ASHRAE’ s Sustainable Roadmap ASHRAE’
….meet the ASHRAE GreenGuide Presented by Tim Dwyer Chairman CIBSE ASHRAE Group Acting Head of Department, Department, Department Depar tment Syst ems Depart ment of Engineering Systems Syste ms London South Bank University
[email protected]. timdwyer@lsbu .ac.uk .ac. uk
With thanks for main content to Dr. Tom Lawrence, P.E., LEED-AP
[email protected]
Research Strategic Plan ! !
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Energy and Resources Indoor Environmental Quality Tools and Applications Equipment, Components, and Materials Education and Outreach
Integrating sustainability principles into all appropriate publications ! Actively participate with internationally recognized building sustainability groups as appropriate ! Promote and provide education on sustainability !
Journal Articles
Journal Articles
Journal Articles
Advanced Energy Design Guides
From ‘ Sustainability’ ’ to ‘ Green’ ’ From ‘Sustainability to ‘Green
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Documents that go 30%, 50%, and 70% above Standard 90.1-1999 New Buildings (30%) -
Small Office Buildings - published Small Retail – published Retail – published K-12 Schools Warehouse Highway Lodging
For an explanation of how lighting is treated in the office guide see www.energycodes.gov/training/pdfs/webcast_adv_lighiting_lane.pdf
‘Sustainability ’ is a simple and good general ‘Sustainability’ definition when is applied to planet Earth, however, it is difficult to apply the concept, in aa meaningful way, to an individual earthly component such as a building ! ASHRAE focused on “ green” ” buildings on “green ! and so the GreenGuide was developed !
- specifically directed toward practitioners.
But why bother with a GreenGuide? GreenGuide? ! ! ! ! !
Doing the right thing Regulations Lowering ownership costs Increased productivity Filling a design need
But why bother with a GreenGuide? GreenGuide?
Doing the Right Thing
Regulations
The motivations and reasons for implementing green buildings are diverse b ut can be condensed but into essentially wanting to do the right thing to protect the earth’ earth’ s resources. For some, a wakeup call occurred in 1973 with the oil embargo embargo – – and and with it a realization that there may be a need to manage our planet’ planet’ s finite resources.
Society has recognized that previous industrial and developmental actions caused long-term damage to our environment, resulting in loss of food sources and plant and animal species, and changes to the earth’ earth’ s climate. As a result of learning from past mistakes and studying the environment, the international community identified certain actions that threaten our ecosystem’ ecosystem’ s bio-diversity —and —and consequently it developed several governmental regulations designed to protect our environment. Thus, in this sense, the green design initiative began with the implementation of building regulations. An example is the regulated phasing out of chlorofluorocarbons.
Lowering Ownership Costs Green design is lowering the total cost of ownership in terms of resource management and energy efficiency. - controlling controlling site storm water for use in rigation in irirrigation incorporating energy efficiency measures in HVAC design - developing maintenance strategies to ensure continued high-level building performance.
Increased Productivity Recognition of increased productivity from a building that is comfortable and enjoyable and provides healthy conditions. Comfortable occupants are less distracted, able to focus better on their tasks/activities, and appreciate the physiological benefits good green design provides.
ASHRAE’ ASHRAE’ s Green Design
Filling A Design Need There are increasing numbers of building owners and developers asking for green design services. There is considerable business for design professionals who can master the principles of green design and provide leadership in this.
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aware of and respects nature and and the natural order of things a green building is one that achieves high performance, over the full life cycle, in the following areas - minimal consumption of non-renewable and depletable natural resources - minimal atmospheric emissions - minimal discharge of harmful wastes "
including those from demolition demolition of of the the building building
- minimal negative impacts on site ecosystems
ASHRAE Green Guide The Design Process
ASHRAE Green Guide – Overview Guide – Overview Content: Three Basic Sections
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Chapter 3 – Commissioning 3 – Commissioning - Why is this the 3 rd chapter chapter in the book? - Phases of Commissioning
Basics (Chapters 1 – 2) Design Process (Chapters 3– 16)
Design
Construction
Preliminary
Acceptance
Post Design Continuous Commissioning
The Design Process Chapter 3 - Commissioning !
The Design Process Chapter 3 - Commissioning
Commissioning models (who is in charge?) -
Design team? General contractor? Individual contractors (mechanical, electrical)? Third party? … Pages 51-52
The Design Process Chapter 3 - Commissioning
The Design Process Chapter 4 – Architectural Design 4 – Architectural Linking Architectural Design to Engineering
How is commissioning done locally? Effectiveness?
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The Design Process Chapter 4 – Architectural Design 4 – Architectural General Organization ! !
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Description High Performance Strategies Elements of Cost Sources of Further Information
Site Form / Function/ Geometry
Envelope - Thermal - Moisture - Light
The Design Process Chapter 4 – Architectural Design 4 – Architectural !
High Performance Strategies - Safety, Infection Control - Energy - Occupant Comfort
The Design Process Chapter 4 – Architectural Design 4 – Architectural ! !
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Energy Occupant Comfort Cost
The Design Process Chapter 5 – Early Stages 5 – Early Program Predesign
Schematic Design
Potential for Sustainability
Design Development
Construction Documents
Construction Management
PostConstruction
Impact ofcareful selectionof ConstructionTeam Impact of Commissioning
- Filtration - Heat Recovery Degree of Effort
Design to Construction Time Line
The Design Process Chapter 5 – Early Stages 5 – Early !
Setting Goals: Traditional - Program, cost, schedule …
Green design project -
Energy (total, peak, renewable) Water use Materials (construction, occupancy) Occupant satisfaction, comfort, health LEED certification?
The Design Process Chapter 5 – Early Stages 5 – Early Integrated Building Design: More on this later this session
The Design Process Chapter 5 – Early Stages 5 – Early !
Daylighting Modeling Example Daylight renderings from South-West corner of the building looking North-East. Simulation for June 21.
Building Modeling
12:00 Noon
- Energy - Daylighting - Building Information Modeling Page 96
2:00 P.M.
The Design Process Chapter 7 – Load Determination 7 – Load !
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Daylight Harvesting Design: Key Points
First order of business … Reduce Reduce loads Example of impact of higher building thermal mass – Fig. 7-4
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Chapter 7 – Load Determination 7 – Load
Site Geometry Envelope - Thermal - Moisture - Light
Pages 132-134
Chapter 7 – Load Determination 7 – Load !
Daylight Harvesting Design: Key Points
Chapter 7 – Load Determination 7 – Load !
Different Facades Require Different Design Strategies: South !
South-facing
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Different Facades Require Different Design Strategies: North !
- Exposed to the sun all day - Shade with overhangs to limit limit overhead solar rays - In hot climates, consider shading with fins to limit morning and afternoon solar gains in the winter - In cold climates, use only only overhangs (for passive solar heating) - Shade with light shelves that that will reflect light into the space * All strategies assume a design for latitudes between 25 – 40 deg. N latitude
Daylight Harvesting Design: Key Points
North-facing - Exposed to direct sun during morning and afternoon a few months each summer (at latitudes between 0 to 40 deg. N) - Shade with shallow fins to guard against summer heat gain - Shade with light shelves that will reflect light into the space #
* All strategies assume a design for latitudes between 25 – 40 deg. N latitude
Chapter 7 – Load Determination 7 – Load !
HVAC Design: Key Considerations (pg 136)
Chapter 8 – Thermal Comfort Delivery 8 – Thermal !
- May seem basic, but is a good check list
Chapters has much discussion on different available methods for energy transfer - Air systems - Liquid pumps - Heat recovery
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Chapter 8 – Thermal Comfort Delivery 8 – Thermal !
Green Tips: -
Energy recovery #7-9 Displacement ventilation #10 Dedicated outdoor air systems #11 Demand controlled ventilation #12 Hybrid (mixed-mode) ventilation #13
Chapter 9 – Interaction with Local 9 – Interaction Environment Indoor Environmental Quality ! Cooling Tower Systems ! District Energy Systems ! Acoustics ! Green Roofs, Cool Roofs ! Designing Healthy Buildings !
Chapter 9: Cooling Tower Systems
Cooling Tower Water Treatment !
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Water treatment Drift Spills
Traditional: chemical treatment with biocides, corrosion and scale prevention - Biocidal Control " "
Continuous chlorination at 0.5 ppm. Isothiazoline (1.5%) slug fed to 2 ppm once per week
- Corrosion and Scale Control - Maintained constant Zinc at 2 ppm Polyphosphate at 20 ppm " Triazole at 3 ppm " "
Where Does the Chlorine Go? Drift @ 0.005% = 1,440 gallons/mo (5,700 liters)
Chlorine 99% released as gas – 71 pounds/month (32 kg)
Blowdown @ 4 Cycles = 36,960 gallons/mo (145,000 liters) – 0.16 lbs (0.07 kg) of Chlorine
Improperly Installed Drift Eliminators
Acoustics !
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Description:
- Pulsed electric fields used to control scaling, biological growth and corrosion Pro ! Lower energy and water use ! More benign blowdown water Con ! Energy use to operate ! Water with high chloride or silica content limits effective use
Acoustics !
Criteria: Noise (NC), Room (RC) and dBA 2007 ASHRAE Applications Handbook, Ch. 47
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Indoor sound sources
Cool Roof Technologies
Outdoor sound control
Reflects 30 to 60% of incident solar
Sound barrier in dense urban setting
Courtesy: Neil Moiseev (Shen, Milsom & Wilke Inc.)
Absorbs 40 to 70% (heats roof and adds to cooling load and urban heat island)
Reflects ~ 80% of incident solar Absorbs ~ 20%
Conventional Roof
Cool Roof
Chapter 10 – Energy Distribution 10 – Energy !
General discussion on: - Steam - Hydronic systems - Air
Chapter 11 – Energy Conversion 11 – Energy ! !
Heating plants Cooling (chilled water) plants - Chillers - Thermal energy storage
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Applicability: - Chilled water - Hot water - Condenser water loops
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Distributed electrical generation Combined systems (cooling, heat, power)
One Method Possibly Applicable
Chapter 11 – Energy Conversion 11 – Energy !
Desiccant dehumidification
Exhaust
One approach … Supply
Another conce pt uses solar energy for heat
Chapter 12 – Energy Sources 12 – Energy !
Solar energy applications - Buildings with large potential thermal need (e.g., hotels); but space limitations for collectors - Photovoltaic, but cost is still the issue - Building integrated PV
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Primarily architectural issue, but engineers can help push the energy benefits
A PV skylight entryway (Courtesy of DOE/NREL)
Chapter 13 – Lighting Systems 13 – Lighting !
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HVAC engineers primarily involved in lighting contribution to load calculations New lighting concepts can require a little more engineering thought
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“Conventional ” light tubes “Conventional”
www.solatube.com
- Daylight harvesting !
Hybrid lighting (Oak Ridge Nat’ Nat’ l Lab, U.S.)
Chapter 15: Building Control Systems
Chapter 14 – Plumbing 14 – Plumbing !
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Water consumption important issue worldwide Not as much an HVAC issue (exception cooling towers, evaporative cooling)
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Control systems play vital role for realizing and sustaining the efficiency levels originally designed into the building systems Sustained Efficiency -
Chapter 15: Building Control Systems !
Pages 322 – 329: How building control 322 – 329: can help achieve LEED credit points Example: Sample Indoor Air Quality control display, Figure 15-4 pg. 327
Energy M&V Water Operator training Indoor Environmental Quality
Chapter 18 – O&M, 18 – O&M, Performance Evaluation !
Commissioning (Cx) - Initial occupancy - Retro-commissioning (continuous commissioning) – 2 to 5 years after initial commissioning) – 2 - Engineers start off helping with Cx projects before going before going into design
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Occupant surveys
Where to next?? Page 355
Proposed Standard 189 !
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Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings Minimum requirements for the design of sustainable buildings to balance -
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environmental responsibility resource efficiency occupant comfort and well-being community sensitivity
Using USGBC’ USGBC’ s LEED Green Building Rating System as key resource
Link for all ASHRAE information in this area (including downloadable Green Tips) www.engineeringforsustainability .org www.engineeringforsustainability.org Thanks to Tom Lawrence for most of the slides Tim Dwyer ( timdwyer@lsbu ) timdwyer@lsbu .ac.uk .ac.uk
