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Materials, Fabrication, and Repair Considerations for Hydrogen Reformer Furnace Outlet Pigtails and Manifolds
API1ECHNICAL REPORT 942-A FIRST EDITION , JUNE 2014
........
energy ~~
A M ER I CAN PET RO LE UM I NST IT UT E
Special Notes API publications necessarily address problems of a general nature_ With respect to particular circumstances , local, state , and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed Neither API nor any of API's employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation , either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness , or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of API's employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights_ API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so_ Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranly, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any ~ability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating practices_ These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized_ The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices_ Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials iri confO!TTlance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard_ API does not represent , warrant , or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard_ Users of this Technical Report should not rely exclusively on the infoonation contained in this document Sound business , scientific, engineering , and safety judgment should be used in employing the irifoonation contained herein
All lights reserved_ No part of this work may tJe reproduced, Ira"lslated, stored in a retrieval system, or Ira"lsmtted by aJY means, electronic, rnecharical, phoIoropying, recmling , or otherwise, without prior writtefl permission from the publisher_ Contact the PWlisher, API PWlishing Services, 1220 t stree ~ NW, washngton, DC 20005 Copyrighl C 2014 American PeUoIeum lnst.iWle
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Materials, Fabrication, and Repair Considerations for Hydrogen Reformer Furnace Outlet Pi~ils and Manifolds 1 Scope The AmeOean P1>troieum ""tiMe (API) Committee 00 Rell>er)o Equipmenl, SutH:ommittee on COIT_ a nd Mal_Is urwlen_ • proiecl 10 develop _ ledloi . Hq, reIOabdir; 01 outlet pigtails and manlokl e~"""to , ..,ch he ader> , tee., and fmi'l ll', is important 10 the .""u..IuI~ _ lem1 <>peralion 01 hydrogen and .y~ • • reIormer /u",. eeo. The..., compooento 1ypitiolly oubjeot
a.
In recent ye~ a number 01 relolm.,.. """"ce operalOB ha"" en\i _ clle e ..... 01 pig"" and manilold e ra a in<) problem. and i'>d ~e <1 e,peOence g.ained from ~ """"It)' _ regO
out"',
1iII,.,
The objeetive 01 the proieet was to develop a n oode<>tan h . "" not had ..,ch problem.
2 Teoc hn ica l Appro.1ch The proiect object"'" '01" a cfliell1>d by reviewing _""'" II"l>Iohed literal"", and indY.tr)' expe_u and the<> do<<>mentin\l tI1e "'""~ 0 1 th. t review in "". """" The II"bIioI1ed ledloig IotK d.tab8seo
were . ""lIabie throg Inoltufoe (TW I), while the IoOOh ooe ..... o v _ 1hr~ NACE in_ . Iio.,..1. The S~ " .., ... e re alOmber of relev_ foechni<:aI papeB . The.., oympooj. proceedinQ> are II"bbhed searellable CD., whi:l'
...,,,,,,1Ied
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IndOJ.tr)' ........... <"/ed by ooeodinP<. 5oeond , ~ ...as "",t to individYai. in eompMie. !hat <>perale relolmer tuma ce. in oIher indY"""". or in infoemotional refnin<) «>rrpanie. no! . 1IJi,ated wth API. 5 0 ' - 6 of this repobIished Iitera""e th. t is c;ted herein The """"es of indYouy eommemo ha"" been kepi anonymou.; eoeh re.pondont is _ ply identifted by a e _ . The inkllmatioo . nd
, d ... ", . t . ,,,. obtained from the _ow", ond irMIYOIry ..... eys ore """ma
" pre"""",","
1'Indngo
,.porI: (1) materiolo ..,lection, <00....., _ _ lion, (3 1...eld~ 000 "par lIfo etiees, (4 ) me cl\arjeal des9>, and (51 eo ... studies. 000'\' equipment"'' ' i.
3 Results 01 LiterOllure Survey 3.1 Geoerol Thio _lion o! Ihe re""" """""'" !he res"" of !he loeralUre ........ ...,. The IoIIowing subsection. eorreopond '" !he trle major t.
3.2 3.2 .1
Ma! .... ials Selection Gene .. t
._.Iion,
Qualitieo rOQ
al I.tigue s,,""')Ih, and = e p-rupt e"'4H'f8ture equipmem o re thelma! de~ad . t ioo , ""
stress
3.2.2
relax._
er.Wr>g_
T.... rm.1 [)egra d.bOfl
Thermal de9r. d~ . moot "",.bIy creep. io the prim ..... damage me cho .. "", lor hqI~empe<""'" """';ee TIler< are hiotoricol e -temperoture . .. e•• _ru!'""" 1.iIOre. in Type 304 .teel piping. _<1>.00""", . _ <_empMe<1 wiII1 one m_ 01 the HU olio)' be""u •• of the impro.ed _,.,/ of ~ 600. wtoieh in IUm wn . ttribroV1>d dug ove the rupture or ereep .tren<)th 01 Type 310 ",rough, .. _ . . .teet . BI>ckbdord ..... ,....... '""' olio)'
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The . . aIoyo. ineludi'>g ~ 600 •• f io <....-en1I\' s:>eei1led • ...., mentioned here 001)' from the hiotoricol . iupoir" aod "'" 00 Iooger uoed in OOIIe, mandold ..,. .. .".,. . POOr 10 the introdu<_ 01 ~ 600H in 1973 and ~ 800KT in 1989. the ~ 800 material often .. tide"; 600H • •• ~ io <..-ren1iy oper>
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CUrfffilly, AIIo~ &OOHlHT and its delivat""'s, ""'~ eost 2OC , -32Ni-l'lb , "'" ... ed e ,"nsivel\' in h9htemper.Me ..,rvice, and _ _ and perIorm"""e are of coo.idenoble inte,e." The Special ~. Corpora_ "" .,.teo !hat AIIo~ 6001 .nd AI<>'; 600HT .on""," !>ave highef creep and rupture .trength than AI<>'; 600 . A. summarized in T _ I, AI<>'; Il00, 6OOH , and 600HT 'Of)' only wit> respect to earoon, . Uminum, and titani<>m cooten" and minimum gorain oi.ze . The , ~01 _ _ carbon '; BOO 1<> AI<>'; &OOH '" AJm '; 600H , and ""Y 101 o f m."'rial . ati.1yinanieal than the ~ at room ",""-.IUre, _ AI<>'; 800H and fd10y 8()(ltjT h o ve """""'" and flJ!I!"'" ' "-''' ...men opero~ ot hiIIh temperature kif e,tended period. of time
alum......,
<1'_ _rtie.
Table I _ Chemica l Compo.rtion a nd Gra in Size Re quiremen ts for the Va ,ia nts o f Allo ~ 100
0001 1 ..... Aloy I)ODt ' T, The •• "'" .... ""d "" a n ...... '" ."" • ...."...'" d a t ........ the l ....,.,. ~ p.,.am"'e<"~, The do .. and procedure. used to
= "', An"",
. ... ~ and minim"", tensile yield nCfl\lth lor Alloy 600 and both AI<>'; &OOH ""d Alloy 600HT • • 0 ","c_ o f t. q>eflIture . ~ . too h ... equation. kif the hiIIl>-tempero"". fa t""" nCfl\lth 01 AJ'; BOOH and Aloy 800 HT !>ave _ , beho vior, wtlich .. ",pre_ted by """ .... 01 cu"",. in b,II', API S30 " " and "'" S1!1- IJASM E FF S_l I,,",
.,,,,os.-rupt,,,,,
"""o--rupIUre
Exampies 01 n streos-ruplure pe'; 600HT are used kif their 0 ", reported to ho ve \IOOd o xidation and o:ort>OOzation resi"",nee ,,~