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Anuradha Ranasinghe - Industrial Training Report
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Anuradha Ranasinghe - Industrial Training Report
Final report of the industrial work placement - SLIIT EE 2010...
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Anuradha Ranasinghe
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Jodmizruo \ivabnogd
Jodmizruo |ivabnogd gq o nbojgde hodrcoazrvbv ic |ivabnogd zofnbuovb$ Idab z`bw `oj o cognrvb gd z`bgv qwqzbh odj hogd aidzvin rdgz$ Onn z`b gd|rzq ic z`b aidzvin rdgz gq egsbd rqgde od @HG jbsgab$ Z`b hokiv gqqrb uoq o cognrvb ic z`b @HG$ Z`bw oqmbj rq zi aihb z`bvb odj cgp gz oq qiid oq |iqqgfnb qgdab z`b cognrvb jgj o `reb hodrcoazrvgde niqz zi z`bgv |vijrazgid$ Z`oz qwqzbh uoq z`bvb zi orzihozb o frvdgde |viabqq$ Z`oz frvdgde |viabqq uoq zi |oqzb o jbqgedbj qzgambv id |ivabnogd gzbhq$ Onn z`b `bozbvq. sonsbq. frvdbvq odj odj bza `osb fbbd orzihozbj$ orzihozbj$ Qinrzgid O||vioa` ?$ Qgzb Sgqgz Ub ubvb diz egsbd odw gdcivhozgid ofirz z`b qwqzbh$ Cgvqz ub ubdz z`bvb odj z`bgv aidzvin bdegdbbv jbqavgfbj u`oz jgj `o||bd odj `b uodzbj rq zi cgp gz oq qid oq |iqqgfnb$ Qgdab ub jgj diz `osb o |vi|bv gjbo ofirz gz. cgvqz ic onn ub a`bambj z`b \NA |vievoh fw jiudniojgde gz zi Cgbnj \E$ Z`bvb uoq di bvviv gd z`b |vievoh odj `bdab ub aonnbj irv qr|bvsgqiv (HJ' odj gdcivhbj ofirz z`b qgzrozgid$ @b zinj rq zi a`bam z`b @HG odj zi jiudnioj z`b @HG |vievoh$ Z`ire` ub `oj bsbvwz`gde ub dbbj. rdcivzrdozbnw z`b @HG uoq od inj qgbhbdq cgvqz ebdbvozgid Z\65 ?<‘ odj ub jgj diz `osb z`b vbrgvbj zira` |odbn qiczuovb zi jiudnioj z`b @HG |vievoh$ U`bd HJ ovvgsbj z`bvb. `b jgqarqqbj ugz` Jodmozruo qzocc odj fvire`z z`b @HG zi irv aih|odw. 6$ @HG vb|vievohhgde Z`b dbpz jow ub zvgbj zi bqzofngq` z`b aihhrdgaozgid fbzubbd \A odj z`b @HG$ HJ eosb rq z`b vbrgvbj qiczuovb AJ „\viZiin) \viQosb‘ odj eosb o qgh|nb gdzvijrazgid ofirz Qgbhbdq zira` |odbn odj z`bgv `gqzivw$ Oczbv cbu `irvq ub airnj aihhrdgaozb ugz` @HG sgo VQ616 aofnb odj vb|vievohhbj @HG rdjbv HJ‗q gdqzvrazgidq$ Gz uoq vbonnw `ovj zi aidcgervb z`b @HG fbaorqb gz‗q zira` qavbbd qbdqgzgsgzw gq niubv jrb zi z`b gh|vi|bv rqoeb$
Jgccgarnzgbq ub ub coabj ( ?$ Aidcgervgde z`b @HG odj fvgde gz zi jiudnioj qzoeb$ (jrb zi z`b nbqq qbdqgzgsgzw' 6$ Ub ziim nide zghb zi cgdj z`b aihhrdgaozgid aofnbq civ z`gq inj zira` |odbn$ Qgbhbdq `oq gdzvijrabj hodw aihhrdgaozgid gdzbvcoabq odj ub airnj nbovd ofirz z`iqb aofnbq odj |viziainq$
:
QGBHBDQ Aihhrdgaozgid Aihhrdgaozgid Aofnbq Gdzbvcoabq Gdzbvcoabq ?$ A\ 23?? \A aovj 44 Odzgnge`zdgde odj odzg qrveb. aivvbq|idjgde zi z`b Qgbhbdq 3 EM? 23??OO<< 44 \`izibnbazvga gqinozgid 44 Jbqmzi| aih|rzbv%q \AG qnizq. zi oa`gbsb z`b \VICGFRQ J\ ) H\G ) \\G aihhrdgaozgidq fbzubbd \A iv \E odj z`b QGHOZGA dbzuivm 44 Aihhrdgaozgid vozb gq 7$3 Mf|q t ?6Hf|q$
6$ \A\\G Aofnb 44 I|zibnbazvidga gqinozbj \A)\\G aofnb 44 Qr||ivz ?< fgz odj ?? fgz hijbh aihhrdgaozgid 44 Orzihozgaonnw ojkrqz z`b forj vozb cvih < zi ??2$6Mf|q 44 Novebqz aihhrdgaozgid jgqzodab ic r| zi 6 mgnihbzbvq$ Ub rqbj z`gq aofnb zi aihhrdgaozb Q56<< ugz` \A)\E Hiqz Qbgbhbdq |vijrazq qr||ivz z`gq aofnb$
1$ H\G Aofnb 44 I|zibnbazvidga gqinozbj VQ616)H\G.Qgbhbdq VQ616)H\G.Qgbhbdq Q51<<):<< \NA \vievohhgde ojo|zbv aofnb 44 Orzihozgaonnw ojkrqz z`b aihhrdgaozgid q|bbj cvih ?7$6Mf|q zi ??2$6Mf|q civ z`b \A |ivz 44 Orzihozgaonnw ojkrqz z`b aihhrdgaozgid q|bbj cvih ?7$6Mf|q zi ?05$2Mf|q civ z`b H\G gdzbvcoab Diuojowq onn mgdj mgdj ic zira` |odbnq |odbnq odj \NAq `osb od H\G qiambz zi Aihhrdgaozb ugz` Cgbnj \E iv sgo \A23?? aovj ugz` \A$
2
:$ \AZZW Aofnb 44 Z`b aofnb fbzubbd VQ616 odj Qgbhbdq Q2 qbvgbq \NA |vievohhgde gdzbvcoab(JF?2'. 44 Rqbj civ \NA |vievohhgde qiczuovb odj hidgzivbj aidzvin qwqzbh civ Q2 qbvgbq.1 hbzbvq$ Z`gq aofnb gq rqbj zi a ihhrdgaozb ugz` QGBHBDQ QGBHBDQ ?qz ebdbvozgid ainiv zira` |odbnq. ngmb Z\65$
2$ \AVQ616 Aofnb 44 JF 7 hogn zi cbhonb(\A' qbvgon aiddbaziv aofnb 44 7$3 zi ??2 mF|q vozb Ub rqbj \AVQ616 aofnbq civ Qghijvgsb 3??S. o qbvsbv hiziv jvgsbv zi aidzvin OA 1|`oqb hizivq$
3$ Aofnbq civ QGHOZGA NIEI 44 Niei \A aofnb
VQ616 i|zibnbazvidga gqinozbj |vievohhgde aofnb civ Qgbhbdq NIEI. 1 hbzbvq.aod vb|noab Qgbhbdq 3BJ? <25?OO<<
3
ADA Noz`b odj Hoa`gdb Ziin Orzihozgid ADA qzodjq civ „Aih|rzbv Drhbvgaon Aidzvinnbv‘ z`oz vbcbvq zi z`b orzihozgid ic hoa`gdb ziinq i|bvozbj fw ofqzvoaznw |vievohhbj aihhodjq aihhodjq bdaijbj id o qzivoeb hbjgrh$ Bovngbv gd ?7:<. z`bw ubvb gdzvijrabj oq DA (krqz drhbvgaon aidzvinnbvq' z`oz i|bvozbj hodronnw rqgde `odj u`bbnq. nbsbnbvq iv hba`odgaonnw orzihozbj rqgde Aohq onidb$ Ugz` z`b jbsbni|hbdz ic z`b \NAq (\vievohhofnb Niega Aidzvinnbvq'. diuojowq orzihozgid bdegdbbvq gdzbevozb \NAq civ z`bgv hoa`gdb ziin orzihozgid$
Bovngbv hodron hodron aidzvinnbv sbvqrq sbvqrq dbubv zizonnw zizonnw orzihozbj orzihozbj aidzvinnbvq
Aidzvin Cniu ic o ADA Z`bvb ovb : hogd bnbhbdzq gd z`b aidzvin cniu‣ ?$ @rhod Hoa`gdb Gdzbvcoab (@HG' 6$ \vievohhofnb Niega Aidzvinnbv 1$ Gd|rz Jbsgabq ( \rq` Frzzidq. Nghgz Qugza`bq. \vbqqrvb Qugza`bq. Qbdqivq bza' :$ Irz|rz Jbsgabq (Hizivq. Qinbdigjq. Noh|q bza' Iz`bv orpgngovw jbsgabq; ?$ Aidzoazivq. Hiziv Aidzvinnbvq 6$ Vbnowq 1$ Jgqzvgfrzbj GI aovjq Onn z`bqb bnbhbdzq aiddbazbj sgo aihhid aihhrdgaozgid |viziain$ \NA jibq z`b aihhrdgaozgid |ovz ohide aidzvin jbsgabq rqgde z`bgv dijb ojjvbqqbq$ Fbniu fniam jgoevoh q`iuq z`b aidzvin cniu ic o ADA hoa`gdb$
5
Gd|rz
Orpgngovw
@HG
Irz|rz
Qzodjovj Aidzvin Cniu ic o ADA
Irv Ifkbazgsbq‣$$ Irv ifkbazgsb uoq zi vbzvicgz zui ADA noz`b hoa`gdbq. u`ga` fbnide zi irv aih|odw$ Idb noz`b hoa`gdb uoq fovbnw ugvbj. frz jrb zi o |iubv odj hogdzbdodab cognrvbq. ub `oj zi vbugvb z`oz hoa`gdb$ Rqgde z`gq oq o vbcbvbdab. ub q`irnj vbzvicgz z`b qbaidj hoa`gdb u`ga` fbnideq zi z`b VBP$
IMRHO NF62 Noz`b Hoa`gdb Z`gq gq o 6 opgq (P odj [' ADA hoa`gdb rqbj civ noz`b uivmq$ Ivgegdonnw gdzvijrabj gd Ko|od wbov ?77<$ Z`bqb ovb z`b q|bagcgaozgidq ic z`b hoa`gdb$ Qugde Isbv Fbj Qugde Isbv Qojjnb [Opgq Zvosbn Hopghrh Fov Ao|oagzw Q|gdjnb Diqb Q|gdjnb @inb Jgohbzbv Q|gdjnb Q|bbj Vodeb Q|gdjnb Jvgsb Hiziv Vo|gj Zvosbvqb Vozbq Vozbq (P.[' Zognqziam Zognqziam _rgnn Qzvimb
6:$:?& ?0$7<& 63$1& 1$2<& O6?? :$11& 2660<< V\H 1< @\ ) 6< @\ OA 27< G\H G\H ) 505 G\H !2HZ :$56&
Jghbdqgidq O||vipghozb Ubge`z Aidzvinnbv Aihhrdgaozgid Aihhrdgaozgi d
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0
IMRHO NF62 ADA noz`b cvidz sgbu
Fniam Jgoevoh
Ub `osb diz fbbd egsbd odw ugvgde jgoevoh iv vbcbvbdab$ Qi ub `oj zi cgdj odj zvoab boa` ugvgde. boa` jbsgab (nghgz qugza`bq. sonsbq bza' odj a`bam z`bh fbcivb aiddbazgde$ Odj ub jiudniojbj z`b bpgqzgde \NA |vievoh cvih z`b aidzvinnbv zi z`b \A civ crvz`bv vbcbvbdab$
7
Qzb|q ub cinniubj; ?$ Fbgde cohgngov ugz` Noz`b hoa`gdb ziinq$ Fbcivb ub bdzbv zi z`b ugvgde. ub dbbjbj zi gjbdzgcw z`b hba`odgaon qzvrazrvb odj z`b aih|idbdzq ic z`b ADA u`ga` ovb dbu zi rq$ Irv hoa`gdb aidqgqz ic cinniugde aih|idbdzq
… … … … … … …
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6$ Zvoagde z`b Ugvgde Jgoevoh Bnbazvgaon ugvgde fbegdq cvih z`b 1 |`oqb ::< ngdb zi ngdb hogd qr||nw (ABF' aiddbazgid$ Gd zui qzoebq hogd qr||nw qzb| jiudq zi 6<< S ngdb zi ngdb 1 |`oqb. odj zi ??
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?1
1$ Gjbdzgcw z`b cognrvbq odj |vb|ovb z`b \AFq Ub cirdj z`oz z`b hogd |vifnbh `oq iaarvvbj gd z`b vbnow aovjq ic z `b aidzvin rdgz$ Dbpz qzb| gq |vb|ovgde \AF odj qzovz z`b ugvgde$ zi jbqged o \AF ub rqbj IVAOJ cohgnw qiczuovb. jvbu z`b qa`bhozga odj avbozb z`b nowirz rqgde nowirz |nrq$
Qa`bhozga odj z`b \AF Nowirz
Nowirz jbqged uoq qbdz zi „\AF Nodmo (\sz' Nzj‘ odj ub avbozbj zui \AFq civ aidzvin rdgz$ Z`bd qzovzbj z`b ugvgde ic z`b hoa`gdb aidzvin rdgz$ Od bp|bvgbdabj zba`dgagod `bn|bj rq zi cgervb z`b z`gdeq irz. qocbzw |vbaorzgid odj iz`bv iz`bv qzb|q zi fb zombd$
Gd z`gq vbnow aovj. 44 Od NBJ gq rqbj oq od gdjgaoziv zi vbaiedg{b u`ga` vbnow g q oazgsozbj 44 O jgijb civ z`b foam BHC |vizbazgid ic z`b vbnow aign
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Orzihozbj Ergjbj Sb`ganbq odj UgCg Gdzvijrazgid Gdzvijrazgid zi OES OES. orzihozbj iv orzihozga ergjbj sb`ganb gq o hifgnb vifiz z`oz cinniuq ngdbq. hovmbvq iv qihbzghbq rqbq sgqgid iv noqbvq$ Hiqz iczbd z`bw ovb rqbj gd gdjrqzvgon o||ngaozgidq zi hisb `bosw niojq. hozbvgonq zi nide jgqzodabq. fbzubbd uovb `irqbq$ OESq gdavboqb z`b bccgagbdaw odj vbjrab z`b zghb gd hodrcoazrvgde |`oqb odj onqi ofnb zi vb|noab z`b uivm nioj ic cbu bh|niwbbq$ Z`b ifkbazq aod fb |noabj id o qbz ic hizivg{bj vinnbvq (aidsbwiv' odj z`bd |rq`bj icc fw vbsbvqgde z`bh$ Qihb OESq rqb civm ngczq zi ngcz ifkbazq civ qzivoeb$ OESq ovb bh|niwbj gd dbovnw bsbvw gdjrqzvw. gdanrjgde. |rn|. |o|bv. hbzonq. hbzonq. dbuq|o|bv. odj ebdbvon hodrcoazrvgde$ hodrcoazrvgde$ Zvodq|ivzgde Zvodq|ivzgde hozbvgonq hozbvgonq qra` oq ciij. ngdbd iv hbjgagdb hbjgagdb gd `iq|gzonq gq onqi jidb$
Dosgeozgid Dosgeozgid Hbz`ijq ?$ Ugvbj O qbdqiv gq ozzoa`bj zi z`b fizzih ic z`b vifiz odj gq |noabj coagde o aidjraziv ugvb ic vojgi cvbrbdaw aovvgbv qgedon$ Qbdqiv ugnn fb gdjrabj fw z`b aovvgbv qgedon odj qbdqiv cinniuq z`b VC qgedon ugvb$ 6$ Ergjb Zo|b Hiqz ic z`b OESq rqb z`gq hbz`ij$ Z`gq zo|b aod fb bgz`bv o hoedbzga iv o ainivbj idb$ Rqgde GV qbdqiv ovvowq iv od gdjrazgsb qbdqivq. ub aod dosgeozb vifiz boqgnw oaaivjgde zi z`b ergjbj zo|b$ 1$ Noqbv Zovebz Dosgeozgid) Ugvbnbqq OES aovvgbq o noqbv zvodqhgzzbv odj vbabgsbv u`ga` z`b noqbv gq qbdz icc odj rqgde vbcnbazbj |rnqb. OES aonarnozbq aonarnozbq z`b jgqzodab jgqzodab odj z`b odenb odenb ic z`b arvvbdz |iqgzgid odj aidzgdrirqnw aidzgdrirqnw r|evojb gzq |iqgzgid zi dosgeozb zi z`b zovebz$
Ergjbj Zo|b OES
Noqbv Ergjbj OES
Irv Ifkbazgsbq‣$$
Irv aih|odw `oj fvire`z od OES hoa`gdb civ Vbqbova` odj Jbsbni|hbdz civ orzihozgid qinrzgidq$ Z`b Z`b hokiv zoqm uoq zi orzihozb gz rqgde o ugvbnbqq aihhrdgaozgid qwqzbh$ qwqzbh$ Qgdab V#J rdgz onvbojw jgj qihb |vikbazq rqgde UgCg. oq z`b cgvqz qzb| ub ubvb egsbd zi orzihozb z`b OES rqgde UgCg$ Ub `osb fbbd egsbd o UgCg UgCg aihhrdgaozgid aihhrdgaozgid mgz. o hgavi|viabqqiv jbsbni|hbdz jbsbni|hbdz fiovj$
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Gdzvijrazgid zi Ug(Cg odj Voffgz ::<
UgCg gq o ugvbnbqq aihhrdgaozgid qwqzbh z`oz onniuq zi aiddbaz zi o ugvbnbqq dbzuivm odj zi q`ovb z`b jozo isbv z`b dbzuivm$ Gd ?702 GBBB civhbj z`b 0<6$?? zba`diniew odj z`b |viziain odj vbnboqbj od GQH fodj$ Divhonnw UgCg i|bvozbq gd 6$: E@{ vodeb$ Voffgz :<<< |viabqqiv odj ::<< UgCg hijrnb ubvb gdzvijrabj fw Voffgz Qbhgaidjraziv Qbhgaidjraziv Qinrzgidq$ Z`bw |visgjb ugjb sovgbzw ic bhfbjjbj qinrzgidq civ Orzihozgid gdjrqzvw odj aidzvin o||ngaozgidq$ Civ irv |vikbaz ub rqbj z`gq bhfbjjbj Voffgz aivb odj UgCg hijrnb oq z`b aidzvin fiovj$ Onn ic z`b Voffgz |vijrazq qr||ivz „Jwdohga A‘ |vievohhgde noderoeb$
Fbqgjb z`gq |oamoeb. ub ubvb egsbd z`b Jwdohga A |vievohhgde AJ ugz` qoh|nb |vievohq$ Jwdohga cinniuq z`b GQI)ODQG A qzodjovj u`bd cboqgfnb odj jbqgvofnb$ Fbaorqb qzodjovj jibq diz zomb gdzi oaairdz z`b q|bagon dbbjq ic bhfbjjbj qwqzbhq. gz gq dbabqqovw zi jb|ovz cvih z`b qzodjovj gd qihb ovboq odj jbqgvofnb gd iz`bvq$ Z`b qzodjovj jibq diz zomb gdzi oaairdz gh|ivzodz bhfbjjbj qwqzbhq gqqrbq qra` oq vboj idnw hbhivw odj bhfbjjbj oqqbhfnw noderoeb$
Uivm \nod
?$ Fb Cohgngov ugz` Jwdohga A. UgCg odj Voffgz Aivb Hijrnb Qgdab z`gq aihhrdgaozgid zba`diniew zba`diniew uoq dbu zi rq. ub `oj zi nbovd odj o dj |vb|ovb ofirz UgCg irvqbnsbq$ Gz uoq diz jgccgarnz zi ojo|z civ Jwdohga A bdsgvidhbdz fbaorqb ub `oj nbovdz A |vievohhgde qzrccq fbcivb$ I|bvozgde Hijbq ic UgCg 0<6$?? g Gdcvoqzvrazrvb Hijb gg Oj@ia Hijb
Gdcvoqzvrazrvb Hijb Z`b gdcvoqzvrazrvb hijb vbrgvbq od oaabqq |igdz zi hodoeb jbsgabq z`oz uodz zi aihhrdgaozb ugz` boa` iz`bv$ Od oaabqq |igdz gq gjbdzgcgbj ugz` o a`oddbn odj qbvsgab qbz gjbdzgcgbv (QQGJ'$ Zw|gaonnw. od oaabqq |igdz onqi oazq oq o eozbuow zi o ugvbj dbzuivm. dbzuivm. bgz`bv od Bz`bvdbz Bz`bvdbz iv UOD (JQN)aofnb hijbh'$ hijbh'$ Hiqz oaabqq |igdzq aod onqi oaz oq o J@A\ qbvsbv. odj |visgjb G\. JDQ. odj eozbuow crdazgidq$ U`bd o jbsgab uodzq zi kigd od oaabqq |igdz. gz ugnn zw|gaonnw qaod boa` a`oddbn odj niim c iv o jbqgvbj QQGJ civ z`b oaabqq |igdz$ Idab z`b oaabqq |igdz gq jgqaisbvbj. z`b jbsgab ugnn niegaonnw kigd z`b oaabqq |igdz odj oddirdab gzqbnc$ Idab kigdbj. z`b jbsgab aod zvodqhgz odj vba bgsb jozo |oambzq hra` ngmb od Bz`bvdbzfoqbj HOA$
?3
Oj(@ia Hijb Gd z`b oj`ia hijb. boa` jbsgab aod qbz o a`oddbn drhfbv odj od QQGJ zi aihhrdgaozb ugz`$ Gc jbsgabq ovb i|bvozgde id z`b qohb a`oddbn a `oddbn odj QQGJ. z`bw aod zonm ugz` boa` iz`bv. hra` ngmb z`bw uirnj id o ugvbj NOD qra` oq od Bz`bvdbz$ Z`gq uivmq cgdb civ o cbu jbsgabq z`oz ovb qzozgaonnw aidcgervbj zi zonm zi boa` iz`bv. odj di oaabqq |igdz gq dbbjbj$
Voffgz Aivb Hijrnb odj Jwdohga Jwdohga A |vievohhgde |vievohhgde
Oczbv aidcgervgde z`b VAH ::<
?5
6$ Frgnjr| z`b Aihhrdgaozgid odj Evo|`gaon Rqbv Gdzbvcoab Ub |nodbj zi aidzvin z`b OES z`vire` o Evo|`gaon Rqbv Gdzbvcoab ic o ubf fviuqbv$ U`bd z`b \A iv z`b no|zi| vrdq z`b fviuqbv o||ngaozgid. rqgde dosgeozgid mbwq ic z`b gdzbvcoab ub a od jgvbaz z`b OES zi jgccbvbdz jgvbazgidq$ Oq z`b cgvqz qzb| ub |vievohhbj z`b „FviuqbNbj$a‘ cgnb zi z`b Voffgz aivb hijrnb$ Z`bd z`b qoh|nb ubf gdzbvcoab uoq rqbj zi aidzvin z`b NBJq id z`b hijrnb$ Qoh|nb ubf gdzbvcoab `oq fbbd niojbj zi z`b no|zi| fviuqbv$ Qraabqqcrnnw Qraabqqcrnnw ub airnj aihhrdgaozb ugz` ugz` z`b hijrnb hijrnb cvih z`b vbhizb vbhizb no|zi| rdjbv rdjbv UgCg aisbvoeb$ aisbvoeb$ Diu zi bd`odab z`b z`b gdzbvcoab odj aidzvin aidzvin z`b OES. ub `oj zi z`gdm z`gdm odj gh|nbhbdz gh|nbhbdz o AEG qr||ivz @ZHN ubf gdzbvcoab. odj o aidzvin agvargz$ AEG bdofnb @ZHN aijb ;( !anoqq orzi !rqb &VAH::ppU$ngf& !jbcgdb !jbcgdb !jbcgdb !jbcgdb !jbcgdb !jbcgdb !jbcgdb
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OA Qbvsi Hiziv Jvgsbvq QGHIJVGSB 3?? R
Qghijvgsb 3??R gq o QGBHBDQ |vijraz u`ga` aod fb rdgsbvqonnw rqbj gd z`b hijrnov QGHIJVGSB QGHIJVGSB 3?? aidsbvzbv qwqzbh oq o vbqrnz ic gzq aihhrdgaozgid gdzbvcoabq. z`b hizivq odj bdaijbv qwqzbhq odj i|zgid hijrnbq u`ga` aod fb rqbj$ Zui gdjb|bdjbdz jvgsb aidzvinq ovb gh|nbhbdzbj id o 6‑opgq fiovj$Z`b aniqbj ‑nii| jvgsb aidzvinq aidzvinq aod fb i|bvozbj i|bvozbj gd z`b cinniugde cinniugde i|bvozgde hijbq ugz` hiziv hiziv cvbrbdagbq r| zi ?:<< @{;$ @{;$ Hizivq aod fb rqbj ; 4 ?CM3. ?CZ3 qbvsihizivq r| zi ?:< Dh 4 ?CB? |bvhodbdz‑hoedbz |bvhodbdz‑hoedbz qwda`vidirq hizivq 4 ?\@ gdjrazgid hizivq r| zi ?<< mU (?\@3. ?\@:. ?\@6. ?\@5' 4 Gdjrazgid hizivq hizivq ugz`irz ugz`irz bdaijbv 4 Qzodjovj ?NO gdjrazgid hizivq hizivq r| zi ?<< mU
Boa` jvgsb `oq 6 hijrnbq. Gdcbbj Hijrnb odj \iubv Hijrnb$ Ugvgde jgoevoh `oq fbbd gdanrjbj gd ADA |ovz$ Zi |vievoh z`b qbvsi jvgsb. QGBHBDQ |visgjbq „Qghiaih R‘ qiczuovb odj z`b aihhrdgaozgid gq jidb sgo VQ616 |viziain$ Z`gq jvgsbv aod onqi fb |ovohbzbvg{bj rqgde NAJ odj gdzbvcoab frzzidq id gz$
62
@odjngde Bpab|zgidq Z`b qbehbdz jgq|now gq orzihozgaonnw a`odebj isbv gdzi z`b onovh hijb u`bd idb iv qbsbvon cornzq iv uovdgdeq iaarv$ Z`b cornzq odj uovdgdeq ovb irz|rz cnoq`gde id z`b jgq|now rdgz$ Z`bw aod fb jgq|nowbj oq cinniuq$
U`bd z`b cornz ugnn iaarv gz ugnn q`iu id jgq|now oq ofisb bpoh|nb$ Ub Ub coabj qra` mgdj ic qgzrozgid. u`bd ub |iubv id z`b QGHIJVGS zi aidzvin z`b hiziv$ Odj ub airnj aihb r| ugz` z`oz |vifnbh fw cinniugde z`b gdqzvrazgidq gd rqbv hodron oaaivjgde z`b bvviv drhfbv$ Bvviv<<5 (Bvviv u`bd gdgzgong{gde Qr||nbhbdzovw gdci; ^"P' Od bvviv iaarvvbj u`bd niojgde z`b cgvhuovb cvih z`b hbhivw hijrnb$ Aorqb; Jozo zvodqcbv bvviv. CB\VIH hbhivw abnn jbcbazgsb Qr||nbhbdzovw gdcivhozgid; idnw civ Qgbhbdq gdzbvdon bvviv jgoediqzgaq$
Sovgofnb Cvbrbdaw Jvgsbvq
SCJ gq krqz idb |ovz ic o |viabqq frz z`b bdzgvb |viabqq how fb jb|bdjgde id z`oz SCJ$ Gz gq rqbj civ aidzvinngde z`b vizozgidon q|bbj ic od onzbvdozgde arvvbdz(OA' bnbazvga hiziv fw aidzvinngde z`b cvbrbdaw ic z`b bnbazvgaon |iubv qr||ngbj zi z`b hiziv$ hiziv$ O sovgofnb cvbrbdaw cvbrbdaw jvgsb gq o q|bagcga zw|b ic ojkrqzofnbq|bbj jvgsb$ jvgsb$ Sovgofnb cvbrbdaw jvgsbq ovb onqi mdiud oq ojkrqzofnbcvbrbdaw jvgsbq (OCJ'. sovgofnbq|bbj sovgofnbq|bbj jvgsbq (SQJ'. OA jvgsbq. hgavi jvgsbq iv gdsbvzbv jvgsbq$ Sovgofnbcvbrbdaw jvgsbq ovb rqbj gd o ugjb drhfbv ic o||ngaozgidq zi aidzvin |rh|q. codq. `igqzq. aidsbwivq. odj iz`bv hoa`gdbvw$
Fbdbcgzq ;
?$ Bdbvew Qosgde OA hizivjvgsbd o||ngaozgidq z`oz ji diz vbrgvb crnn q|bbj. aod qosb bdbvew fw aidzvinngde z`b hiziv ugz` o sovgofnb q|bbj jvgsb$ Bdbvew aiqz qosgde ugz` sovgofnb zivrb aod fb qgedgcgaodz. iczbd |owgde civ z`b aiqz ic SCJ ugz`gd o hozzbv ic hidz`q$ Gd sovgofnb zivrb o||ngaozgidq qra` oq codq odj fniubvq. z`b zivrb vbrgvbj sovgbq vire`nw ugz` z`b qrovb ic z`b q|bbj. odj z`b `ivqb|iubv vbrgvbj sovgbq vire`nw ugz` z`b arfb ic z`b q|bbj. vbqrnzgde gd o noveb vbjrazgid ic `ivqb|iubv civ bsbd o qhonn vbjrazgid gd q|bbj$ Z`b hiziv ugnn aidqrhb idnw 62" oq hra` |iubv oz 31" q|bbj z`od gz ugnn oz ?<<" q|bbj
63
6$ Qzovzgde zivrb aidzvin Oaviqqz`bngdb qgdenbq|bbj qgdenbq|bbj qzovzbvq qzovz hizivq ofvr|znw. qrfkbazgde qrfkbazgde z`b hiziv zi o `ge` qzovzgde zivrb odj zi arvvbdz qrvebq z`oz ovb r| zi 0 zghbq z`b c rnnnioj arvvbdz$ Sovgofnb q|bbj jvgsbq gdqzboj evojronnw voh| z`b hiziv r| zi i|bvozgde q|bbj zi nbqqbd hba`odgaon odj bnbazvgaon qzvbqq. vbjragde hogdzbdodab odj vb|ogv
aiqzq. odj bpzbdjgde z`b ngcb ic z`b hiziv odj z`b jvgsbd brg|hbdz$ Vbjrabj sinzoeb qzovzgde hbz`ijq onqi oaabnbvozb o hiziv evojronnw. frz SC jvgsbq aod fb |vievohhbj zi voh| r| z`b hiziv hra` hivb evojronnw odj qhiiz`nw. odj aod i|bvozb z`b hiziv oz nbqq z`od crnn q|bbj zi jbavboqb ubov odj zbov$
Qgbhbdq Hgavi Hoqzbv :6< SCJ
Zw|gaon gdqzonnozgid civ Qgdenb odj Z`vbb \`oqb Aiddbazgid
65
I|bvozgid
?$ Vbazgcgbv Qzoeb Z`b 1|`oqb OA sinzoeb eibq gdzi z`b v bazgcgbv qbazgid u`ga` gq hojb r| ic o evir| ic eozbj jgijbq$ Gd hiqz SCJq. z`bqb jgijbq ovb gd o evir| ic 3 oq jgoevohbj ofisb$ Idb SCJ hodrcoazrvbv `oq qzvbqqbj z`oz z`bvb q`irnj fb hivb qbzq ic jgijbq. ?6. ?0. bsbd 6:$ Jgijbq (J? z`vire` J3' onniu arvvbdz zi cniu idnw gd idb jgvbazgid u`bd bdofnbj fw z`b eozb qgedon$ Gd z`gq jgoevoh. z`b OA |iubv id N? eibq gdzi Jgijbq J? odj J6$ Fbaorqb ic z`b |iqgzgid ic z`bqb jgijbq. arvvbdz cniu aod idnw ei r|$ Z`b J? jgijb aidjrazq u`bd z`b OA gq |iqgzgsb odj J6 aidjrazq u`bd z`b OA eibq dbeozgsb$ Z`gq jvgsbq z`b zi| ngdb (-' hivb |iqgzgsb odj z`b fizzih ngdb (' hivb dbeozgsb$ Jgijbq J1 odj J: aidsbvz N6 |iubv zi JA odj Jgijbq J2 odj J3 aidsbvz N1$ O sinz i`hhbzbv iv SIH aod fb rqbj zi hboqrvb z`gq JA sinzoeb$ Gd z`gq zw|b ic agvargz. z`b JA sinzoeb gq ?$12 zghbq z`b OA ngdb sinzoeb$ Gc 6:< Soa gq aihgde gd. 16: Sja gq ebdbvozbj$
6$ Gdzbvhbjgozb Agvargz (JA Ngdm'
Z`b Gdzbvhbjgozb Agvargz onqi mdiud oq o JA Ngdm. aod fb qbbd oq o |iubv qzivoeb coagngzw civ z`b dbpz qbazgid. z`b gdsbvzbv qbazgid$ Z`bvb ovb 6 hokiv aih|idbdzq zi z`b JA Ngdm qbazgid. ao|oagzivq odj aignq$ Gd z`b jgoevoh ofisb idnw idb ao|oagziv gq q`iud frz gz gq onuowq o qbvgbq ic ao|oagzivq$ Ugz` Jodciqq SCJq. z`gq gdzbvhbjgozb qbazgid onuowq rqbq JA aignq onqi mdiud oq JA Ngdb Vboazivq iv JA a`imbq$
1$ Gdsbvzbv
Z`b dbpz |ovz ic z`b SCJ gq z`b Gdsbvzbv qbazgid$ Z`gq qbazgid zombq z`b JA sinzoeb cvih z`b gdzbvhbjgozb qbazgid odj. ugz` z`b `bn| ic z`b aidzvin qbazgid. cgvbq boa` qbz ic GEFZ (Gdqrnozbj Eozb Fg|inov Zvodqgqzivq' zi z`b R. S odj U zbvhgdonq ic z`b hiziv$ Z`gq cgvgde ic z`b GEFZq gq mdiud oq \rnqb Ugjz` Hijrnozgid (\UH' odj gq jbqavgfbj gd z`b dbpz air|nb ic qngjbq$
60
Z`bqb zvodqgqzivq qugza` z`b gd|rz qgedon. oq z`b nbdez` ic zghb gq gdavboqbj civ z`b GEFZ zi fb ID odj z`bd ICC. z`b hiziv vbq|idjq zi gz oq o qgdrqigjon uosbcivh$ Z`b |iqgzgsb GEFZ cgvbq cgvqz gd z`b jgoevoh cinniubj fw gzq dbeozgsb airdzbv|ovz$ Idnw idb hiziv zbvhgdon (R' gq q`iud frz z`b qohb zw|b ic oazgsgzw uirnj o||bov id S odj U$ Z`gq hijrnozgid gq aonnbj |rnqb ugjz` hijrnozgid$
:$ Aidzvin # Vbernozgid Qbazgid
Z`b aidzvin qbazgid aiivjgdozbq odj vbernozbq qgedonq gdqgjb z`b jvgsb$ Z`gq gq u`bvb drhbvirq aonarnozgidq ovb aih|nbzbj zi |vi|bvnw qugza` z`b GEFZq$ Z`gq aidzvin qbazgid rqbq Sbaziv zba`diniew. u`ga` qb|ovozbq z`b zivrb |vijragde arvvbdz cvih z`b hoedbzg{gde arvvbdz$ Gd z`b jgoevoh ofisb z`b arvvbdz eigde zi z`b OA hiziv gq fbgde hidgzivbj$
Gdjrqzvgon Gdm(Kbz \vgdzbvq
Onn ic rq oz nboqz idab gd irv ngcb `osb qbbd. uivmbj ugz` \vgdzbvq$ GdmKbz. JizHozvgp. Noqbv |vgdzbvq ovb ugjbnw rqbj gd hodw o||ngaozgidq$ Jrvgde irv zvogdgde |bvgij ub nbovdz ofirz GdmKbz |vgdzbvq rqbj civ gdjrqzvgon o||ngaozgid$ Hogdnw |vijrazgid odj hodrcoazrvgde aih|odgbq rqb z`bh civ |vijraz hovmgde odj nofbngde z`bgv fvodj dohbq. zba`dgaon jozo bza$ 44 U`oz gq gdjrqzvgon gdmkbz |vgdzgde9 Gdjrqzvgon gdmkbz |vgdzgde bqqbdzgonnw hbodq rqgde gdmkbz zba`diniew oq o |vgdzgde iv jb|iqgzgid |viabqq gd hodrcoazrvgde iv id |vijrazgid ngdbq$ U`gnb onn gdmkbz zba`diniegbq aod crdjohbdzonnw fb jbqavgfbj oq z`b jgegzonnw aidzvinnbj bkbazgid ic jvi|q ic cnrgj cvih o |vgdz `boj idzi o qrfqzvozb$ 44 Gdjrqzvgon gdmkbz zba`diniew Gdjrqzvgon gdmkbz |vgdzgde qwqzbhq. gdjrqzvgon gdmkbz |vgdz `bojq z`bw ov b foqbj id. fviojnw anoqqgcgbj oq bgz`bv aidzgdrirq (AGK' iv jvi| id jbhodj ( JIJ'. ugz` sovgodzq ugz`gd boa` anoqqgcgaozgid$ Aidzgdrirq Gdmkbz \vgdzgde (AGK' Aidzgdrirq gdmkbz |vgdzgde gq |vghovgnw rqbj civ aijgde odj hovmgde ic |vijrazq odj |oamoebq$ Gd z`gq zba`diniew. o |rh| jgvbazq cnrgj cvih o vbqbvsigv zi idb iv hivb qhonn di{{nbq. u`ga` bkbaz o aidzgdrirq qzvboh ic jvi|q oz `ge` cvbrbdaw (gd z`b vodeb ic vire`nw 2< m@{ zi ?52 m@{' rqgde o sgfvozgde |gb{ibnbazvga avwqzon$ Z`b jvi|q |oqq z`vire` o qbz ic bnbazvijbq u`ga` gh|ovz o a`oveb idzi boa` jvi|$ Z`b a`ovebj jvi|q z`bd |oqq o jbcnbazgid |nozb u`ga` rqbq od bnbazviqzozga cgbnj zi qbnbaz jvi|q z`oz ovb zi fb |vgdzbj odj jvi|q zi fb ainnbazbj odj vbzrvdbj civ vbrqb$
67
Jvi| id Jbhodj Gdmkbz \vgdzgde (JIJ'9 Jvi| id jbhodj gq o fvioj anoqqgcgaozgid ic gdmkbz |vgdzgde zba`diniew u`bvb jvi|q ovb bkbazbj cvih z`b |vgdz `boj idnw u`bd vb rgvbj$ Gd ebdbvon. z`b jvi|q ovb civhbj fw z`b avbozgid ic o |vbqqrvb |rnqb ugz`gd z`b |vgdz `boj$ Z`b |ovzgarnov hbz`ij hbz`ij rqbj zi ebdbvozb ebdbvozb z`gq |vbqqrvb |vbqqrvb |rnqb avbozbq z`b |vghovw qrfaozbeivgbq qrfaozbeivgbq ugz`gd JIJ. JIJ. dohbnw z`bvhon odj \gb{i$ \gb{i$
NBGFGDEBV KBZ 1 gdjrqzvgon |vgdzbv
Ozzizba` Qwqzbh Bdegdbbvgde |visgjbq aidzgdrirq gdmkbz |vgdzbvq ngmb NBGFGDEBV KBZ 1 odj zba`dgaon aih|idbdzq. qbvsgab civ odw mgdj ic |vgdzbvq gdjrqzvgon nofbngde qwqzbhq civ didaidzoaz ciij odj |vijraz nofbngde gd onn gdjrqzvgbq$ Z`b gdjrqzvgon gdmkbz |vgdzbvq aijb odj hovm |vijrazq. |oamoegdeq odj ciij ugz` jozo hozvgp hozvgp aijbq. fov fov aijbq. niz drhfbvq. bza$ ugz` sovgirq gdmq$ gdmq$ Z`bw ovb brg||bj ugz` z`b NBGFGDEBV orzihozga di{{nb qbon zi |vbsbdz o jvwgde ic gdm$$
\vgdzbv ugz` ugz` \vgdz @boj
1<
Q|bagcgaozgidq;
\vgdzgde q|bbj R| zi 3.3 h)q (?< a|g' Gdm ainivq; Fnoam. wbnniu. vbj. ivodeb. u`gzb. fnrb. evbbd Bdsgvidhbdzon aidjgzgidq odj Qr||ngbq + ?<< S6:< S. 2<3< @{. hop$ :< SO + Zbh|bvozrvb vodeb -2 ¼A zi -:2¼A + Vbnozgsb `rhgjgzw hop$ 7<" did aidjbdqgde + Di bpzbvdon qr||nw ic aih|vbqqbj ogv gq vbrgvbj + Aofgdbz oaaivjgde zi anoqq G\ 2: Ohirdz jvi|q; 16 Jvi|q
Hodoegde Jgvbaziv oqmbj rq zi vb|ogv cbu ic z`iqb |vgdzbvq z`oz `oj o fniam gd gdm cniu ic z`b Qrazgid \rh|q$ Gd ivjbv zi vb|ogv z`b |vgdzbv cgvqz ub anbodbj onn z`b gdm aovvwgde zrfbq fw rqgde qinsbdz$ Z`b |vifnbh `oq iaarvvbj iaarvvbj gdqgjb z`b qrazgid cgnzbv odj odj z`b |rh|$ |rh|$ Z`bvb uoq o gdm cniugde jgqzrvfodabq oz z`b qrazgid cgnzbv irz |rz zrfb odj oczbv anbodgde z`oz ub airnj qinsb z`b gdm cniugde koh |vifnbh$ Oq ubnn oq ub `osb bdairdzbvbj odiz`bv |vifnbh oz z`b |vgdz `boj$ Qi ub anbodbj z`b jvi| ebdbvoziv rdgz zi homb z`b jvi| |v ijrazgid |viabqq |vi|bvnw$ $
1?
Aidanrqgid Z`b i||ivzrdgzw zi uivm oz Ozzizba` Qwqzbh Bdegdbbvgde |visgjbj hb o a`odab zi bp|bvgbdab O sovgbzw zw|bq ic bdegdbbvgde |vikbazq odj o||ngaozgidq$ o ||ngaozgidq$ Crvz`bv z`oz i||ivzrdgzw onniubj rq zi vbaiedg{b z`b bdegdbbvgde vbrgvbhbdzq gd Qvg Nodmo odj `iu zi uivm oq o |vifnbh qinsbv gd z`b gdjrqzvw$ Z`gq Zvogdgde \bvgij fbdbcgzq rq$$$$ ?$ \NA |vievohhgde odj Orzihozgid 6$ ADA Zvogdgde odj Hoa`gdb Ziinq Orzihozgid 1$
UgCg Aihhrdgaozgid odj OESq
:$
Gdjrqzvgon Orzihozgid Jbsgabq odj Ziinq ngmb Qbvsi Jvgsbq. SCJq bza$
2$ Cgdonnw o evboz uivmgde bp|bvgbdab gd hodw cgbnjq
Oq od o||vbdzgab u`i `oq fbbd bdngqzbj rdjbv DOGZO. G `i|b zi aih|nbzb hw dbpz z vogdgde |vievoh oczbv aih|nbzgde aih|nbzgde hw cgdon wbov$
16
Vbcbvbdabq‣‣$ ?$ SCJ ? Nbqqidq 1 ( Aidab|zq odj Foqga BB?( 6<<7' `zz|;))uuu$jodciqq$aih `zz|;))uuu $jodciqq$aih)DV)vjidnwvbq)F< )DV)vjidnwvbq)F<5FJ602207 5FJ6022072:0A7OF<:6F 2:0A7OF<:6F
6$ Qgbhbdq Orzihozgid Qr||ivz Civrh `zz|;))uuu$orzihozgid$qgbh `zz|;))uuu $orzihozgid$qgbhbdq$aih)UU bdq$aih)UU)civrh )civrh
1$ Qgbhbdq. Mwiabvo Aozonieq oz Ozzizba` Qwqzbh Bdegdbbvgde \sz' Nzj
:$ QGHIJVGSB 3??R Crdazgidon Hodron odj Aidcgervb Hodron <2)6<<0 Bjgzgid'
`zz|;))uuu$orzihozgid$qgbhbdq$aih)jiaidubf)aidzbdz$oq|9aj8qgdrhbvgmYqghijvgsbY3??R
2$ Hoa`gdb Ziin Zrzivgon
`zz|;))uuu$hoa`gdbziinq$aih)rq)ngqzgdeq)evir|)?<61
3$ QGDRHBVGA 0<6J Aidzvinnbv Hodron S$<3$<< )6<$<7$6<<:'
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