Architectural Glass

Novum Structures LLC

www.novumstructures.com

Architectural Glass

Soeren Stephan Director of Engineering Novum Structures LLC



Architectural Glass

Overview •

un amen a

ass ac s

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Base Glass Types

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Tempered Glass

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Laminated Glass

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Glass with Ceramic Frit

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Body Tinted Gl Glass

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Insulated Glass

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ys em ems


Architectural Glass

Glass Glass – Funda Fundamen mental tal Facts Facts •

aw ma er er a s sand, soda ash, dolomite, limestone, salt cake (sodium sulfate)

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Chemical structure inorganic fusion product, cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing 72.5%

SiO2

13.4%

Na2O

8.9%

CaO

3.2%

MgO

2% other

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Ther Therm mal expan xpans sion ion coef coeffi fici cien entt 0.01 mm/m*K (steel 0.013)

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Thermal co conductivity 0.81 W/m*K (insulation 0.04, steel 50)

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Modulus of of el elasticity 70 000 N/mm² (steel 205 000)

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Glass density 2500 kg/m³ (steel 7850)

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²

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Natural te tensile st strength 30 N/mm²

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Light transmission range 350 nm .. 2800 nm



Architectural Glass

Base Glass Types Base Glass Float Glass

Ornamental Glass Cast Cast Slum Slum ed or or Roll Rolled ed Gla Glass ss

Float Glass Production Cast Glass Production

Max. glass dimensions de end on float bed width



Architectural Glass

Floa Floatt Glas Glass s – Fact Facts s •

Breaking strength 45 N/mm²

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Standard th thicknesses 4,5,6,8,10,12,15,19 mm

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T

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Typical br breaking pa pattern

ical maximum dimensions 6.0 x 3.2 m



Architectural Glass

Glass Glass Fracture Fracture Mechan Mechanics ics – Why is Glass Glass breaki breaking ng ? Natural surface crack

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Glass as a brittle material Extreme stress concentration at crack tip triggers crac grow

cannot yield at surface crack tips •

Therefore crack is growing

Glass

Natu Natural ral surfa surface ce crack crack

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Steel as a ductile material yields at surface crack tips growing


Stress concentration at crack tip causes p as as c y e Steel


Architectural Glass

Tempered Tempered Glass Glass – Strength Strength Impro Improveme vement nt Tem ered Gl Glass FT Fully Toughened

HS Heat Strengthened no load

(FT) (HS)

Tempered glass (FT & HS) has a significant higher strength than float lass due to the com ress ssiion prestress on the glass surface which is closing the surface cracks

partial load

full load



Architectural Glass

Tempered Tempered Glass Glass – Productio Production n Process Process

Max. glass dimensions depend on furnace width & length



Architectural Glass

Fully Toughened Glass FT FT – – Facts •

rea ng s re reng

mm

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Standard th thicknesses 4,5,6,8,10,12,15,19 mm

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Typical ma maximum di dimensions 4.0 x 2.4 m

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2.5 2.5 tim times es stro strong nger er than than floa floatt gla glass ss,, but but unfavourable typical breaking pattern:



Architectural Glass

Heat Strengthened Glass HS HS – – Facts •

rea ng s re reng

mm

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Standard th thicknesses 6, 6,8, 8,10 10,1 ,12 2 mm

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Only Only 1.5 1.5 tim times es stro strong nger er tha than n flo float at glas glass, s, but but favourable typical breaking pattern:



Architectural Glass

Laminate Laminated d Glass Glass – Safety Safety Improv Improvemen ementt •

am na e un cons s s o wo or more g ass

es

oa ,

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bonded by an interlayer mostly made of polyvinyl butyral or PVB or PVB •

The unit unit failu failure re safe safety ty is improv improved ed by by the the redund redundanc ancy y of glass glass lites lites

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Standard PVB thicknesses 0. 0.38 38,, 0.76 0.76,, 1.52 1.52 mm

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Architectural Glass

Laminate Laminated d Glass Glass – Productio Production n Process Process

Autoclave

Max. glass dimensions depend on aut autocla oclav ve widt width h & len th



Architectural Glass

Glass with with Ceramic Ceramic Frit Frit – Visual Visual & Shading Shading Improvem Improvement ent •

eram c r

s an ename pa pa ern on

e g ass sur ace

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Standard colors RAL-system

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Stan Standa dard rd prin printt pat patte tern rn (dif (diffe fere rent nt cove covera rage ge fact factor ors) s) dots holes stripes



Architectural Glass

Glass Glass with Cerami Ceramic c Frit – Productio Production n Process Process •

e screen s ma e o porous polyester fabric stretched over an aluminium frame

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Areas of the screen are blocked off with a nonpermeable material to form a stencil, which is a negative of the image to be printed; that is, the open spaces are where the frit pattern will appear

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After the frit application, the frit gets burned-in in a furnace



Max. glass dimensions depend on screen width & length

Architectural Glass

Low Iron Glass Glass – Visual Visual Improv Improvemen ementt •

ow ro ron g ass s ma e o raw ma er a s c eane o ron ox e which is causing the “greenish” color of normal clear glass

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Architectural Glass

Body Tinted Tinted Glass Glass – Visual Visual & Shading Shading Improvem Improvement ent •

o y n e g as ass s ma e o sp spec a ra raw ma er a s w c are causing the color of the glass

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Body tint is is reducing th the transmitted solar energy mainly by absorption



Architectural Glass

Insulated Insulated Glass Glass – Thermal Thermal Insulatio Insulation n Improveme Improvement nt •

nsu a e g ass un s ave a ower er erma transmittance due to the enclosed gas volume

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Ther Therma mall tran transm smit itta tanc nce e is is meas measur ured ed by by U-va U-valu lue e

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Typical UU-value fo for air-filled r air-filled and uncoated IGU = 2.4..3.0 W/m²*K

Secondary Seal (Silicone) Glass

Glass

Primary Seal (Butyl)

Spacer



Gas Volume (Air, Argon) Dessicant

Architectural Glass

Insulated Insulated Glass Glass – Productio Production n Proces Process s • •

rs s ep s

e spacer rame a r ca on an assem y

Then Then the the primar primary y seal seal (buty (butyl) l) is appl applied ied and the glass glass lites lites connec connected ted to both both sides sides of the spacer frame. Afterwards the secondary seal (silicone) is applied.



Architectural Glass

Insulated Glass with Low-E Coatings •

e erma ransm ance o nsu a e g as ass un s can e ur er reduced using low-emittance (low-E) surface coatings

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Low-E Low-E coat coating ings s cons consist ist of micros microscop copica ically lly thin, thin, virtua virtually lly invisi invisible ble,, me a or or me a c ox e ay ayers

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Low-E co coatings act like a one-way mirror to the interior side reflecting a significant amoun o ra an ea , u ransm ng the radiant heat from the exterior side

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Typical U-value for air r air filled filled IGU with ow- coa ng = . .. . m

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Typical UU-value fo for argon r argon filled IGU with low-E coating = 1.1 .. 1.4 W/m²*K



Architectural Glass

Glass Glass – The The Solar Solar Hea Heatt Trap Trap •

e g ransm ss on range o g ass s 350 nm .. 2800 nm wavelength

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Visible light range 350 nm .. 760 nm

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Glass is transmitting only shortwave infrared light (radiant heat) < 2800 nm, nm, longwave infrared light is totally reflected

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Inco Incomi ming ng shor shortw twav ave e inf infra rare red d lig light ht from from the the sun is reflected by interior surfaces as longwave infrared light

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This This long longwa wave ve radi radian antt hea heatt is is now now trap trappe ped d and the interior space is heating up “Greenhouse Effect”



Architectural Glass

Insulated Glass with Solar Control Low-E Coatings •

e green ouse e ec o nsu a e g as ass un s can be reduced using special solar control low-E surface coatings

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o ar a r con ro ow ow- coa ngs ac e one-way mirrors for the infrared light 760 nm.. 2800 nm to the exterior side in addition to their normal

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The The sol solar ar heat heat gain gain is meas measur ured ed by g-fa g-fact ctor or

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For For air airco cond ndit itio ioni ning ng sys syste tem m des desig ign n sha shadi ding ng coe c en s use =g .

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Typi Typica call g-v g-val alue ue for for IGU IGU with with sola solarr con contr trol ol low-E coating g = 0.3 .. 0.45

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Architectural Glass

Glazing Systems Glazing Support Point Contact

Linear Contact

PSG

ECG

CCG

ASG

Point Support System

Edge Clamp System

Corner Clamp System

Aluminum Support System

LSG Linear Support System

both

4 side support



2 side support

Architectural Glass

Point Support System PSG •

unc ona sc sc eme o Lagerung einer

Schnitt durch Schnitt durch Schnitt durch Vertical Sections through Point Supports Punktlager Punktlager Punktlager

PointFassadenscheibe Support Scheme Support LagerReaction reaktion

Support LagerReaction reaktion

notw. Support FreiheitsMovement grad LagerSupport reaktion Reaction

notw. notw. Required Freiheits-SupportFreiheitsgrade Movement grade

Dead Load Windlast

LagerSupport reaktion Reaction

Dead Load Eigengewicht

Eigengewicht Dead Load

TemperaturTemperature Effects, einwirkung, Tolerances Bautoleranz

notw. notw. Freiheits-RequiredFreiheitsrade Support rade Movement

Support LagerReaction reaktion

notw.

Required FreiheitsSupport grad Movement



notw. Required FreiheitsSupport grad

Movement

notw. Required FreiheitsSupport grade

Movement

Architectural Glass


yp ca sp er



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yp ca ro u e

Architectural Glass


o u e o e r ng n oa g ass (tempering to be done afterwards)

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Rotule hole o eran erance ces s

Offset: Thickness:



Architectural Glass

Edge Clamp System ECG



Architectural Glass

Corner Clamp System CCG



Architectural Glass

Aluminum Support Support System ASG



Architectural Glass

Linear Support System LSG





Architectural Glass

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