UNIVERSIDAD UNIVERSI DAD NACIONAL NACIONA L MAYOR MAYOR DE SAN MARCOS
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ADMINISTRATIVAS E. A. P.
CURSO
:
SISTEMAS DE INFORMACION GERENCIAL
PROFESOR
:
AQUILES BERDRIÑARIA ASCARSA
:
APORTES METODOLOGICOS Y SEMÁNTICOS SEMÁNTIC OS DE LA TGS A LA INVESTIGACION CIENTIFICA
:
Abanto Abanto, Luz Yanina
TEMA
INTEGRANTES
Espinoza Díaz, Sthefanny Moreno Iparraguirre, Esteban Salcedo Román, Jhon Sandoval Paredes, Aldo CICLO
:
9no ciclo
AULA
:
302 - N Ciudad Universitaria, mayo del 2009
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Teoría general de sistemas
UNMSM
INTRODUCCION
Desd Desde e años años reci recien ente tess la teor teoría ía de la orga organi niza zaci ción ón y la prác práctitica ca administrat administrativa iva han experiment experimentado ado cambios cambios trascende trascendentales ntales.. La informació información n prop propor orci cion onad ada a por por las las cienc iencia iass de la admi admini nist stra raci ción ón y la cond conduc ucta ta ha enriqu enriqueci ecido do a la teoría teoría tradic tradicion ional. al. Estos Estos esfuer esfuerzos zos de invest investiga igació ción n y de concep conceptua tualiz lizaci ación ón a veces veces han llevad llevado o a descub descubrimi rimient entos os diverg divergent entes. es. Sin emba embarg rgo, o, surg surgió ió un enfo enfoqu que e que que pued puede e serv servir ir como como base base para para logr lograr arla la convergencia, el enfoque de sistemas, que facilita la unificación de muchos campos del conocimiento. Dicho enfoque ha sido usado por las ciencias físicas, biológicas y sociales, como marco de referencia para la integración de la teoría organizacional moderna. El primer expositor de la Teoría General de los Sistemas fue Ludwing von Bertalanffy, en el intento de lograr una metodología integradora para el tratamiento de problemas científicos científicos fue quien dio el nombre a este enfoque enfoque la denominación a mediados del siglo XX. En el pres presen ente te traba trabajo jo damo damoss una una mira mirada da a la Teoría eoría Gene Genera rall de Sistemas no sin dejar de mencionar los conceptos previos sobre sistemas luego luego una concep conceptua tualiz lizaci ación ón de lo que que define definen n los difere diferente ntess autor autores es del enfoque de sistemas y nuestra posición al respecto asimismo se dará una breve explicación sobre las diferencias entre los conceptos de análisis de sistemas, enfoque de sistemas y la ingeniería de sistemas temas relacionados pero pero que que nece necesi sita tan n ser ser cara caract cter eriz izad ados os,, fina finalm lmen ente te,, se desa desarr rrol olla lará rá la metodología metodología utilizada utilizada para el análisis análisis de los sistemas sistemas y su diseño diseño así como el uso de una nueva forma de método científico que sea adaptable a las actuales paradigmas que faltan cubrir por los l os métodos ya existentes.
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Teoría general de sistemas
UNMSM
Índice CAPITULO I: CONCEPTOS GENERALES DE SISTEMA 6 1.1 DEFINICIÓN DE SISTEMAS 1.2 CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS SISTEMAS 1.3 IMPORTANCIA DE LOS SISTEMAS 1.4 CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LOS SISTEMAS 1.5 PRINCIPIOS DE LOS SISTEMAS 1.6 COMPONENTES DE LOS SISTEMAS CAPITULO II: TEORÍA GENERAL DE SISTEMAS 13 2.1 ORIGEN DE LA TEORÍA GENERAL DE SISTEMAS 2.2 ¿QUÉ ES LA TEORÍA GENERAL DE SISTEMAS? 2.3 SUPUESTOS BÁSICOS DE TGS 2.4 DESCRIPCIÓN DEL PROPÓSITO
CAPITULO III: LA TGS Y SU RELACION CON EL ENFOQUE DE SISTEMAS, ANALISIS SISTEMICO Y LA INGENIERIA DE SISTEMAS 20 3.1 ANALISIS ANALISIS SISTEMICO SISTEMICO 3.1. 3.1.1 1
Alca Alcanc nce e conc concep eptu tual al
3.1.2 3.1.2
Caract Caracterí erísti sticas cas bási básicas cas del del anális análisis is siste sistemát mático ico
3.2 INGENIERÍA INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS SISTEMAS 3.3 ENFOQUE ENFOQUE DE DE SISTEMA SISTEMAS S 3.4 EL ENFOQUE DE SISTEMAS: SISTEMAS: TEORÍA GENERAL DE DE SISTEMAS APLICADA APLICADA 3.4. 3.4.1 1
Méto Método doss Rel Relac acio iona nado doss
CAPITULO IV: METODOLOGIA Y APLICACIÓN DEL ENFOQUE DE SISTEMAS 29 4.1 METODOLOGIA DE APLICACION DE LA T.G.S PARA PARA EL ANALISIS Y DISEÑO DE SISTEMAS CAPITULO V: CONCEPTOS BÁSICOS DE LA TEORÍA GENERAL DE SISTEMAS Y EJEMPLOS 33 CONCLUSIONES 61 BIBLIOGRAFÍA
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Teoría general de sistemas
UNMSM
CAPÍTULO I:
CONCEPTOS PREVIOS EN SISTEMAS
3.5 DEFINICIÓN DE SISTEMAS Aun no existe un concepto que defina exactamente exactamente un sistema de trabajo, trabajo, ya que los diferentes autores y estudiosos de la administración no se han puesto de acuerdo y cada uno de ellos enfoca el problema desde diferente punto de vista y con mucha frecue frecuenci ncia, a, inclus incluso, o, usa una termin terminolo ología gía difere diferente nte.. No obstan obstante, te, se tratar tratará á de esta establ blec ecer er un conc concep epto to de lo que que sign signifific ica, a, enfo enfocá cánd ndos ose e bási básica came ment nte e en los los elementos. Un sistema es “una red de procedimientos relacionados relacionados entre si y desarrollados de acuerdo con un esquema integrado para lograr una mayor actividad de las empresas” Un sistema es “un ensamble de partes unidas por inferencia y que se lleva a cabo por las empresas para lograr así los objetivos de la misma” Un sistema es “una serie de objetos con una determinada relación entre ellos mismo y entre sus atributos”. Un sistema es “un arreglo ordenado de elementos o rutinas de un todo”. Sistema es un conjunto de componentes destinados a lograr un objetivo particular, de acuerdo con un plan.
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Teoría general de sistemas
UNMSM
Un sistema es una serie de elementos que forman una actividad, un procedimiento o un plan de procedimientos que buscan una meta o metas comunes, mediante la manipulación manipulación de datos, energía o materia. Como puede observarse, las definiciones varían: son congruentes en cuanto a su contenido, sin embargo, la utilización de términos como método, procedimiento y sistema, han dificultado la conceptualización de esos elementos para precisar un modelo de definición. Con todos los elementos expuestos, es posible afirmar que sistema es el resultado de un conjunto de procedimientos previamente coordinados, destinados a un objetivo común. En todas las definiciones se implican elementos característicos de los sistemas como: a) Conjunto Conjunto o combin combinació ación n de cosas cosas o partes partes b) Integr Integrad ados os e interde interdepen pendie diente ntess c) Cuyas Cuyas relacio relacione ness entre entre si y con sus atribu atributos tos,, las las hacen hacen un todo unitar unitario io y organizado. d) Que cumplen cumplen con con un propósito propósito o realiza realiza deter determina minado do función. función. Lo anterior lleva a inferir que el funcionamiento del sistema es un conjunto complejo de interacciones entre las partes, componentes y procesos que lo integran, que abarcan relaciones de interdependenc interdependencia ia entre dicho complejo complejo y su ambiente. Si, además, el sistem sistema a es conceb concebido ido como como una entida entidad d en la que influy influyen en inter interese esess humano humanos, s, actividades y cometidos, se puede concluir que sistema es una concepción unitaria de un conjunto que funciona como un todo debido a la interdependencia de sus partes.
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Teoría general de sistemas
Sistema Sistema
determini deterministico stico..
UNMSM
Aquel uel que que las parte artess inte nteract ractú úan en form forma a
completa completamente mente predecible. predecible. Ejemplos Ejemplos:: los eclipses eclipses se pueden pueden predecir predecir con mucha anticipación.
Sistem Sistema a simple simple determ determini inista sta. Aque Aquell que que tien tiene e algu alguno noss comp compon onen ente tess e
interrelaciones interrelaciones el cerrojo de una ventana o puerta.
Sistema complejo determinista. Para efectos prácticos podemos señalar la
compu computad tadora ora electr electrón ónica ica,, que está está formad formada a por un sistem sistema a sumame sumamente nte complejo o complicado y determinista, porque la computadora hará únicamente lo que se le indique.
Sistema determinista. Excesivamente complejos; es cualquier sistema del todo
determinista como el sistema astronómico, puede ser descrito en cierta forma o en detall detalle, e, sin import importar ar que tan comple complejo jo sea; sea; en princi principio pio será será posib posible le especi especific ficarl arlo o por comple completo, to, por tanto, tanto, no existe existe la clase” clase” excesi excesivam vament ente e complejo” en la categoría determinista.
Sistemas probabilísticos. En este existe incertidumbre; no se puede dar una
predicción exacta y detallada, detallada, sino que sólo se puede puede decir su probabilidad probabilidad en determinadas circunstancias; en ocasiones un sistema tiene que ser descrito en forma y tiempos diferentes, dependiendo de lo que se quiera decir.
Sistema simple probabilista. Un ejemplo muy claro es el de arrojar una moneda
al aire. aire. Como Como es posib posible le deduci deducirr corres correspon ponde de a un sistem sistema a simple simple,, pero pero impredecible.
Sistema complejo probabilista. probabilista. Puede encontrarse en el reflejo condicionado de
un animal que responde a un estímulo con un mecanismo neutro para el placer y el dolor, y otro mecanismo de placer o de dolor para condicionarlo, este
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Teoría general de sistemas
UNMSM
Sistema concreto. Es uno donde por los menos dos de sus elementos son
objetos. Por lo general, al hablar de un sistema se hace referencia a un sistema a un sistema concreto.
De acuerdo con su origen, los sistemas pueden ser naturales y elaborados. Los sistemas naturales pueden ser definidos como aquellos que se desarrollan de un proceso natural, como la fotosíntesis. Los sistemas elaborados son aquellos en los cuales el hombre ha dado contribución al proceso en marcha, mediante objetos, atributos o relacione. Como ejemplo del primero se pueden considerar las teorías y los axiomas; en el segundo caso, las presas o motores. Estos sistemas también pueden ser definidos como físicos y abstractos. Dentro de la categoría de los sistemas naturales encontramos los sistemas cerrados y abiertos, esta clasificación se hace en la extensión de los sistemas.
Los sistemas cerrados operan con poco intercambio; muchos piensan que estos estos sistem sistemas as son fictic ficticios ios,, ya que no existe existen n en realid realidad; ad; para para efecto efectoss prácticos se mencionará que el proceso de respiración es cerrado, en cuanto que no sentimos cada paso que se efectúa para respirar, sin embargo, el sistema se realiza.
Sistemas Sistemas abiertos: abiertos: Cada Cada sist sistem ema a se encu encuen entr tra a inme inmers rso o en un sist sistem ema a
circundante, que viene a formar el suprasistema; así como existe relación entre los los ele elemento entoss del sist sistem ema a, tam tambié bién la exi existe ste entr entre e los sist sistem ema as y suprasistemas que vienen siendo los elementos o subsistemas del sistema total.
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Teoría general de sistemas
UNMSM
Mediante ellos se evita que se pierdan de vista los objetivos primordiales de la empresa, pues de no ser por ellos se caería en divagaciones. divagaciones. Los sistemas que se elaboran sin haber considerado posibles situaciones de cambio corren el riesgo de quedar obsoletos e inservibles, por eso será necesario hacerles modificaciones paulatinas, cada vez que aparezcan factores que ameriten ajustes, cualesquiera que fueran y que afecten de manera directa a toda la organización. organización.
1.4 CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LOS SISTEMAS SISTEMAS.. La característica esencial de un sistema consiste en estar compuesto por partes que ejerce ejercen n intera interacci cción, ón, cada cada una de las cuales cuales revise revise intere intereses ses propio propios, s, sin esas esas interacciones el estudio de sistemas seria relativamente poco interesante, pues son ellos los que enriquecen mucho el comportamiento de un sistema y hacen de su análisis una tarea muy compleja. En si todo sistema cualquiera sea su naturaleza tiene tres características: 1. Todo sistema sistema contien contiene e otros sistemas sistemas (subsiste (subsistemas) mas) y a la vez esta contenido contenido en otros sistemas de carácter superior. Esto da como resultado, haciendo hincapié en la idea, una auténtica categorización de suprasistemas, sistemas y subsistemas.
2. Todos los componentes de un sistema, así como sus interrelaciones, actúan y operan orientados en función de los objetivos del sistema. Se puede deducir que los objetivos constituyen el factor o elemento que direcciona todas las partes del conjunto. 3. La alteraci alteración ón o variació variación n de una de las las partes partes o de sus relacion relaciones es incide incide en las
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Teoría general de sistemas
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1.5 PRINCIPIOS DE LOS SISTEMAS La teoría general de sistemas es análoga al principio de las partes integrantes dentro de un todo. Por tanto, el principio de integración es vital en el concepto de sistemas. Los principios de integración según Johnson, Kast y Rosenzwing son los siguientes: 1. El todo todo es es primero primero y las partes partes son son secunda secundarias rias.. 2. La integración integración es la condición de la interrelacionalidad interrelacionalidad de de las muchas partes dentro dentro de una. 3. Las partes partes así constitu constituidas idas forman forman un todo todo indisolub indisoluble le en el cual ningun ninguna a partes partes puede ser afectad sin afectar todas las otras partes. 4. El papel papel que juegan juegan las partes partes depende depende del propósi propósito to para el cual cual existe el el todo. 5. La naturalez naturaleza a de la parte parte y su función función se derivan derivan de su posició posición n dentro dentro del todo y su conducta es regulada para relación del todo a la parte.
6. El todo es cualquier sistema o complejo o configuración de energía y se conduce como una pieza única, no importando que tan compleja sea. 7. La tota totalilida dad d debe debe empe empeza zarr como como una una prem premis isa a y las las part partes es,, así así como como sus sus relaciones, deberán evolucionar evolucionar a partir del todo. Una organización es un todo integrado en donde cada sistema y subsistema están relacionados con la operación total. Su estructura, por tanto, es creada por cientos de sistemas arreglados en orden jerárquico. La salida del más pequeño de los sistemas resulta la variable de entrada para el próximo sistema mayor, que a su vez proporciona la variable de entrada para un nivel superior.
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Teoría general de sistemas
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Es el componente que transforma el estado original de los insumos o entradas, en produ producto ctoss o salida salidas. s. Facto Factorr básico básico del proces procesado adorr será será la tecnol tecnologí ogía a utili utilizad zada, a, dependiendo del tipo o clase de sistema. Además de la tecnología, el procesador estará constituido por normas, procedimientos, estructuras administrativas, etc. Su forma, composición y funcionamiento, estará en relación del diseño que se elabore. c) Productos Son las salidas o la expresión material de los objetivos de los sistemas; son los fines y las metas del sistema. En la administración los productos serán los bienes, los servicios, etc. d) Regulador Es el componente que gobierna todo el sistema, al igual que el cerebro en el organismo humano. En la administración el regulador estará constutido por los niveles directivos y gerenciales que establecen las “reglas del juego”, por medio de políticas que se instrumentan en planes, estrategias, tácticas, etc. e) Retr Retroa oalilime ment ntac ació ión n Los produc productos tos de un sistem sistema a puede pueden n consti constitui tuirr insum insumos os del contex contexto to o sistem sistema a superior. superior. Mediante la retroalimentación retroalimentación los productos inciden en el sistema superior, superior, el
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CAPITULO II
TEORÍA GENERAL DE SISTEMAS 2.1 ORIGEN DE LA TEORÍA GENERAL DE SISTEMAS
La Teoría General de Sistemas, idea desarrollada por L. Von Bertalanffy en 1930, fue un tema nuevo que causó impacto en la comunidad científica, lo que motivó el interés de muchos para su investigación, motivo por el cual un grupo conformado sólo por personas que tenían inquietudes similares formaron la Sociedad para la Investigación de Sistemas Generales conjuntamente con Anatol Rapoport, Kennet Boulding, Ralph
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5. El tratar de encontrar la ley y el orden juntos hace que sea necesaria la búsqueda de referencias prácticas. Pero el nombre que conocemos de esta Sociedad no es el que dio origen a su constitución, pues primero primero fue conocida como como Society for General Systems Research (SGSR) (SGSR),, luego luego fue conver convertid tida a en la Intern Internati ationa onall Socie Society ty for Genera Generall System Systemss Research (ISGSR), para finalmente lo que hoy se conoce como la International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS), cuyos objetivos fueron:
Realizar una investigación sobre el isomorfismo de conceptos, leyes y modelos en varios campos y facilitar las transferencias entre aquellos.
Promover y desarrollar modelos teóricos en campos en que éstos no existen.
Tendencia a dar una concepción estándar y reducir la duplicidad de los esfuerzos teóricos.
Prom Promoc ocio iona narr la unid unidad ad de la cien cienci cia a a trav través és de prin princi cipi pios os conc concep eptu tual ales es y mejoramiento mejoramiento de la comunicación entre los especialistas.
Los Estudiosos de la Teoría General de Sistemas no han sido sólo investigadores del orden en el orden y de las leyes en las leyes, sino que están en la búsqueda de casos esenciales y particulares de un orden abstracto. La constante búsqueda de encontrar
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La Teoría General de Sistemas (TGS) se distingue por su perspectiva integradora, donde se considera importante la interacción y los conjuntos que a partir de ella brotan. Gracias a la práctica, la TGS crea un ambiente ideal para la socialización e intercambio de información entre especialistas y especialidades. De acuerdo a los aspectos y consideraciones anteriores, anteriores, la TGS es un ejemplo de perspectiva científica. La Teoría eoría Genera Generall de Sistem Sistemas as tambié también n es vista vista como como una teoría teoría matem matemáti ática ca convencional, convencional, un tipo t ipo de pensamiento, una ordenación de acuerdo a niveles de teorías de sistemas con generalidad generalidad creciente. La Teoría General de Sistemas es la historia de una filosofía, una metodología de análisis, el estudio de la realidad y el desarrollo modelos, a partir de los cuales se puede intentar una aproximación gradual en cuanto a la percepción de una parte de esa globalidad que es el universo, configurando un modelo del mismo no aislado del resto al que llamaremos sistema. La Teoría General de Sistemas tiene objetivos, los cuales son los siguientes: 1. Promover y difundir el desarrollo de una terminología general que permita describir las características, funciones y comportamientos comportamientos sistémicos. 2. Generar el desarrollo de un conjunto de normas que sean aplicables a todos estos comportamientos
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apropiado a cada uno de ellos, este enfoque es sistemático y conduce a un sistema de sistemas. Mientras que la teoría general de sistemas, en sentido amplio, tiene el carácter de una ciencia básica y posee su equivalente en la ciencia aplicada, clasificándose, a veces, bajo el nombre genérico de ciencia de los sistemas, este desarrollo esta relacionado términos generales generales se pueden pueden distingui distinguirr las con la automatización moderna. “En términos siguientes áreas:
3) Ingeniería de sistemas, que implica la planificación científica, el diseño, la evaluación y la construcción de sistemas hombre- máquina. 4) Investiga Investigación ción de operacion operaciones, es, control control científico científico de los sistemas sistemas existentes existentes,, construidos por hombres, máquinas, materias primas, capital, etc.
5) Ingeni Ingenier ería ía humana humana,, adapta adaptació ción n cientí científic fica a de sistem sistemas, as, en especi especial al de máquinas, para lograr la máxima eficiencia con el mínimo costo de dinero y otros gastos. “sistemas administrativos.” 1
2.3 SUPUESTOS BÁSICOS DE TGS Los supuestos básicos de la TGS son:
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Teoría general de sistemas
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1. Los sistemas existen dentro de sistemas: cada sistema existe dentro de otro más grande. 2. Los sistemas son abiertos: Es consecuencia del anterior. Cada sistema que se examine, excepto el menor o mayor, recibe y descarga algo en los otros sistemas, generalmente en los contiguos. Los sistemas abiertos se caracterizan por un proceso de cambio infinito con su entorno, que son los otros sistemas. Cuando el intercambio cesa, el sistema se desintegra, esto es, pierde sus fuentes de energía. 3. Las funcione funcioness de un sistem sistema a depen dependen den de su estruc estructur tura: a: para para los los sistem sistemas as bioló biológic gicos os y mecán mecánico icoss esta esta afirma afirmació ción n es intuit intuitiva iva.. Los Los tejido tejidoss muscu muscular lares es por por ejemplo, se contraen porque están constituidos por una estructura celular que permite contracciones. El interés de la TGS, son las características y parámetros que establece para todos los
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TABLA Nº1 : COMPARACIÓN DE SUPUESTOS SUBYACENTES SUBYACENTES A SISTEMAS EN LOS CUALES SE APLICAN LOS ENFOQUES ANALÍTICOMECANICISTAS CON SUPUESTOS DE SISTEMAS EN LOS CUALES S APLICA LA TEORÍA GENERAL DE SISTEMAS
Propiedades de sistemas
Supuestos de sistemas a los cuales se aplican los enfoques analítico- mecanicistas
Supuestos de sistemas a los cuales se aplica la teoría general de sistemas
Viviente o no viviente
Sistemas no vivientes
Sistemas vivientes
Cerrado o abierto
Cerrado; con retroalimentación: propiedades limitados de sistemas abiertos.
Abiertos
Separabilidad
Totalidades que pueden desintegrarse Totalidades que son irreducibles
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2.4 DESCRIPCIÓN DEL PROPÓSITO La teoría general de sistemas en su propósito más amplio, es la elaboración de herramientas que capaciten a otras ramas de la ciencia en su investigación práctica. Por sí sola, no demuestra o deja de mostrar efectos prácticos. Para que una teoría de cualquier rama científica esté sólidamente fundamentada, ha de partir de una sólida coherencia sostenida por la T.G.S. Si se cuentan con resultados de laboratorio y se pretende describir su dinámica entre distintos experimentos, la T.G.S. es el contexto adecuado que permitirá dar soporte a una nueva explicación, que permitirá poner a prueba y verificar su exactitud. Por ello se la encasilla en el ámbito de meta teoría. La T.G.S. busca busca descubri descubrir r isomorfismos en distin distintos tos nivel niveles es de la realid realidad ad que que permitan:
Usar los mismos términos y conceptos para describir rasgos esenciales de
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CAPÍTULO III LA TGS Y SU RELACIÓN CON EL ENFOQUE DE SISTEMAS, ANÁLISIS SISTÉMICO Y LA INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS
3.1 ANALISIS DE SISTEMAS
3.1.1 ALCANCE CONCEPTUAL
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proceso de elaboración y prueba. Sobre este aspecto Arthur D.Hall hace la siguiente consideración:”Hasta aquí se han tratado los sistemas como sí por inducción implícita fueran en su fondo una especie de teoría unificada de sistemas. Hasta la fecha no existe todavía tal teoría; sin embargo, se ha intentado formular una, por ejemplo, por los teóricos de los sistemas generales. Siempre existirá una buena idea cuando se consideren tales teóricas generales, para estar seguros de que las clases de sistemas bajo discusión se entienden claramente, y cuando se reclame la generalización a sistemas de otro tipo, para comprobar si todas las analogías y correspondientes correspondientes tienen validez”. En cambio, hace ya 20 años que los biólogos enunciaron la existencia de la teoría general de sistemas. b) Sistema
Es un conjun conjunto to orden ordenado ado de compon component entes es o elemen elementos tos interr interrel elaci aciona onado dos, s, interdependientes interdependientes e interactuantes, que tienen por finalidad el logro de objetivos en
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Multidimensional y multinivel do: Se considera a la organización desde un punto de vista micro y macroscópico. Es micro cuando es considerada dentro de su ambiente (sociedad, comunidad, país); es macro cuando se analizan sus unidades internas.
Multimotivacional: Un acto puede ser motivado por muchos deseos o motivos. Las organizaciones organizaciones existen porque sus participantes participantes esperan satisfacer ciertos objetivos a través de ellas.
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complejos. El aumento de la complejidad se pone de manifiesto con el creciente número número de interaccione interaccioness entre los miembros miembros de una població población n en crecimient crecimiento, o, la acelerada división del trabajo y la especialización especialización de las funciones, el empleo creciente de las máquinas que reemplazan a la mano de obra, con el consiguiente aumento de la productividad y la creciente velocidad y volumen de las comunicaciones. Como era de esperar por el amplio espectro de sus intereses, la Ingeniería de Sistem Sistemas as no puede puede apoya apoyarse rse en una metod metodolo ología gía monolí monolític tica. a. Cada Cada una de las
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El enfoque de sistemas se originó fundamentalmente en dos campos. En el de las comunicaciones donde surgieron los primeros Ingenieros de sistemas cuya función principal consistía en aplicar los avances científicos y tecnológicos al diseño de nuevos sistemas de comunicación. En el campo militar durante la segunda guerra mundial y en particular durante la Batalla Batalla de la Gran Bretaña surgió la necesidad necesidad de optimizar el empleo de equipo militar, radar, escuadrillas de aviones. etc. El enfoque de sistemas, surge con preponderancia después de la segunda
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Teoría general de sistemas
UNMSM
Thome & Willard: Los autores describen el enfoque de sistemas en los términos siguientes: El enfoque de sistemas es una forma ordenada de evaluar una necesidad humana de índole compleja y consiste en observar la situación desde todos los ángulos (perspectivas). El enfoque de sistemas de dirigirse de la TGS se basa en los concep conceptos tos:: emerge emergenci ncia, a, jerarq jerarquía uía,, comun comunica icació ción n y contro controll y para para su aplic aplicaci ación ón
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Teoría general de sistemas
UNMSM
3.3.2 3.3.2 CARAC CARACTER TERIST ISTICA ICAS S DEL ENFOQU ENFOQUE E SISTEM SISTEMICO ICO •
Carácter integrativo y abstracto de la teoría de sistemas
La TS se considera demasiado abstracta y conceptual, por lo tanto, de difícil aplicación a situacion situaciones es gerencia gerenciales les prácticas prácticas.. Aunque Aunque tiene gran gran aplicabi aplicabilida lidad, d, su enfoque enfoque sistemático es básicamente una teoría general comprensible, que cubre todos los fenómenos organizacionales. Es una teoría general de las organizaciones y de la
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Teoría general de sistemas
UNMSM
sistemas. No se debe pasar por alto los lazos que unen el enfoque de sistemas con la
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Teoría general de sistemas
MEJORAMIENTO DE SISTEMAS Y DISEÑO DE SISTEMAS
UNMSM
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Teoría general de sistemas
•
UNMSM
la caja negra forma parte de todo sistema en el cual de alguna u otra manera no podemos observar todos sus procesos de manera tangible pero si podemos ver los resultados finales de este.
•
La homeostasis es la propiedad de un sistema de adecuarse al ambiente y regularse.
•
La teleología busca la consecución de un fin.
•
La neguentropía es la energía extra que nos sirve para poder mejorar la organización organización del sistema.
•
Podemos concluir que la realimentación, es una condición esencial para el funcionamiento de todos los sistemas, ya que éstos siempre necesitan de info inform rmac ació ión n para para su ejec ejecuc ució ión, n, cons consid ider eran ando do medi medida dass corr correc ectitiva vas, s, preventivas, etc., durante su desarrollo.
•
Podemos decir la sinergia es muy importante para que un sistema funcione correctamente a través de la participación de todos sus elementos, para un buen desempeño y logro de sus objetivos.
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Teoría general de sistemas
UNMSM
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
Guillermo Gómez Ceja , Sistemas administrativos, México 1997
John Von Gigh, Teoría general de sistemas, 2da edición Editorial Trillas, México 1999.
Idalberto Chiaventato, introducción a la teoría general de la administración, quinta edición, 1999.
Enfoqu Enfoque e de sistem sistemas, as, Aldo Zanab Zanabria ria Gálve Gálvez. z. Grupo Grupo de Invest Investiga igació ción n en Sistemas – UNA, Puno
http://jamillan.com/v_reali.htm
http://www.elprisma .com
http://www.monografias.com
http://190.41.224.185/biblioteca/Sistemas
http://www.elprisma.com/apuntes/administracion_de_empresas/
www.inei.gob.pe
[email protected]
,