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Sadraj: 1. UVODNI DIO tehnologija op enito....................................... enito............................................................. .......................................... .................... 3 Tehnologija (op enito)................... enito) ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ........................... ..... 3 Tehnologija gra enja ................................ ...................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ...................................... ................ 3 Tehnoloki radni procesi........................................ procesi.............................................................. ............................................ ............................................... ......................... 3 2. A R M A T U R A ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................ ...... 6 2.1. Proizvodnja armature ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ......................................... ................... 6 2.2. Vrste armature................................. armature....................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ......................................... ................... 7 2.3.1. Temelji ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ................................ .......... 11 2.3.2. Stupovi (vertikalni serklai...)............................... serklai...)..................................................... ........................................ ................................ .............. 13 2.3.3. Zidovi (jednostrano ili dvostrano armirani, zakrivljeni) ......................................... ......................................... 14 2.3.4. Grede (podvlake, nadvoji, horizontalni serklai...)............................. serklai ...)................................................... ........................ .. 15 2.3.5. Plo e.................................................... e.......................................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................ ...... 15 2.3.6. Stubita............................ Stubita.................................................. ............................................ ............................................ .......................................... .......................... ...... 17 2.4. Tehnologija armira kih radova u pogonima .......................................... ................................................................ ............................ ...... 18 2.4.1. Svrha formiranja armira kih pogona ........................................... ................................................................. ............................... ......... 18 2.5. Armira Armira ki alati, ure aji, strojevi .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ........................ .. 22 2.5.1. Alati............................................. Alati................................................................... ............................................ ............................................ .................................... .............. 22 2.5.2. Ure aji i strojevi ......................... ............................................... ............................................ ............................................ .................................... .............. 22 2.6. Vrste armira armira kih radova prema normama................................... normama......................................................... ....................................... ................. 27 3. BETON ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ......................................... ...................28 28 3.1. Proizvodnja betona............................................ betona.................................................................. ............................................ ......................................... ..................... .. 28 3.2. Vrste (podjele) betona................................... betona......................................................... ............................................ ......................................... ......................... ...... 28 3.2.1. Prema teini (gusto i) ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ................................ .......... 28 28 3.2.2. Prema tehni kim uvjetima ............................................ ..................................................................... .............................................. ..................... 29 3.2.3. Prema konzistenciji ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ .................................... .............. 29 3.2.4. Prema vrsto i.................................................... i.......................................................................... ............................................ ................................... ............. 30 3.2.5. Prema Prema posebnim postupcima transporta i ugradnje .............................................. .................................................... ...... 31 3.2.6. Prema mjestu proizvodnje................... proizvodnje......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................ ...... 32 3.2.7. Prema uporabi armature ................................................ ...................................................................... ............................................ ........................ .. 32 3.2.8. Prednapeti beton......................................... beton............................................................... ............................................ ......................................... ..................... .. 33 3.3. DODACI DODACI BETONU ( ADITIVI ) ......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ..................... 35 3.4. Tehnologija betonskih radova u pogonima i na gradilitima........................................... gradilit ima............................................. .. 38 3.4.1. Tehnologija spravljanja betona ............................................ .................................................................. ....................................... ................. 38 3.4.2. Tehnologija spravljanja elemenata i konstrukcija........................ konstrukcija.............................................. ............................... ......... 40 3.4.3. Tehnologija Tehnologija spravljanja, ugradnje, zbijanja i njege betona......................................... betona......................................... 41 3.5. Alati, ure aji, strojevi, postrojenja............................................................. postrojenja................................................................................... ........................ .. 57 3.6. Vrste betonskih radova prema normama .................................................. ........................................................................ ......................... ... 61 4. ARMIRANI BETON............................. BETON................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ................................. ........... 62 4.1. Koncept armiranog betona ............................................ ..................................................................... ............................................... ............................ ...... 62 4.2. Prionjivost betona i armature ............................................... ..................................................................... ............................................ ........................ .. 63 4.3. Zatitni sloj betona................... betona ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ .............................................. ........................ 64 4.4. Sidrenje armature .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ......................................... ......................... ...... 67 4.5. Nastavljanje armature ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ....................................... ................. 70 Literatura:.................... Literatura: .......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ......................................... ................... 77
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1. UVO UVODNI DNI DIO tehn tehnolo ologij gijaa op op eni enito to ozna ava ava umi umije je e pre prera rade de siro sirovi vina na u pro proiz izvo vod. d. Kao Kao zna znano nost st Tehnologija (op (op enito to)) - ozna istrauje istrauje tehniku tehniku proizvodnj proizvodnje e u cjelini, cjelini, a posebno radnog radnog procesa procesa kao i pojedine pojedine imbenike imbenike koji su od utjecaja utjecaja na odvijanje odvijanje radnih radnih procesa procesa i njihovu njihovu me usobnu ovisnost. ovisnost. Istrauj Istrauje e tako er promjenjivos promjenjivostt odnosa odnosa pogotovo pogotovo kod kod predvi predvi anja sredstava sredstava za proizvo proizvodnju dnju u odre odre enom vremenu i prostoru.
Tehn Te hnol olog ogij ijaa gra gra en enja ja za tehnologiju gra enja (pa prema tome i za pojedine tehnologije gra enja: enja: armira armira ke, betons betonske, ke, tesars tesarske, ke, zidars zidarske) ke) je to to zna zna ajno ajno jer jer se se radni radni proces proces odvija odvija na prost prostoru oru na na kojem kojem djeluj djeluje e ve i ili ili manji manji broj broj radni radnika, ka, stroje strojeva, va, postro postrojen jenja ja ve eg ili ili manjeg manjeg kapaciteta. Radni prosto prostorr tako er moe moe biti promjenjiv promjenjiv u odnosu odnosu na karakt karakter er gra evine, u duinskom duinskom (ces (ceste) te) ili ili visi visins nsko kom m (zgr (zgrade ade)) smis smislu lu,, ime se mije mijenj njaj aju u i uvje uvjetiti rada. rada. Na izbo izborr sred sredsta stava va i odvija odvijanje nje proces procesa a utje utje u i prir prirodn odne e pojave pojave kao kao to to su su padali padaline, ne, hlad hladno no a, vlaga, vlaga, smrzav smrzavanj anje, e, pojava podzemnih ili nadzemnih voda i sl. Tehnoloki Tehnoloki proces ozna ava redoslijed redoslijed i na in vrenja vrenja pojedinih pojedinih dijelova dijelova sloenog sloenog radnog procesa procesa za dobivanje dobivanje proizvoda proizvoda odre enih osobina. osobina. Rad vre ljudi ljudi i strojevi, strojevi, a za izradu istog proizvoda mogu se koristiti razne metode rada. Za izradu gra evinskog evinskog objekta potrebno potrebno je izvriti izvriti razne vrste vrste radova i radnih procesa koji se mogu mogu izvriti izvriti na vie vie na ina ovisno o primjeni primjeni mehanizacije, mehanizacije, alata, alata, materijala, materijala, redoslijedu redoslijedu i ovisnosti radnih kapaciteta. Odre Odre ivanj ivanje e tehno tehnolo lok kog og proc procesa esa odnos odnosno no na ina ina na koji koji e neki neki posa posao o biti biti obavl obavlje jen n polazna polazna je faza za organizac organizaciju iju i planiranje planiranje proizv proizvodnje, odnje, za odre odre ivanje ivanje trajanja trajanja pojedinih pojedinih radov radova, a, te za za gra gra evin evinu u ukup ukupno. no. Veli Veliki ki objek objektiti (most (mostov ovi,i, bran brane, e, autopu autoputev tevi.i..) .) zaht zahtijijev evaj aju u prou prou avanj avanje e metod metoda a rada, rada, izbor izbor opreme opreme i postroj postrojenj enja a i dr. dr. prije prije po po etka etka radova radova.. O tome tome ovis ovisii dobar dobar dio troko trokova va gra gra enja. enja. Te zadatke zadatke rjeavaju rjeavaju timovi timovi stru njaka. Odluke za za osnovne procese procese donose donose se centralno centralno u pripremi pripremi rada, rada, a detalji detalji se se esto esto rjeav rjeavaju aju u pogon pogonima ima ili ili na na gradili gradilitu tu..
Vezano Vezano za za tehnolo tehnoloki ki proces proces armira armira ko-betonsk ko-betonskih ih radov radovaa kroz kroz slije slijede de e teme teme obradi obraditt e se tehno tehnolo loki ki proce proces s izrad izradee armatu armaturni rnih h sklop sklopova ova u pogo pogonim nima, a, kao i tehnoloki proces izrade armirano betonskih elemenata na gradilitu.
Tehnoloki radni procesi Sloenije radove ili proizvodne procese je potrebno rastaviti na jednostavnije dijelove dijelove ili ili elemente elemente radi lake organizacij organizacije e rada, rada, odre odre ivanja ivanja potrebni potrebnih h sredstav sredstava a i utroka vremena.
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Primjer: MJESTO Betoniranje armiranobetonske konstrukcije
GRADILITE - Izrada Izrada oplate oplate - Montaa oplate - Izrada Izrada armatu armature re - Montaa armature - Izrada Izrada betona betona - Ugradnj Ugradnja a betona betona - Transp Transport ort oplate oplate - Transport Transport armature armature - Transp Transport ort betona betona
SLOENI PROCES
RADNI PROCES
BROJ RADNIKA I STRUKTURA - Isprav Ispravlja ljanje nje armature - i enje - Sje enje - Prijevoz Prijevoz na na mjesto mjesto savijanja - Savija Savijanje nje - Odnoenje
STROJEVI - Namjetanje ipke na stolu - Navla enje kl klju a - Savijanje ipke - Skida kidanj nje e klj klju u a - Odla Odlagan ganje je ipke
RADNE OPERACIJE
RADNI POSTUPCI
AL AT - Pokret Pokret rukom rukom do ipke - Zahvat Zahvatanj anje e ipke - Kret Kretanj anje e ipkom do mjesta savijanja - Namjetanje ipke - Premjetanje RADNI POKRETI
Primjerom podjele sloenog procesa vidi se rastavljan rastavljanje je istog istog do radnih radnih pokreta, pokreta, a preko preko radnih radnih operaci operacija ja i postupa postupaka. ka. Na taj taj na na in se se mogu mogu prou prou avati, avati, analizi analizirat ratii i mjeriti mjeriti te dobrom organizacijom i planiranjem dovesti do uspjene koordinirane proizvodnje (na osnovi odre ivanja ivanja potrebnog potrebnog vremena za za rad te iznalaen iznalaenja ja normi). normi). Procese rada dijelimo na:
(odnose se se se na nepos neposred redno no gra gra enje enje ) - Os Osno novn vnee (odno - Pomo ne (odnose (odnose se na pomo ne radove kojima kojima se osigurava osigurava normalan normalan tijek osnovnih osnovnih
radova)
Osnovni Osnovni proces procesii rada rada su odre odre eni na inom inom gra gra enja enja na samom samom obje objektu, ktu, a propor proporcio cional nalni ni su s koli koli inom inom rado radova va.. Pomo ni radni procesi procesi ovisni ovisni su o razvoju razvoju i industrijal industrijalizaci izacijiji gra evinske evinske proizvodnje proizvodnje (primjer (primjer proizvodnje armaturnih sklopova i betona u pogonima ili gradilitima ) Procesi mogu biti:
- indivi individua dualni lni (kad ga moe obavljati 1 radnik) - grup grupni ni (istovremeno sudjeluje vie radnika) Proc Pr oces esii (o (ovi visn sno o o u e u meha mehani niza zaci cije je)) mo mogu gu bit biti: i:
- automa automatiz tizira irani ni (kad se rad izvrav izvrava a ure ajem koji koji nakon nakon stavljanja stavljanja u pogon pogon radi bez bez u e a ovje ovjekka, npr. pr. auto autom matiz tizira irana beto etonara nara)) se rad vri vri pomo pomo u stroja stroja)) - mehani mehanizir zirani ani (kad se - polumehan polumehanizira izirani ni (kad (kad se rad vri vri pomo pomo u mehan mehanizi iziran ranog og alat alata a i ure ure aja uz uz korit koritenj enje e mehani mehani ke energi energije) je) - ru ni (kad radnik radnik radi uz korite koritenje nje rada mii mii a npr. montaa montaa armature armature)) Radni proces ima obiljeja da se za vrijeme njegovog njegovog odvijanja ne mijenja sastav sastav radne grupe, grupe, dok se alat alat i materijal materijal mogu mijenj mijenjati ati u tijeku tijeku rada.
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operacije je koju karakteriz karakterizira ira specifi specifi ni dio radnje radnje ili Radni postupak je dio radne operaci prostora. su elementarni elementarni dijelov dijelovii koje izvrava izvrava radnik radnik u cilju izvrenja izvrenja odre odre enog Radni pokreti su rada. Pokreti Pokreti se vre udovima, udovima, tijelom i glavom. Podjela do do radnih operacija se se vri kod odre odre ivanja potrebnog potrebnog vremena vremena za rad (iznalae (iznalaenje nje normi), normi), kod organizac organizacije ije rada i tehnoloko tehnolokog g redoslijeda redoslijeda i planiranja planiranja aktivnosti. Osnovni Osnovni cilj cilj prou prou avanja avanja pokreta pokreta od strane strane analiti analiti ara radnih radnih proce procesa sa je uklan uklanjanje janje suvinih suvinih pokreta, pokreta, olaka olakanje nje tekih tekih i zamjena zamjena gr evitih evitih pokreta pokreta blagim blagima. a. Time se uklanja uklanja suvian suvian rad rad i pove pove ava proizv proizvodnja odnja bez pove pove anja utroka utroka ljudsk ljudske e energije. energije.
U graditeljstvu se obavljaju preteno radovi s grubim pokretima ruku i nogu u stoje em, kle e em ilili u e em stavu (monta taa ar armature), u nagnutom naprijed jed il ilii na natrag trag il ilii ak u le lee em stavu tavu.. Za postizanje racionalnijih pokreta potrebno je:
-
izvravati izvravati to kra e pokrete pokrete uz manje manje zamora zamora podjedn jednak ako o op optere tere ivat ivatii ob obje ruk ruke koristiti koristiti linijske linijske pokrete pokrete bez bez prekid prekidanja anja i bez bez otrih otrih promjena promjena pravaca pravaca prim primje jenj njiv ivat atii lag lagan anii rit ritam am ako ako je mogu mogu e izabrati najpovoljniji poloaj pri radu provesti provesti uvjebav uvjebavanje anje radnika radnika za bolji na in rada
U svakoj svakoj proizvodn proizvodnjiji postoje postoje odre eni zastoji zastoji i gubitci, gubitci, bez obzira obzira na stupanj stupanj organiziranosti rada. to je loija organizacija trokovi trokovi gradilita su ve i. Sman Smanje jenj nje e gubi gubita taka ka u proi proizv zvod odnj njii ine ine osno osnovn vne e mjer mjere e za pove pove anje anje produktivnosti rada.
Gubici na koje radnik moe direktno utjecati (iako ne u potpunosti) na svom radnom mjestu nastaju: - uslijed loe organizacije radnog mjesta (suvino kretanje, lo raspored sredstava sredstava za rad i materijala) materijala) - radi radi nes nestr tru u nost nostii ili ili nedo nedovo voljn ljne e uvje uvjeb ban anos ostiti rad radni nika ka - uslijed nedovoljne zatite radnika na radnom mjestu - usli uslije jed d nei neisp spra ravn vnog og ili ili neod neodgo gova vara raju ju eg alat alata a i opr oprem eme e - zbog zbog loih loih odnos odnosa a me u radnic radnicima ima i loeg loeg rukovo rukovo enja enja - uslijed uslijed loih uvjeta uvjeta na gradilitu gradilitu (stanovanj (stanovanje, e, prehrana, prehrana, prijevoz, prijevoz, klimatski klimatski uvjeti) uvjeti) - radi krenja radne discipline - zbog loeg obavljenog rada (ponavljanje rada) - uslij slije ed neo neodgova govara raju ju eg nag nagra ivan ivanja ja,, neis eispla plate pla e idr. idr.
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2. A R M A T U R A Armatura - gra evni pr Armatura proiz izv vod ko koji se se iz izra uje od od elika za ar armira ran nje proizveden u centralnoj armira nici (tvornici armature), u armira nici pogona za predgotovljene betonske elemente ili u armira nici na gradilitu.
2.1. Proizv Proizvodnja odnja armatur armaturee Armatura Armatura u smislu Tehni Tehni kih propisa propisa za betonske betonske konstrukcije konstrukcije smatra smatra se i proizvodi proizvodi kao:
a) elik za armiranje b) el elik ik za pr pred edna napi pinj njan anje je i el elik ik za ar armi mira ranj njee pri pri emu emu e se elik elik za za armi armira ranj nje e kori korist stititii kao kao arma armatu tura ra za za armi armira rano no bet beton onsk ske e kons konstr truk ukci cije, je, a elik za za prednapinjanj prednapinjanje e zajedno zajedno s elikom za armiranje armiranje kao kao armatura armatura za prednapete prednapete betonske betonske konstrukcije.
Njihova tehni ka svojstva specificiraju se u projektu betonske konstrukcije odnosno odnosno u tehni tehni koj specif specifikaci ikaciji ji projekt projekta. a. Ozna avanje armature armature vri se na otpremnicama otpremnicama i posebnim posebnim oznakama oznakama te se obave obavezn zno o upu upu uju uju na odr odree enu enu speci specifi fikac kacij iju. u. - elik elik za arm armir iran anje je ozna ozna avamo avamo prem prema a norma normama ma niza niza n HRN EN 10080-(1-6) 10080-(1-6) u skladu s n HRN CR 10260 10260 HRN HRN EN 1002710027-1. 1.199 1999 9 HRN HRN EN 1002 100277-2. 2.199 1999 9 HRN EN 10020: 1999 nHRN EN 101 10138 38 a u skladu s - elik elik za predna prednapin pinjan janje je prema prema normam normama a niza nHRN n HRN CEN CR 10260 10260 HRN EN 10027-1:1999 10027-1:1999 HRN EN 10027-2:1999 10027-2:1999 HRN EN 10020:1999 10020:1999 Uzimanje Uzimanje uzoraka, uzoraka, priprema priprema i ispitivanje ispitivanje svojstava svojstava armature armature provodi se prema prema normama nizova nizova n HRN EN 10080 10080 te n HRN HRN EN 10138 10138 i prem prema a norm normama ama HRN EN ISO 15630 15630 HRN EN 1000210002-1 1 Izuz Izuzetn etno o i HRN HRN EN ISO ISO 377 ako ako je je arm armat atura ura sklo sklop p elik elika a za armi armiran ranje je i dr. dr. eli eli nih nih proiz proizvo voda da (prof (profilila, a, cijevi)
Nakon Nakon to to je proi proizve zvedeno deno iz elj eljezn ezne e ruda ruda e u visok visokim im pe pe ima beton betonsko sko elj eljezo ezo i elik elik dalje dalje se se obra obra uje uje do potr potrebn ebnih ih vrsto vrsto a i obli oblika ka te te spec specifific icir irano ano tra trans nspor portitira ra da da nekog nekog od mje mjest sta a budu budu e proizvodnje proizvodnje ili ili stovarita stovarita gra evinskih evinskih materijal materijala. a.
Armatu Armatura ra se naru naru uje, uje, transp transport ortira ira i iispo sporu ru uje bilo bilo za: - cent centra raln lnu u arm armir ira a nicu nicu u tvo tvorn rnic icii arm armat atur ure e - armi armira ra nicu nicu pog pogon ona a za pre predg dgot otov ovljljen ene e beto betons nske ke ele eleme ment nte e ili - armira ira nicu na gradilit itu Na kojem god mjestu ugradnje armature ona bila izvedena i postavljena u oplatu
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2.2. 2. 2. Vr Vrst stee bet eton onsk skog og el elik ikaa a)
elik za armiranje ( nHR nHRN EN 1008 0080-1 0-1 )
Pod Pod opte optere re enje enjem m se el elik ik defo deform rmir ira, a, a to to je ve u def defor orma maci ciju ju mate materi rija jall sposoban sposoban podni podnijeti jeti bez krtog krtog loma, to je duktilnij duktilniji. i. Duktilnost (ilavost) je svojstvo materijala da podnese podnese plasti nu deformaciju deformaciju bez bez loma. Beto Betons nski ki elic elicii se svrs svrsta tava vaju ju se u 3 razr razred eda a dukt duktil ilno nost stii (ila (ilavo vost sti) i) A,B, A,B,C C a ispor isporu u uju se u obli obliku: ku: ipki i namota za izravnu izravnu upotrebu ili za proizvodnju zavarenih zavarenih armaturnih mrea i zavarenih reetki za gredice tvorni tvorni ki proizveden proizvedenih ih zavarenih zavarenih armaturn armaturnih ih mrea zavarenih reetki za gredice
Prem Pr emaa nor normi mi ar arma matu turn rnii el elik ik se ozn oznaa av ava: a: - oznaka oznaka oblika oblika proizvoda proizvoda (ipka, (ipka, namot, namot, mrea ili reetkast reetkastii nosa nosa ) - ozna oznaka ka norm norme e n HRN HRN EN 1008 100800-22-4 4 - naziv ilili oz oznaka (broj ) elika - naziv azivn ne izm izmjere jere pro proiz izvo voda da ( u mili milime metr trim ima a) - dopu dopuns nske ke obav obavije ijest stii pre prema ma n HRN HRN EN 1008 100800-22-6 6 Norme n HRN EN 10080-2 do 4 razlikuju 3 vrste povrinskog izgleda - glat glatki ki P - profil profilira irani ni I - rebr rebras astiti R Tablic Tablica a svoj svojsta stava va elika elika za armira armiranje nje prema prema norm normama ama HRN EN 1008010080-2 2 do 4 Naziv i oznaka oznaka (broj) elika Oblik proizvoda Nazivni promjer d(mm) Grani Granica ca razvl razvla a enja enja Rc(N/mm²) Omjer vl vla ne vrsto e i gra granice
B500A (1.0438) namot ipka 4-16 6-40 500
B500B (1.0439) namot ipka 6-16 6-40 500
B450C (1.04) namot 6-16 450
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Armatura treba imati 2 ili vie redova paralelnih popre nih rebara koja su po opsegu opsegu jednol jednolii no rasp raspore ore ena i imaju imaju po po cijel cijeloj oj dulj duljini ini jednol jednolii ni raz razmak mak,, uz eve eventu ntualn alna a uzdu uzdun na a reb rebra ra ija ija vis visin ina a ne ne smi smije je prij prije e i 0,15 0,15 d. Visina popre nih rebara mora biti 0.05 do 0.10 d; kul 45°, a kut =35°do 75°, a raz razmak mak c=0 c=0.5 do 1.0 1.0 d
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b) Zavarene mree Sastavljene su su od me usobno okomito okomito poloenih poloenih ipki koje su na svakom spoju spoju (krianju) (krianju) spojene spojene elektri elektri nim varom. varom. Ozna Ozna av avaju aju se ka kao o i eli elikk za za arm armira iranje nje u namo namotim timaa i ipkam ipkamaa - oznakom oblika proizvoda ( mrea ) - ozna znakom norm norme e n HRN HRN EN EN 100 10080-5 80-5 - nazivom ili brojem ( oznakom ) elika - nazivn nazivnim im izmjer izmjerama ama proizv proizvod oda a ( izmjer izmjere e mrea, mrea, ic ica, a, osnih osnih razmak razmaka, a, prijep prijepus usta) ta) Tako Tako er se ozna ozna avaj avaju u poj pojed edin ina a ni eleme element ntii mre mrea a:: NL - broj uzdunih ipki PL osni razmak uzdunih ipki dL promjer uzdunih ipki L duljina uzdrunih ipki µ1, µ2 prijepust uzdunih ipki Nc broj broj popre popre nih ipki ipki Pc osni osni razmak razmak popre popre nih ipki ipki dc - prom promje jerr popr popre e nih nih ipki ipki B duljin duljina a popre popre nih ipki ipki µ3, µ4 prijepu prijepust st popre popre nih ipki ipki
Nazi Na zivv il ilii ozna oznaka ka elik elikaa Nazivni promjer d ( mm mm ) Granic Granica a razv razvla la enja enja Rc Omjer vla ne vrsto e i granice (N/m (N/mm² m²)) razv razvla la enja enja Rm/Rc Omjer stvarne i nazivne vrijednosti vrijednosti granice granice razvlja razvlja enja Rcact/Rcnom Postotak ukupnog istezanja pri najv najve e oj sili sili Agt Agt (%) (%)
B 500 500 A ( 1.04 1.0438 38)) 5-16 500
B 500 00B B (1.0439) 6-16 500
1,05
1,08
B 450 C (1.04) 6-16 450 1,15 1,35
-
-
1,20
2,5
5,0
7,5
c) Zav Zavare areni ni re reetk etkast astii nos nosaa i Ovi nosa nosa i sastoj sastoje e se od od gornj gornjeg eg i donje donjeg g pojas pojasa a i dijag dijagona onale le i proiz proizvo vode de se se od elika elika za za
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ELIK ZA PREDNAPINJANJE Ova vrsta elika razlikuje razlikuje tri glavne glavne podgrupe podgrupe armature; armature; to su ice, ice, uad i ipke. ipke. Geometrijs Geometrijske ke zna zna ajke mu se definiraju definiraju pomo u nazivne nazivne plotine plotine presje presjeka ka s doputenim doputenim odstup odstupanjim anjima a i pomo u nazivnog nazivnog promjera. promjera. Eventualn Eventualno o se daju i pojedino pojedinosti sti oblika proizvoda. elik za prednapinj prednapinjanje anje obuhva obuhva en je normama n HRN EN 10138-;2;3;4 10138-;2;3;4 i izvjetaj izvjetajem em n HRN CR 1026 10260 0
- ice ice se ozna ozna av avaj aju: u: - brojem brojem norme norme n HRN EN 10138 10138-2 -2 - nazi nazivo vom m elik elika a koji koji sadr sadri i slovo slovo y za za elik elik za za pred prednap napinj injanj anje e na nazivnu vla . vrsto u u MPa (1770 MPa) slovo slovo C za hlad hladno no vu vu enu ic icu u - nazi nazivn vnim im prom promje jero rom m ice ice u mm ( koji koji se kre kre e od 3 do 10mm 10mm)) - slov slovom om I ako ako se radi radi o prof profililir iran anom om elik eliku u 1013838-2-Y 2-Y177 17700 C-5 C-5,0,0-II Primjer: n HRN EN 101
- uad uad se ozna ozna av ava: a: - brojem brojem norme norme n HRN EN 1013810138-3 3 - nazi nazivo vom m elik elika a koji koji sadr sadri i:: slovo slovo y za za elik elik za za pred prednap napinj injanj anje e na nazivu vla nu vrsto u u MPa slovo S za uad znamenkom 3 i 7 za broj ica u uetu slo slovo vo G - ozna ozna ava ava zatv zatvor oren eno o ue ue - nazi nazivn vnim im prom promje jero rom m uet ueta a u mm ( od 5,2 5,2 do 18mm 18mm)) - razred razredom om A ili B - slovo slovom m I ako ako se radi radi o profili profiliran ranom om eliku eliku
1013838-33 Y18 Y1860S 60S7-1 7-16,0 6,0-A -A Primjer: n HRN EN 101
- ipk ipkee se ozna ozna av avaju aju:: - brojem brojem norme norme n HRN EN 1013810138-4 4 nazi nazivo vom m elik elika a koji koji sadr sadri i
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2.3. Primjen Primjenaa armature armature u konstruk konstrukcijskim cijskim elemen elementima tima U slij slijede ede em pogl poglav avljlju u bit e prik prikaza azani ni osnov osnovni ni kons konstr truk ukci cijs jski ki elem element entii izra izra eni eni od armiranog armiranog betona s objanjenjem objanjenjem djelovanja djelovanja optere enja, a time i okvirnim okvirnim poloajem armature armature budu i da da se se za svaki svaki konkre konkretni tni slu aj konstr konstrukc ukcijs ijskog kog element elementa a ona ona to to no prora prora unava unava i postavlja. Bit e prika prikazani zani primje primjeri ri trakas trakastih tih i temel temelja ja samaca, samaca, stupova stupova raznih raznih popre popre nih presjek presjeka, a, zidova zidova,, greda greda slobo slobodno dno polo poloeni enih h i kont kontinui inuiran ranih, ih, plo a (ravne (ravne,, s gredam gredama, a, sitnor sitnorebr ebraste aste i konzo konzolne) lne) te stubi stubit ta a na na plo plo ama ama izm izme e u pode podesn snih ih greda greda,, stub stubi ita ta na loml lomlje jenoj noj plo plo i (1 ili ili 2 puta puta loml lomlje jenoj noj), ), stube na dva leaja i konzolne stube. Ostali konstrukcijski elementi koji su sloeniji zahtijevali bi puno vie objanjenja i prostora te ovdj ovdje e nisu nisu obr obra a eni. eni.
2.3.1. 2.3 .1. Tem Temelj eljii Temelji su nosivi elementi elementi konstrukcije konstrukcije koji optere enje sa zidova i stupova prenose na tlo. Oblik Oblik i vrsta vrsta temelj temeljaa ovisi ovisi o konstr konstrukc ukcijs ijskom kom ele elemen mentu tu ije opter opteree enje enje temelj temelj mora prenijeti prenijeti na na tlo (zid, stup), stup), kao i o dubini dubini i vrsti vrsti temeljnog temeljnog tla. Ako se ispod gra evine evine nalazi nalazi tlo dobre nosivosti nosivosti optere optere enje s temelja temelja se prenosi prenosi neposred neposredno no na tlo, a zbog zone smrzavan smrzavanja ja dno temelja temelja treba biti najmanje najmanje 80 centimetara ispod kote terena. Takve temelje nazivamo plitkim, a mogu biti izvedeni kao: - trakas trakasti ti temelj temeljii - temelj temeljii samci samci - temelj temeljne ne grede grede (reetkasti temelji) - temeljne plo e Ako se nosivi slojevi tla nalaze na ve im dubinama tad se izvode duboki temelji. Optere enje se tad na tlo prenosi preko preko pilota (ipova), temeljnih bunara, sanduka, sanduka, kesona kesona,, dijafr dijafrag agmi mi i sli nih kons konstru trukci kcija. ja. Budu Budu i da se naj naj e e prim primje jenj njuj uju u plitk plitkii temel temeljiji prika prikaza zatt emo kroz kroz trak trakas astiti i temel temelje je samce samce neke neke od mogu mogu ih na na ina postavl postavljan janja ja arma armatur ture. e.
Trakasti temelji izv izvode ode se ispod ispod zidova zidova (u masovn masovnim im konstr konstrukt uktivn ivnim im sust sustav avim ima) a) ili ili isp ispod od stupo stupova va ako ako ih ih je je ve ve i bro brojj pri pri emu emu se se tra traka ka pror prora a unav unava a kao kao
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izvode de se ispo ispod d stu stupo pova va (u skel skelet etni nim m kon konst stru rukc kcijijsk skim im Temelji samci izvo sustav sustavima ima). ). Obi no su tlocrt tlocrtnog nog izgl izgleda eda kao i popr popre e ni presj presjek ek stup stupa a ispod ispod kojeg kojeg se se nalaze (pravokutni, kvadrati, kruni, viekutni).
Armatura Armatura stope krino krino je postavljen postavljena a pri donjoj donjoj koti temelja, temelja, a od nje polaze polaze 4 ipke za nastavl nastavljanje janje armature armature stupa stupa koje su su poveza povezane ne vilicam vilicama a (sponama). (sponama). Ispod Ispod stupa, u njegovoj dvostrukoj dvostrukoj irini krino krino postavljena armatura je na dvostruko dvostruko gu em razmaku nego na preostalom dijelu.
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Reetkasti temelji se primjenjuju u skeletnim sustavima gdje su razmaci stupova dosta dosta bli blisk ski,i, ve e je opt optere ere enje enje obje objekt kta a i rela relatitivn vno o nejedn nejednol olik iko o tlo tlo koje koje ne ne omogu omogu uje uje ravnomjerno ravnomjerno slijegan slijeganje je pa se se ovim na inom temeljen temeljenja ja ukupno ukupno pove ava povrina povrina tla tla na koju koju optere enje djeluje. djeluje. Ovi temelji temelji se sastoje od dijela stupova stupova koji nalijeu nalijeu na temeljne grede grede koje su raspore raspore ene pod pravim pravim kutom i svaki stup stup moe imati ispod ispod grede i temelj samac samac ili trakasti trakasti temelj temelj (rje (rje e). Grede Grede su su minim minimaln alne e dimenz dimenzije ije 30/30cm 30/30cm i izvo izvode de se se kao kao uobi uobi ajene ajene gred grede e gornj gornjih ih dijelova dijelova nosivih nosivih konstruk konstrukcija cija pa emo ih ih tamo tamo obraditi. obraditi.
Teme Te melj ljne ne pl plo o e plono i ravnomje ravnomjerno rno prenose prenose optere enje zidova zidova ili stupova stupova na tlo, tlo, koje moe moe biti i loije loije kvalitete kvalitete,, a i izloen izloeno o podzemnim podzemnim vodama. vodama. U tom slu aju armatura armatura plo plo e je i u gornjoj i donjoj zoni. Minimalne dimenzije debljina su 30 cm, a i ve e po potrebi i prora prora unu. Izvode Izvode se kao kao plo e gornjih gornjih konst konstruk rukcij cijski skih h dijelo dijelova va pa opirn opirnije ije o njima njima pod pod tim podnaslovom.
2.3.2. Stupovi (vertikalni serklai...) Stupovi Stupo vi su su osnovn osnovnii konstru konstrukcijs kcijski ki elemen elementi ti u skele skeletnim tnim sustav sustavima ima i naj e e su opt pter eree en enii (na napr prez ezan ani) i) cen entr trii nom tla tla no nom m sil silom om.. Uslijed takvog takvog optere enja kod stupova se mogu dogoditi deformiranja u vidu izvijanja, izvijanja, skra enja u uzdun uzdunom om smislu smislu i istovre istovremeno meno proirenja proirenja zbog drobljenj drobljenja a strukture betona.
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Kad je je rije rije o spoju spoju stup stupova ova s temel temeljim jima a odn. sidrenj sidrenju u u temelj temelje, e, tada se u temel temelje je ugra ugra uje uje armat armatur ura a odnos odnosno no ip ipke ke (si (sidr dra) a) iji iji broj broj i vel velii ina ina promj promjera era odgo odgova vara raju ju broj broju u i veli veli ini ini ipki u stupu. Ova armatura polae se u temelj do kraja, a preputa se za duljinu prijeklopa i prib priblilin no o se kre kre e od 60 do 100 cm. Spone Spone se post postav avljljaj aju u cije cijelo lom m dulj duljin inom om stu stupa. pa. Na dij dijelu elu koji koji prolazi prolazi me ukatnom konstrukc konstrukcijom ijom odn. ako je na stup poloena poloena greda, greda, spone i stupa i grede obvezno se postavljaju na dijelu njihova spoja, jer je on najvie napregnut u konstrukciji. Pri odre odre ivanju ivanju dulj duljine ine ipk ipke e za jednu jednu etau etau vodi vodi se se ra una da ona ona mora mora pro pro i kroz kroz stropn stropnu u konstrukciju pod kutem te zavriti kao sidra (ankeri) iznad nje za duljinu prijeklopa (minimalno 60 cm). Ovaj prijekl prijeklop op slui za nastavak nastavak armature armature stupa stupa sljede eg kata.
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2.3.4.. Gred 2.3.4 Gredee (pod (podvlake vlake,, nadv nadvoji, oji, horiz horizontal ontalni ni serk serklai. lai...) ..) Grede su konstrukcijski elementi koji su preteno optere eni savijanjem kao i plo e. Beton Beton pri tome tome preu preuzim zima a tla na, a armatu armatura ra vla na naprez naprezanj anja. a. Poloa Poloajj arma armatur ture e u presj presjeku eku nosa nosa a ovisi ovisi o tome tome koja koja je stran strana a nosa nosa a izlo izloen ena a vla vla nom naprez naprezan anju. ju.
Kod slobod slobodno no stoje stoje e grede pravokutnog presjeka i T presjeka armiramo donju stra stranu nu nosa nosa a.
Dok emo u konzolnoj konzolnoj (preputen (preputenoj) oj) gredi gredi imati imati armaturu armaturu u gornjoj gornjoj zoni zoni jer je je gornja gornja strana strana nosa nosa a raz razvu vu ena ena (vla (vla na). na). Ako imamo imamo gredu gredu s prepus prepustom tom ili kontin kontinuir uiranu anu gredu gredu armatu armatura ra e biti biti postav postavlje ljena na na mjesti mjestima ma vla nih naprez naprezanj anja a ade adekva kvatno tno dija dijagr gram amim ima a mome momena nata ta.. Para Parale leln lno o s tom tom glav glavno nom m arma armatu turo rom m u tla tla no podr podru u je postavljamo takozvanu takozvanu montanu ili konstruktivnu armaturu. Obje veemo sponama sponama kao popre popre nom armatu armaturom rom
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Ako se radi o kvadratnim ili krunim plo ama koje nose u oba smjera, glavna armatura armatura se prora unava unava i postavlja postavlja u dva okomita okomita smjera smjera i nema razdje razdjelne. lne. Osim u izni iznimn mnim im slu aje ajevima, ima, plo e se se arm armir ira aju mre mrenom nom armat rmatu urom rom s po potre trebnim bnim preklapanjima. Tlocrtni Tlocrtni oblici oblici plo plo a mogu mogu biti pravokutn pravokutni,i, kvadratni, kvadratni, kruni, kruni, prstenas prstenasti, ti, poligon poligonalni, alni, pravok pravokutn utni,i, trapez trapezni, ni, neprav nepraviln ilni.i.
Plo e tako tako er mogu mogu imati imati otvore otvore za vo enje enje raznih raznih instal instalaci acija ja ili za odvija odvijanje nje tehnolokih procesa. procesa. Oni mogu mogu biti pravokutni, poligonalni ili kruni kruni koji su i povoljniji zbog manje koncentracije naprezanja. Kod konzolni konzolnih h plo a glavna glavna armatura armatura je u gornjoj gornjoj zoni.
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Oko otvora se dodaje i kosa armatura,a ukupna plotina ipaka oko otvora mora iznositi iznositi minimaln minimalno o plotinu plotinu presje presje ene armature. Plo e mogu mogu nalijega nalijegatiti na zidove zidove ili grede grede (linij (linijsko sko podupi podupiran ranje) je) i na na stup stupove ove (to kasto kasto podupiranje).
2.3.6. Stubita
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2.4.. Teh 2.4 Tehnol nologi ogija ja arm armira ira kih rad radova ova u pogo pogonim nimaa 2.4.1. 2.4 .1. Svr Svrha ha formi formiran ranja ja armir armiraa kih pogo pogona na Tendenci Tendencija ja u svim svim gra gra evinskim evinskim radovim radovima a je, to vie vie radova radova preseliti preseliti s gradilita gradilita u stalne stalne industrijske industrijske pogone pogone zbog smanje smanjenja nja ru nog rada, rada, loe opremlje opremljenost nostii strojevima, strojevima, improvizirane organizacije i tekih uvjeta rada. Rad u pogon pogonu u omogu omogu it e konc koncent entrac raciju iju proi proizvo zvodni dnih h kapa kapacit citeta eta ljudi, ljudi, alata alata i stroje strojeva, va, bolje uvjete uvjete rada, rada, bru i ve u proizvodnj proizvodnju u na principu principu podjele podjele rada i specijaliza specijalizacije, cije, bolju kvalitetu, utedu materijala zavarivanjem. Izradom plana savijanja armature od materijala koji se nalazi na skladitu tako er se ostvaruju utede. Rad u pogonu pogonu mogu mogu je tijekom tijekom cijele cijele godine godine,, a ukoliko ukoliko se se moe moe posti posti i paralelna paralelna proi proizv zvod odnj nja, a, skra skratititt e se vrij vrijem eme e gra enja enja.. Uk Ukol olik iko o se ostv ostvar arii orga organi niza zaci cija ja bez bez zast zastoj oja ai gubita gubitaka ka vremen vremena, a, skrati skrati trans transpor portt nai pogon pogonii e biti konku konkuren rentni tni drugi drugima ma zbog zbog jeftin jeftinih ih proizvoda.
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Najbolje je ako se vare elektrobljeskom.Zavarivanjem se spajaju elementi nedovoljne duine ili ranije odbacivani krajevi profila). njemu u se se mo moe e rad raditi iti ru no, no, ure ure ajem ajem za savi savija janj nje e ili ili - pro prosto storr za za savi savijan janje je - na njem strojevima strojevima koji mogu mogu biti biti na raznim raznim stupn stupnjevima jevima automat automatizaci izacije, je, te saviti saviti manji manji ili ve ve i broj broj prof profilila a odj odjed edno nom. m. Budu Budu i da da se se pro profifilili >32 >32 mm rje rje e kor koris iste te esto esto su i akt aktiv ivno nost stii strojeva strojeva razdvojen razdvojene e prema prema profilima profilima i kvalite kvalitetiti elika. elika. Ukoliko Ukoliko je ovim tehnoloki tehnoloki proces zavren, zavren, savijena savijena armatura armatura e se sortirati sortirati po pozicijama, vezati icom icom i obiljeiti, deponirati, deponirati, a zatim isporu isporu iti gradilitima. Me utim, kako nam je cilj to vie finalizirati proizvod proizvod prije dolaska na gradilite, proizvodna hala moe sadravati i : - pros prostor tor za izradu izradu armatu armaturnih rnih sklopo sklopova va s ure ajem ajem za za prij prijen enos os i diza dizanje nje (porta (portalni lni kran na otvorenom ili mosni kran za rad u hali). Ovdje se vri spajanje savijene savijene armature armature elektrol elektrolu u nim zavariva zavarivanjem njem,, poveziva povezivanjem njem ili prekla preklapanj panjem. em.
Armaturne sklopove moemo podijeliti na: - armaturne armaturne pakete pakete (ravne (ravne ipke s ukru enjima enjima maksimalne maksimalne duine duine 20 metara, metara, irine irine 4-
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Na slijed slijede e im slikam slikama a prik prikaz azana ana su etiri etiri armir armira a ka pogon pogona a s prikazi prikazima ma tehnol tehnolo okog kog procesa, procesa, kapaciteti kapacitetima ma i strojevima. strojevima.
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Za racionalno poslovanje pogona treba paljivo isplanirati proces rada u skladu s potrebama i uz stalnu koordinaciju proizvodnje, transporta i montae.
2.5. Armira ki al alati, ure aji, strojevi 2.5. 2. 5.1. 1. Al Alat atii esto se za za manji opseg opseg radova radova kod kod manjih manjih objekata objekata i kod jednos jednostavni tavnije je armature armature koristi koristi direktno direktno na gradili gradilitu tu armira ki alat. Za isp ispra ravvljan ljanje je arm armatu ature u na namoti motima ma ( kolut olutim ima a ) koris risti se eki te teine ine 1 kg, kg, za i enje
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Na svakom pogonu moramo osigurati deponije armature u namotima, ipkama i druge. druge. Deponije Deponije mogu biti na na otvoreno otvorenom m prostoru prostoru ili ako ako se radi radi u zatvorenom, zatvorenom, unutar unutar hale ili uz nju. Za prijenos armature do ure aja ili stroje strojeva va za ispr isprav avlja ljanje nje (ako (ako se se radi radi o armatu armaturi ri u namotim namotima) a) slue slue ure ure aji nazi naziva va coil coil spider spiders s kojima kojima se se namoti namoti obuhv obuhva a aju, aju, diu diu i naj naj e e mos mosni nim m kra krano novi vima ma bun bundl dle e han handl dler er od od 0.1 0.1 do 4 tone tone dopr doprem emaj aju u na na mjesto obrade.
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Kad je armatura dopremljena do stroja za rezanje slijedi ta radna operacija. Razli iti su su tipovi tipovi strojeva strojeva koji koji vre vre i razli razli ite kombinacij kombinacije e operac operacija. ija. Pa tako novije novije linije linije strojeva cutting plants nazivamo pull line , mini pull line, shear line i sli no.
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16-4 16-40 0 mm brzi brzino nom m 34-4 34-45 5 metar metara a u min minut utii i slu slue e ugl uglav avno nom m za glav glavnu nu i spor spored ednu nu armaturu. Tipovi multipurpose centres oblikuju i ipke i vilice naziva su barwiser S; TA; PLUS brzina rada im je za cjelokupnu operaciju i rezanja i savi savija janj nja a od 95-1 95-130 30 meta metara ra u minu minuti, ti, a obra uju se profili naj e e od 20 do 26 mm prom promjer jera. a.
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Prik Prikaz azan ano o na na slic slici:i: stro strojj za savijanje savijanje i sje sje enje betonskog betonskog elik elika a tip tip MS -40/ -40/35 35..
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3. BE BET TON
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3.2.2 3. 2.2 Pr Prem emaa tehn tehnii ki kim m uvje uvjeti tima ma
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4. ARMI ARMIRANI RANI BET BETON ON 4.1. Koncep Konceptt armiranog armiranog beton betonaa Prednosti i mane betonskih konstrukcija Prednosti: Prednosti: - ekon ekonom omii nost nost (jef (jeftin tino o i dost dostup upno no grad gradiv ivo) o) - trajnost trajnost (dobra (dobra otpornost otpornost i mali troak troak odravanja odravanja)) - izbor raznih raznih oblika oblika - monoli monolitno tnost st - dobra protupoarna svojstva i zatita armature - dobri zdravstveno-higijenski uvjeti (bez upljina) Mane - velika vlastita teina - oteani oteani uvjet uvjetii preprav prepravaka aka,, poja anja, anja, uklanj uklanjanj anja, a, sanaci sanacije je - dobro provodi provodi toplinu toplinu i zvuk (loa toplinsk toplinska a i zvu na izolacija) izolacija)
Nearmirani beton - slom preko preko jedne jedne pukotine pukotine - vla na vrsto a ft 15 do 20 puta puta nia nia od tla ne f c - duktiln duktilnost ost nula: nula: krti krti slom slom - meh mehaniza nizam m slo slom ma: dose doseg gnuta uta vla vla na vrst vrsto o a bet beton ona a - isko iskori rit ten enos ostt tla tla nog nog poja pojasa sa 5% do 7%
Armirani beton - nosivost 15 do 20 puta ve ve a - slom slom prek preko o broj brojni nih h puk pukot otin ina a vla vla nog nog poja pojasa sa (gra (grani ni no izdu izdue enj nje e elik elika a 100 100 puta puta ve e od gran granii nog nog izdu izdue enja nja beto betona na)) - duktilnost izraena (raspucanost presjeka i veliki progibi) - koefic koeficije ijent nt sigurn sigurnost ostii neuspor neusporedi edivo vo ve i Armi mira rani ni be beto ton n je jest st be beto ton n oj ojaa an (a (arm rmir iran an)) be beto tons nski kim m el eliko ikom m definicija: Ar osnovna karakteristika i pretpostavka: - spregnuti spregnuti materijal materijal - defo deform rmac acijija a susj susjed edni nih h esti estica ca iden identiti ne
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Dva razli ita materijala materijala koja moraju moraju zajedni zajedni ki djelovati djelovati u cjelini cjelini gotovog gotovog armirano armirano betonskog betonskog elemen elementa, ta, jer o tome ovisi ovisi trajnost trajnost tog elementa elementa ili konstruk konstrukcije cije krenuv krenuvii od same same proiz proizvod vodnje nje,, transp transport orta, a, preko preko ugra ugradnj dnje e i njeg njege e ovise ovise o mnogo mnogo poje pojedin dina a nih uvjeta. Proi Proizv zvod odnj nja a beto betona na odre odre enog enog raz razreda reda tla tla ne vrst vrsto o e koji koji mogu mogu biti biti razl razlii iti iti u odnosu odnosu na zahtijevane, zahtijevane, ovisno ovisno o vodocementn vodocementnom om faktoru , granulome granulometrijsk trijskom om sastavu sastavu agrega agregata, ta, na inima inima zbija zbijanja nja,, ugrad ugradnje nje beton betona, a, a isto isto tako tako izvedba izvedba isp isprav ravnog nog arma armatur turnog nog sklopa sklopa (zna i praviln pravilno o dimen dimenzioni zioniranog, ranog, savijenog savijenog,, oblikov oblikovanog anog i poveza povezanog nog u cjelinu) cjelinu) preko potrebne minimalne debljine zatitnog sloja betona ovis no o razredima izloenosti te me usobne prionljivosti prionljivosti armature i betona samo su neki neki od uvjeta koji mogu utjecati utjecati na ispravnost i kvalitetu armirano betonskih konstrukcija.
4.2. Prionj Prionjivost ivost betona betona i armature armature Ovo svojstvo je bitno kod armiranja betona koji nije prednapet odnosno kad se primje primjenju njuje je elik elik za armira armiranje nje (glatk (glatka, a, rebras rebrasta, ta, profil profilira irana na armatu armatura, ra, zavare zavarene ne mree mree i ree reetk tkas astiti nosa nosa i). Prionjivost je vana jer osigurava zajedni ko djelovanje djelovanje betona i armature pa su unutarnji naponi istovremeno preuzeti od oba materijala. Prionjivost ovisi o povrini armature, armature, izmjerama elementa elementa te poloaju i nagibu armature tijekom betoniranja. Razlikuju se dobra i umjerena prionjivost ovisno o ostvarenim uvjetima. Dobra je prionjivost ostvarena kad: - su sve ipke armature s nagibom od 45º do 90º prema vertikali tijekom betoniranja - su sve ipke s nagibom od 0 º do 45 º prema vertikali tijekom betoniranja koje su:
ugra ene u elemen elemente te kojima kojima debljina debljina u smjeru smjeru betonira betoniranja nja ne ne prelazi prelazi 250 mm ugra ugra ene u elem element ente e deb deblje lje od 250 mm a koji koji su ili min h/2 iznad iznad donje donje ploh plohe e svjeeg svjeeg betona betona ili minima minimalno lno 300 mm ispod ispod gornje gornje plohe plohe odsje ka betoni betoniranja. ranja. - se tapni konstrukcijski elementi (npr. stupovi) izvode u lee em poloaju, vibr vibrir iraj aju u vibr vibrac acijs ijsko kom m iglo iglom m i ije ije vanj vanjsk ske e izmj izmjer ere e nisu nisu ve ve e od 500 500 mm. mm.
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Kod nastupanja stanja grani ne nosivosti i uporabljivosti konstrukcijskih elemenata bitno je znati znati i grani nu vrijednost vrijednost prionjivosti koja koja daje dostatnu dostatnu sigurnost sigurnost da ne do do e do zakaz zakaziva ivanja nja prio prionji njivos vosti. ti. Tu prora prora unsku unsku vrije vrijedno dnost st prion prionjiv jivost ostii f bd bd dobijemo iz formule f bd =2,25 5 x f ctk0,05 bd=2,2 ctk0,05 / c gdje je f ctk0,05 terist isti na vla na vrst rsto a betona. ctk0,05 karakter Dakl Dakle e odno odnoss tla tla ne vrst vrsto o e bet beton ona a za ipk ipke e ds ds 32mm 32mm i dobr dobru u prio prionj njiv ivos ostt s pror prora a unsk unskom om vrij vrijed edno nost stii vrst vrsto o e pri prion onjijivo vost stii f bd bd vidimo iz tablice: 2 Kara Karakkteri terist stik ike e tla tla ne vrs vrsto e be betona tona f ck ck[N/mm ]
f bd bd[N/mm² ]
12
16
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
70
80
90
10 0
1, 6
2, 0
2, 3
2, 7
3, 0
3, 4
3, 7
4, 0
4, 3
4, 4
4, 5
4, 7
4, 8
4, 9
4,9
Za armaturu umjerene prionjivosti vrijednosti se mnoe sa 0,7
Kod ipki armature ds>32mm vrijednosti f bd bd mnoe se faktorom (132-ds)/100. Vrijednos Vrijednostiti u tablici tablici se smanjuju smanjuju za 1/3 kad okomito okomito na na os nastavka nastavka armatu armature re djeluje djeluje popre popre ni vlak vlak koji izaziva izaziva pukotin pukotine e paralelno paralelno s osi armatur armature e u podru podru ju sidrenja. sidrenja.
4.3. Zatitni sloj betona Trajnost Trajnost armirano armirano betons betonskim kim i prednapet prednapetim im konstru konstrukcija kcijama ma i elementima elementima osigurav osiguravamo amo zatitnim zatitnim slojem slojem betona betona dovoljne dovoljne debljine debljine i gusto gusto e za odre ene uvjete. uvjete. Zatit Zatitni ni sloj sloj beto betona na je je udalj udaljeno enost st vanjsk vanjskog og ruba ruba arma armatur ture e ( uklju uklju ivo spone spone vilice vilice ) do najblie vanjske plohe betona. Najmanjom debljinom zatitnog sloja osigurava se: prionjivo ivost st beton betona a s armatur armaturom om ( prijen prijenos os sila sila ) - prionj - za zat tit itaa el elik ikaa od koro korozi zije je - neodlamanje betona - zatita od poara Najv Najve e a opa opasn snos ostt i naj najve ve a mog mogu u nost nost je da da elik elik koro korodi dira ra zbog zbog stal stalne ne izlo izloe eno nost stii u odre odre enoj enoj oko okolin linii ako ako je dolo dolo do ote ote enja enja zat zatitn itnog og sloja sloja na neki neki od od mogu mogu ih na ina. ina. Zbog toga toga se najma najmanje nje veli veli ine zatitnog zatitnog sloja Cnom odre odre uju u ovisn ovisnost ostii o razre razredu du izlo izloe eno nost stii za kor koroz ozijiju u i razr razred edu u mini minima maln lne e tla tla ne vrst vrsto o e beto betona na..
Nazivn Nazivnaa veli veli ina za zatitn titnog og sloja sloja Cnom Cnom = Cmin + c sasto sastojiji se se od najm najmanj anje e veli veli ine zatitn zatitnog og sloj sloja a i dodatn dodatne e vrijed vrijednos nostiti Ac koja koja e se primij primijeni enititi za odre odre enu enu okolin okolinu. u.
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Uvjet za osigu osiguranj ranjee prion prionjivos jivosti ti - cmin ne smije biti manja od - cmin ds - za elik elik za armir rmiran anje je ds max promjer uzdune armature - cmin dsv=ds(n)1/2 - za grupira grupiranu nu armatur armaturu u n broj armature u grupi dsv ne smije biti manji od promjera armature koja zamjenjuje grupu - za prednapeti beton - cmin 2.5dp za uad prethodno napinjanje - cmin 3dn za rebrastu armaturu - cmin dn vanjski promjer promjer zatitne cijevi kod naknadnog naknadnog napinjanja napinjanja Zbog Zbog ve e osj osjet etlji ljivo vost stii elik elika a za za pre predn dnap apin inja janj nje e na na kor koroz ozijiju u od od elik elika a za za arm armira iranj nje, e, potreb potrebna na je je ve a deblj debljina ina najm najmanj anjeg eg za zatitn titnog og sloja. sloja. Za nate natege ge se se ve inom inom koris koriste te ice ice manjih manjih promje promjera ra (6 mm) kod kojih kojih se korozi korozija ja u postot postotku ku ja e odra odraav ava a na na nosi nosivos vostt nego nego kod kod ve ve ih prom promje jera ra elik elika a za za arm armir iran anje je..
Najmanje debljine zatitnog sloja
UVJETI ZA ZATITNI SLOJ Za pojedine armature Za grupne armature elik za armiranje Cmin [mm] elik za prednapinjanje Cmin [mm] C [mm]
RAZRED AGRESIVNOG DJELOVANJA OKOLIA Korozija Korozija Korozija karbonatizacijom kloridima kloridima xc xd xs 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 2 3 cmin ds cmin ds cmin ds (odn.dsv) odn.dsv (odn.dsv) 10
20
25
20
30
35
10
15
15
40
40
50
50
15
15
Za razrede XM izloene habanju dodaju se na ove vrijednosti za XM1 c min + 5mm; za XM2 c min +10m +10mm; m; za XM3 XM3 c min min +15m +15mm m
Beton svojom svojom alkalnom alkalnom (lunatom) (lunatom) reakcijom i zrako-nepropusno zrako-nepropusno u titi armaturu od korozije.
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RAZREDI RAZREDI AGRESIVNO AGRESIVNOG G DJELOVANJA DJELOVANJA OKOLIA OKOLIA NA BETON S NAZNAKOM NAZNAKOM RAZREDA RAZREDA TLA NE VRS VRSTO E BE BETONA ONA Razred Opis okolia Minimalni agresivnog razr razred ed tla tla ne djelovanja vrsto e 1. Bez opasnosti opasnosti od korozije korozije Za nearmirani nearmirani temeljni temeljni beton i beton bez bez ugra enih C12/15 XO metala te unutarnje nearmirane konstrukcije i elemente LC12/13 ( bez leda, habanja i kemijski agresivnog okolia ) 2. Korozija uzrokovana karbonatiziranjem Armirani beton izloen vlazi u unutranjim elementima XC1 (kuhinja, (kuhinja, kup.,suioni kup.,suionica) ca) ili uvijek mokrom mokrom (beton u vodi) vodi) C16/20 LC16/18 Armirani beton u mokrom (posude za vodu) ili rijetko XC2 suhom suhom (temelj (temelji) i) Vanjski armirani betonski elementi ili unutarnji s C20/25 XC3 visokom vlanosti zraka (bazeni, staje, kuhinje) LC20/22 Vanjski armirani betonski elementi koji su naizmjence C25/30 XC4 izloeni promjenama vlanosti (elementi kod promjena LC25/28 razina vode i sl.) 3. Korozija Korozija uzrokovan uzrokovana a kloridima, kloridima, ali ne iz mora mora Armirani beton ili betonske b etonske povrine izloene umjerenoj C30/37 XD1 vlanosti s kloridima u zraku (prometne povrine) Elementi konstrukcija izloeni industrijskim vodama s XD2 klorid kloridima ima esto esto vie mokri mokrim m nego suhim suhim (bazen (bazeni) i) C35-45 Dijelovi konstrukcija izloeni naizmjence promjenama XD3 vlano vlanosti sti (mostov (mostovi,i, koln kolnii ke plo plo e, gara garae) e) 4. Korozija uzrokovana uzrokovana kloridima iz morske vode Vanjsk Vanjskii eleme elementi nti uz uz more more (sol u zraku zraku,, bez izra izravno vnog g XS1 kontakta s vodom) C30/37 XS2 Dijelovi konstrukcija u moru pod vodom Dijelovi konstrukcije u moru, ali izloene prskanju, C35/45 XS3 udarima valova 5. Korozija smrzavanjem smrzavanjem i odmrzavanjem sa soli ili bez XF1 Vanjski elementi izloeni srednjem vlaenju bez soli C25/30 Vertikalne povrine cestovnih konstrukcija izloene C25/30 XF2 smrzavanju i solima za odravanje (prskanje) C35/40 Horizontalne povrine betona izloene kii i smrzavanju LC25/28 XF3 (veliko vlaenje bez soli) Prometne povrine izloene velikom vlaenju sa solima C30/37 XF4 za odravanje C40/50 Konstr Konstrukci ukcijsk jskii element elementii postroje postrojenja nja za pro pro i avanje avanje LC30/37 otpadnih voda 6. Kemijska Kemijska korozija korozija betona betona Beton je izloen kemijskom djelovanju tla, podzemna XA1 voda C25/30 slab slabo o agre agresi sivn vno o (pos (posud ude e pre pre i iva a) Beton izloen agresivnim tlima ili elementima u dodiru s XA2 morskom vodom C35/45 XA3 Beton izloen agresivnim otpadnim vodama 7. Beton Beton izloen izloen habanj habanju u - mehani mehani kom XM1 Prometne povrine s kretanjem vozila na pneumaticima C30/37 umjereno habanje LC30/33 XM2 Prometne povrine izloene jakom habanju C30/37 (vozila s punim i pneumatskim gumama) C35/45
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Posebni zahtjevi za osiguranje dostatne zatite od poara navedeni su u normi HRN ENV 1992-1 1992-1-2. -2. Specifi Specifi ne konstr konstrukc ukcije ije kao to su mos mostovi tovi ili predna prednapet pete e konstr konstrukc ukcije ije imaju i dodatnih zahtjeva za dostatne debljine zatitnih slojeva.
PRIMJE PRI MJERI RI ODRE ODRE IVA IVANJA NJA ZAT ZATITN ITNOG OG SLOJA SLOJA:: Ako je povrina betona izloena agresivnom ag resivnom djelovanju morskog okolia ili kemijskim utjecajima najmanja vrijednost debljine zatitnog sloja je 50 mm. Kod kemijski kemijski jako jako agresivnog agresivnog okolia okolia predvi predvi amo i dodatne dodatne mjere. Za beton beton neravnih neravnih povrina povrina pove avamo c. Pa tako tako beton beton direkt direktno no ugra ugra en na tlo treba treba imati imati cmin 75 mm. Na pripremljenoj podlozi s podlonim betonom c min 40 mm. mm. Ako se dodatno betonira sloj na postoje i vrijede druga pravila. Iz sveg svega a mo moem emo o zak zakljlju u iti iti da da e nam nam cnom naziv nazivna na (-ukupn (-ukupna, a, stvarn stvarna a za odre odre enu konstr konstrukc ukciju iju ) veli veli ina zati zatitno tnog g sloja sloja biti biti minima minimalna lna za za odre eni razr razred ed agresi agresivnog vnog djel djelova ovanja nja okoli okolia, a, a pove pove avat avatii e se se do do tra trae ene ne ovis ovisno no o tla tla noj noj vrst vrsto o i bet beton ona, a, doda dodaci cima ma za beto beton, n, zat zatititii od od poara, poara, posebnim uvjetima uvjetima i mjestu izloenost izloenostii konstrukcija, konstrukcija, vrsti konstrukc konstrukcije, ije, izvedbi izvedbi i drugim uvjetima.
Armi Armira ra bet beton onir iraa e pod podat atke ke o potr potreb ebno nom m za zati titn tnom om sloj sloju u za za kon konst stru rukc kcij iju u ili ili el elem emen entt koji koji tre treba ba izv izves esti ti dob dobit itii od nadr nadree ene ene oso osobe be (pos (poslo lovo vo e, vodi vodite telj ljaa gradil gradilit ita) a) il ilii e mu biti biti vidl vidljiv jiv iz iz izvedb izvedbeno enog g proje projekta kta po po kojem kojem e izvod izvoditi iti rado radove. ve. Osiguranje debljine debljine zatitnog sloja prilikom izvedbe vrimo posebnim elementima. To su podm podmet eta a i, dra dra i raz razma maka ka (dis (dista tanc ncer eri) i) i nos nosa a i armat armatur ure e koji kojima ma se fiksi fiksira ra polo poloa ajj armature armature u vrijeme vrijeme betonira betoniranja. nja. Moraju Moraju izdrati izdrati i dodatna dodatna optere optere enja (hodanje (hodanje radnika radnika). ). Izra Izra uju uju se iz razn raznih ih mate materi rija jala la,, ali ali su naj naj e e plas plastiti ni. ni.
4.4.. Sid 4.4 Sidren renje je armature armature Osnovn Osno vnu u vrij vrijed edno nost st (vel (velii inu) inu) dulj duljin ine e sidr sidren enja ja lb ini duljina sidrenja ravne ipke uz pretpostavku konstantne prionjivosti f bd uzdu i po opsegu opsegu ipke ipke za mogu mogu i prijenos prijenos sile bd uzdu Fs=As x f yd yd lb =ds/n x f yd gdje je yd/ f bd bd ds promjer armature f yd prora a unsk unska a gran granic ica a popu poput tan anja ja elik elika a yd = f yx yx/ys pror
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Tablica Tablica vrsta vrsta doputenih doputenih vrsta vrsta i na ina sidrenja sidrenja armature armature
ipke promjera ds>32 mm sidre se se kao ravne ipke ili posebnim sidrenim sidrenim elementima. Zabran Zabranjen jeno o je je sidr sidrenj enje e u vla nim podru podru jima. jima. Ako nema popre nog tlaka za ds >32mm u podru ju sidrenja sidrenja je potrebna potrebna dodatna dodatna popre popre na armatura armatura koja ne ne smije biti biti manja manja od:
a)
paralelno s plohom betona Ast = n1 x 0,25 As
b)
okomito na plohu betona
Asv = n2 x 0,25 As
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Odlamanje betona moe se izbje i uz pridravanje min vrijednosti promjera za savijanje armature d br i i ako ne nagomilavamo sidrenje svih ipki na jednom mjestu. U slijede im tablicama dane su okvirne minimalne vrijednosti promjera trnova za savijanje rebraste armature i zavarene armature d br . MINIMALNI PROMJERI TRNOVA ZA REBRASTU ARMATURU Kuka, Kuka, ravna ravna kuka, kuka, petlja petlja Minimalna debljina zatitnog sloja Promjer armature okomito na povrinu betona >100mm >50mm 50mm ds<20mm ds 20mm i >7ds i 3ds i 3ds Min vrijednosti dbr
4ds
7ds
10ds
MINIMALNI PROMJERI TRNOVA ZA ZAVARENU ARMATURU
DULJINA SIDRENJA ARMATURE Dobi Dobije je se izr izra a unom unom::
15ds
20ds
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4.5. Nastavl Nastavljanje janje armatu armature re Pri izradi projekta projekta betonske konstrukcije vodi vodi se ra una o duljinama duljinama ipki ipki odn kontinuite kontinuitetu tu armature, armature, te se on mora mora osigura osiguratiti nastavlj nastavljanjem anjem bilo bilo preklap preklapanjem anjem (bez kuka kuka ili ili pomo pomo u njih) njih) pomo pomo u petlj petljii ili izravn izravno o zavar zavariva ivanje njem m ili mehani mehani kim spoj spojkam kama. a. Armatu Armatura ra od od elika elika za za armira armiranje nje ima ima nasta nastavke vke u oblik obliku u preklo preklopa, pa, zavara zavara ili meha mehani ni kog spoja. - Preklopi Preklopi se izvode izvode prema Pravilnik Pravilniku u i normi HRN ENV 1992-1-1:2004 1992-1-1:2004 - Zavari Zavari se izv izvode ode prema prema HRN ENV 1992-11992-1-1:20 1:2004 04 i prEN prEN ISO 17660:2 17660:2000 000
Ispitivanje Ispitivanje postupaka postupaka zava zavarivan rivanja ja i osposoblje osposobljenosti nosti zava zavariva riva a vri se prema prema prEN prEN ISO 17 17660 660 ili HRN EN 287 287-1 -1 - Mehani Mehani ki spojev spojevii se izv izvode ode prema prema tehni tehni koj speci specifik fikaci acijiji ili projek projektu tu betons betonskih kih konstrukcija. Armatu Armatura ra od elika elika za za predn prednapi apinja njanje nje uklj uklju u uje nateg natege, e, spojk spojke e i cijev cijevii za nate natege. ge. - Na natege natege se primjenjuju primjenjuju odredbe odredbe Pravilnika Pravilnika za elik za prednapinj prednapinjanje anje - Spojke Spojke se proizvode proizvode prema tehni tehni koj specifikac specifikaciji iji - Cijevi Cijevi za natege natege se proizvode proizvode prema n HRN EN 523:2004 523:2004 - Mort Mort za inje injekt ktir iran anje je nate natega ga prema prema norm normii HRN HRN EN 447: 447:20 2000 00,, a post postup upci ci injektiran injektiranja ja prema HRN EN 446:2000 446:2000 Razlozi nastavljanja nastavljanja uglavnom uglavnom su konstruktivne konstruktivne prirode naprimjer naprimjer nedostatak armature armature potreb potrebne ne duljin duljine e naro naro ito kod ve ih promje promjera, ra, uvjeti uvjeti prijev prijevoz oza a i sli no.
Preklop se mora izvesti tako da je: osiguran prijeno prijenoss sile izme izme u dvije nastav nastavljene ljene ipke ipke - osiguran podru ju nastavlja nastavljanja nja nema nema odlamanja odlamanja betona betona - da u podru pukotina a na kraju preklopa preklopa ne prelazi prelazi grani grani ne vrijednos vrijednosti ti - da irina pukotin Preklapanje armature ds>32mm doputeno je samo u elementima koji su preteno optere optere eni savijanje savijanjem m i za tu armaturu armaturu vrijede vrijede i dodatna dodatna pravila pravila (o njima neto neto kasnij kasnije). e). Preklapan Preklapanje je treba treba izvesti izvesti s uzdunim uzdunim izmicanjem, izmicanjem, a cijeli nastava nastavakk (kad je sva
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Pravila koja vae su: - ukupna ukupna plotina plotina popre ne armature armature ne smija biti manja od plotine plotine As jedne ipke u nastavku ( Ast 1,0 x As ) Kad je svijetli svijetli razmak razmak nastavljenih ipki > 4ds 4ds pravilo vrijedi vrijedi za svaku svaku ipku ipku popre popre ne armature armature - popr popre e na arm armat atur ura a elem elemen enat ata a pret prete eno no nap napre rezan zanih ih sav savija ijanj njem em i raz razma mako kom m s 12 ds, mora mora biti biti obli obliko kova vana na kao kao spo spona na ( vilic vilica a ) ina ina e moe moe biti biti rav ravna na ip ipka ka - popr popre e na arma armatu tura ra mora mora biti biti ugra ugra ena ena izm izme e u uzd uzdu une ne arma armatu ture re i van vanjs jske ke povrine betona - kad se se kod armature u vie razina razina nastavlja vie od 50% armature jedne razine preklopi preklopi se moraju moraju obuhvatit obuhvatitii sponam sponama a (dimenzion (dimenzioniraju iraju se na na silu silu vlada vladaju ju u u nastavljenim ipkama) - kad je promjer ds nastavlja nastavljanje nje armature armature < 16 mm ili je udio udio preklo preklopom pom nastavljen nastavljene e armatu armature re u popr popre e nom presje presjeku ku maksim maksimaln alno o 20% nije nije potr potrebn ebna a doda dodatna tna popre popre na armatura.
Duljina preklopa armature Duljina preklopa ne smije biti manja od ls=lbnet x Pri emu je: lbnet duljina sidrenja
1
ls min
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Tablica koeficijenata
1
duljine preklapanja
Udio nastavljene armature jedne razine u jednom presjeku bez izmicanja 30 30% > 30% Vla Vla ni nast nastav avak ak ds<16mm 1,2 a 1,4a ds 16mm 1,4a 2,0b Tla ni nastavak 1,0 1,0 a/ka a/kad d je s 10d 10ds i s 5ds 1=1,0 b/ka b/kad d je s 10d 10ds is is 5ds 1=1,4
Da bi bi brzo brzo odred odredili ili dulj duljine ine sidren sidrenja ja i prek preklop lopa a poslu posluit it emo se slij slijede ede im tabli tablicam cama a za ravne ravne ipke ipke armature armature za dobru dobru i umjeren umjerenu u prionjiv prionjivost ost za beton razreda razreda vrsto e C25/3 C25/30 0 (MB (MB 30) 30) i arm armat atur uru u B 500. 500. Za ostal ostale e raz razred rede e vrsto vrsto e beto betona na i arma armatur turu u B 450 iz tablic tablice e kore korekci kcijsk jskih ih faktor faktora a uzet uzet emo koef koefici icijen jente te koje koje emo pomno pomnoit itii s vrijedno vrijednosti stima ma iz 3. nadola nadolaze ze e tablice tablice.. Tablica duljina sidrenja ravnih ipki armature za do bru prionljivost fyk=500 fbd= fbd=2, 2,7 7 (C25 (C25/3 /30) 0) a=1 a=1,0 ds mm 10 12 14 16
lb cm 41 49 57 65
lb min
Asreg/Asprov 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 9 12 17 21 25 10 15 20 25 29 12 17 23 29 34 13 20 26 33 39
0,7 29 34 40 45
vlak 0,8 33 39 45 52
0,9 37 44 51 58
1,0 41 49 57 65
0,3 a x lb 12 15 17 20
10ds 10 12 14 16
10 cm
tlak 0,6x lb 25 29 34 39
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Tablica duljina nastavljanja preklopa ravnih ipki armature vla vla . nasta nastava vakk prek prekla lapan panje jem m a=1,0 Udio Udio nastav. nastav.arm. arm. 1 razine razine u pop.pr pop.pr.. bez izmic izmicanj anja a fyk=500 fbd=2,7(C25/30)
ls za 30% s<10ds s 10ds
I ls min cm 200 mm 15ds cm mm 10 15 49 12 18 58 14 21 68 16 24 91 20 30 113 20 25 38 141 28 42 158 I-dobra prionljivost II-umjerena prionljivost ds
s 5ds
ls za>30% s<10ds s 10ds
s 5 ds
Tla ni nastavak preklapanjem 0 -100 -100% %
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
cm
cm
cm
cm
cm
cm
cm
cm
cm
69 83 97 129 161 202 226
41 49 57 65 81 101 113
58 69 81 92 115 144 161
57 68 79 129 161 202 226
81 97 113 184 230 288 322
41 49 57 91 113 141 158
58 69 81 129 161 202 226
41 49 57 65 81 101 113
58 69 81 92 115 144 161
Tabl Tablic ica a kore korekc kcijijsk skih ih fakt faktor ora a pre prema ma razr razred edim ima a tla tla ne vrst vrsto o e bet betona ona i kva kvalilite tetiti elik elika a B 450 450
C16/20 1,35
C20/25 1,17
C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60 0,9 0,79 0,73 0,675 0,628 kva kvalite liteta ta elik lika B 450 450 k= k=0 0,9 vrijednost vrijednost u pretho prethodne dne 3 tablice tablice mnoe mnoe se s odgov odgovaraju araju im koefic koeficijen ijentima tima
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Dodatn Dodatna a pravila pravila za rebra rebrastu stu arma armatur turu u promje promjera ra ve ve ih od 32 mm Uporabu ove armature treba odobriti investitor. Dodatni uvjeti odnose se na ograni enje irina irina pukotina pukotina raspore raspore ivanjem ivanjem potpovrinsk potpovrinske e armatur armature. e. Ona se izvod izvodii od mreas mreaste te armatu armature re ili ili ipki ipki armat armature ure dsl 10 mm na na ra razmaku 150 mm i smjeta se s vanjske strane spona. Plotina ove armature ne treba biti manja od 0,01 Act ext u vert vertika ikalno lnom m smjer smjeru u i 0,02 0,02 Actext paralelno s glavnom armaturom A ctext je plotina plotina presjeka presjeka vla vla no naprezanog naprezanog betona betona izvan izvan spona spona popre popre ne armatur armature. e.
- ipke armature promjera ds>32 mm smiju smiju se se ugra ugra ivati ivati u kons konstru trukci kcijsk jskim im elemen elementim tima a minimal minimalne ne debljin debljine e 15 ds. - najmanja najmanja debljin debljina a zatit zatitnog nog sloja iznosi c ds - svi svijet jetlili razm razmak ak ( horizo horizonta ntalno lno i verti vertikal kalno) no) izme izme u paral paralelni elnih h ipki ipki ne treb treba a biti biti manji manji od maksimalnog promjera armature ili dg + 5 mm gdje gdje je dg promjer promjer najv najve e eg zrna zrna agregat agregata a - vrij vrijed edno nost stii vrst vrsto o e pria rianjan njanjja f bd mnoe se s koef koefic icijijen ento tom m (132 (132 )/10 )/100 0 bd mnoe - ne doputa se nastavljanje samo preklapanjem - za sidre sidrenje nje treb treba a osigura osiguratiti dodatn dodatnu u popre popre nu armatu armaturu ru ako ako ne postoj postojii popre popre ni tlak. tlak.
Ona ne smije biti manja od Ast=n1 x 0,25 As (n1= broj redova sidrenih ipki) paralelno donjoj donjoj povri povrini ni nosa nosa a i Asv =n2 0,25As (n2= broj ipki u redu ) okomito na donju rinu. rinu. O uje jerno jerno du du podr podr ja n ljanja ljanja ak d
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Na slici su prikazane ipke armature u snopovima zajedno s debljinom zatitnog sloja te me usobni usobnim m razmac razmacima ima a (svije (svijetli tli otvori otvori)) a dsv, a 20 mm ili ili mak maksi simal malna na vel velii ina ina zrna zrna agre agregat gata a kao kao uobi uobi ajen ajeno o prav pravililo o za raz razmak mak
Kod sidrenj sidrenja a u snopovima snopovima krajevi krajevi pojedina pojedina nih ipki ipki se se moraju moraju izmaknuti izmaknuti.. Izuzetno Izuzetno vla vla no naprezani naprezani snopovi snopovi (neovisno (neovisno o dsv) mogu se zavriti zavriti iznad iznad krajnjih krajnjih i srednjih srednjih oslonaca oslonaca,, a vla no naprezani snopovi zamjenskog promjera d sv 28mm smiju zavriti ispred oslonaca na jednom mjestu bez uzdunog izmicanja. Na slijede slijede oj slici slici prikazan prikazano o je izmicanj izmicanje e ipki ipki armature armature s razmaknutim razmaknutim krajev krajevima ima prora prora unskih to aka aka E, E, (u pror prora a unu unu pro promj mjer er svak svake e ip ipke ke ds)
te izmic izmicanj anje e s izravni izravnim m nastavl nastavljan janjem jem (u prora prora unu zamje zamjensk nskii popre popre ni presje presjekk d sv)
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Kod lakih betona snopovi se primjenjuju iskustveno lil nakon ispitivanja,a promjer snopa ne smije pr prije i 20 mm. mm.
Savi Savija janj njee ve ve ugra ugra ene ene arm armat atur uree Doga a se iznimno i izaziva izaziva dodatna naprezanja naprezanja za armaturu armaturu i okolni beton. Moe Moe se vriti kao hladno savijanje za maksimalno doputeni promjer ds=14mm i kao toplo toplo savi savija janj nje e ( 500ºC 500ºC)u )u prora prora unu se se uzima uzima karak karakteri teristi sti na grani granica ca popu poputanj tanja a f yk yk=250 N/mm² (upola manja od uobi uobi ajen ajenog og). ).
Preklapanje mrea Armaturne mree popre nog presjeka armature as 12cm²/m1 mogu se nastavljati u jednom presjeku. Nastav Nastavak ak mre mrea a ve eg popre popre nog presjek presjeka a dopu doputa ta se se samo samo za za unutr unutran anju ju mre mreu u u vi vie e sloj slojev eva a kod kod ega nasta nastavl vljen jenii udj udjel el ne smij smije e bit bitii ve ve i od od 60% 60% potre potrebno bnog g presjeka armature.
Duljina preklopa uzdune armature ne smije biti manja od
ls=lb x
2 x
gdje je
as potr / asugr lsmin
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Literatura: 1. Beto Betons nske ke konst konstru rukc kcijijee-pr prir iru u nik nik Jure Jure Radi Radi i sura suradnic dnicii Hrvatska Hrvatska Sveu ilina ilina naklada, naklada, GF Sveu ilita ilita u Zagrebu, Andris 2006. 2. Tehn Tehnii ki pro propi pisi si za za betons betonske ke kons konstr trukc ukcijije e NN 01/20 01/2005. 05. s prilo prilozi zima ma A-F A-F 3. Tehn Tehnol olog ogijije e bet beton ona a Nikola Bujak Srednj Srednja a kola kola Bedeko Bedekovv ina, ina, 2007. 2007. 4. Armi rmirani rani beton eton Boris Behaim Krati Kratis, s, Zagr Zagreb eb 1995. 1995. 5. Konstr Konstrukt uktivn ivnii elemen elementiti zgrad zgrada a I i II