for)
D4 ba we gj in ba dh~la: mje' hnwn we gjin ba de
(to buy; purchase) (spectacles; eyeglasses)
2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
ba ehe' chin ba dh~la: b!!:,Zlln che' chin ba de
(to cook) (prawn; shrimp; lobster)
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
be gOll thwa: Ie gjin ba dh~la: shan: pji fie gou thwa: Ie gjin ba de
4) !gaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
be hma hswei: nwei: gjin ba dh~la: (to discuss; confer) joun: gan: hma hswei: nwei: gjin ba de (office)
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
be dhu. gOll kjwei: gjin ba dh~la: mel' hswei dwei gOll kjwei: gjin ba de
1) kjaun: dhu
kjaun: dha:
(to visit) (Shan State)
(to feed) (friends)
83
D5 1) hSIDa
kjaun: dhuldha::
di kon pj u ta I jaun: di kon pju tajaun: hnain ba de
(to sell)
2) hsIDa kjaun: dhuldha::
hou ka: I maun: hou ka: maun: hnain ba de
(to drive)
3) hsrua kjaun: dhuldha::
in: ja: kan hma I jei ku: in: ja: kan hma jei ku: hnain ba de
(to swim)
4) hsIDa
di sa ou' / mel' tu ku: (to copy; duplicate) di sa ou' mei' tu ku: hnain ba de
~iaun:
dhuldha::
5) hsIDa kjaun: dhuldha::
di ha gou / shin: pja. di ha gou shin: pja. hnain ba de
(to explain)
D6 1) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
sa mel: bwe: hpjei hnain la:
2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
di ha dwei gou ItUl. hnain la: hou' ke. I di ha dwei gou rna. hnain ba de
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
mj1!ma th1!chin: hsou hsou hnain 1a: hou' ke. I mj~a t~hin: hsou hnain ba de
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
di ka: pjln hnain 1a: hou' ke. I di ka: pjin hnain ba de
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
thu. gou Ie' khan hnain la: (to accept; receive) hou' ke. I thu. gou Ie' khan hnain ba de
(to take an examination) hou' ke. I sa mei: bwe: hpjei hnain ba de (to lift)
(to sing)
(to repair; mend)
D7 1) kjaW1: dhu : ~'hpjan kjawr: te' hnain ~la: (to go to school) kjaW1: dha: : hou' ke. / m~e' bpjan kjaun: te' hnain btl de 2) kjaun: dhu : ~ khgjl: ktwe' hnain m~la: (to go on ajou.mey) kjaun: dha: : hou' ke. / !!8U. khWi: htwe' hnain ba de
3) kjaun: dhu : till' po.mjal' hnain m~a: kjaun: dha: : hou' lee. /00' pounjai' Main ba de 4) kjaun: dhu : se' chou' hnain m~la: kjaun: dha: : hou' ke. / se' chou' hnain ba de
(to photograph)
(to sew by machine)
(to make; dissolve in liquid) 5) kjaun: dhu : ko hpi hpjo hnain m~la: kjaW1: dha: : hou' ke. / ko hpi hpjo hnain ba de
D8 1) kjaun: dhu : tnAne' hpjan kjaun: Ie' hnain ~la: kjaun: dha: : bin. in: / m~e' hpjan kjaun: ~e' hnain btl bu: 2) kjaun: dhu : ~. khgji: htwe' hnain ~la: kjaun: dha: : bin. in: I~. k.1lIDi: mf!htwe' hnain ba bu: 3) kjaun: dhu : dtl' pounjal' Main m@la.: kjaun: elba: : hin. in: Ida' poun mruai' hnain ba bu: 4) kjaun: dhu : se' chou' hnain m§la: kjaun: dha: : hin. in: / se' m~hou' hnain ba bu: 5) kjaW1: dhu : ko hpi hpJo hnain ~: (to make; dissolve in liquid) kjaun: dha: : bin. in: / ko bpi .pjo bnain ba bu:
85
D9 kj~no
1) hsru a
kjaun: dhuJdha::
mjwna za hpa' hnain de kj~no mj~ma za hpa' lou. ja. de
2) hsru a kjaun: dhuJdha::
hsilla. gou mei: hnain de hsrua. gou mei: lou. ja. de
3) hsru a kjaun: dhuJdha::
ill ein hma nei hnain de di ein hma net lou. ja. de
4) hsrua kjaun: dhuJdha::
sa ou' hsain hma we hnain de sa ou' hsain hma we lou.ja. de
5)
hs~ja
kjaun: dhuJdha::
sa kji. dai' hma sha hnain de sa kji. dai' hma sha lou. ja. de
DIO 1) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
kjl!no di ka: maun: lou. ja. m~la: hou' ke. / maun: lou. ja. ba de / maun: ba
kh~mja: di sa ou' hpa' lou. ja. m~la: 2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha: : hou' ke. / hpa' lou. ja. ba de / na: htaun ba
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
thu bo loun: g~za: lou. ja. mQla: hou' ke. I f@Za: lou. ja. ba de / g¥
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
hsilla rna. gou mei: lou. ja. lTI.l!la: hou' ke. I mei: lou. ja. ba de / mei: ba
5) kjaun: dhu : bi ja. thau' lou. ja. m.l!la: kjaun: dha: hou' ke. / thau' lou. ja. ba de .I thau' pa
86
D11 1) kjaun: dhu : kj.@Ilo di ka: maun: lou. ja. Ia: kjaun: dha: : bin. in: I maun: lou. mma. bu: 2) kjaun: dhu : ~ja: jei ku: Iou. ja. la:
kjaun: dba: : run. in: / jei ku: lou. mrua. ba bu: 3) kjaun: dhu : zei: broa we lou. ja. m31a: kjaun: dha: : hin. in: I we lou. mma. ba bu: 4) kjaun: dhu : eli ein broa nei lou. ja. milIa: kjaun: dha: : hin. in: I nei lou. mma. ba bu: 5) kjaun: dhu : t~hin: boou lou. ja. la: kjaun: dha: : hin. in: I ~crun: hsou lou. ll1!ia. ba bu:
DIl 1) hsma
kjaun: dllU/dba:: 2)
sa mei: bwe: hpjei lou. mrua. bu: la: / hou' ke. hou' ke. I sa mei: bwe: hpjei lou. mma. ba bu:
hsIDa
jei ku: lou. mma. bu: la: I run. in: kjaun: dhuldha:: hin. in: / jei ku: lou. ja. ba de
3) hsma di hou te hma nei lou. mma. bu: la: / hou' ke. kjaun: dhuldha:: bou' ke. / eli hou te broa nei lou. mma. ba bu: , .4) hsIDa hs!ja. gou mei: lou. mma. bu: la: I bin. in: . kjaun: dhuldha:.:.. hin. in: I bs!ja. gou mei: lou. ja. ba de 5) hsIDa kjaun: dhuldha::
elijoun: gan: gou win lou. mrua. bu: la: / hou' ke. hou' ke. I win lou. mrua. ba bu:
87
thin gan: za (hse. hni')
zun: kh!.iin: nee sa: me dei: hi' sawada dei: hi' sa wada dei: hi' sa wada
ba hma gja. m~le: kje' tha: bin: gao kaun: de no hou' ke. / kaun: ha de da bsoll kje' tha: hin: hma gja. ZOll. : zun: khruin: ne. sa: m~la: bou' ke. / zun: khruin: ne. sa: me
hma kje' tha: hin: uan:
to order chicken cuny to be good spoon fork
zu: kh!iin:
~
/ baa / is the twenty-third letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order of
the strokes is as illustrated below. 1
C
2
0
3
~
0
88
:l.)es~:ro
(OJ)
Lesson 12
~;:
soS'l.8:'. ro:a0311
I will eat (it) with spoon and forle. <:'
~io:Y.)Q3 :~~
••
OYJy.>6QOO II What shall we order?
••
6~ :>.Y):u:)(~:oo
Mr. David Qfo:Y.)Q(Y.)o131
Chicken curry is good, isn't it?
Mr. Sawada Qio:Y.)Q3:~~
<:'
o
U{ooO?' Go:Y.>C:otOOWIi Yes, it is good.
••
§~:>.Y):o:>8: 'fJ6~. II Then, let's order it ... ~.,: &OO'lc:". ro:S(\Y.):H Will you eat (it) with spoon and fork?
310q
Mr. Sawada Qio:Y.)Q3:~~ Mr. David Qi] o:Y.)Q(Y.)O131
Mr. Sawada
<:'".S
,
•
Mr. David Qfo:Y.)Q(Y.)o131
Qo:Y.>t :oo03~11
~
~
t',
· •
~
t'
<:'t',
<:'
&OOEllc:,. QY.):~OOI! Yes, I wiJ!..eat (it) with spoon and fork~
U?OOO(I ~.,:
OJ / ba. / is the twenty-fourth letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order
of the strokes is as illustrated below. 1
:J
2
O'J
3
-xJ
89
Grammar & Usages
1. Sentence final particle: ' ........ 0
'
This sentence final particle attaches to declarative sentence, and is used when the speaker wants to seek the hearer's agreement or wants to ascertain the hearer's meaning. According to the situation, this particle can be used as a declarative, an interrogative, an imperative, or a suggestion. For example: ja dhi u. duo gao pu de no hsrua gao to de no . kh!!mja: thi. de no ruin thwa: no kj~no. ka: ne. lai' no hta' sa: no ~tu du thwa: me no kj!!oo pei: me no
The weather is hot, isn't it? The teacher is good, isn't he? You know (it), don't you? Please go first. Come in my car, won't you? Please eat some more, why don't you.
Come with us, won't you? Let me pay. (or) Why don't I pay.
2. Adverbial case particle: ' -nee ' The particle ' -ne. " preceded by a noun, indicates the means with which someone perfonns an action, or by which someone drives or moves about The English equivalent of this particle is 'with' or 'by(means) of.' For example:
m1. ba. dwei ne. nei de paun moun. gOll gjoun ne. lou' te te' k~si ne. la de tu ne. sa: de khe: dan ne. jei: ba da: ne. m~pja' pa ne. ba ne. thwa: m~le: jet hta: ne. thwa: me
I lived with my parents. Bread is made with wheat flour. I came by taxi. I eat with chopstick. Please write with a pencil Please don't cut it with a knife. How will you go? I will go by train.
90
DRILLS
Dl 1)
bsIDa kjaun: dhuJdha::
2) hsrua
kjaun: dhuJdha::
(engineer)
thu in gjln ni ja thu in gjin ni ja no di nei. la. bjei. nei. di nei. lao bjei. nei. no
(full-moon day)
3) hsrua kjaun: dhuJdha::
hsrua gao mo gun: dein: (registrar of a university) hsrua ga.. mo gun: dein: no
4) hsrua kjaun: dhuJdha::
~ja:
5) hsrua kjaun: dhuJdha::
di nei ja gao pan: gjan m~hou' hpu: (garden; park) di neija gao pan: gjan m~hou' hpu: no
pwe: za: m~ou' hpu: kh!!mja: pwe: za: m!!hou' hpu: no
(broker)
D2 1) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
thu si' bou no hou' ke. / thu si' bou ba
(militaIy officer)
2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
di nei. la. gwe nei. no hou' ke. / di nei. lao gwe nei. ba
(new moon day)
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
hsIDa gao hta na. hmu: no
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
shin koun dhe m~ou' hpu: no bou' ke.! kj!!Oo koun dhe m!!hou' pa bu:
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
di neija gao sa dol' m~ou' hpu: no (post office) hou' ke. / di neija gao sa dai' ~ou' pa bu:
(Head of Department) hou' ke. / kj!!no gao hta na. hmu: ba (trader)
91
D3 1) kjaun: dhu
kjaun: dha: 2) kjaun: dhu
kjaun: dha: 3) kjaun: dhu
kjaun: dha: 4) kjaun: dhU
kjaun: dha: 5) kjaun: dhu
kjaun: dha:
thu hilL de no (to be pretty; good-looking) hou' ke. ! thu bla. ba de di nei. ai'te no hou' ke.! di nei. ai' pa de
(to be warm; be stuffy) (to be beavy)
di ~bwe: gao lei: de no bou' ke. ! di sa ou' ka. lei: ba de
sa ou' ja. de no hou' ke.! sa ou' ja. ba de m~e'
(to get; obtain; have)
bpjan la;' me no bou' ke. / ~e' hpjan lai' pa me
(to follow)
D4
1) bsru a
!m}an ka: ! thwa: de kjaun: dhuldha:: i!Dljan lea: ne. thwa: de
2) hsIDa
kjaun: dbuldha::
Ie'! sa: de
po. IL sa ! jei: de kjaun: dhuldha:: pa Ii. sa ne. jei: de
kjaun: dhuldha:: 5) hsIDa
(finger; band)
Ie' ne. sa: de
3) bsru a
4) hS!ia
(express bus)
hman bt!11l:! kji. de
(Pali language) (magnifying glass)
hman ~lu: ne. kji. de
!!do! nei de kjaun: dhuldha:: !!do ne. nei de
(aunt)
thin gan: za (hse. thoun:) ~u@
dei: bi' rna' khin dei: hi' rna' khin khin dei: bi' rna' khin khin
bun: ga~m: Dga: hm:
I
nei Ie: rna' khin khin MU. ba kj~a. ~u. h~min: che' nei ba de h~rnin: kaun: gaun: ta' no hou'ke. kaun:gaun: pa ~u. ba hin: che' nei nga: hin: che~ ba shin Ie: sa: lou. ja.
title prefixed to the proper name of a female (cooked) rice to cook properly~ well fish curry
ma' ht!mim che'
~
lou' nei Ie:
I mI.. I is the twenty-fifth letter of the Myanmar alphabet.
order
the strokes is as illuslIlited below<
I, I
--= 1
I II
r=!
_3
-1l
1--I
oml
I--
' II
Ij - - - -
7
----II --~ 1---I
--------~I--
____I~_______
I !
I
----.~--
93
~S~~:oo (:>~) Lesson 13 ~~
<'
....
:tY.),,?o,",co II
What are you doing now? ~iO'Y.)G3:~S
c
e
Mr. David c r:
e~cOlc
.
MaKhinKhin ~'O'Y.)G3:~S Mr. David r:
<::,,,
:::n0 C\( 0
'4' co 11
r:
r:
('
'1
("
oal'~ ~~ ro~c:~m~olo?oou
•
Now I am cooking.
.•
r:
oo~c:
Mr. David io)~tQ8
Ma Khin Khin, what are you doing now?
MaKhinKhin ~~O'Y.)G3:~~
('
~ OlC Ol C 3d
•
r: r: _;r: .. <;' r: G0J0C:G0J0C:
You can cook wen, can't you.
.
r: " (" r: <:: r: '1 r: U?O?O?! G()")'JC:Gm0C: ~mO?O?oIO?tl)1!
·
Yes, I can cook well. <:: r: " 3d'f :1Y.)(J')C: ~m~coil
What curry are you cooking now?
r:
cl:(J')t: ~~G,()lO?03i1 I am cooking fish curry.
~OlCQC
MaKIDnKhin •.
~tro~: 4Y.>:~. 'l0lax0H You can eat it, too.
00 I js.! is the twenty-sixth letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order of
the strokes is as illustrated below. 1
2
J
I !
I
iI
C-
I
O
I
I (X) I1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
OJ
94
Grammar & Usages 1. Auxiliary:' """'Iiei ' This auxiliary , -Dei '. preceded by verbs, indicates a kind of process or continuing action. It means 'someone is doing something.' For example:
lei tai· nei de . thu dou:-jei k:ii! nei de gJwll sa jei: nei de kje' u. pjou' nei de in: gjl wu' nei de !lIou' lou' fll!!llei bu: kh!mja: pjin: nei Ia:
The wind is blowing. They are swimming. My older brother is writing a letter. (He) is boiling eggs. (She) is putting on a dress. (I) am not working. Are you boring?
2. AuxiJiary: ' -da' Ita'" , This auxiliary is used with verbs and it indicates the acquiring of some knowledge, ,skill, capability and qualification. <,... da' • is used after the . verb ending With tone 1,2 or 3. And ' ..... fa' , is used after the verb ending with tone 4 or glottal stop. For example: . pa Ii. sa hpa' ta' te ~:
lei: nga: mjou: pjo: da' te gaul jai' ta' Ia:
(I) can read PaH lanugage. (He) (".aD speak four or five languages. Can you play golf?
(Do you know how to play golf?) I can't play golf. (I don't know how to play golf.)
J/~- Study the following differences between ' -da'Ita" or '-Iou. ja~'.
Q: ~ja: ka: Maun: da' 1a:
and '-hnmll'
--"-"
~
Can you drive a car? (Do you know how to drive a car?)
A: hou' ke. I rnaWl: da' pa de Q: !gU. maun: hnain rn§.la: . A: run. in: / @gUo m~: ba bu: m@IIlaWl: hnain ba bu:
Yes, I can. Can y()U drive now? No., I am not free now. I can't drive (now).
95
DRILLS
Dl 1) hsma kjaun: dhuldha::
.£!hpei / pu' Ie: ~pei ~wu~ Ie: nei ba de
2) hsma kjaun: dhuldha::
~eil !Wu' sho
3) hsma kjaun: dhuJdha::
!!kou I than. shin:jei: lou' (to clean~ tidy up) !!kou than. shin: jei: lou' nei ba de
4) hsrua kjaun: dhuJdha::
i!ffi3. ~bje' si: hie: nei ba de
5) hsrua kjaun: dhuJdha::
nji mao I bggan hsei: nji rna ~an hsei: nei ba de
~ei !!WU~
~a.
(to change clothes)
I dgftje' si: hie:
D2 1) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
!!hpei ba lou' nei ba dh!!Ie: ~pei !!wu' Ie: nei ba de
2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
~ei ba lou' nei ba d.h!!le: ~ei ~wu' sho nei ba de
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
~kou ba lou' nei ba dh!!le: !!kou than. shin: jei: lou' nei ba de
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
~a.
5) kjaun: d.hu kjaun: dha:
nji rna. ba lou' nei ba dh!!le: nji rna. b~an hsei: nei ba de
~a.
(to wash clothes)
sho nei ba de
ba lou' nei ba dh!!le: ~bje' si: hie: nei ba de
(to sweep)
(to wash saucers)
96
D3 1) kjaun:
shin htwrun: sa: nei ba dhgla: hou' ke. / kj§,no htgmin: sa: nei ba de
2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
shin ko hpi thau' nei ba dhgla: hou' ke.! kj~o ko hpi thau' nei ba de
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha.:
shin sa hpa' nei ba dh§:la: hou' ke.! kj~o sa hpa' nei ba de
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
shin rei ill jOll na: htaun nei ba dhi!la: hou' ke. I kj§:oo rei di jOll na: htaun nei ba de
5) kjaun: dhu kjaurr dha:
shinjou' shin kji. nei ba dhi!la: hou' ke. ! kj§:no jou' shin kji. nei ba de
D4 1) kjaun: dha: kjaun: dhu
khi!ffija: sa jei: nei ba ~la: hOll' ke. I kj§:ma. sa jei: nei ba de
2) kjaun: dna: kjaun: dhu
khf!mja: Ian: shau' nei ba dhi!la: hOll' ke. ! kji!ma. Ian: shau' nei ba de
3) kjaun: dha: kjaun: dhu
khgmja: ~lou' lou' nei ba dhgla: hou' ke. I kj@:ma. glou' lou'nei ba de
4) kjaun: dha:
khwnja: htgmin: che' nei ba dh~Ja: hou' ke.! kjgma. ht~min: che' nei ba de
kjaun: dhu 5) kjaun: dha:
kjaun: dhu
khwnja: th~chin: hsou nei ba ~la: hou' ke. I kj§:ma. th@:chin: hsou nei ba de
97
kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha: 2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: OOa:
h~min:
sa: nei la: hin. in: I h~min: sa: mW1ei ba bu: ko hpi thau' nei Ia: hin. in: I ko hpi thau' m£!nei ba bu:
kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
sa hpa' nei Ia: hin. in: 1sa hpa' mgnei ba bu:
kjaun: dhu kjaun: OOa:
rei di jou na: htaun nei Ia: hin. in: I rei di jou na: htaun m£!nei ba bu:
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
jou' shin kji. nei la: hin. in: I jou' shin kji. m~nei ba bu:
6 ka: / pjin ka: pjin da' pa de
(to repair)
kjaun: dhu/dha:: hsrua kjaun: dhuldha::
mjgma gka. I ktL mjgma@,ka. ka. da' pa de
(to dance)
hsru a kjalli'1: dhulOOa::
Ie' hnei' se' I jai' Ie' hnei' se' jai' ta' pa de
(to type)
hsilla dhuldha::
I di di neija sha da' pa de
dhu/dha::
san: d~a: I san: dilla: ti: da'
1) hsrua
hsrua
(to sel1.fch; look for)
play piano)
98
D7 1) kjaun: dha: kjaun: dhu
ka: pjin da' pa ~ hou' ke. / ka: pjin da' pa de
2) kjaun: dha: kjaun: dhu
mj~~.
ka. da' pa ~a: hou' ke. / mj!!llla ~a ka. da' pa de
3) kjaun: dha: Kjaun:dhu
Ie' hnei' se' jai' ta' pa dh~a: hou' ke./le' hnei' se' jai' ta' pa de
4) kjaun: dha: kjaun: dhu
di nei ja sha da' pa ~la: hou' ke.! di nei ja sha da' pa de
5) kjaun: dha: kjaun: dhu
san: dIDa: ti: da' pa ~ ~la: . hou' ke.! san: elIDa: ti: da' pa de
D8 1) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
in: ~lei' ~: pjo: da' pa dhala: \, bin. in: / in: g!lei' ~: m~j~:
2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
jan goun mjou. de: thwa: da' pa dh~a: hin. in: / jan goun mjou. de: m¢twa: da' pa bu:
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
jei ku: da' pa dh~a: hin. in: / jei ~: da' pa bu:
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
bo loun: ~: da' pa dh~a: hin. in: / bo loun: m~mp'a: da' pa bu:
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
h~n: che' ta' pa~: hin. in: I h~: m~he' ta' pa bu:
99
1)
2)
kjau.n: kjaun: kjaun: d'ha:
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: d'ha: kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
~ei:
gou thwa: da' la: ke. I thwa: da' pa de nei thwa: hnain m§,la: hou' ke. I thwa: hnain ba de man:
mj§:ma ~: pjo: 00' la: hou' ke. I pjo: da' pa de ~. pjo: hnain m§:la: hou' ke. I pjo: hnain ba de
D 1) kjaun: dhu kjaun: d'ha: kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
mj§,ma th§crun: la: hem' ke. / hsou da' pa de ~. hsou hnain ~la: hin. in: I ~gu. m§,hsou hnain ba
2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha: kjaun: dhu dha:
jan goon mjou. de: hou' ke. / habu:
100
3) kjaun: dhu
kjaun: dha.: kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha: 4) kjaun: dhu
kjaun: dna: kjaun: dhu kjaun: dna: 5) kjaun: dhu
kjaun: dna: kjaun: dhu kjaun: dna:
hin: ehe' ta' Ia: hou' ke. I che' ta' pa de m!!ne' hpjan che' hnain m~a: hin. in: I m.§l1e' hpjan m!!Che' hnain ba bu: 1-)
aa' pounjai' ta' la: hou' ke. I jai' ta' pa de ~. jai' ~a~n ~a: hin. in: I ~. mmaf bnain ba bu: mj~ za jei: 00' la: hOu' ke. ! jei: 00' pa de ~. jei: hnain m~la: hin. in: I !!gll. mruei: hnain ba bu:
DB 1) kjaun; dbu
kjaoo: dha: kjaun: dbu kjaun: dba: 2) kjaun: dbu
Q
19aun.: dba: 19au.n: dbu kjaoo: dha: 3) kjaun: dbu kjaun.: dba:
ijaun: dbu. kjaun.: dha: 4) kjaun.: dbu
kjaun.: dba: kjaun: dbu ijaun.: dba: 5) kjaun: dbu. ijaun: dha: kjaun: dbu J.gaun: dba:
thu. ein gou la
kon pju tajai' ta' la: bou' ke. I jai' ta' pa de di sa ou.· jai' lou' ja. IDJIa: hln. in: I di sa ou' jai' lou. mma. be 00: th.@cbin: hsou
101 .
thin gan: za (hse. lei:)
di th!ie' thi: balan' Ie: dei: hi'
dei: hi'
di throe' thi: b!lau' Ie: t£!,loun: nga: ze ba zei: kji: de / ne: ne: shoo pei: ba takhun: zei: ba hou' la: / chau' loun: pei: ba
zei: dhe
di hma pai' hsan hnrua dan hnruwe' I lei: ja
zei: dhe dei: bi'
zei: dhe
tftia pjan an: ba de b!hlu'
how much; how many
tgktun:
perone to reduce; lessen; decrease a fixed price system value of 200 kyats to return change
sho. t!khun: zei: hD!.ia dan pjan an:
'1
js. (ra.) I is the twenty~seventh letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order of the strokes is as illustrated below. j
F3i= 1
2
--
3
~ --
is ':'
~~OYJG3~~(!)
c:
G~~::D2::
Shopkeeper ~~oy)G3
% 0
H
· 0
Q
II
0
Mr. c:
~:::DPO
Shopkeeper
· 0
I:: ~lDaY.)G3~~0 II>
Mr. <;:
G\!(j~::D~
Shopkeeper
··
(kyats).
J
103
Grammar & Usages
1. Auxiliary:'
~pei:
'
It is easy to learn this pattern, if you know the verb' pei: ' means 'to give.' It is also used as an auxiliary verb which attaches to the verb to use when a speaker requests something for himself, or when he does something for
Please
it (for me). buy itfm' me. you Myanmar language. He \iVTote for me. wash it me).
basic units currency IS a kyat. the correct pronunciations Myanrnar currency. pya 2 pyas 3
I
!
I
f
I i I
I
/
/
/
i
104
1 kyat 2 kyats 3 kyats 4 kyats 5 kyats 6 kyats 7 kyats 8 kyats 9 kyats
/d~a'i
/ hnw
200 kyats 2,000 kyats 20,000 kyats 200,000 kyats 2,000,000 kyats 20,000,000 kyats
/ t£!hse / I hn!!hse / / thoun: ze / / lei: ze / / nga: ze / / chau' hse / / khun hn!!hse / I shi' hse / / kou: ze /
I dMja' hn!!hse. nga: bja: / (or) / d~a' twna' / / d~a' pya: nga: ze / (or) I d~a' khwe: / I dMja' khun hn~se. nga: bja: I (or) I hn.f!kja' rna' tin: /
"I kyat 25 pyas 1 ky~t 50 pyas 1 kyat 75 pyas
100 kyats 1,000 kyats 10,000 kyats 100,000 kyats 1,000,000 kyats 10,000,000 kyats
10 kyats 20 kyats 30 kyats 40 kyats 50 kyats 60 kyats 70 kyats 80 kyats 90 kyats
/ tIDal /t~taun
/ / t!lthaun: / / t!lthein: / I t~than: I /~ei/
I hn.!!ia / I hn@,htaun I / hn~thaun: I I hn.§thein: / I hnilthan: I
120 kyats 1,200 kyats 12,000 kyats 120,000 kyats 1,200,000 kyats 12,000,000 kyats
230 kyats 2,300 kyats 23,000 kyats 230,000 kyats 2,300,000 kyats 23,000,000 kyats I~eil
I tilla hn~se / / htaun. hnilia I / thaun: hnf!htaun / I t!lthein: hn~thaun: I I t~than: hni!thein: I I d§g@:dei hnS!,than: I
I hnrua. thoun: ze I I hn!!htaun. thoun: ja I I hn~thaun: thoun: daun I I hni!thein: thoun: dhaun: I I hn.§than: thoun: dhein: I I hn~ei thoun: dhan: I
The word ' newel ' means 'silver' or 'money' (in coins or currency notes). 'pal' hsan' also means 'money.' For example: ngwei tWlse pei: ba (or) pai' hsan ts!hse pei: ba
Please give me ten kyats.
ngwei nga: gja' shi. la: (or) pai' hsan nga: gja' shi. la:
Do you have five kyats.
105
DRILLS
Dl 1) hsIDa
kjaun: dhuldha::
di sa ou' / shin: pja. di sa ou' kou shin: pja. pei: ba
2) hSIDa kjaun: dhuldha::
sajwe' / jel: sajwe'hrnajei: pei: ba
3) hSIDa kjaun: dhuldha::
me' !mZin: / sha me' !mZin: gou soo pei: ba
4) hSIDa kjai.m: dhuldha::
rei dijou / hpwin. rei di jou gou hpwin. pei: ba
5) hsIDa kjaun: dhuldha::
kje'tha: zei: / shoo kje'ilia: zei: shoo pei: ba
(to explain)
(to write)
(to find; look for)
(to open; switch on)
(to reduce; lessen)
Dl 1) kjaun: dhu
kjaun:
mj¥l1a zggfl:boun thin pei: ba hou' ke. / thin pei: ba me
2) kjaun: dhu
hmn: zi pan: we pei: ba
kjaun: dha:
hou' ke. / we pei: ba me
(proverb)
(rose)
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
zei: gou kh{!IW. thwa: pei: ba hou' ke. / iliwa: pei: ba me
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
gpjin hmll kh!!na. saun. pei: ba hou' ke. / saun. pei: ba me
5) kjaun: dhu
thfl:m{!da. gil: nan me goujei: pei: ba (president of a state) hou' ke. / jei: pei: ba me
kjaun: dha:
(a moment)
(outside)
106
J 1) hsrua kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
nggpjo: dhi: I 20 di ng~pjo: if1.lmm: b~lau' ~loun: hn~hse ba
6) hsrua kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
sha' in: gill 525
hsru a kjaun: kjaun: dha: 8) hsrua kjaun: kjaun: dha:
9)
di sha' in: gji tfl.hte b.§:lau' Ie: nga: ja hn~se. nga: gja'
~hte
(banana)
(shirt) nga: ja. .§:Sei' pa
shwei Ie' su' 15678 kja' di shwei Ie' su' d!!gwin: b~lau' Ie: d.§:gwin: nga: daun chau' ja hn.§:hse.
ring) pa
moun. hin: ga: 135 kja'
(rice noodles with fish gravy) di moun. hin: ga: dfl.bwe: b.§:lau' Ie: ~bwe: thoun: ze. nga: gja' pa
h.sIDa
sajwe' 18 kja' pja: 50
kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
di sajwe' tg}we' b.§:lau' Ie: truwe' sm' kja' pja: nga: ze (or) truwe' sm' kja' khwe: ba
(paper)
D4
kjaun: 2)
hsIDa kjaun: dhuldha::
(
lEse dan I hoIDwe' hse dan tmruwe' I hnWlse hng,hse dan I thoun: jwe' jwe'j dan
(20 kyat biB) ba
3) hsru a ja dan I kjaun: dhuldha:: ja dan lei: 4) hsru a kjaun: dhuldha:: 5) hsru a kjaun:
nga: ja dan I nga: nga: ja dan nga: jwe' 1
kyat
00 kyat biB)
nga:
(500 kyat ba
(1,000 kyat
107
D5 1) kjaun: kjaun: kjaun: kjaun:
5) kjaun: kjaun: kjaun: kjaun:
dhu dha: dhu dha: dhu dha: dhu dha:
ko hpi ~we' bglau' Ie: ~we' thoun: ze. nga: gja' pa nga: gwe' pei: ba~<~'rr-" a khun ~e. ~ga~ ~a'J~~
tru
~.-:::,\~.,';-'
khe: dan ta~b;tlli: balau' Ie: tgchaun: g~e~Pa ~chaun: pei: ba nga: ze ba
6) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha: kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
!!khan: tgkhan: bglau' Ie: ~an: hnghtaun. nga: ja ba lei: gan: pei: ba tgthaun: ba
7) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha: kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
jou' shin Ie' hma' dgzaun b!!lau' Ie: dgzaun lei: ja ba khun hngsaun pei: ba hnghtaun. shi' ja ba
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha: kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
h@nin:
~bwe: b!!lau' Ie: hnIDa khun hnghse. nga: gja' pa hse bwe: pei: ba hnghtaun. khun hn,rua. nga: ze ba
~bwe:
108
thin gan: za (boo, nga:)
balau' wei: Ie: ...... dei: hi' khin khin
-.....
dei: bi' khin khin dei: hi'
khin khin
di gao nei mjou. do khan: rna. ~ti.
baJau' wei: Ie: te;k~5i ne. m~ni' hnE!hseCl~~kja de e: di. gou thwa: de. ba' 5~ka: m~hi. bu:la: shi. da 'po. / hse· m5!ui' d~i: ship de be gao nei 5i: ja. Ie: hIe: dan: gao nei si: ba
mjou. do khan: rna. b!lau' tel k!si ne. mIni' hnahse lau' e: €Ii. gou hse mIni' d!zi: si: .
the City Han about what distance~ about how far by taxi about 20.minutes to that place one (comes) every ten minutes to ride, to take (a bus), to get in
~!.wo. I is the twenty-ninth letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order of I the strokes is as illustrated below.
o
I
109
:x>8s,:ro
(~~)
Lesson 15 <' <:' " ::J)OOGC\Y.)o) GO:(\) Ii
How far is it? fR
(' (' 0 (' -!;' " ~l. GO'Y.)Cl;:~3dro 0') O)GC\Y.)O?GO:ro
~
('
~iO'Y.)G3:~~
3 mG;
Mr. David
How far is it from here to City Hall?
('
('
••
~ClCClC
MaKhinKhin • · Mr. David • · MaKhinKhin
~iO'Y.)G3:~~
('
~ClCClC
('
('
MaKhinKhin
~~o? ~:o? 0')03~0Y.>: ~~0(:c\y'):11 Doesn't any bus go there? o
')
co
C
('
9
~s
~O'Y.)GO.! II Q':)OO~;~ ()')~~: '.Il00WIl
Of course there is (a bus that goes there). One comes every ten minutes.
~:'lcOll Where do I have to get it?
~iO'Y.)G3:~S Mr. David ~ClCClC
c
~
ey:>OOOOIl
. It takes about twenty minutes by taxi.
('
('
0 <:' (' (' (' ~;~ "~Q':)OOGC\Y.)m
Q,
()')
II
O')t0mG;
••
('
('
9'1
C\f2::!oo;:mG; ~:Olll Get it from Hledan.
:::D I tha. / is the thirtieth letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order of the
strokes is as illustrated below.
1
:)
2
~
3
~
I JO
Grammar & Usages 1. The Noun Modifier Ending: • - ~e.! teo ' and ' fme~7 i---J In Myanmar language, the noun modifier functions in the same way that an adjective or relative clause lunctions in English. The noun modifier is put in front of the noun, and indicates a quality, quantity or degree of the noun it modifies. The modifier endings which attach to a verb. The modified noun and the modifier phrase preceding the modifier endings fonn a noun phrase, and this noun phrase can function as subject, object, etc. in the sentence, just like any other nOli phrase. ' - de.! teo ' is the noun modifier ending for non-future time. • - de. ' is used after the verb ending in a vowel with tone 1, 2 or 3. And teo ' is used after the verb ending in a vowel with tone 4 or glottal stop. For example: I -
Verb
Modifier ending
/"Kaun:
. hsoii: kji: thei: lwe khe' shout
de. de. de. de. de. teo teo
<:-
NOim Modifiers
Meaning'
kaun: de. hsou: de. kji: de. thei: de. lwede. khe teo shou'te.
good bad big small easy difficult complicated
kaun: de. lu hsou: de. kjaun: dha: kji: de. ein thei: de. ~khan: Iwe de. z~ga: khe' teo sa ou' shou' teo ~lou'
Actually, this modifier endings come from the (declarative) sentence final ending' ~del te '.
II
/~
. t
~
...... (di) lu kaun:@e/ - - . . kaun:\de.lu v ~
~~
[lhe man is good.]
[good man]
III
I
I
(di) ha hsou: de -:---'-
..
~
- - - . . hsou: de. ha-.
[The thing is bad.]
I
I
ta na ka gjgpan gil. fa de [Mr. TGftClka came from Japan.]
[Mr. Tanaka who came from Japan]
, - me. ' is used foiforture time. For example: . '''<::::
dei: bi' bggan gou thwa: me [Mr. David will go to Bagan.]
-_/
bggangou thwa: me. dei: bi' [Mr. David who will go to Bagan.]
2. The suffix' -Iau' The suffix is attached to time, place or quantity expresssion, which ask or answer the questions: 'what time?,' 'when?,' 'how long?,' 'how far?,' 'how much?,' 'where?,' etc. It indicates an approximate point in time, place or quantity. Iu nga: jau' lau' la de nja. nei nga: na ji lau' thwa: me b~Jau' lau' nei m~le: be nei ja lau' hma shi. m!!le: be do. lau' lou' mf!,le:
About five people came. I'll go about 5:00 p.m. About how long will you stay? About where is it? About when will you do it?
112
DRILLS
Dl 1) hsrua kjaun: dhuldha::
ze~: k~~: / ka:, ~-:Q'Q kJL de4 ka . _"C:;
.Z<:';L
'tt:;::;",~,/jF:--.71
2) hsrua hla. ; mein: khS!lei: kjaun: dhu/dha:: ... pla. de. mein: khS!lei: 3) hs~ja kjaun: dhuldha::
pu I ja dhi u. duo pu de. ja dhi. u. duo
4) hsru a kjaun: dhu/dha::
ei: / jei ei: de. jei
5) hs~ja kjaun: dhu/dha::
shei ! khe: dan sheide. khe:dan
-~
. (0.', "--J
D2 1) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha: 2) kJaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
hou hma shi. de I e: di. ha gou thi. la: hou hma shi. de. ha gou thi. la:
3) !gaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
mS!nei. gao sa: de I e: di. ha gao kaun: la: mS!nei. gao sa:~e·>~a. kall~: la: , } !
"".
..~)
~
no
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
sha nei de ! e: di. Iu ga."bS!dhu Ie: sha nei de. lu gao bS!dhu Ie:
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
thu thwa: de I e: di. nei ja gao be nei ja Ie: thu thwaC~~' nei Ja gao be nei ja Je:
,"-:..---1 ,"
#'~~.
"~""'---~~.
113
DJ 1) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
m~nel
2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
dh~be'
kha kji. me / e: di. jou' shin gao kaun: de dhgbe' kha kji. me. jou' shin gao kaun: de
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
nau' hni' thin me / e: di. ~a: ga. khe' te nau' hni' thin me. ~a: gao khe' te
4) kjaun:dhu kjaun: dha:
lou'me / !!lou' sm. la: lou' me. ~lou' shi. la:
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
sa: me I !!S3: §Sa gou pjo: ba sa: me. !!S3: ~sa gou pjo: ba
hpjan thwa: me / e: di. nei ja gao ba le: hpjan thwa: me. nei ja gao ba Ie:
m~el
D4 1) hsrua kjaun: dhuldha::
na: htaun gjin de I ~chin: shi. la: na: htaun gjin de. th~hin: shi. la:
2) hsrua : mei: gjin de / mei: gun: gou mei: ba kjaun: dhuldha:: (]ileTgjin deJ(mei: gwpfgou mei: ba :t:::::::.....:::~-=~4'>t, G,-.....'
~-:-
l~
(:' \::\::~ ',..
QI_.~J::::2:}.L ~,
"~<~~v~"c;~~C'"'~"" -
'<
3) hsrua kjaun: dhuldha::
K-aza: gjinde I a: K-aza: gou pjo: ba K-aza: gjin de. a: K-aza: gou pjo: ba
4) hsrua kjaun: dhuldha::
hpa' chin de / sa ou' kou sha me hpa' chin de. sa ou' kou sba me
5) hsrua kjaun: dhuldha::
twei. gjin de / ~nge gjin: la la: twei. gjin de. th.&1ge gjin: la la:
114
DS 1) hs!ia kjaun: dhuldha::
2) hs!ia kjaun: dhuldha::
hsru a
3)
kjaun: dhuldha::
4) hs!ia kjaun: dhuldha::
5) hs!ia kjaun: dhuldha::
jan goun gao nei man: ~lei: ~ti. b~lau' kja Ie: (lei jin bjan I ~ j"i lau') leijin bjan ne. ~ji~~j~ba de -,-
-
--,-'
bou gjou' zei: ~hti. b§!lau' kja Ie: (ba' ~ka: I m~' lei: ze lau') ba' ~ka: ne. m~i' lei: ze lau' kja ba de b~ou: ~ti. be hn~naji kja Ie: (mi: j~hta: I t:!!naji gwe: lau') mi: j~ta: ne. t:!!na jt gwe: lau'
kja ba de
~thein ~hti.
be hnIDe' kja Ie: (thin: bo: I tIDe' lau' ) thin: bo: ne. tIDe'lau' kja ba de
:-,:,:~,~~" ~'~r ~""L9 !::'";~'
ein gao fiet kjaun: ~ti. be ~f kja Ie: (se' bein: I thoun: ze. nga: m~ni! lau') se' bein: ne. thoun: ze. nga: m~ni' lau' kja ba de
D6 1) hs!ia kjaun: dhuldha::
pai' hsan ~lau'~~l!r:: Ie: shit ja. lau' shi' de - .,.'
'
,-, ,,:., ,,' ---.-~<.~~..
(shi' ja)
>
2) hsWa kjaun: dhuldha::
be nei. tau' thwa;! male:)' t:!!nln: la nei. laliih;a:me
(t:!!nin: la nei.)
3) bsIDa kjaun: dhuldha::
thgnge gjin: b~au' lau' la Ie: nga: jau' lau' la ba de
(nga:jau')
4) bs§ja
ko hpi b~we' lau' hma m~le: ~we' lau' hma me
(~we')
sa ou' b~ou' lau' hpa' chin Ie: sa ou' chau' ou' lau' pha' chin ba de
(cbau' ou')
kjaw: dhuldha:: 5)
hsIDa' kjaun: dhuldha::
lIS
thin gan: za (hse. chau')
di nei. m,!nei. ga. de' pou pu de di nei. m~ev.ga(d;'-~'pu de no hou' te I ~e: ·ne:,p~~p.u'a¥n,~~Ju de' m~hni' ka.C-riwetga. j9-: pu fa: ? hou' ke. 060 ~~~me:~ t~hni' ka. Iau' to. m~pu ba bu: dei: bi' t~i' ka. Ie: pu de ! khin khin : hou' pa. / ~hni' ka. do. ~pu zoun: ba dei: bi' khin khin dei: bi' khin khin
: : ; :
pu
to be hot to be the same last year summer year before last ~ It is sure; of course
tu
m!!hni' ka. nwei tJ!hni' ka.
hou' pa.
ha. / is the thirty-first letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order of the strokes is as illustrated below.
(J)
/
1
C
2
0
3
(J)
OJ
116
:).)8Q)~:ro (~G) Lesson 16
3G~. ~~. moor/; qf{oouSll Today is hotter than yesterday. <'
• · Mr. David • '" · MaKhinKhin
~~OO0G3:~Q)
<'
~QCQC
'"
B~OO0G3:~Q)
0
•
'"
os
<'
Today is hotter than yesterday, isn't it? <' '" 0(00000011
'" <' «)loooo,. 0 "'" ,~:,~:
'" Of2ooWIi
Yes, right. It seems a little hotter. <'
~'Q)m ~mG€p
)l(\)'):11
Last summer was also hot, wasn't it.
Mr. David <'
Q
3G,. ~G,o moom \()looWG'fJ
C".....
'"
'1
"
\:'
~
C'
~QCQC
0(000711
MaKhinKhin
Yes, it was. But it was not as hot as the year before last.
'"
:
~i?OO0G3:~Q)
Mr. David <'
3!GO~
O')Q),Q)mGCD0mGOJ?
~)lOjt:1I
<:' <' <:' <' ooQ)'Q)mC\J~: ~O')OOIl
Was the year before last that hot, too? <'1
<'
<:'<:'
., 3d~fX?:0!
~QCQC
0(0')0.1 II ooQ),Q)mGO??
MaKhinKhin
It sure was. It was the hottest (of the three).
~
II
/ la. / is the thirty=second letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order of
the strokes 1
i~
as illustrated below.
3
117
Grammar & Usages
1. The Comparison: t
-..
de'(bte' , ~'-i~----__
.
The particle ' ..... de'! hte' , 0E()!~,LJ.~~1J') is used as a standard of comparison, when both items of comparison are mentioned. And it is attached normally to the second noun of a comparison, and usually accompanied by , -- pou '(more). ,..... de' , is used after the noun ending with tone 1,2 or 3. And ' ..... the' , is used after the noun ending with tone 4 or glottal stop. The verb' pou ' means 'to be in excess; be more than what is necessary; be over and above the noun; to overdo.' But in front of the other verbs, it can be used as a preverb to mean 'more.' For example: jan goun gao
b~ou:
NI (subject)
de'
pOD
N2
kji: de
Verb
(Yangon is bigger than Raga.) truou' Z!!ga: gao
mj~a ~a:
NJ (subject)
de'
N2
pOD
khe' te
Verb
(Chinese is more difficult than Myanmar.) The phrase ending with' - de'l hte' may occur before the subject of a sentence, making no difference in meaning, other than a slight change in emphasis. See the following examples, and note particularly the words to which the particle' ,.., de'l hte' is attached leijin bjan gao ka: de' NI (subject)
pOD
N2
mjan de Verb
(/'he aeroplane is faster than the car.) ka: de' NJ
lei jin bjan gao N J (SIlbject)
pOD
mjan de
Verb
(/'he aeroplane is faster than the car.)
118
When only one thing or one quality is mentioned. and the other item of comparison is omitted, the prevarb pOD (more) is normally used. See the following examples: I
I
di ha gao pOD bun: de hOll ha gao pou zei: kji: de in: wei' ~a: gao pou khe' te
This is better. That is more expensive. English is more difficult.
2. The sentence-final ending' ,..., ne. tu de '
The verb tu ' means 'to alike; be the same; resemble.' The postpositional maker ' .....ne. ' suffixed to a noun to indicate conformity (equivalent in usage to preposition 'in keeping with.' [The pattem'""4-- nee tu de ~ndicates resemblance or likeness: It is used after the sentence ending with declarative sentence final particle' -de for non-future time and' -me' for future time/action. For equivalent sentence, it can be attached to the noun. For example: I
I
di ha gao kaun: de nee tu de mou: jwa de nee m de di nei. ja dhi u. duo ei: me nee tu de mou: jwa me neG tu di ha zei: kji: me nee tu de thu gao ~mei ri kan ne. tu de
de--
3. The suffo: I
...,
o
It seems to be good. It looks like it was rain. Today the weather seems to be cold. It looks like it will rain. I think it will be expensive. He seems to be an american.
lau' ,
This suffix 9 -Iau' , is attached to nouns, and indicates extent or degree. The English equivalent of this pattern is 'to the extent of: 'as_IJluc~as,1 'equal to,' etc. For example: di sa ou'~: hou sa out lflU' kaun: de This book also is as good as that book. kj~o 1e:'t5.u. lau' lou' hnainde I can do as well as he. 'Thls is not as pretty as that. .jo: gao mei: iau' m~e' pa bu:
119
4. The superlative: '! ••• V ••• zouo:lhsouo: ' In Myanmar language, I ! ••. V ... zouo:/ hsouo I is used when ,three or more items of comparison are mentioned. And this means 'the greatest degree.' ; ! I is regularly put before the verb. '- zouo:' is used aIte"r-lbe verb ending with tone 1, 2 or 3. And '- hsouo:' is used after the verb ending with tone 4 or glottal stop. For example: !mJlll. zouo:
the highest (one)
!thei: zouo:
the smallest (one)
!touzouo:
the shortest (one)
!shei zouo:
the longest (one)
zei: !kji: zouo:
the most expensive (one)
zel: !PO: zouo:
the cheapest (one)
sei' win za: zilla !kaun: zouo:
the most interesting (one)
Actually, the function of this pattern is noun (phrase) and it is used in equational sentence type' N + N -i- balpa " Instead of polite particle ~ bal pa I, we can use the emphasis particle I - be: I. For example, I
di ruaun gao !ne' hsouo: ba
This colour is the darkest.
di nei. !pu zouo: be:
Today is the hottest.
di sa ou' ka. !kaun: zouo: be:
This book is the best.
di ha gao !hla. zouo: be:
This one is the prettiest.
This pattern can also be used as noun! verb modifier. For example: g,kaun: zoun: sa ou'
the best book
zei: {!;kji: zoun: ho te
the most expensive hotel
g,hla. zoun: mein: ~lei:
the prettiest girl
di hsrua gao {!;kaun: zoun: thin pei: de
This teacher teaches best of all.
thu {!;mja zoun: lou' te
He did it the quickliest.
120
DRILLS D1 1) hsrua kjaun: dhu/dha::
di ein I hou ein I than.. shin: (to be clean) di ein gao hou eirCde'pou'than. shin: ba de
2) hsrua kjaun: dhuldha::
di Wchan: I hou !!khan: I lin: (to be bright) di !!khan: gao hou !!:khan: de' pou lin: ba de
3) hsrua kjaun: dhuldha::
mjei ill goun: I hle: dan: I wei: (to be far) mj~i ill goun: gao hIe: dan: de' pou wei: ba de
4) hsrua kjaun: dhuldha::
mj!!ma ZMa: I tgjou' z!!ga: I !we (to be easy) mj~ma z~a: gao truou' z!!:ga: de' pou lwe ba de
5) hsrua kjaun: dhu/dha::
di Iu I hou Iu I hsou: di Iu gao hou lu-cle;'imu hsou: ba de
(to be bad)
D2 1) hsrua kjaun: dhuldha::
di ein ne. hou einJ)eei!i gao pou than. Ie: di ein gao pou thaif'ihin: ba de-,:'.:>
2) hsrua kjaun: dhuldha::
di !!:khan:(~~10u ~khan: be ~: gao pou lin: Ie: di !!khan: gao pou lin: ba de
3) hsrua kjaun: dhuldha::
mjei ni goun: ne. h~:,Qan: be nei ja gao pou wei: Ie: mjei ill goun: gao pou wei: ba de ~-
4) hsrua
mji!ffia ~a: ne. truou' ~ga: be ~a: ga pou lwe Ie: mj!!ma ZMa: gao pou lwe ba de
kjaun: dhu/dha:: 5) hsrua kjaun: dhu/dha::
di Iu ne. hou Iu be dhu gao pou hsou: Ie: di Iu gao pou hsou: ba de
121
D3 1) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
du: jin: dhi: -::::=--de' n~pjo: dhi: gou Q<>U kjai' la: hou' ke. I du: jin: dhi: de' ngm>jo: dhi: gou pou kjai' pa de
2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
~hpei
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
kjaun: dha: de' kjaun: dhu gao pou mja: la: hou' ke. I kjaun: dha: de' kjaun: dhu ga. pou mja: ba de
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
sa ou' hie' khe: dan gou pou we ~~/ . hou' ke. / sa ou' the' khe: dan gou pou we me
5) 19aun: dhu kjaun: dha:
~din:
~,-
de' wnei gou pou chi' la: hou' ke. / ~hpei de' ~mei gou pou chi' pa de
~.
J
.
za de' me' ~n: gou pou hpa' m~la: hou' ke. / th~din: za de' me' g~in: gou pou hpa' me
D4 ja dhi u. duo hsou: de kjaun: dhu/dha:: ja dhi u. duo hsou: de ne. tu de
1) hsilla
2) hsilla kjaun: dhu/dha::
thu la me thu la me ne. tu de
3) hsilla kjaun: dhu/dha::
hS§ja rna. nei m~kaun: bu: hsilla rna. nei m~aun: bu: ne. tu de
4) hsru a kjaun: dhu/dha::
~mei ~ou' ~ei ~lou'
5) hS§ja kjaun: dhu/dha::
thu b~an jan' hpu: ~e thu ~anjau' hpu: de ne. tu de
lou' nei de lou' nei dene. tu de
122
D5 1) hsrua kjaun: dhuldha::
di ha / hou ha / zei: m~ji: bu: di ha gao hou ha lau' zei: m~ji: bu:
2) hsrua kjaun: dhuldha::
wna. / ~ou / ma' m~jin. bu: ~a. gao ~ou lau' mal m~jin. bu:
3) hsma kjaun: dhuldha::
di khe: dan / hou khe: dan / m~hei bu: di khe: dan gao hou khe: dan lau' m~hei.bu: .. '"-'-. _-"-/
4) hsrua kjaun: dhuldha::
,
--"
wu' htu. / me' !@rin: / sei' win za: zrua ~un: /bu;_~ wu' htu. gao me' gi¢n: lau' sei' win za: zrua mWcauri:~~:_~ :0
5) hsrua kjaun: dhuldha::
di ~: / hou .@khan: / m~je bu: di ~: gao hou!!khan: lau' m!!kje bu:
D6 1) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
thme' t4i: ga n!mpjo: dhi: l~' m.@chQu bu: la: _ hill. iD::--/ thme' thl:ga. ngm>jo~ dhi: de' pou chou ba de
2) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
mji' kji: na: gao man: cWei: lau' m!!wei: bu: la: hill. in: / J1lji' kji: na: ga man: d!!lei: de' pou wei: ba de
3) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
b~ hin: gao nga: hin: lau' zei: m~ji: bu: la: hin. in: I ~ bin: gao nga: hin: de' pou zei: m.@kji: ba bu:
4) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
.@hpei gou wnei lau' ~hi' hpu: la: hin. in: / .@hpei gou wnei de' pou chi' pa de
5) kjaun: dhu kjaun: dha:
kje' tha: hin: gou we' tha: bin: lau' m.@kjai' hpu: la: hin. in: I ) kje'tha: hin: gou we"'tha: hin: de' pou kjai' pa de
.
123
D7 1) hsrua di in: gji / zei: kji: de kjaun: dhuldha:: ;-di in: gji gao zei: ~kji: zoun: ba -:::;;':""'","""
2) hsma kjaun: dhuldha::
di me' !@Zin: / sei' win za: zilla kaun: de di me' ~in: gao sei' win za: zrua ~aun: zoun: ba
3) hsrua kjaun: dhuldha::
thu / wa. de tim ~wa. zoun: ba
4) hsru a kjaun: dhuldha::
di hni' / pu de di hni' ~pu zoun: ba
5) hsru a kjaun: dhuldha::
di Iu / to de di Iu ~to zoun: ba
D8 I~"
1) hsIDa kjaun: dhuldha::
~~ga. ~mjan zoun: Ie:
2) hsIDa kjaun: dhuldha::
be taun gao
lei jin bjan gao
~mjan
zoun: ba
~jin.
zoun: Ie: ei w!P'a'taun gao .wnjin. zoun: ba
3) hsIDa : be kjaun: gao ~aun: zoun: Ie: kjaun: dhuldha:: (nain ngan gja: ba dha te' !Ladho~. ~aun: zoun: ba 4) hsma kjaun: dhu/dha::
be dhu gao rua' ~jin. zoun: Ie: mji' s~ta dei: bi' ka. ~jin. zoun: ba
--..--> ----.----'
5) hsIDa kjaun: dhuldha::
be nei ja gao ~hla. zoun: Ie: in: lei:...kan gao ~-
~a.
zoun: ba
124
thin gan: za (hse. khun hni')
koun dai' ---------;:-~'.---'.--.-.---.
~
nlanei. gao badhune.atu duo:, (Tu. z~na. koun dai{~g2~~Ta: Ie: dei: bi' : th~nge gjin: ne. ~tu du th\va: ba d2 khln khin : ba\ve, ge. Ie: d~i: bi'
khin khin
~'
'>.-~
------.
b~dhu b~dhu
1
who with whom department store with (my) fIiend shirt (upper garment) on foot
ne. ~tu du
koun dai' gjin: ne. ~tu du sha' (in: gji) Ian: shau' thwa:
th~nge
! 3& /
--._------ -
a. / is the last letter of the Myanmar alphabet. The order of the strokes
i i
; is as illustrated below. I
1
2
3
1----------' I
3
I
125
JJ~~~:ID,)
(:)()
Lesson 17 C'
0
C'
O?@~ O?~O(m
Yuzana Department Store c:
c:
c:
'-
{:}G'i'. m ::nillJ)f'i'. 3d Of? Of?
{:}~c~c
Ma Khin Khiri. c:
c:oc:o
'-
OY@'i'~~'i'O(mO? ~~c\)1I
\Vith whom did you go to the department store? c:
c: '-
3d Of? Of?
'I c: ~:Ol 0) ill II
{:} ~
J)fCill~C:'i'.
Mr. David
I went (there) with (my) friend. c: '- '-
JY) Oill~c\)11
~KhinKhin c:
Wnat did you buy;) i::
&d
c:
11.03'd0iJC?C?
Mr. David
I bought a beautiful shirt. G,
C0
MaKhin Khin c:
c: '-
c:
~:C\)'):II
Did you take a taxi? c:
c:
~ c:~
c:
c:
c:
'I
c:
{:}~
(J)~3'dC:1 ~'i'~'1' c\){:}:GC9Pm~:olC0illll
:Mr. David
No, I went (there) on foot quickly.
: 3d / a. " is also the frrst 1
c:
0)0CO~ OOJ~C0illll
{:}~
in the set of twelve vo\-vels traditionally taught in
the learning of Myanmar language. The order of the strokes is as illustrated
I below. I 1
3
2
3
126
Grammar & Usages 1. The particle:
!
~
ne.
I
The postpositional particle ' ne. ' is suffixed to a noun to indicate the instrumental case (equivalent in usage to adverb 'with'). For example; ba' s~ka: ne. thwa: de da: ne. hpja' te
(1) go by bus. (I) cut (it) with a knife.
The particle I ~ ne. I is also used to link nouns in coordination. The last noun is followed usually by the topic particle' - ga.lka. (do.) " the object particle ' - goul kou " etc. This particle never links verbs, adjectival, or adverbial. For example; thwa: dai' hsei: ne. dh~bu' tan (gou) we ge. de (I bought some toothpaste and tooth-brush.) mj;!ma ~a: ne. in: ~lei' 23---£a: ne. tillou' ~a: (ne.) gao khe' te (Myanmar, English and Chinese are difficult.) As an independent word, ! !!tu dt! ' means 'together, along )1'fth, in company IvftlL' The particle ! ~ ne. I with' ,!!tu du ., preceded by nouns, indicates accompaniment, association 9r relation. For example; -~--:"<
akoune:--~tu du'lan: shau' te
ji: za:ne.:;~t~(f~ nei. Ie za sa: de b~dhu
ne. !!tu du nei Ie:
2. The particle:
I -
I took a walk with my elder brother. I ate ''lith my boy girl friend. With whom do you stay?
ge./ khe. '
This particle is suffixed to verbs to emphasize definitiveness of an action or condition. ',.., ge.· is used after the verb ending with tone L 2 or 3. And < khe.· is used after the verb ending with tone 4 or glottal stop.
For example: ~--
- --
-
-"-
m~ne"hpjan 1a ge. ba
!!kjein gjein hpa' khe. de
Please, do come tomorrow! (Definitely) I have read
(it)
sel'el'al
time.
127
3. Adjectivals and adverbials in Myanmar language There are three parts of speech in Myanmar languge. They are noun, verb and particle. Myanmar has neither adjectives nor adverbs by nature. By means of the processes such as affixation and reduplication, the adjectivals and adverbials that the word functioning like adjectives and adverbs. When a preftx ' ~ , is affixed to (some) simple verb(s), the prefixed verb will :....-become a derived word (or noun) and thal deIived \vord will function as an adjectival or adverbial. For example;
K
Verb
Deri~'ed
Word
Adjecti~'allA~'erbial
mjan (to be quick)
[N]
~mjan
[Adi]
~mjan
(express bus) (Go quickly!)
(quickness)
[Ad\']
ka gmjan thwa
ni (to be red)
[N]
ani (red colour)
[Adj] (Ad\']
b: !lui ani che
(red car) (Paint red!)
pjo: (to speak)
D'-l !pjo: (spoken)
[AdJ1
.!!pjo: za-E,a
l spoken language)
\\Then a verb is reduplicated, i.e. pronouncing a verb twice, a reduplicated form of the verb will be formed. And this word will function as an adjectival or adverbial. For example; Verb
Reduplicated Word
AdjeeJi}'a1' Adverbial
hla. hla. [Adv]
hla. (to be pretty)
[Adj] pan hla. hla. lbeautlful Hower) hla hla. wu' (Wear beautifully')
ni (to be red)
ni ni
[Adj] [Adv]
ka: ni ni ni ni che
(red car) (Paint red')
wa. (to be full)
wa.wa.
[Adj] [Adv)
1u wa. wa. wa. wa. sa
(a tall tree)
shin: (to be clear)
shin: shin:
[Adj] [Adv]
9,than shin: shin: (8 clear voice) shin: shin: PJo: (Speak clearlyl)
(Eat to be full!)
128
DRILLS Dl hs~ja
1) hsilla kjaun: dhuJdha::
hs~a
2) hs~a 19aun: dhu/dha::
~kou
3) hsilla kjaun: dhu/dha::
/ sa kji. dai' kou thwa: de ne. ~tu du sa kji. dai' kou thwa: de
~ou I
jou' shin kji. de ne. ~tu du jou' shin kji. de
th~nge
gjin: i jan goun hma nei d~~_~ ._ th~ge gjin: ne. ~tu du jan gounium(riei de ,,_ .. <'>._.~~_.W'_
4) hsrua kjaun: dhuldha::
u: lei: ;' ~lou' lou' te u: lei: ne. ~tu du ~Iou' lou' te
5) hsrua kjaun: dhu/dha::
ji: za: I nei. le za sa: de ji: za: ne. -atu du.--nei..•.:Ie za sa: de .....__....
D2 1) hsilla
kjaun: dhuidha::
\-_/
~lou'
2) hsilla ~jaun:
manei. gao thu la/de . / , - ..... _i/ ~ei. gao thu 1~ ge.jde'\ (
dhuldha::
~ou'
lou' pi: hi lou' khc. pi: bi
3) hsilla kjaun: dhuldha::
m~e'
4) hsilla
sa hpa' pa
kjaun: dhuldha::
m~ne'
hpjan zei: th\va: me hpjan zei: thwa: ge. me
s~'khe.
ba
5) hsru a kjaun: dhwdha::
thu. gou r.jo: la: thu""gou pjo: ge. 1.1:
--:'#=.
~
_~"
129
D3 \
1) hs!!ja
kjaun: dhw'dha:: 2) hsilia kjaun: dhuJdha::
3)
hs~ia
kjaun: dhw'dha:: 4) hs;tia
kjaun: dhu/dha:: 5) hsilia
kjaun: dhuJdha::
//
el:
./
~el:
t--.
(to be cold) (coldness)
~chou'
(to put in custory) (imprisonment)
Jaun: !laun:
(to sell) (sale)
hmaun
(to be dark) (darkness)
chou'
~un
(to return) (a return)
PJan ~PJan
D4 1) hsilia
2)
~ei:
/ da'
(gas)
da'
(cold gas)
kjaun: dhUldha::
~ei:
hs~ja
~chou'
kjaun: dhuldha::
£!chou' khan:
(room) (prison cell)
iliaun: ! s!]jei: !Iaun: S~lel:
( clerk) (sale clerk)
3) hs~ja
kjaun: dhuldha:: 4) hsilia
kjaun: dhw'dha::
5) hsilla kjaun: dhw'dha::
I khan:
Wunaun; nja.
(night)
£!hmaun nja.
(dark night)
£!pjan / Lan: £!pjan Ian:
(way) (the way back)
130
D5 1) hsilia kjaun: dhuldha::
hse: lei' I ~tou hse: lei' ~tou
(cheroot! shortness) (a short cheroot)
2) hsilia kjaun: dhuldha::
tain! ~hei tain ~hei
(pole! length) (a long pole)
3) hsru a
pei' i ~pa: pei' ~pa:
(cloth I thiness) (a thin piece of cloth)
b~an i
(cup; saucer I roundness J
kjaun: qhu/dha:: 4)
hsilia kjaun: dhuldha::
5) hsilia
kjaun: dhuldha::
gloun
b~n ~loun:
(a cup; a bowl)
pin Ie; ~ne' pin Ie ~ne'
(sea / depth) (the depth of sea)
D6 •
I
1) hsilia kjaun: dhuldha::
rue: sun. ~ie: sun.
(brevery / to risk) (Risk bravely!)
2) hsilia
~hla. I
(beauty ,I to stick a flower ort the head) (Stick it beautifully!)
kjaun: dhuidha::
I
~hla.
pan
pan
3) hsilia kjaun: dhuldha::
~mje: i
4) hS!l a kjaun: dhu/dha::
~mjin. ~mjin.
5) hsru a
~hman
kjaun: dhuidha::
~mje:
la la
(always;' to come) (Come alwaysO
! te' te'
(height / to climb) (Climb high!)
/ pja. pja.
(Show correctly!)
~hman
(correctness / to show)
131
D7
dhuJdha::
nge nge nge
(to be small) (rather small)
2) hsilia kjaun: dhuldha::
hte' hte' hte'
(to be sharp) (rather sharp)
3) hsilia kjaun: dhuJdha::
mJIIl. mjin. mjin.
(to be high) (rather high)
4) h'>ilia kjaun: dhuJdha::
wa wawa
(to be yellow) (yello",ish)
5) hsilia kjaun: dhuJdha::
ne' ne' ne'
(to be black) (blackish)
1) hsilia kjaun: dhuldha::
!iwe I nge nge
(size) (a rather small size)
2) hsilla
{!//twa: I hte' the' ~thwa: hte' hte'
(blade) (a rather sharp blade)
3) hsilia kjaun: dhu/dha::
/hi' pin ,I mjin. mjin. thi' pin mjin. mjin.
(tree) (a rather high tree)
4) hsilia kjaun: dhuJdha::
pan: i wa wa
(flower) (a yellowish flower)
1) hsilia ~aun:
D8
~aun:
5)
dhuldha::
~we
nge nge
pan: wa wa
hsru a
zf!.bin ! ne' ne'
kjaun: dhu!dha:~
~bin
ne' ne'
(hair) (blackish hair)
132
D9 1) hsilia kjaun: dhu/dha::
hman hman / jei: hman runan jei:
(correctly ! to write) (Write correctly!)
2) hsrua kjaun: dhuldha::
ne: ne: I thau' ne: ne: thau'
(Drink a little bit!)
3) hsilia
mjan mjan / shau' mjan mjan shau'
(quickly I to walk) (Walk quickly!)
4). hsilia kjaun: dhuidha::
mja: mja: Ihtc. mja: mja: hte.
(many i to put) (Put it many!)
5) hsilia
.. . m: m:, nel . . . m: m: net
(rather near i to stay) (Stay near!)
1) hsilia kjaun: dhu/dha::
kaun: kaun: gaun: pjo:
(to be good) (Speak well!)
2) hs~ia
hpjei: hpjei: bjei: thwa:
(to be slow) (Go slowly!)
3) hsilia kjaun: dhuldha::
kje kje gje
----
4) !lsilla kjaun: dhuldha::
hpjaun. hpjaun. bjaun. lou'
(to be straight) (Do straight forwardly!)
5) hsilia
kji: kji: gji: jei:
(to be big) (Write rather big!)
kjaun: dhuidha::
kjaun: dhu/dha::
(a little bit I to drink)
D 10
kjaun: dhu/dha::
kjaun: dhu/dha::
0
(to be loud) (Shout loudly!)