XDGC 0
Xdxtl rdnukh`hl hd ic Idy hdi Dstctutl oãs`al hdi dgpidchl pòoi`al pòoi`al (_dci hdardtl idm`sict`vl 4/?:34, hd 1: hd latuord)2 aicsds hd dgpidchls pòoi`als5 hdrdafls y hdodrds hdi dgpidchl pòoi`al5 rdprdsdktca`ñk, pcrt`a`pca`ñk y kdmla`ca`ñk alidat`vc
_dndrdka`cs idm`sict`vcs
_dci Hdardtl Idm`sict`vl 4/?:34, hd 1: hd latuord, plr di qud sd cprudoc di tdxtl rdnukh`hl hd ic Idy hdi Dstctutl Oãs`al hdi Dgpidchl Zòoi`al
Lobdt`vls
Alkladr ic aics`n`aca`ñk hdi pdrslkci ci sdrv`a`l hd ics Chg`k`strca`l Chg`k`strca`lkds kds Zòoi`acs Dxcg`kcr ils hdrdafls y hdodrds hd ils dgpidchls pòoi`als Qcodr añgl sd crt`auic di s`stdgc hd rdprdsdktca`ñk, pcrt`a`pca`ñk y kdmla`ca`ñk alidat`vc dk di acsl hd ils dgpidchls pòoi`als
dh`tlr`ci } adp
3. XDVXL _DNTKH@ _DNTKH@HL HL HD IC IDP HDI DQXCXTXL OÃQ@AL HDI DGZIDCHL ZÒOI@AL (_DCI HDA_DXL IDM@QICX@^L 4/?:34, HD 1: HD LAXTO_D)2 AICQDQ HD DGZIDCHLQ ZÒOI@ALQ5 HD_DAFLQ P HDOD_DQ HDI DGZIDCHL ZÒOI@AL5 _DZ_DQDKXCA@ÑK, ZC_X@A@ZCA@ÑK P KDMLA@CA@ÑK ALIDAX@^C 3.3 Dstruaturc Di _dci Hdardtl Idm`sict`vl 4/?:34, hd 1: hd latuord, plr di qud sd cprudoc di tdxtl rdnukh`hl hd ic Idy hdi Dstctutl Oãs`al hdi Dgpidchl Zòoi`al alkstc hd 3:: crtçauils, h`v`h`hls dk lafl Xçtuils. Qd algpidtc alk h`da`sà`s H`spls`a`lkds Ch`a`lkcids, lafl H`spls`a`lkds Xrcks`tlr`cs, ukc H`spls`a`ñk Hdrlmctlr`c y auctrl H`spls`a`lkds N`kcids. Qd dstruaturc ds ic s`mu`dktd2
_DCI HDA_DXL IDM@QICX@^L 4/?:34, HD 1: HD LAXTO_D, ZL_ DI STD QD CZ_TDOC DI XDVXL _DNTKH@HL HD IC IDP HDI DQXCXTXL OÃQ@AL HDI DGZIDCHL ZÒOI@AL - XÇXTIL @. Lobdtl y ãgo`tl hd cpi`aca`ñk - XÇXTIL @@. Zdrslkci Zdrslkci ci sdrv`a`l sdrv`a`l hd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs ½ ACZÇXTIL @. Aicsds hd pdrslkci ½ ACZÇXTIL @@. Zdrslkci h`rdat`vl - XÇXTIL @@@. Hdrdafls y hdodrds. Añh`ml hd alkhuatc hd ils dgpidchls dgpidchls pòoi`als ½ ACZÇXTIL @. Hdrdafls hd ils dgpidchls pòoi`als ½ ACZÇXTIL @@. Hdrdafl c ic acrrdrc prlnds`lkci prlnds`lkci y c ic prlgla`ñk `ktdrkc. Ic dvciuca`ñk hdi hdsdgpdól ½ ACZÇXTIL @@@. Hdrdafls rdtr`out`vls ½ ACZÇXTIL @^. Hdrdafl c ic kdmla`ca`ñk kdmla`ca`ñk alidat`vc, rdprdsdktca`ñk y pcrt`a`pca`ñk `kst`tua`lkci. Hdrdafl hd rduk`ñk ½ ACZÇXTIL ^. Hdrdafl c ic blrkchc hd trcocbl, pdrg`sls pdrg`sls y vcaca`lkds ½ ACZÇXTIL ^@. Hdodrds hd ils dgpidchls pòoi`als. Añh`ml hd Alkhuatc - XÇXTIL @^. Chqu`s`a`ñk y pàrh`hc hd ic rdica`ñk rdica`ñk hd sdrv`a`l ½ ACZÇXTIL @. Caadsl ci dgpidl pòoi`al y chqu`s`a`ñk hd ic rdica`ñk hd sdrv`a`l sdrv`a`l ½ ACZÇXTIL @@. Zàrh`hc hd ic rdica`ñk hd sdrv`a`l - XÇXTIL ^. Lrhdkca`ñk hd ic cat`v`hch prlnds`lkci ½ ACZÇXTIL @. Zick`n`aca`ñk hd rdaursls fugckls ½ ACZÇXTIL @@. Dstruaturca`ñk hdi dgpidl pòoi`al ½ ACZÇXTIL @@@. Zrlv`s`ñk hd pudstls hd trcocbl y glv`i`hch
?46
Xdgc 0
dh`tlr`ci } adp
- XÇXTIL ^@. Q`tuca`lkds chg`k`strct`vcs - XÇXTIL ^@@. _àm`gdk h`sa`pi`kcr`l - XÇXTIL ^@@@. Allpdrca`ñk dktrd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs - H@QZLQ@A@LKDQ CH@A@LKCIDQ (3>) - H@QZLQ@A@LKDQ X_CKQ@XL_@CQ (6) - H@QZLQ@A@ÑK HD_LMCXL_@C - H@QZLQ@A@LKDQ N@KCIDQ (8)
3.? Lobdtl y ãgo`tl hd cpi`aca`ñk C. Lobdtl Di prdsdktd Dstctutl t`dkd plr lobdtl dstcoidadr ics ocsds hdi ràm`gdk dstctutcr`l hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls pòoi`als `kaiu`hls dk su ãgo`tl hd cpi`aca`ñk. Cs`g`sgl t`dkd plr lobdtl hdtdrg`kcr ics klrgcs cpi`acoids ci pdrslkci icolrci ci sdrv`a`l hd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs. Dstd Dstctutl rdnidbc, hdi g`sgl glhl, ils s`mu`dktds nukhcgdktls hd catuca`ñk2 c) Qdrv`a`l c ils ils a`uhchckls y c ils `ktdrdsds mdkdrcids. o) @mucihch, gàr`tl y acpca`hch dk di di caadsl y dk ic prlgla`ñk prlnds`lkci. a) Qlgdt`g`dktl pidkl c ic idy y ci Hdrdafl. h) @mucihch hd trctl dktrd gubdrds y flgords. d) Lobdt`v`hch, prlnds`lkci`hch d `gpcra`ci`hch dk di sdrv`a`l mcrckt`zchcs mcrckt`zchcs alk ic `kcglv`i`hch dk ic alkh`a`ñk hd nuka`lkcr`l hd acrrdrc. n) Dn`aca`c dk ic pick`n`aca`ñk y mdst`ñk mdst`ñk hd ils rdaursls fugckls. m) Hdscrrliil y auci`n`aca`ñk auci`n`aca`ñk prlnds`lkci pdrgckdktd hd ils dgpidchls pòoi`als. f) Xrckspcrdka`c. `) Dvciuca`ñk y rdsplksco`i`hch dk ic mdst`ñk. b) Bdrcrquçc dk ic ctr`oua`ñk, lrhdkca`ñk y hdsdgpdól hd ics nuka`lkds y tcrdcs. e) Kdmla`ca`ñk alidat`vc y pcrt`a`pca`ñk, c trcvàs hd ils rdprdsdktcktds, dk ic hdtdrg`kca`ñk hd ics alkh`a`lkds hd dgpidl. i) Allpdrca`ñk dktrd dktrd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs dk ic rdmuica`ñk y mdst`ñk hdi dgpidl pòoi`al.
Dstctutl Oãs`al hdi Dgpidchl Zòoi`al
?40
dh`tlr`ci } adp
O. Ãgo`tl hd cpi`aca`ñk Dstd Dstctutl sd cpi`ac ci pdrslkci nuka`lkcr`l y dk il qud prladhc ci pdrslkci icolrci ci sdrv`a`l hd ics s`mu`dktds Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs2 c) Ic Chg`k`strca`ñk Chg`k`strca`ñk Mdkdrci hdi Dstchl. o) Ics Chg`k`strca`lkds hd ics alguk`hchds alguk`hchds cutñklgcs y hd ics a`uhchds hd Adutc y Gdi`iic. a) Ics Chg`k`strca`lkds hd ics dkt`hchds ilacids. h) Ils lrmck`sgls pòoi`als, cmdka`cs cmdka`cs y hdgãs dkt`hchds hd hdrdafl pòoi`al alk pdrslkci`hch pdrslkci`hch burçh`ac prlp`c, v`kauichcs l hdpdkh`dktds hd auciqu`drc hd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs. d) Ics Tk`vdrs`hchds Zòoi`acs. Dk ic cpi`aca`ñk hd dstd Dstctutl ci pdrslkci `kvdst`mchlr sd plhrãk h`atcr klrgcs s`kmuicrds pcrc chdaucril c sus pdaui`cr`hchds. Di pdrslkci hladktd y di pdrslkci dstctutcr`l hd ils Qdrv`a`ls hd Qciuh sd rdm`rãk plr ic idm`sica`ñk dspdaçn`ac h`atchc plr di Dstchl y plr ics Alguk`hchds Cutñklgcs dk di ãgo`tl hd sus rdspdat`vcs algpdtdka`cs y plr il prdv`stl dk di prdsdktd Dstctutl, dxadptl di Acpçtuil @@ hdi Xçtuil @@@ (Hdrdafl c ic acrrdrc prlnds`lkci y c ic prlgla`ñk `ktdrkc. Ic dvciuca`ñk hdi hdsdgpdól), scivl2 - Di crtçauil ?:2 Ic dvciuca`ñk hdi hdsdgpdól - Di crtçauil ??.12 Ics rdtr`oua`lkds algpidgdktcr`cs slk slk ics qud rdtr`ouydk ics acrcatdrçst`acs hd ils pudstls hd trcocbl, ic acrrdrc prlnds`lkci l di hdsdgpdól, rdkh`g`dktl l rdsuitchls ciackzchls plr di nuka`lkcr`l. - Di crtçauil ?82 _dtr`oua`lkds algpidgdktcr`cs - Di crtçauil 682 Ic glv`i`hch vliuktcr`c dktrd Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs Achc vdz qud dstd Dstctutl fcmc gdka`ñk ci pdrslkci nuka`lkcr`l hd acrrdrc sd dktdkhdrã algprdkh`hl di pdrslkci dstctutcr`l hd ils Qdrv`a`ls hd Qciuh. Di Dstctutl t`dkd t`dkd acrãatdr supidtlr`l pcrc pcrc tlhl di pdrslkci hd hd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs kl `kaiu`hl dk dk su ãgo`tl hd cpi`aca`ñk. cpi`aca`ñk.
3.1 Zdrslkci ci sdrv`a`l hd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs C. Alkadptl y aicsds hd dgpidchls pòoi`als Qlk dgpidchls pòoi`als qu`dkds hdsdgpdóck nuka`lkds rdtr`ou`hcs dk ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs ci sdrv`a`l hd ils `ktdrdsds mdkdrcids. Ils dgpidchls pòoi`als sd aics`n`ack dk2 c) Nuka`lkcr`ls hd acrrdrc. o) Nuka`lkcr`ls `ktdr`kls. a) Zdrslkci icolrci, yc sdc n`bl, plr t`dgpl `khdn`k`hl l tdgplrci.
?>:
Xdgc 0
dh`tlr`ci } adp
h) Zdrslkci dvdktuci.
c. Nuka`lkcr`ls hd acrrdrc Qlk nuka`lkcr`ls hd acrrdrc qu`dkds, dk v`rtuh hd klgorcg`dktl idmci, dstãk v`kauichls c ukc Chg`k`strca`ñk Zòoi`ac plr ukc rdica`ñk dstctutcr`c rdmuichc plr di Hdrdafl Chg`k`strct`vl pcrc di hdsdgpdól hd sdrv`a`ls prlnds`lkcids rdtr`ou`hls hd acrãatdr pdrgckdktd. Dk tlhl acsl, di dbdra`a`l hd ics nuka`lkds qud `gpi`qudk ic pcrt`a`pca`ñk h`rdatc l `kh`rdatc dk di dbdra`a`l hd ics pltdstchds pòoi`acs l dk ic scivcmucrh`c hd ils `ktdrdsds ` ktdrdsds mdkdrcids hdi Dstchl y hd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs alrrdsplkhdk dxaius`vcgdktd c ils nuka`lkcr`ls pòoi`als, dk ils tàrg`kls qud dk ic idy hd hdscrrliil hd achc Chg`k`strca`ñk Zòoi`ac sd dstcoidzac.
o. Nuka`lkcr`ls Nuka`lkcr`ls `ktdr`kls Qlk nuka`lkcr`ls `ktdr`kls ils qud, plr rczlkds dxprdscgdktd bust`n`achcs hd kdads`hch y urmdka`c, slk klgorchls algl tcids pcrc di hdsdgpdól hd nuka`lkds prlp`cs hd nuka`lkcr`ls hd acrrdrc, auckhl sd hà cimukc hd ics s`mu`dktds a`raukstcka`cs2
C ils nuka`lkcr`ls nuka`lkcr`ls `ktdr`kls ids sdrã cpi`acoid, dk aucktl sdc chdauchl c ic kcturcidzc hd su alkh`a`ñk, di ràm`gdk mdkdrci hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls hd acrrdrc.
c) Ic dx`stdka`c hd piczcs vcacktds auckhl kl sdc pls`oid su alodrturc plr nuka`lkcr`ls hd acrrdrc. o) Ic sust`tua`ñk trcks`tlr`c hd ils t`tuicrds. a) Ic dbdaua`ñk hd prlmrcgcs hd acrãatdr tdgplrci, qud kl plhrãk tdkdr ukc hurca`ñk supdr`lr c trds cóls, cgpi`coid fcstc hlad gdsds gãs plr ics idyds hd Nuka`ñk Zòoi`ac qud sd h`atdk dk hdscrrliil hd dstd Dstctutl. h) Di dxadsl l cauguica`ñk hd tcrdcs plr piczl gãx`gl hd sd`s sd`s gdsds, hdktrl hd uk pdr`lhl hd hlad gdsds. Ic sdidaa`ñk hd nuka`lkcr`ls `ktdr`kls fcorã hd rdci`zcrsd gdh`cktd prladh`g`dktls ãm`ids qud rdspdtcrãk dk tlhl acsl ils pr`ka`p`ls hd `mucihch, gàr`tl, acpca`hch y puoi`a`hch. Di adsd hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls `ktdr`kls sd prlhua`rã, chdgãs hd plr ics acuscs prdv`stcs dk di crtçauil >1 (Acuscs hd pàrh`hc hd ic alkh`a`ñk hd nuka`lkcr`l hd acrrdrc), auckhl n`kci`ad ic acusc qud h`l iumcr c su klgorcg`dktl. Dk di supudstl prdv`stl dk ic idtrc c) cktdr`lr, ics piczcs vcacktds hdsdgpdóchcs plr nuka`lkcr`ls `ktdr`kls hdodrãk `kaiu`rsd dk ic lndrtc hd dgpidl alrrdsplkh`dktd ci dbdra`a`l dk qud sd prlhuad su klgorcg`dktl y, s` kl nudrc pls`oid, dk ic s`mu`dktd, scivl qud sd hda`hc su cglrt`zca`ñk. Di pdrslkci `ktdr`kl auyc hds`mkca`ñk sdc alksdaudka`c hd ic dbdaua`ñk hd prlmrcgcs hd acrãatdr tdgplrci l hdi dxadsl l cauguica`ñk hd tcrdcs plr piczl gãx`gl hd sd`s gdsds, hdktrl hd uk pdrçlhl hd hlad gdsds, plhrã prdstcr ils sdrv`a`ls qud sd id dkalg`dkhdk dk ic uk`hch chg`k`strct`vc dk ic qud sd prlhuzac su klgorcg`dktl l dk ltrcs uk`hchds chg`k`strct`vcs dk ics qud hdsdgpdód nuka`lkds ckãilmcs, s`dgprd qud, rdspdat`vcgdktd, h`afcs uk`hchds pcrt`a`pdk dk di ãgo`tl hd cpi`aca`ñk hdi a`tchl prlmrcgc hd acrãatdr tdgplrci, alk di içg`td hd hurca`ñk sdócichl dk dstd crtçauil, l dstàk cndatchcs plr ic gdka`lkchc cauguica`ñk hd tcrdcs.
Dstctutl Oãs`al hdi Dgpidchl Zòoi`al
?>3
dh`tlr`ci } adp
a. Zdrslkci icolrci Ds pdrslkci icolrci di qud dk v`rtuh hd alktrctl hd trcocbl nlrgci`zchl plr dsar`tl, dk auciqu`drc hd ics glhci`hchds hd alktrctca`ñk hd pdrslkci prdv`stcs dk ic idm`sica`ñk icolrci, prdstc sdrv`a`ls rdtr`ou`hls plr ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs. Dk nuka`ñk hd ic hurca`ñk hdi alktrctl àstd plhrã sdr n`bl, plr t`dgpl `khdn`k`hl l tdgplrci. Ics idyds hd Nuka`ñk Zòoi`ac qud sd h`atdk dk hdscrrliil hd dstd Dstctutl dstcoidadrãk ils ar`tdr`ls pcrc ic hdtdrg`kca`ñk hd ils pudstls hd trcocbl qud pudhdk sdr hdsdgpdóchls plr pdrslkci icolrci, rdspdtckhl dk tlhl acsl il dstcoida`hl dk di crtçauil 0. ? (dbdra`a`l hd ics nuka`lkds qud `gpi`qudk ic pcrt`a`pca`ñk h`rdatc l `kh`rdatc dk di dbdra`a`l hd ics pltdstchds pòoi`acs).
h. Zdrslkci dvdktuci Ds pdrslkci dvdktuci di qud, dk v`rtuh hd klgorcg`dktl y alk acrãatdr kl pdrgckdktd, sñil rdci`zc nuka`lkds dxprdscgdktd aci`n`achcs algl hd alkn`ckzc l csdslrcg`dktl dspda`ci, s`dkhl rdtr`ou`hl alk acrml c ils aràh`tls prdsupudstcr`ls alks`mkchls pcrc dstd n`k. Ics idyds hd Nuka`ñk Zòoi`ac qud sd h`atdk dk hdscrrliil hd dstd Dstctutl hdtdrg`kcrãk ils ñrmckls hd mlo`drkl hd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs qud plhrãk h`splkdr hd dstd t`pl hd pdrslkci. Di kògdrl gãx`gl sd dstcoidadrã plr ils rdspdat`vls ñrmckls hd mlo`drkl. Dstd kògdrl y ics alkh`a`lkds rdtr`out`vcs sdrãk pòoi`acs. Di klgorcg`dktl y adsd sdrãk i`ords. Di adsd tdkhrã iumcr, dk tlhl acsl, auckhl sd prlhuzac di hd ic cutlr`hch c ic qud sd prdstd ic nuka`ñk hd alkn`ckzc l csdslrcg`dktl. Ic alkh`a`ñk hd pdrslkci pdrslkci dvdktuci kl plhrã plhrã alkst`tu`r gàr`tl pcrc di di caadsl c ic Nuka`ñk Zòoi`ac l pcrc ic prlgla`ñk `ktdrkc.
Ci pdrslkci dvdktuci id sdrã cpi`acoid, dk il qud sdc chdauchl c ic kcturcidzc hd su alkh`a`ñk, di ràm`gdk mdkdrci hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls hd acrrdrc.
O. Zdrslkci h`rdat`vl prlnds`lkci Di Mlo`drkl y ils ñrmckls hd mlo`drkl hd ics alguk`hchds cutñklgcs plhrãk dstcoidadr, dk hdscrrliil hd dstd Dstctutl, di ràm`gdk burçh`al dspdaçn`al hdi pdrslkci h`rdat`vl csç algl ils ar`tdr`ls pcrc hdtdrg`kcr su alkh`a`ñk, hd caudrhl, dktrd ltrls, alk ils s`mu`dktds pr`ka`p`ls2 - Ds pdrslkci h`rdat`vl di qud hdscrrliic nuka`lkds h`rdat`vcs prlnds`lkcids dk ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs, hdn`k`hcs algl tcids dk ics klrgcs dspdaçn`acs hd achc Chg`k`strca`ñk. - Qu hds`mkca`ñk ctdkhdrã c pr`ka`p`ls hd gàr`tl y acpca`hch y c ar`tdr`ls hd `hlkd`hch, y sd iidvcrã c acol gdh`cktd prladh`g`dktls qud mcrckt`adk ic puoi`a`hch y alkaurrdka`c. - Di pdrslkci h`rdat`vl dstcrã subdtl c dvciuca`ñk alk crrdmil c ils ar`tdr`ls hd dn`aca`c y dn`a`dka`c, rdsplksco`i`hch plr su mdst`ñk y alktrli hd rdsuitchls dk rdica`ñk alk ils lobdt`vls qud ids fcyck s`hl n`bchls. - Ic hdtdrg`kca`ñk hd ics alkh`a`lkds hd dgpidl hdi pdrslkci h`rdat`vl kl tdkhrã ic alks`hdrca`ñk hd gctdr`c lobdtl hd kdmla`ca`ñk alidat`vc c ils dndatls hd dstc idy. Auckhl di pdrslkci h`rdat`vl rdòkc ic alkh`a`ñk hd pdrslkci icolrci dstcrã slgdt`hl c ic rdica`ñk icolrci hd acrãatdr dspda`ci hd citc h`rdaa`ñk.
?>?
Xdgc 0
dh`tlr`ci } adp
3.8 Hdrdafls y hdodrds. Añh`ml Añh`ml hd alkhuatc hd ils dgpidchls pòoi`als C. Hdrdafls hd ils dgpidchls pòoi`als c. Hdrdafls `kh`v`hucids Ils dgpidchls pòoi`als t`dkdk ils s`mu`dktds hdrdafls hd acrãatdr `kh`v`huci dk alrrdsplkhdka`c alk ic kcturcidzc burçh`ac hd su rdica`ñk hd sdrv`a`l2 c) C ic `kcglv`i`hch dk dk ic alkh`a`ñk hd nuka`lkcr`l hd acrrdrc. acrrdrc. o) Ci hdsdgpdól dndat`vl hd ics nuka`lkds l tcrdcs prlp`cs hd su alkh`a`ñk prlnds`lkci y hd caudrhl alk ic prlmrds`ñk ciackzchc dk su acrrdrc prlnds`lkci. a) C ic prlmrds`ñk dk ic acrrdrc prlnds`lkci y prlgla`ñk `ktdrkc sdmòk pr`ka`p`ls alkst`tua`lkcids hd `mucihch, gàr`tl y acpca`hch gdh`cktd ic `gpicktca`ñk hd s`stdgcs lobdt`vls y trckspcrdktds hd dvciuca`ñk. h) C pdra`o`r ics rdtr`oua`lkds y ics `khdgk`zca`lkds plr rczñk hdi sdrv`a`l. d) C pcrt`a`pcr dk ic alksdaua`ñk alksdaua`ñk hd ils lobdt`vls ctr`ou`hls c ic uk`hch hlkhd prdstd sus sdrv`a`ls y c sdr `knlrgchl plr sus supdr`lrds hd ics tcrdcs c hdscrrliicr. n) C ic hdndksc burçh`ac y prltdaa`ñk hd ic Chg`k`strca`ñk Zòoi`ac dk ils prladh`g`dktls qud sd s`mck cktd auciqu`dr lrhdk bur`sh`aa`lkci algl alksdaudka`c hdi dbdra`a`l idmçt`gl hd sus nuka`lkds l acrmls pòoi`als. m) C ic nlrgca`ñk nlrgca`ñk alkt`kuc y c ic catuci`zca`ñk pdrgckdktd pdrgckdktd hd sus alkla`g`dktls y acpca`hchds prlnds`lkcids, prdndrdktdgdktd dk flrcr`l icolrci. f) Ci rdspdtl hd su `kt`g`hch, lr`dktca`ñk sdxuci, prlp`c `gcmdk y h`mk`hch dk di trcocbl, dspda`cigdktd nrdktd ci calsl sdxuci y plr rczñk hd sdxl, glrci y icolrci. `) C ic kl h`sar`g`kca`ñk plr rczñk hd kca`g`dktl, lr`mdk rca`ci l àtk`al, màkdrl, sdxl u lr`dktca`ñk sdxuci, rdi`m`ñk l alkv`aa`lkds, lp`k`ñk, h`sacpca`hch, dhch l auciqu`dr ltrc alkh`a`ñk l a`raukstcka`c pdrslkci l sla`ci. b) C ic chlpa`ñk hd gdh`hcs qud ncvlrdzack ic alka`i`ca`ñk hd ic v`hc pdrslkci, ncg`i`cr y icolrci. e) C ic i`odrtch hd dxprds`ñk hdktrl hd ils içg`tds hdi lrhdkcg`dktl burçh`al. i) C rda`o`r prltdaa`ñk dn`acz dk gctdr`c hd sdmur`hch sdmur`hch y sciuh dk di trcocbl.
Dstctutl Oãs`al hdi Dgpidchl Zòoi`al
Ils nuka`lkcr`ls hd acrrdrc plhrãk prlmrdscr s`guitãkdcgdktd dk ics glhci`hchds hd acrrdrc flr`zlktci y vdrt`aci auckhl ic Chg`k`strca`ñk alrrdsplkh`dktd ics fcyc `gpicktchl dk uk g`sgl ãgo`tl.
?>1
dh`tlr`ci } adp
g) C ics vcaca`lkds, hdsacksls, pdrg`sls y i`adka`cs. k) C ic buo`ica`ñk sdmòk ils tàrg`kls tàrg`kls y alkh`a`lkds dstcoida`hcs dk ics klrgcs cpi`acoids. l) C ics prdstca`lkds hd ic Qdmur`hch Qla`ci alrrdsplkh`dktds ci ràm`gdk qud ids sdc sdc hd cpi`aca`ñk. p) C ic i`ord csla`ca`ñk prlnds`lkci. q) C ils hdgãs hdrdafls hdrdafls rdalkla`hls plr di lrhdkcg`dktl burçh`al.
o. Hdrdafls `kh`v`hucids dbdra`hls alidat`vcgdktd Ils dgpidchls pòoi`als t`dkdk ils s`mu`dktds hdrdafls `kh`v`hucids qud sd dbdradk hd nlrgc alidat`vc2 c) C ic i`odrtch s`kh`aci. o) C ic kdmla`ca`ñk alidat`vc y c ic pcrt`a`pca`ñk dk ic hdtdrg`kca`ñk hd ics alkh`a`lkds hd trcocbl. a) Ci dbdra`a`l hd ic fudimc, alk ic mcrcktçc hdi gcktdk`g`dktl hd ils sdrv`a`ls dsdka`cids hd ic alguk`hch. h) Ci picktdcg`dktl hd alkni`atls alidat`vls hd trcocbl, hd caudrhl caudrhl alk ic idm`sica`ñk cpi`acoid dk achc acsl. d) Ci hd rduk`ñk, dk ils tàrg`kls dstcoida`hls dk di crtçauil 8> hd dstd Dstctutl.
O. Hdrdafl c ic acrrdrc prlnds`lkci y c ic prlgla`ñk `ktdrkc. Ic dvciuca`ñk hdi hdsdgpdól c. Alkadptl, pr`ka`p`l pr`ka`p`lss y glhci`hchd glhci`hchdss hd ic acrrdrc prlnds`lkci hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls hd acrrdrc Ils nuka`lkcr`ls hd acrrdrc tdkhrãk hdrdafl c ic prlgla`ñk prlnds`lkci. Ic acrrdrc prlnds`lkci ds di alkbuktl lrhdkchl hd lplrtuk`hchds hd csadksl y dxpdatct`vcs hd prlmrdsl prlnds`lkci alknlrgd c ils pr`ka`p`ls hd `mucihch, gàr`tl y acpca`hch. C tci lobdtl ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs prlglvdrãk ic catuci`zca`ñk y pdrndaa`lkcg`dktl hd ic auci`n`aca`ñk prlnds`lkci hd sus nuka`lkcr`ls hd acrrdrc. Ics idyds hd Nuka`ñk Zòoi`ac qud sd h`atdk dk hdscrrliil hd dstd Dstctutl rdmuicrãk ic acrrdrc prlnds`lkci cpi`acoid dk achc ãgo`tl qud plhrãk alks`st`r, dktrd ltrcs, dk ic cpi`aca`ñk c`sichc l s`guitãkdc hd cimukc l cimukcs hd ics s`mu`dktds glhci`hchds2 c) Acrrdrc flr`zlktci, qud alks`std dk ic prlmrds`ñk prlmrds`ñk hd mrchl, actdmlrçc, dsaciñk dsaciñk u ltrls alkadptls ckãilmls, s`k kdads`hch hd acgo`cr hd pudstl hd trcocbl y hd alknlrg`hch alk il dstcoida`hl dk ic idtrc o) hdi crtçauil 3= y dk di cpcrtchl 1 hdi crtçauil ?: hd dstd Dstctutl. o) Acrrdrc vdrt`aci, qud alks`std dk di csadksl dk dk ic dstruaturc hd pudstls hd trcocbl plr ils prladh`g`dktls hd prlv`s`ñk dstcoida`hls dk di acpçtuil @@@ hdi tçtuil ^ hd dstd Dstctutl.
?>8
Xdgc 0
dh`tlr`ci } adp
a) Zrlgla`ñk `ktdrkc vdrt`aci, qud alks`std dk di csadksl hdshd uk audrpl l dsacic hd uk Quomrupl, l Mrupl hd aics`n`aca`ñk prlnds`lkci dk di supudstl hd qud àstd kl tdkmc Quomrupl, c ltrl supdr`lr. h) Zrlgla`ñk `ktdrkc flr`zlktci, qud alks`std dk di caadsl c audrpls audrpls l dsacics hdi g`sgl Quomrupl prlnds`lkci.
o. Acrrdrc flr`zlktci hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls hd acrrdrc Ics idyds hd Nuka`ñk Zòoi`ac qud sd h`atdk dk hdscrrliil hdi prdsdktd Dstctutl plhrãk rdmuicr ic acrrdrc flr`zlktci hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls hd acrrdrc, puh`dkhl cpi`acr, dktrd ltrcs, ics s`mu`dktds rdmics2 c) Qd crt`auicrã uk s`stdgc hd mrchls, actdmlrçcs l dsacilkds hd csadksl n`bãkhlsd ic rdgukdrca`ñk rdgukdrca`ñk c achc ukl hd diils. Ils csadksls sdrãk alksdaut`vls alk acrãatdr mdkdrci, scivl dk cqudiils supudstls dxadpa`lkcids dk ils qud sd prdvdc ltrc pls`o`i`hch. o) Qd hdodrã vcilrcr ic trcydatlr`c y catuca`ñk prlnds`lkci, ic aci`hch hd ils trcocbls rdci`zchls, ils alkla`g`dktls chqu`r`hls y di rdsuitchl hd ic dvciuca`ñk hdi hdsdgpdól. Zlhrãk `kaiu`rsd cs`g`sgl ltrls gàr`tls y cpt`tuhds plr rczñk hd ic dspda`n`a`hch hd ic nuka`ñk hdscrrliichc y ic dxpdr`dka`c chqu`r`hc.
a. Zrlgla`ñk `ktdrkc hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls hd acrrdrc Ic prlgla`ñk `ktdrkc sd rdci`zcrã gdh`cktd prladsls sdidat`vls qud mcrckt`adk di augpi`g`dktl hd ils pr`ka`p`ls alkst`tua`lkcids hd `mucihch, gàr`tl y acpca`hch csç algl ils alktdgpichls dk di crtçauil 44. ? hd dstd Dstctutl. Ils nuka`lkcr`ls hdodrãk plsddr ils rdqu`s`tls dx`m`hls pcrc di `kmrdsl, tdkdr ukc ckt`mùdhch hd, ci gdkls, hls cóls hd sdrv`a`l cat`vl dk di `kndr`lr ` kndr`lr Quomrupl, l Mrupl hd aics`n`aca`ñk prlnds`lkci, dk di supudstl hd qud àstd kl tdkmc Quomrupl y supdrcr ics alrrdsplkh`dktds prudocs sdidat`vcs. Ics idyds hd Nuka`ñk Zòoi`ac qud sd h`atdk dk hdscrrliil hd dstd Dstctutl crt`auicrãk ils s`stdgcs pcrc rdci`zcr ic prlgla`ñk `ktdrkc, csç algl tcgo`àk plhrãk hdtdrg`kcr ils audrpls y dsacics c ils qud plhrãk caadhdr ils nuka`lkcr`ls hd acrrdrc pdrtdkda`dktds c ltrls hd su g`sgl Quomrupl. Cs`g`sgl ics idyds hd Nuka`ñk Zòoi`ac qud sd h`atdk dk hdscrrliil hdi prdsdktd Dstctutl plhrãk hdtdrg`kcr ils audrpls y dsacics c ils qud plhrãk caadhdr ils nuka`lkcr`ls hd acrrdrc pdrtdkda`dktds c ltrls hd su g`sgl Quomrupl. Ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs chlptcrãk gdh`hcs qud `kadkt`vdk ic pcrt`a`pca`ñk hd su pdrslkci dk ils prladsls sdidat`vls hd prlgla`ñk `ktdrkc y pcrc ic prlmrds`ñk dk ic acrrdrc prlnds`lkci.
h. Acrrdrc prlnds`lkci y prlgla`ñk hdi pdrslkci icolrci Di pdrslkci icolrci tdkhrã hdrdafl c ic prlgla`ñk prlnds`lkci. Ic acrrdrc prlnds`lkci y ic prlgla`ñk hdi pdrslkci icolrci sd fcrã dndat`vc c trcvàs hd ils prladh`g`dktls prdv`stls dk di Dstctutl hd ils Xrcocbchlrds l dk ils alkvdk`ls alidat`vls.
d. Ic dvciuca`ñk hdi hdsdgpdó hdsdgpdól l Ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs dstcoidadrãk s`stdgcs qud pdrg`tck ic dvciuca`ñk hdi hdsdgpdól hd sus dgpidchls.
Dstctutl Oãs`al hdi Dgpidchl Zòoi`al
?>4
dh`tlr`ci } adp
Ic dvciuca`ñk hdi hdsdgpdól ds di prladh`g`dktl gdh`cktd di auci sd g`hd y vcilrc ic alkhuatc prlnds`lkci y di rdkh`g`dktl l di ilmrl hd rdsuitchls. Ils s`stdgcs hd dvciuca`ñk hdi hdsdgpdól sd chdaucrãk, dk tlhl acsl, c ar`tdr`ls hd trckspcrdka`c, lobdt`v`hch, `gpcra`ci`hch y kl h`sar`g`kca`ñk y sd cpi`acrãk s`k gdklsacol hd ils hdrdafls hd ils dgpidchls pòoi`als. Ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs hdtdrg`kcrãk ils dndatls hd ic dvciuca`ñk dk ic acrrdrc prlnds`lkci flr`zlktci, ic nlrgca`ñk, ic prlv`s`ñk hd pudstls hd trcocbl y dk ic pdradpa`ñk hd ics rdtr`oua`lkds algpidgdktcr`cs. Ic alkt`ku`hch dk uk pudstl hd trcocbl lotdk`hl plr alkaursl qudhcrã v`kauichc c ic dvciuca`ñk hdi hdsdgpdól hd caudrhl alk ils s`stdgcs hd dvciuca`ñk qud achc Chg`k`strca`ñk Zòoi`ac hdtdrg`kd, hãkhlsd cuh`dka`c ci `ktdrdschl, y plr ic alrrdsplkh`dktd rdsliua`ñk glt`vchc. Ic cpi`aca`ñk hd ic acrrdrc prlnds`lkci flr`zlktci, hd ics rdtr`oua`lkds algpidgdktcr`cs hdr`vchcs hdi cpcrtchl a) hdi crtçauil ?8 hdi prdsdktd Dstctutl (mrchl hd `ktdràs, `k`a`ct`vc l dsnudrzl alk qud di nuka`lkcr`l hdsdgpdóc su trcocbl y di rdkh`g`dktl l rdsuitchls lotdk`hls) y di adsd hdi pudstl hd trcocbl lotdk`hl plr di prladh`g`dktl hd alkaursl rdqudr`rãk ic cprloca`ñk prdv`c, dk achc acsl, hd s`stdgcs lobdt`vls qud pdrg`tck dvciucr di hdsdgpdól hd caudrhl alk il dstcoida`hl cktdr`lrgdktd.
A. Hdrdafls rdtr`out`vls Xàkmcsd dk audktc qud sdmòk h`splkd ic _dsliua`ñk hd ?3 hd buk`l hd ?::=, hd ic Qdardtcrçc Mdkdrci pcrc ic Chg`k`strca`ñk Zòoi`ac, plr ic qud sd puoi`ack ics @kstruaa`lkds, hd 4 hd buk`l hd ?::=, pcrc ic cpi`aca`ñk hdi Dstctutl Oãs`al hdi Dgpidchl Zòoi`al dk di ãgo`tl hd ic Chg`k`strca`ñk Mdkdrci hdi Dstchl y sus lrmck`sgls pòoi`als, di acpçtuil @@@ hdi Xçtuil @@@ hdi Dstctutl Oãs`al (Hdrdafls rdtr`out`vls) prlhua`rã dndatls c pcrt`r hd ic dktrchc dk v`mlr hd ic Idy hd Nuka`ñk Zòoi`ac hd ic Chg`k`strca`ñk Mdkdrci hdi Dstchl, c dxadpa`ñk hdi crtçauil ?4. ?, rdndr`hl ci rdalkla`g`dktl hd tr`dk`ls c ils nuka`lkcr`ls `ktdr`kls.
c. Hdtdrg`kca`ñk hd ics aucktçcs y hd ils `kardgdktls rdtr`out`vls Ics aucktçcs hd ics rdtr`oua`lkds oãs`acs y di `kardgdktl hd ics aucktçcs milocids hd ics rdtr`oua`lkds algpidgdktcr`cs hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls, csç algl di `kardgdktl hd ic gcsc scicr`ci hdi pdrslkci icolrci, hdodrãk rdnidbcrsd pcrc achc dbdra`a`l prdsupudstcr`l dk ic alrrdsplkh`dktd idy hd prdsupudstls. Kl plhrãk calrhcrsd `kardgdktls rdtr`out`vls qud milocigdktd suplkmck uk `kardgdktl hd ic gcsc scicr`ci supdr`lr c ils içg`tds n`bchls ckucigdktd dk ic Idy hd Zrdsupudstls Mdkdrcids hdi Dstchl pcrc di pdrslkci.
o. _dtr`oua`lkds hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls Ics rdtr`oua`lkds hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls hd acrrdrc sd aics`n`ack dk oãs`acs y algpidgdktcr`cs. Ics rdtr`oua`lkds oãs`acs slk ics qud rdtr`ouydk ci nuka`lkcr`l sdmòk ic chsar`pa`ñk hd su audrpl l dsacic c uk hdtdrg`kchl Quomrupl l Mrupl hd aics`n`aca`ñk prlnds`lkci, dk di supudstl hd qud àstd kl tdkmc Quomrupl, y plr su ckt`mùdhch dk di g`sgl. Hdktrl hd diics dstãk algprdkh`hcs ils algplkdktds hd sudihl y tr`dk`ls hd ics pcmcs dxtrclrh`kcr`cs.
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Xdgc 0
dh`tlr`ci } adp
Kl plhrã pdra`o`rsd pcrt`a`pca`ñk dk tr`outls l dk auciqu`dr auciqu`dr ltrl `kmrdsl hd ics Chg`k`strca`lkd Chg`k`strca`lkdss Zòoi`acs algl alktrcprdstca`ñk hd auciqu`dr sdrv`a`l, pcrt`a`pca`ñk l prdg`l dk guitcs `gpudstcs, cuk auckhl dstuv`dsdk klrgct`vcgdktd ctr`ou`hcs c ils sdrv`a`ls.
Ics rdtr`oua`lkds algpidgdktcr`cs slk ics qud rdtr`ouydk ics acrcatdrçst`acs hd ils pudstls hd trcocbl, ic acrrdrc prlnds`lkci l di hdsdgpdól, rdkh`g`dktl l rdsuitchls ciackzchls plr di nuka`lkcr`l. Ics pcmcs dxtrclrh`kcr`cs sdrãk hls ci cól, achc ukc plr di `gplrtd hd ukc gdksuci`hch hd rdtr`oua`lkds oãs`acs y hd ic tltci`hch hd ics rdtr`oua`lkds algpidgdktcr`cs, scivl cquàiics c ics qud sd rdn`drdk ils cpcrtchls a) y h) hdi crtçauil ?8 (rdtr`oua`lkds algpidgdktcr`cs).
a. _dtr`oua`lkds oãs`acs Ics rdtr`oua`lkds oãs`acs, qud sd n`bck dk ic Idy hd Zrdsupudstls Mdkdrcids hdi Dstchl, dstcrãk `ktdmrchcs òk`ac y dxaius`vcgdktd plr2 c) Di sudihl cs`mkchl c achc Quomrupl l Mrupl hd aics`n`aca`ñk prlnds`lkci, dk di supudstl hd qud àstd kl tdkmc Quomrupl. o) Ils tr`dk`ls, qud alks`stdk dk dk ukc ackt`hch, qud sdrã `muci pcrc achc Quomrupl l Mrupl hd aics`n`aca`ñk prlnds`lkci, dk di supudstl hd qud àstd kl tdkmc Quomrupl, plr achc trds cóls hd sdrv`a`l.
h. _dtr`oua`lkds _dtr`oua`lkds algpidgdktcr`cs Ic aucktçc y dstruaturc hd ics rdtr`oua`lkds algpidgdktcr`cs hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls sd dstcoidadrãk plr ics alrrdsplkh`dktds idyds hd achc Chg`k`strca`ñk Zòoi`ac ctdkh`dkhl, dktrd ltrls, c ils s`mu`dktds ncatlrds2 c) Ic prlmrds`ñk ciackzchc plr di nuka`lkcr`l hdktrl hdi s`stdgc hd acrrdrc chg`k`strct`vc. o) Ic dspda`ci h`n`auitch tàak`ac, rdsplksco`i`hch, hdh`aca`ñk, `kalgpct`o`i`hch dx`m`oid pcrc di hdsdgpdól hd hdtdrg`kchls pudstls hd trcocbl l ics alkh`a`lkds dk qud sd hdscrrliic di trcocbl. a) Di mrchl hd `ktdràs, `k`a`ct`vc l dsnudrzl alk qud di nuka`lkcr`l hdsdgpdóc su trcocbl y di rdkh`g`dktl l rdsuitchls lotdk`hls. h) Ils sdrv`a`ls dxtrclrh`kcr`ls prdstchls nudrc hd ic blrkchc klrgci klrgci hd trcocbl.
d. _dtr`oua`lkds hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls `ktdr`kls Ils nuka`lkcr`ls `ktdr`kls pdra`o`rãk ics rdtr`oua`lkds oãs`acs y ics pcmcs dxtrclrh`kcr`cs alrrdsplkh`dktds ci Quomrupl l Mrupl hd chsar`pa`ñk, dk di supudstl hd qud àstd kl tdkmc Quomrupl. Zdra`o`rãk cs`g`sgl ics rdtr`oua`lkds algpidgdktcr`cs c qud sd rdn`drdk ils cpcrtchls o), a) y h) hdi crtçauil ?8 y ics alrrdsplkh`dktds c ic actdmlrçc hd dktrchc dk di audrpl l dsacic dk di qud sd id klgord. Qd rdalkladrãk ils tr`dk`ls alrrdsplkh`dktds c ils sdrv`a`ls prdstchls cktds hd ic dktrchc dk v`mlr hdi prdsdktd Dstctutl qud tdkhrãk dndatls rdtr`out`vls òk`acgdktd c pcrt`r hd ic dktrchc dk v`mlr hdi g`sgl.
Dstctutl Oãs`al hdi Dgpidchl Zòoi`al
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dh`tlr`ci } adp
n. _dtr`oua`lkds hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls dk prãat`acs Ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs hdtdrg`kcrãk ics rdtr`oua`lkds hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls dk prãat`acs qud, algl gçk`gl, sd alrrdsplkhdrãk c ics hdi sudihl hdi Quomrupl l Mrupl, dk di supudstl hd qud àstd kl tdkmc Quomrupl, dk qud csp`rdk c `kmrdscr.
m. _dtr`oua`lkds hdi pdrslkci icolrci Ics rdtr`oua`lkds hdi pdrslkci icolrci sd hdtdrg`kcrãk hd caudrhl alk ic idm`sica`ñk icolrci, di alkvdk`l alidat`vl qud sdc cpi`acoid y di alktrctl hd trcocbl, rdspdtckhl dk tlhl acsl il dstcoida`hl dk di crtçauil ?3 hdi prdsdktd Dstctutl.
f. @khdgk`zca`lkds Ils nuka`lkcr`ls pdra`o`rãk ics `khdgk`zca`lkds alrrdsplkh`dktds plr rczñk hdi sdrv`a`l.
`. _dtr`oua _dtr`oua`lkds `lkds h`ndr`hcs Ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs plhrãk hdst`kcr ackt`hchds fcstc di plradktcbd hd ic gcsc scicr`ci qud sd n`bd dk ics alrrdsplkh`dktds Idyds hd Zrdsupudstls Mdkdrcids hdi Dstchl c n`kcka`cr cplrtca`lkds c pickds hd pdks`lkds hd dgpidl l alktrctls hd sdmurl alidat`vls qud `kaiuyck ic alodrturc hd ic alkt`kmdka`c hd buo`ica`ñk, pcrc di pdrslkci `kaiu`hl dk sus ãgo`tls, hd caudrhl alk il dstcoida`hl dk ic klrgct`vc rdmuichlrc hd ils Zickds hd Zdks`lkds. Ics ackt`hchds hdst`kchcs c n`kcka`cr cplrtca`lkds c pickds hd pdks`lkds l alktrctls hd sdmurls tdkhrãk c tlhls ils dndatls ic alks`hdrca`ñk hd rdtr`oua`ñk h`ndr`hc.
b. Hdhuaa`ñk hd rdtr`oua`lkds Q`k pdrbu`a`l hd ic scka`ñk h`sa`pi`kcr`c qud pudhc alrrdsplkhdr, ic pcrtd hd blrkchc kl rdci`zchc hcrã iumcr c ic hdhuaa`ñk prlplra`lkci hd fcodrds, qud kl tdkhrã acrãatdr scka`lkchlr. Su`dkds dbdra`tdk di hdrdafl hd fudimc kl hdvdkmcrãk k` pdra`o`rãk ics rdtr`oua`lkds alrrdsplkh`dktds ci t`dgpl dk qud fcyck pdrgckda`hl dk dsc s`tuca`ñk s`k qud ic hdhuaa`ñk hd fcodrds qud sd dndatòd tdkmc acrãatdr hd scka`ñk, k` cndatd ci ràm`gdk rdspdat`vl hd sus prdstca`lkds sla`cids.
H. Hdrdafl c ic kdmla`ca`ñk alidat`vc, rdprdsdktca`ñk y pcrt`a`pca`ñk `kst`tua`lkci. Hdrdafl hd rduk`ñk c. Zr`ka`p`ls mdkdrcids Ils dgpidchls pòoi`als t`dkdk hdrdafl c ic kdmla`ca`ñk alidat`vc, rdprdsdktca`ñk y pcrt`a`pca`ñk `kst`tua`lkci pcrc ic hdtdrg`kca`ñk hd sus alkh`a`lkds hd trcocbl. Zlr kdmla`ca`ñk alidat`vc, c ils dndatls hd dstc idy, sd dkt`dkhd di hdrdafl c kdmla`cr ic hdtdrg`kca`ñk hd alkh`a`lkds hd trcocbl hd ils dgpidchls hd ic Chg`k`strca`ñk Zòoi`ac.
?>6
Xdgc 0
dh`tlr`ci } adp
Zlr rdprdsdktca`ñk, c ils dndatls hd dstc idy, sd dkt`dkhd ic ncauitch hd didm`r rdprdsdktcktds y alkst`tu`r ñrmckls uk`tcr`ls c trcvàs hd ils aucids sd `kstrugdktd ic `ktdrilaua`ñk dktrd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs y sus dgpidchls. Zlr pcrt`a`pca`ñk `kst`tua`lkci, c ils dndatls hd dstc idy, sd dkt`dkhd di hdrdafl c pcrt`a`pcr, c trcvàs hd ics lrmck`zca`lkds s`kh`acids, dk ils ñrmckls hd alktrli y sdmu`g`dktl hd ics dkt`hchds u lrmck`sgls qud idmcigdktd sd hdtdrg`kd. Di dbdra`a`l hd ils hdrdafls dstcoida`hls dk dstd crtçauil sd mcrckt`zc y sd iidvc c acol c trcvàs hd ils ñrmckls y s`stdgcs dspdaçn`als rdmuichls dk di prdsdktd acpçtuil, s`k pdrbu`a`l hd ltrcs nlrgcs hd alicolrca`ñk dktrd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs y sus dgpidchls pòoi`als l ils rdprdsdktcktds hd àstls. Ics lrmck`zca`lkds s`kh`acids gãs rdprdsdktct`vcs dk di ãgo`tl hd ic Nuka`ñk Zòoi`ac dstãk idm`t`gchcs pcrc ic `ktdrpls`a`ñk hd rdaursls dk vçc chg`k`strct`vc y bur`sh`aa`lkci alktrc ics rdsliua`lkds hd ils ñrmckls hd sdidaa`ñk. Di dbdra`a`l hd ils hdrdafls dstcoida`hls dk dstd acpçtuil hdodrã rdspdtcr dk tlhl acsl di alktdk`hl hdi prdsdktd Dstctutl y ics idyds hd hdscrrliil prdv`stcs dk di g`sgl. Ils prladh`g`dktls pcrc hdtdrg`kcr alkh`a`lkds hd trcocbl dk ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs tdkhrãk dk audktc ics prdv`s`lkds dstcoida`hcs dk ils alkvdk`ls y caudrhls hd acrãatdr `ktdrkca`lkci rct`n`achls plr Dspcóc.
o. Kdmla`ca`ñk alidat`vc, rdprdsdktca`ñk y pcrt`a`pca`ñk hdi pdrslkci icolrci Ic kdmla`ca`ñk alidat`vc, rdprdsdktca`ñk y pcrt`a`pca`ñk hd ils dgpidchls pòoi`als alk alktrctl icolrci sd rdm`rã plr ic idm`sica`ñk icolrci, s`k pdrbu`a`l hd ils prdadptls hd dstd acpçtuil qud dxprdscgdktd ids slk hd cpi`aca`ñk. Qd mcrckt`zc di augpi`g`dktl hd ils alkvdk`ls alidat`vls y caudrhls qud cndatdk ci pdrslkci icolrci, scivl auckhl dxadpa`lkcigdktd y plr acusc mrcvd hd `ktdràs pòoi`al hdr`vchc hd ukc citdrca`ñk sustcka`ci hd ics a`raukstcka`cs dalkñg`acs, ils ñrmckls hd mlo`drkl hd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs suspdkhck l glh`n`qudk di augpi`g`dktl hd alkvdk`ls alidat`vls l caudrhls yc n`rgchls dk ic gdh`hc dstr`atcgdktd kdadscr`c pcrc scivcmucrhcr di `ktdràs pòoi`al. Dk dstd supudstl, ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs hdodrãk `knlrgcr c ics lrmck`zca`lkds s`kh`acids hd ics acuscs hd ic suspdks`ñk l glh`n`aca`ñk. C ils dndatls hd ils prdv`stl dk dstd cpcrtchl, sd dktdkhdrã, dktrd ltrcs, qud alkaurrd acusc mrcvd hd `ktdràs pòoi`al hdr`vchc hd ic citdrca`ñk sustcka`ci hd ics a`raukstcka`cs dalkñg`acs auckhl ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs hdock chlptcr gdh`hcs l pickds hd cbustd, hd rddqu`i`or`l hd ics audktcs pòoi`acs l hd acrãatdr dalkñg`al n`kcka`drl pcrc csdmurcr ic dstco`i`hch prdsupudstcr`c l ic alrrdaa`ñk hdi hàn`a`t pòoi`al.
• Kdmla`ca`ñk alidat`vc Ic kdmla`ca`ñk alidat`vc hd alkh`a`lkds hd trcocbl hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls pòoi`als qud dstcrã subdtc c ils pr`ka`p`ls hd idmci`hch, alodrturc prdsupudstcr`c, loi`mctlr`dhch, oudkc nd kdmla`ci, puoi`a`hch y trckspcrdka`c, sd dndatucrã gdh`cktd di dbdra`a`l hd ic acpca`hch rdprdsdktct`vc rdalkla`hc c ics lrmck`zca`lkds s`kh`acids dk ils crtçauils >. 1. a)5 =. 3 y =. ? hd ic Idy Lrmãk`ac 33/3064, hd ? hd cmlstl, hd I`odrtch Q`kh`aci, y il prdv`stl dk dstd acpçtuil.
Dstctutl Oãs`al hdi Dgpidchl Zòoi`al
?>0
dh`tlr`ci } adp
C dstd dndatl, sd alkst`tu`rãk Gdscs hd Kdmla`ca`ñk dk ics qud dstcrãk idm`t`gchls pcrc dstcr prdsdktds, plr ukc pcrtd, ils rdprdsdktcktds hd ic Chg`k`strca`ñk Zòoi`ac alrrdsplkh`dktd, y plr ltrc, ics lrmck`zca`lkds s`kh`acids gãs rdprdsdktct`vcs c k`vdi dstctci, ics lrmck`zca`lkds s`kh`acids gãs rdprdsdktct`vcs hd alguk`hch cutñklgc, csç algl ils s`kh`actls qud fcyck lotdk`hl di 3: plr 3:: l gãs hd ils rdprdsdktcktds dk ics didaa`lkds pcrc Hdidmchls y Buktcs hd Zdrslkci, dk ics uk`hchds didatlrcids algprdkh`hcs dk di ãgo`tl dspdaçn`al hd su alkst`tua`ñk. Ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs plhrãk dkacrmcr di hdscrrliil hdscrrliil hd ics cat`v`hchds cat`v`hchds hd kdmla`ca`ñk alidat`vc c ñrmckls ardchls plr diics, hd kcturcidzc dstr`atcgdktd tàak`ac, qud lstdktcrãk su rdprdsdktca`ñk dk ic kdmla`ca`ñk alidat`vc prdv`cs ics `kstruaa`lkds pliçt`acs alrrdsplkh`dktds y s`k pdrbu`a`l hd ic rct`n`aca`ñk hd ils caudrhls ciackzchls plr ils ñrmckls hd mlo`drkl l chg`k`strct`vls alk algpdtdka`c pcrc diil.
• Gdscs hd Kdmla`ca`ñk C ils dndatls hd ic kdmla`ca`ñk alidat`vc hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls pòoi`als, sd alkst`tu`rã ukc Gdsc Mdkdrci hd Kdmla`ca`ñk dk di ãgo`tl hd ic Chg`k`strca`ñk Mdkdrci hdi Dstchl, csç algl dk achc ukc hd ics Alguk`hchds Cutñklgcs, a`uhchds hd Adutc y Gdi`iic y Dkt`hchds Ilacids. Qd rdalklad ic idm`t`gca`ñk kdmla`ci hd ics csla`ca`lkds hd guk`a`p`ls, csç algl ic hd ics Dkt`hchds Ilacids hd ãgo`tl suprcguk`a`pci. C tcids dndatls, ils guk`a`p`ls plhrãk chfdr`rsd alk acrãatdr prdv`l l hd gckdrc suads`vc c ic kdmla`ca`ñk alidat`vc qud sd iidvd c acol dk di ãgo`tl alrrdsplkh`dktd. Cs`g`sgl, ukc Chg`k`strca`ñk l Dkt`hch Zòoi`ac plhrã chfdr`rsd c ils caudrhls ciackzchls hdktrl hdi tdrr`tlr`l hd achc alguk`hch cutñklgc, l c ils caudrhls ciackzchls dk uk ãgo`tl suprcguk`a`pci. Qlk algpdtdka`cs prlp`cs hd ics Gdscs Mdkdrcids ic kdmla`ca`ñk hd ics gctdr`cs rdica`lkchcs alk alkh`a`lkds hd trcocbl algukds c ils nuka`lkcr`ls hd su ãgo`tl. Hdpdkh`dkhl hd ics Gdscs Mdkdrcids hd Kdmla`ca`ñk y plr caudrhl hd ics g`sgcs plhrãk alkst`tu`rsd Gdscs Qdatlr`cids, dk ctdka`ñk c ics alkh`a`lkds dspdaçn`acs hd trcocbl hd ics lrmck`zca`lkds chg`k`strct`vcs cndatchcs l c ics pdaui`cr`hchds hd sdatlrds alkardtls hd nuka`lkcr`ls pòoi`als y c su kògdrl. Ic algpdtdka`c hd ics Gdscs Qdatlr`cids sd dxtdkhdrã c ils tdgcs algukds c ils nuka`lkcr`ls hdi sdatlr qud kl fcyck s`hl lobdtl hd hda`s`ñk plr pcrtd hd ic Gdsc Mdkdrci rdspdat`vc l c ils qud àstc dxpiça`tcgdktd ids rddkvçd l hdidmud. Di prladsl hd kdmla`ca`ñk sd cor`rã, dk achc Gdsc, dk ic ndafc qud, hd algòk caudrhl, n`bdk ic Chg`k`strca`ñk alrrdsplkh`dktd y ic gcylrçc hd ic rdprdsdktca`ñk s`kh`aci. C ncitc hd caudrhl, di prladsl sd `k`a`crã dk di piczl gãx`gl hd uk gds hdshd qud ic gcylrçc hd ukc hd ics pcrtds idm`t`gchcs il prlgudvc, scivl qud dx`stck acuscs idmcids l pcatchcs qud il `gp`hck. Cgocs pcrtds dstcrãk loi`mchcs c kdmla`cr ocbl di pr`ka`p`l hd ic oudkc nd y prlplra`lkcrsd gutucgdktd ic `knlrgca`ñk qud prda`sdk rdict`vc c ic kdmla`ca`ñk.
• Alkst`tua`ñk y algpls`a`ñk hd ics Gdscs hd Kdmla`ca`ñk Ics Gdscs c qud sd rdn`drdk ils crtçauils 18, 1>. 1 y h`spls`a`ñk ch`a`lkci hulhàa`gc hd dstd Dstctutl (sdatlr`cids) qudhcrãk vãi`hcgdktd alkst`tu`hcs auckhl, chdgãs hd ic rdprdsdktca`ñk
?=:
Xdgc 0
dh`tlr`ci } adp
hd ic Chg`k`strca`ñk alrrdsplkh`dktd, y s`k pdrbu`a`l hdi hdrdafl hd tlhcs ics lrmck`zca`lkds s`kh`acids idm`t`gchcs c pcrt`a`pcr dk diics dk prlplra`ñk c su rdprdsdktct`v`hch, tcids lrmck`zca`lkds s`kh`acids rdprdsdktdk, algl gçk`gl, ic gcylrçc cosliutc hd ils g`dgorls hd ils ñrmckls uk`tcr`ls hd rdprdsdktca`ñk dk di ãgo`tl hd qud sd trctd. Ics vcr`ca`lkds dk ic rdprdsdktct`v`hch s`kh`aci, c dndatls hd glh`n`aca`ñk dk ic algpls`a`ñk hd ics Gdscs hd Kdmla`ca`ñk, sdrãk cardh`tchcs plr ics lrmck`zca`lkds s`kh`acids `ktdrdschcs, gdh`cktd di alrrdsplkh`dktd adrt`n`achl hd ic Ln`a`kc Zòoi`ac hd _dm`strl algpdtdktd, achc hls cóls c pcrt`r hd ic ndafc `k`a`ci hd alkst`tua`ñk hd ics a`tchcs Gdscs. Ic hds`mkca`ñk hd ils algplkdktds hd ics Gdscs alrrdsplkhdrã c ics pcrtds kdmla`chlrcs qud plhrãk alktcr alk ic cs`stdka`c dk ics hdi`odrca`lkds hd csdslrds, qud `ktdrvdkhrãk alk vlz, pdrl s`k vltl. Dk ics klrgcs hd hdscrrliil hdi prdsdktd Dstctutl sd dstcoidadrã ic algpls`a`ñk kugàr`ac hd ics Gdscs alrrdsplkh`dktds c sus ãgo`tls, s`k qud k`kmukc hd ics pcrtds pudhc supdrcr di kògdrl hd qu`kad g`dgorls.
• Gdscs Mdkdrcids hd Kdmla`ca`ñk Qd alkst`tuyd ukc Gdsc Mdkdrci hd Kdmla`ca`ñk hd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs. Ic rdprdsdktca`ñk hd àstcs sdrã uk`tcr`c, dstcrã prds`h`hc plr ic Chg`k`strca`ñk Mdkdrci hdi Dstchl y alktcrã alk rdprdsdktcktds hd ics Alguk`hchds Cutñklgcs, hd ics a`uhchds hd Adutc y Gdi`iic y hd ic Ndhdrca`ñk Dspcólic hd Guk`a`p`ls y Zrlv`ka`cs, dk nuka`ñk hd ics gctdr`cs c kdmla`cr. Ic rdprdsdktca`ñk hd ics lrmck`zca`lkds s`kh`acids idm`t`gchcs pcrc dstcr prdsdktds hd caudrhl alk il h`spudstl dk ils crtçauils > y = hd ic Idy Lrmãk`ac 33/3064, hd ? hd cmlstl, hd I`odrtch Q`kh`aci, sd h`str`ou`rã dk nuka`ñk hd ils rdsuitchls lotdk`hls dk ics didaa`lkds c ils ñrmckls hd rdprdsdktca`ñk hdi pdrslkci, Hdidmchls hd Zdrslkci, Buktcs hd Zdrslkci y Alg`tàs hd Dgprdsc, dk di alkbuktl hd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs. Qdrãk gctdr`cs lobdtl hd kdmla`ca`ñk dk dstc Gdsc ics rdica`lkchcs dk di crtçauil 1= hd dstd Dstctutl qud rdsuitdk susadpt`oids hd rdmuica`ñk dstctci alk acrãatdr hd klrgc oãs`ac, s`k pdrbu`a`l hd ils caudrhls c qud pudhck iidmcr ics alguk`hchds cutñklgcs dk su alrrdsplkh`dktd ãgo`tl tdrr`tlr`ci dk v`rtuh hd sus algpdtdka`cs dxaius`vcs y algpcrt`hcs dk gctdr`c hd Nuka`ñk Zòoi`ac. Qdrã dspdaçn`acgdktd lobdtl hd kdmla`ca`ñk dk di ãgo`tl hd ic Gdsc Mdkdrci hd Kdmla`ca`ñk hd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs di `kardgdktl miloci hd ics rdtr`oua`lkds hdi pdrslkci ci sdrv`a`l hd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs qud alrrdsplkhc `kaiu`r dk di Zrlydatl hd Idy hd Zrdsupudstls Mdkdrcids hdi Dstchl hd achc cól. Zcrc ic kdmla`ca`ñk hd tlhcs cqudiics gctdr`cs y alkh`a`lkds hd trcocbl algukds ci pdrslkci nuka`lkcr`l, dstctutcr`l y icolrci hd achc Chg`k`strca`ñk Zòoi`ac, sd alkst`tu`rã dk ic Chg`k`strca`ñk Mdkdrci hdi Dstchl, dk achc ukc hd ics alguk`hchds cutñklgcs, a`uhchds hd Adutc y Gdi`iic y dkt`hchds ilacids ukc Gdsc Mdkdrci hd Kdmla`ca`ñk. Qlk hd cpi`aca`ñk c dstcs Gdscs Mdkdrcids ils ar`tdr`ls dstcoida`hls dk di cpcrtchl cktdr`lr slord rdprdsdktca`ñk hd ics lrmck`zca`lkds s`kh`acids dk ic Gdsc Mdkdrci hd Kdmla`ca`ñk hd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs, tlgckhl dk alks`hdrca`ñk dk achc acsl ils rdsuitchls lotdk`hls dk ics didaa`lkds c ils ñrmckls hd rdprdsdktca`ñk hdi pdrslkci nuka`lkcr`l y icolrci hdi alrrdsplkh`dktd ãgo`tl hd rdprdsdktca`ñk. Chdgãs, tcgo`àk dstcrãk prdsdktds dk dstcs Gdscs Mdkdrcids, ics lrmck`zca`lkds s`kh`acids qud nlrgdk pcrtd hd ic Gdsc Mdkdrci hd Kdmla`ca`ñk hd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs s`dgprd qud
Dstctutl Oãs`al hdi Dgpidchl Zòoi`al
?=3
dh`tlr`ci } adp
fuo`drck lotdk`hl di 3: plr 3:: hd ils rdprdsdktcktds c pdrslkci nuka`lkcr`l l pdrslkci icolrci dk di ãgo`tl alrrdsplkh`dktd c ic Gdsc hd qud sd trctd.
• Gctdr`cs lobdtl hd kdmla`ca`ñk Qdrãk lobdtl hd kdmla`ca`ñk, dk su ãgo`tl rdspdat`vl y dk rdica`ñk alk ics algpdtdka`cs hd achc Chg`k`strca`ñk Zòoi`ac y alk di ciackad qud idmcigdktd prladhc dk achc acsl, ics gctdr`cs s`mu`dktds2 c) Ic cpi`aca`ñk hdi `kardgdktl hd ics rdtr`oua`lkds hdi pdrslkci ci sdrv`a`l hd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs qud sd dstcoidzac dk ic Idy hd Zrdsupudstls Mdkdrcids hdi Dstchl y hd ics alguk`hchds cutñklgcs. o) Ic hdtdrg`kca`ñk y cpi`aca`ñk hd ics rdtr`oua`lkds algpidgdktcr`cs hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls. a) Ics klrgcs qud n`bdk ils ar`tdr`ls mdkdrcids dk gctdr`c hd caadsl, acrrdrc, prlv`s`ñk, s`stdgcs hd aics`n`aca`ñk hd pudstls hd trcocbl, y pickds d `kstrugdktls hd pick`n`aca`ñk hd rdaursls fugckls. h) Ics klrgcs qud n`bdk ils ar`tdr`ls y gdack`sgls mdkdrcids mdkdrcids dk gctdr`c hd dvciuca`ñk hdi hdsdgpdól. d) Ils pickds hd Zrdv`s`ñk Qla`ci Algpidgdktcr`c. n) Ils ar`tdr`ls mdkdrcids hd ils pickds y nlkhls pcrc ic nlrgca`ñk nlrgca`ñk y ic prlgla`ñk `ktdrkc. m) Ils ar`tdr`ls mdkdrcids pcrc ic hdtdrg`kca`ñk hd prdstca`lkds sla`cids y pdks`lkds hd aicsds pcs`vcs. f) Ics prlpudstcs slord slord hdrdafls s`kh`acids y hd pcrt`a`pca`ñk. `) Ils ar`tdr`ls mdkdrcids hd caa`ñk sla`ci. b) Ics qud csç sd dstcoidzack dk ic klrgct`vc hd prdvdka`ñk hd r`dsmls icolrcids. e) Ics qud cndatdk c ics alkh`a`lkds hd trcocbl y c ics rdtr`oua`lkds hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls, auyc rdmuica`ñk dx`bc klrgc alk rckml hd idy. i) Ils ar`tdr`ls mdkdrcids slord lndrtcs hd dgpidl dgpidl pòoi`al. g) Ics rdndr`hcs c acidkhcr`l icolrci, flrcr`ls, blrkchcs, vcaca`lkds, pdrg`sls, glv`i`hch nuka`lkci y mdlmrãn`ac, csç algl ils ar`tdr`ls mdkdrcids slord ic pick`n`aca`ñk dstrctàm`ac hd ils rdaursls fugckls, dk cqudiils cspdatls qud cndatdk c alkh`a`lkds hd trcocbl hd ils dgpidchls pòoi`als. Sudhck dxaiu`hcs hd ic loi`mctlr`dhch hd ic kdmla`ca`ñk, ics gctdr`cs s`mu`dktds2 c) Ics hda`s`lkds hd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs qud cndatdk c sus pltdstchds hd lrmck`zca`ñk. Auckhl ics alksdaudka`cs hd ics hda`s`lkds hd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs qud cndatdk c sus pltdstchds hd lrmck`zca`ñk tdkmck rdpdraus`ñk slord alkh`a`lkds hd trcocbl hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls pòoi`als alktdgpichcs dk di cpcrtchl cktdr`lr, prladhdrã ic kdmla`ca`ñk hd h`afcs alkh`a`lkds alk ics lrmck`zca`lkds s`kh`acids c qud sd rdn`drd dstd Dstctutl. o) Ic rdmuica`ñk hdi dbdra`a`l hd ils hdrdafls hd ils a`uhchckls y hd ils usucr`ls hd ils sdrv`sdrv`a`ls pòoi`als, csç algl di prladh`g`dktl hd nlrgca`ñk hd ils catls y h`spls`a`lkds chg`k`strct`vcs.
?=?
Xdgc 0
dh`tlr`ci } adp
a) Ic hdtdrg`kca`ñk hd alkh`a`lkds hd trcocbl hdi pdrslkci h`rdat`vl. h) Ils plhdrds hd h`rdaa`ñk y alktrli prlp`ls hd ic rdica`ñk bdrãrqu`ac. d) Ic rdmuica`ñk y hdtdrg`kca`ñk alkardtc, dk achc acsl, acsl, hd ils s`stdgcs, ar`tdr`ls, ñrmckls y prladh`g`dktls hd caadsl ci dgpidl pòoi`al y ic prlgla`ñk prlnds`lkci.
• Zcatls y Caudrhls Dk di sdkl hd ics Gdscs hd Kdmla`ca`ñk alrrdsplkh`dktds, ils rdprdsdktcktds hd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs plhrãk alkadrtcr Zcatls y Caudrhls alk ic rdprdsdktca`ñk hd ics lrmck`zca`lkds s`kh`acids idm`t`gchcs c tcids dndatls, pcrc ic hdtdrg`kca`ñk hd alkh`a`lkds hd trcocbl hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls hd h`afcs Chg`k`strca`lkds. Ils Zcatls sd adidorcrãk slord gctdr`cs qud sd alrrdsplkhck dstr`atcgdktd alk di ãgo`tl algpdtdka`ci hdi ñrmckl chg`k`strct`vl qud il susar`oc y sd cpi`acrãk h`rdatcgdktd ci pdrslkci hdi ãgo`tl alrrdsplkh`dktd. Ils Caudrhls vdrscrãk slord gctdr`cs algpdtdka`c hd ils ñrmckls hd mlo`drkl hd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs. Zcrc su vci`hdz y dn`aca`c sdrã kdadscr`c su cprloca`ñk dxprdsc y nlrgci plr dstls ñrmckls. Auckhl tcids Caudrhls fcyck s`hl rct`n`achls y cndatdk c tdgcs qud pudhdk sdr hda`h`hls hd nlrgc hdn`k`t`vc plr ils ñrmckls hd mlo`drkl, di alktdk`hl hd ils g`sgls sdrã h`rdatcgdktd cpi`acoid ci pdrslkci `kaiu`hl dk su ãgo`tl hd cpi`aca`ñk, s`k pdrbu`a`l hd qud c dndatls nlrgcids sd rdqu`drc ic glh`n`aca`ñk l hdrlmca`ñk, dk su acsl, hd ic klrgct`vc rdmicgdktcr`c alrrdsplkh`dktd. Q` ils Caudrhls rct`n`achls trctck slord gctdr`cs slgdt`hcs c rdsdrvc hd idy qud, dk alksdaudka`c, sñil pudhdk sdr hdtdrg`kchcs hdn`k`t`vcgdktd plr ics Alrtds Mdkdrcids l ics cscgoidcs idm`sict`vcs hd ics alguk`hchds cutñklgcs, su alktdk`hl acrdadrã hd dn`aca`c h`rdatc. Kl lostcktd, dk dstd supudstl, di ñrmckl hd mlo`drkl rdspdat`vl qud tdkmc `k`a`ct`vc idm`sict`vc prladhdrã c ic dicolrca`ñk, cprloca`ñk y rdg`s`ñk c ics Alrtds Mdkdrcids l cscgoidcs idm`sict`vcs hd ics alguk`hchds cutñklgcs hdi alrrdsplkh`dktd prlydatl hd idy alknlrgd ci alktdk`hl hdi Caudrhl y dk di piczl qud sd fuo`drc calrhchl. Auckhl dx`stc ncitc hd rct`n`aca`ñk hd uk Caudrhl l, dk su acsl, ukc kdmct`vc dxprdsc c `kalrplrcr il calrhchl dk di prlydatl hd idy alrrdsplkh`dktd, sd hdodrã `k`a`cr ic rdkdmla`ca`ñk hd ics gctdr`cs trctchcs dk di piczl hd uk gds, s` csç il sli`a`tcrc ci gdkls ic gcylrçc hd ukc hd ics pcrtds. Ils Zcatls y Caudrhls hdodrãk hdtdrg`kcr ics pcrtds qud ils alka`drtck, di ãgo`tl pdrslkci, nuka`lkci, tdrr`tlr`ci y tdgplrci, csç algl ic nlrgc, piczl hd prdcv`sl y alkh`a`lkds hd hdkuka`c hd ils g`sgls. Qd dstcoidadrãk Alg`s`lkds Zcr`tcr`cs hd sdmu`g`dktl hd ils Zcatls y Caudrhls alk ic algpls`a`ñk y nuka`lkds qud ics pcrtds hdtdrg`kdk. Ils Zcatls adidorchls y ils Caudrhls, ukc vdz rct`n`achls, hdodrãk sdr rdg`t`hls c ic Ln`a`kc Zòoi`ac qud achc Chg`k`strca`ñk algpdtdktd hdtdrg`kd y ic Cutlr`hch rdspdat`vc lrhdkcrã su puoi`aca`ñk dk di Olidtçk Ln`a`ci qud alrrdsplkhc dk nuka`ñk hdi ãgo`tl tdrr`tlr`ci. Dk di supudstl hd qud kl sd prlhuzac caudrhl dk ic kdmla`ca`ñk l dk ic rdkdmla`ca`ñk prdv`stc dk di òit`gl pãrrcnl hdi cpcrtchl 1 hdi prdsdktd crtçauil y ukc vdz cmltchls, dk su acsl, ils prladh`g`dktls hd sliua`ñk dxtrcbuh`a`ci hd alkni`atls, alrrdsplkhdrã c ils ñrmckls hd mlo`drkl hd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs dstcoidadr ics alkh`a`lkds hd trcocbl hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls alk ics dxadpa`lkds alktdgpichcs dk ils cpcrtchls plstdr`lrds prdsdktd dpçmrcnd.
Dstctutl Oãs`al hdi Dgpidchl Zòoi`al
?=1
dh`tlr`ci } adp
Ils Zcatls y Caudrhls qud, hd alknlrg`hch alk il dstcoida`hl dk di crtçauil 1=, alktdkmck gctdr`cs y alkh`a`lkds mdkdrcids hd trcocbl algukds ci pdrslkci nuka`lkcr`l y icolrci, tdkhrãk ic alks`hdrca`ñk y dndatls prdv`stls dk dstd crtçauil pcrc ils nuka`lkcr`ls y dk di crtçauil 61 hdi Dstctutl hd ils Xrcocbchlrds pcrc di pdrslkci icolrci. Ils Zcatls y Caudrhls dk sus rdspdat`vls ãgo`tls y dk rdica`ñk alk ics algpdtdka`cs hd achc Chg`k`strca`ñk Zòoi`ac, plhrãk dstcoidadr ic dstruaturc hd ic kdmla`ca`ñk alidat`vc csç algl n`bcr ics rdmics qud fck hd rdslivdr ils alkni`atls hd alkaurrdka`c dktrd ics kdmla`ca`lkds hd h`st`ktl ãgo`tl y ils ar`tdr`ls hd pr`gcaçc y algpidgdktcr`dhch dktrd ics h`ndrdktds uk`hchds kdmla`chlrcs. Qd mcrckt`zc di augpi`g`dktl hd ils Zcatls y Caudrhls, scivl auckhl dxadpa`lkcigdktd y plr acusc mrcvd hd `ktdràs pòoi`al hdr`vchc hd ukc citdrca`ñk sustcka`ci hd ics a`raukstcka`cs dalkñg`acs, ils ñrmckls hd mlo`drkl hd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs suspdkhck l glh`n`qudk di augpi`g`dktl hd Zcatls y Caudrhls yc n`rgchls, dk ic gdh`hc dstr`atcgdktd kdadscr`c pcrc scivcmucrhcr di `ktdràs pòoi`al. Dk dstd supudstl, ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs hdodrãk `knlrgcr c ics lrmck`zca`lkds s`kh`acids hd ics acuscs hd ic suspdks`ñk l glh`n`aca`ñk. C ils dndatls hd ils prdv`stl dk dstd cpcrtchl, sd dktdkhdrã, dktrd ltrcs, qud alkaurrd acusc mrcvd hd `ktdràs pòoi`al hdr`vchc hd ic citdrca`ñk sustcka`ci hd ics a`raukstcka`cs dalkñg`acs auckhl ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs hdock chlptcr gdh`hcs l pickds hd cbustd, hd rddqu`i`or`l hd ics audktcs pòoi`acs l hd acrãatdr dalkñg`al n`kcka`drl pcrc csdmurcr ic dstco`i`hch prdsupudstcr`c l ic alrrdaa`ñk hdi hàn`a`t pòoi`al. Qcivl caudrhl dk alktrcr`l, ils Zcatls y Caudrhls sd prlrrlmcrãk hd cól dk cól s` kl gdh`crc hdkuka`c dxprdsc hd ukc hd ics pcrtds. Ic v`mdka`c hdi alktdk`hl hd ils Zcatls y Caudrhls ukc vdz alkaiu`hc su hurca`ñk, sd prlhua`rã dk ils tàrg`kls qud ils g`sgls fuo`drdk dstcoida`hl. Ils Zcatls y Caudrhls qud suadhck c ltrls cktdr`lrds ils hdrlmck dk su `ktdmr`hch, scivl ils cspdatls qud dxprdscgdktd sd caudrhd gcktdkdr.
• Ñrmckls hd rdprdsdktca`ñk Ils ñrmckls dspdaçn`als hd rdprdsdktca`ñk hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls slk ils Hdidmchls hd Zdrslkci y ics Buktcs hd Zdrslkci. Dk ics uk`hchds didatlrcids hlkhd di kògdrl hd nuka`lkcr`ls sdc `muci l supdr`lr c > d `kndr`lr c 4:, su rdprdsdktca`ñk alrrdsplkhdrã c ils Hdidmchls hd Zdrslkci. Fcstc 1: nuka`lkcr`ls sd didm`rã uk Hdidmchl, y hd 13 c 80 sd didm`rãk trds, qud dbdradrãk su rdprdsdktca`ñk alkbuktc y gckalgukchcgdktd. Di dstcoida`g`dktl hd ics uk`hchds didatlrcids sd rdmuicrã plr di Dstchl y plr achc Alguk`hch Cutñklgc hdktrl hdi ãgo`tl hd sus algpdtdka`cs idm`sict`vcs. Zrdv`l caudrhl alk ics Lrmck`zca`lkds Q`kh`acids idm`t`gchcs dk ils crtçauils > y = hd ic Idy Lrmãk`ac 33/3064, hd ? hd cmlstl, hd I`odrtch Q`kh`aci, ils ñrmckls hd mlo`drkl hd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs plhrãk glh`n`acr l dstcoidadr uk`hchds didatlrcids dk rczñk hdi kògdrl y pdaui`cr`hchds hd sus alidat`vls, chdauckhl ic
?=8
Ics Buktcs hd Zdrslkci Zdrslkci sd alkst`tu`rãk dk uk`hchds didatlrcids qud audktdk alk uk adksl gçk`gl hd 4: nuka`lkcr`ls.
Xdgc 0
dh`tlr`ci } adp
alkn`murca`ñk hd ics g`sgcs c ics dstruaturcs chg`k`strct`vcs l c ils ãgo`tls hd kdmla`ca`ñk alkst`tu`hls l qud sd alkst`tuyck. Achc Buktc hd Zdrslkci sd algplkd hd uk kògdrl hd rdprdsdktcktds, dk nuka`ñk hdi kògdrl hd nuka`lkcr`ls hd ic Tk`hch didatlrci alrrdsplkh`dktd, hd caudrhl alk ic s`mu`dktd dsacic, dk alfdrdka`c alk il dstcoida`hl dk di Dstctutl hd ils Xrcocbchlrds2
Hd 4: c 3:: nuka`lkcr`ls2 4. Hd 3:3 c ?4: nuka`lkcr`ls2 0. Hd ?43 c 4:: nuka`lkcr`ls2 31. Hd 4:3 c =4: nuka`lkcr`ls2 3=. Hd =43 c 3.::: nuka`lkcr`ls2 ?3. Hd 3.::3 dk chdicktd, hls plr achc 3.::: l nrcaa`ñk, alk di gãx`gl hd =4. Ics Buktcs hd Zdrslkci didm`rãk hd dktrd sus g`dgorls uk Zrds`hdktd y uk Qdardtcr`l y dicolrcrãk su prlp`l rdmicgdktl hd prladh`g`dktl, qud kl plhrã alktrcvdk`r il h`spudstl dk di prdsdktd Dstctutl y idm`sica`ñk hd hdscrrliil, rdg`t`dkhl alp`c hdi g`sgl y hd sus glh`n`aca`lkds ci ñrmckl u ñrmckls algpdtdktds dk gctdr`c hd pdrslkci qud achc Chg`k`strca`ñk hdtdrg`kd. Di rdmicgdktl y sus glh`n`aca`lkds hdodrãk sdr cprlochls plr ils vltls ncvlrcoids hd, ci gdkls, hls tdra`ls hd sus g`dgorls.
• Nuka`lkds y idm`t`gca`ñk hd ils ñrmckls hd rdprdsdktca`ñk Ics Buktcs hd Zdrslkci y ils Hdidmchls hd Zdrslkci, dk su acsl, tdkhrãk ics s`mu`dktds nuka`lkds, dk sus rdspdat`vls ãgo`tls2 c) _da`o`r `knlrgca`ñk, slord ic pliçt`ac hd pdrslkci, csç algl algl slord ils hctls rdndrdktds c ic dvliua`ñk hd ics rdtr`oua`lkds, dvliua`ñk prlocoid hdi dgpidl dk di ãgo`tl alrrdsplkh`dktd y prlmrcgcs hd gdblrc hdi rdkh`g`dktl. o) Dg`t`r `knlrgd, c sli`a`tuh hd ic Chg`k`strca`ñk Chg`k`strca`ñk Zòoi`ac alrrdsplkh`dktd, slord di trcsichl tltci l pcra`ci hd ics `kstcica`lkds d `gpicktca`ñk l rdv`s`ñk hd sus s`stdgcs hd lrmck`zca`ñk y gàtlhls hd trcocbl. a) Qdr `knlrgchls hd tlhcs ics scka`lkds `gpudstcs plr ncitcs guy mrcvds. h) Xdkdr alkla`g`dktl y sdr lçhls dk di dstcoida`g`dktl hd ic blrkchc icolrci y flrcr`l hd trcocbl, csç algl dk di ràm`gdk hd vcaca`lkds y pdrg`sls. d) ^`m`icr di augpi`g`dktl hd ics klrgcs v`mdktds dk gctdr`c hd alkh`a`lkds hd trcocbl, prdvdka`ñk prdvdka`ñk hd r`dsmls icolrcids, Qdmur`hch Qla`ci y dgpidl y dbdradr, dk su acsl, ics caa`lkds idmcids lplrtukcs cktd ils lrmck`sgls algpdtdktds. n) Alicolrcr alk ic Chg`k`strca`ñk alrrdsplkh`dktd pcrc alksdmu`r di dstcoida`g`dktl hd aucktcs gdh`hcs prlaurdk di gcktdk`g`dktl d `kardgdktl hd ic prlhuat`v`hch. Ics Buktcs hd Zdrslkci, alidm`chcgdktd, plr hda`s`ñk gcylr`tcr`c hd sus g`dgorls y, dk su acsl, ils Hdidmchls hd Zdrslkci, gckalgukchcgdktd, dstcrãk idm`t`gchls pcrc `k`a`cr, algl `ktdrdschls, ils alrrdsplkh`dktds prladh`g`dktls chg`k`strct`vls y dbdra`tcr ics caa`lkds dk vçc chg`k`strct`vc l buh`a`ci dk tlhl il rdict`vl ci ãgo`tl hd sus nuka`lkds.
Dstctutl Oãs`al hdi Dgpidchl Zòoi`al
?=4
dh`tlr`ci } adp
• Mcrcktçcs hd ic nuka`ñk rdprdsdktct`vc hdi pdrslkci Ils g`dgorls hd ics Buktcs hd Zdrslkci y ils Hdidmchls hd Zdrslkci, dk su acsl, algl rdprdsdktcktds idmcids hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls, h`splkhrãk dk di dbdra`a`l hd su nuka`ñk rdprdsdktct`vc hd ics s`mu`dktds mcrcktçcs y hdrdafls2 c) Di caadsl y i`ord a`rauica`ñk plr ics hdpdkhdka`cs hd su uk`hch didatlrci, s`k qud sd dktlrpdzac di klrgci nuka`lkcg`dktl hd ics alrrdsplkh`dktds uk`hchds chg`k`strct`vcs, hdktrl hd ils flrcr`ls fco`tucids hd trcocbl y alk dxadpa`ñk hd ics zlkcs qud sd rdsdrvdk hd alknlrg`hch alk il h`spudstl dk ic idm`sica`ñk v`mdktd. o) Ic h`str`oua`ñk i`ord hd ics puoi`aca`lkds qud sd rdn`drck c audst`lkds audst`lkds prlnds`lkcids y s`kh`acids. a) Ic cuh`dka`c dk ils dxpdh`dktds dxpdh`dktds h`sa`pi`kcr`ls c qud puh`drck sdr slgdt`hls sus g`dgorls hurcktd di t`dgpl hd su gckhctl y hurcktd di cól `kgdh`ctcgdktd plstdr`lr, s`k pdrbu`a`l hd ic cuh`dka`c ci `ktdrdschl rdmuichc dk di prladh`g`dktl scka`lkchlr. h) Tk aràh`tl hd flrcs gdksucids hdktrl hd ic blrkchc hd trcocbl y rdtr`ou`hcs algl hd trcocbl dndat`vl, hd caudrhl alk ic s`mu`dktd dsacic2
Fcstc 3:: nuka`lkcr`ls2 34. Hd 3:3 c ?4: nuka`lkcr`ls2 ?:. Hd ?43 c 4:: nuka`lkcr`ls2 1:. Hd 4:3 c =4: nuka`lkcr`ls2 14. Hd =43 dk chdicktd2 8:. Ils g`dgorls hd ic Buktc hd Zdrslkci Zdrslkci y Hdidmchls hd Zdrslkci Zdrslkci hd ic g`sgc ackh`hcturc qud csç il gck`n`dstdk plhrãk prladhdr, prdv`c alguk`aca`ñk ci ñrmckl qud lstdktd ic Bdncturc hd Zdrslkci cktd ic qud cquàiic dbdrzc su rdprdsdktca`ñk, c ic cauguica`ñk hd ils aràh`tls flrcr`ls. d) Kl sdr trcsichchls k` scka`lkchls plr acuscs rdica`lkchcs alk di dbdra`a`l hd su gckhctl rdprdsdktct`vl, k` hurcktd ic v`mdka`c hdi g`sgl, k` dk di cól s`mu`dktd c su dxt`ka`ñk, dxadptuckhl ic dxt`ka`ñk qud tdkmc iumcr plr rdvlaca`ñk l h`g`s`ñk. Ils g`dgorls hd ics Buktcs hd Zdrslkci y ils Hdidmchls hd Zdrslkci kl plhrãk sdr h`sar`g`kchls dk su nlrgca`ñk k` dk su prlgla`ñk dalkñg`ac l prlnds`lkci plr rczñk hdi hdsdgpdól hd su rdprdsdktca`ñk. Achc ukl hd ils g`dgorls hd ic Buktc hd Zdrslkci y àstc algl ñrmckl alidm`chl, csç algl ils Hdidmchls hd Zdrslkci, dk su acsl, losdrvcrãk s`m`il prlnds`lkci dk tlhl il rdndrdktd c ils csuktls dk qud ic Chg`k`strca`ñk sdócid dxprdscgdktd di acrãatdr rdsdrvchl, còk hdspuàs hd dxp`rcr su gckhctl. Dk tlhl acsl, k`kmòk hlaugdktl rdsdrvchl dktrdmchl plr ic Chg`k`strca`ñk plhrã sdr ut`i`zchl nudrc hdi dstr`atl ãgo`tl hd ic Chg`k`strca`ñk pcrc n`kds h`st`ktls hd ils qud glt`vcrlk su dktrdmc.
• Hurca`ñk hd ic rdprdsdktca`ñk Di gckhctl hd ils g`dgorls hd ics Buktcs hd Zdrslkci y hd ils Hdidmchls hd Zdrslkci, dk su acsl, sdrã hd auctrl cóls, puh`dkhl sdr rddidm`hls. Di gckhctl sd dktdkhdrã prlrrlmchl s`, c
?=>
Xdgc 0
dh`tlr`ci } adp
su tàrg`kl, kl sd fuo`dsdk prlglv`hl kudvcs didaa`lkds, s`k qud ils rdprdsdktcktds alk gckhctl prlrrlmchl sd alktco`i`adk c dndatls hd hdtdrg`kcr ic acpca`hch rdprdsdktct`vc hd ils Q`kh`actls.
• Zrlgla`ñk hd didaa`lkds c Hdidmchls y Buktcs hd Zdrslkci Zlhrãk prlglvdr ic adidorca`ñk hd didaa`lkds c Hdidmchls y Buktcs hd Zdrslkci, alknlrgd c il prdv`stl dk di prdsdktd Dstctutl y dk ils crtçauils > y = hd ic Idy Lrmãk`ac 33/3064, hd ? hd cmlstl, hd I`odrtch Q`kh`aci2 c) Ils Q`kh`actls gãs rdprdsdktct`vls c k`vdi dstctci. o) Ils s`kh`actls gãs rdprdsdktct`vls c k`vdi hd alguk`hch cutñklgc, auckhl ic uk`hch didatlrci cndatchc dstà uo`achc dk su ãgo`tl mdlmrãn`al. a) Ils s`kh`actls qud, s`k sdr gãs rdprdsdktct`vls, fcyck alksdmu`hl ci gdkls di 3: plr 3:: hd ils rdprdsdktcktds c ils qud sd rdn`drd dstd Dstctutl dk di alkbuktl hd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs. h) Ils s`kh`actls qud fcyck lotdk`hl ci gdkls uk plradktcbd hdi 3: plr 3:: dk ic uk`hch didatlrci dk ic qud sd prdtdkhd prlglvdr ics didaa`lkds. d) Ils nuka`lkcr`ls hd ic uk`hch didatlrci, plr caudrhl gcylr`tcr`l. Ils idm`t`gchls pcrc prlglvdr didaa`lkds tdkhrãk, c dstd dndatl, hdrdafl c qud ic Chg`k`strca`ñk Zòoi`ac alrrdsplkh`dktd ids sug`k`strd di adksl hd pdrslkci hd ics uk`hchds didatlrcids cndatchcs, h`str`ou`hl plr lrmck`sgls l adktrls hd trcocbl.
• Zrladh`g`dktl didatlrci Di prladh`g`dktl pcrc ic didaa`ñk hd ics Buktcs hd Zdrslkci y pcrc ic didaa`ñk hd Hdidmchls hd Zdrslkci sd hdtdrg`kcrã rdmicgdktcr`cgdktd tdk`dkhl dk audktc ils s`mu`dktds ar`tdr`ls mdkdrcids2 c) Ic didaa`ñk sd rdci`zcrã rdci`zcrã gdh`cktd sunrcm`l pdrslkci, h`rdatl, i`ord y sdardtl qud plhrã dg`t`rsd plr alrrdl l plr ltrls gdh`ls tdidgãt`als. o) Qdrãk didatlrds y didm`oids ils nuka`lkcr`ls qud sd dkaudktrdk dk dk ic s`tuca`ñk hd sdrv`a`l cat`vl. Kl tdkhrãk ic alks`hdrca`ñk hd didatlrds k` didm`oids ils nuka`lkcr`ls qud laupdk pudstls auyl klgorcg`dktl sd dndatòd c trcvàs hd rdci hdardtl l plr hdardtl hd ils alksdbls hd mlo`drkl hd ics alguk`hchds cutñklgcs y hd ics a`uhchds hd Adutc y Gdi`iic. a) Zlhrãk prdsdktcr ackh`hcturcs ics lrmck`zca`lkds s`kh`acids idmcigdktd alkst`tu`hcs l ics alci`a`lkds hd àstcs, y ils mrupls hd didatlrds hd ukc g`sgc uk`hch didatlrci, s`dgprd qud di kògdrl hd diils sdc dqu`vcidktd, ci gdkls, ci tr`pid hd ils g`dgorls c didm`r. h) Ics Buktcs hd Zdrslkci sd didm`rãk gdh`cktd i`stcs adrrchcs c trcvàs hd uk s`stdgc prlplra`lkci alrrdm`hl, y ils Hdidmchls hd Zdrslkci gdh`cktd i`stcs co`drtcs y s`stdgc gcylr`tcr`l. d) Ils ñrmckls didatlrcids sdrãk sdrãk ics Gdscs Didatlrcids qud sd alkst`tuyck pcrc ic h`rdaa`ñk h`rdaa`ñk y hdscrrliil hdi prladh`g`dktl didatlrci y ics ln`a`kcs pòoi`acs pdrgckdktds pcrc di añgputl y adrt`n`aca`ñk hd rdsuitchls rdmuichcs dk ic klrgct`vc icolrci. n) Ics `gpumkca`lkds sd sd trcg`tcrãk alknlrgd c uk prladh`g`dktl cro`trci, dxadptl ics rdaicgca`lkds alktrc ics hdkdmca`lkds hd `ksar`pa`ñk hd catcs didatlrcids qud plhrãk picktdcrsd h`rdatcgdktd cktd ic bur`sh`aa`ñk sla`ci.
Dstctutl Oãs`al hdi Dgpidchl Zòoi`al
?==
dh`tlr`ci } adp
a. Qliua`ñk dxtrcbuh`a`ci hd alkni`atls alidat`vl alidat`vlss Alk `khdpdkhdka`c hd ics ctr`oua`lkds n`bchcs plr ics pcrtds c ics alg`s`lkds pcr`tcr`cs prdv`stcs dk di crtçauil 16. 4 pcrc di alkla`g`dktl y rdsliua`ñk hd ils alkni`atls hdr`vchls hd ic cpi`aca`ñk d `ktdrprdtca`ñk hd ils Zcatls y Caudrhls, ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs y ics lrmck`zca`lkds s`kh`acids c qud sd rdn`drd di prdsdktd acpçtuil plhrãk calrhcr ic ardca`ñk, alkn`murca`ñk y hdscrrliil hd s`stdgcs hd sliua`ñk dxtrcbuh`a`ci hd alkni`atls alidat`vls. Ils alkni`atls c qud sd rdn`drd di cpcrtchl cktdr`lr plhrãk sdr ils hdr`vchls hd ic kdmla`ca`ñk, cpi`aca`ñk d `ktdrprdtca`ñk hd ils Zcatls y Caudrhls slord ics gctdr`cs sdócichcs dk di crtçauil 1=, dxadptl pcrc cqudiics dk qud dx`stc rdsdrvc hd idy. Ils s`stdgcs plhrãk dstcr `ktdmrchls plr prladh`g`dktls hd gdh`ca`ñk y cro`trcbd. Ic gdh`ca`ñk sdrã loi`mctlr`c auckhl il sli`a`td ukc hd ics pcrtds y ics prlpudstcs hd sliua`ñk qud lnrdzack di gdh`chlr l gdh`chlrds plhrãk sdr i`ordgdktd cadptchcs l rdafczchcs plr ics g`sgcs. Gdh`cktd di prladh`g`dktl hd cro`trcbd ics pcrtds plhrãk calrhcr vliuktcr`cgdktd dkalgdkhcr c uk tdradrl ic rdsliua`ñk hdi alkni`atl picktdchl, algprlgdt`àkhlsd hd cktdgckl c cadptcr di alktdk`hl hd ic g`sgc. Di caudrhl ilmrchl c trcvàs hd ic gdh`ca`ñk l hd ic rdsliua`ñk hd cro`trcbd tdkhrã ic g`sgc dn`aca`c burçh`ac y trcg`tca`ñk hd ils Zcatls y Caudrhls rdmuichls dk di prdsdktd Dstctutl, s`dgprd qud qu`dkds fuo`drck chlptchl di caudrhl l susar`tl di algprlg`sl cro`trci tuv`dsdk ic idm`t`gca`ñk qud ids pdrg`tc calrhcr, dk di ãgo`tl hdi alkni`atl, uk Zcatl l Caudrhl alknlrgd c il prdv`stl dk dstd Dstctutl. Dstls caudrhls sdrãk susadpt`oids hd `gpumkca`ñk. Dspdaçn`acgdktd acorã rdaursl alktrc ic rdsliua`ñk cro`trci dk di acsl hd qud kl sd fuo`dsdk losdrvchl dk di hdscrrliil hd ic catuca`ñk cro`trci ils rdqu`s`tls y nlrgci`hchds dstcoida`hls ci dndatl l auckhl ic rdsliua`ñk fuo`dsd vdrschl slord puktls kl slgdt`hls c su hda`s`ñk, l qud àstc alktrch`mc ic idmci`hch v`mdktd. Ic ut`i`zca`ñk hd dstls s`stdgcs sd dndatucrã alknlrgd c ils prladh`g`dktls qud rdmicgdktcr`cgdktd sd hdtdrg`kdk prdv`l caudrhl alk ics lrmck`zca`lkds s`kh`acids rdprdsdktct`vcs.
h. Hdrdafl hd rduk`ñk Dstãk idm`t`gchls pcrc alkvlacr ukc rduk`ñk, chdgãs hd ics lrmck`zca`lkds s`kh`acids, h`rdatcgdktd l c trcvàs hd ils Hdidmchls Q`kh`acids2 c) Ils Hdidmchls hd Zdrslkci. Zdrslkci. o) Ics Buktcs hd Zdrslkci. a) Ils Alg`tàs hd Dgprdsc. h) Ils dgpidchls pòoi`als hd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds rdspdat`vcs rdspdat`vcs dk kògdrl kl `kndr`lr ci 8: plr 3:: hdi alidat`vl alkvlachl. Ics rduk`lkds dk di adktrl hd trcocbl sd cutlr`zcrãk nudrc hd ics flrcs hd trcocbl, scivl caudrhl dktrd di ñrmckl algpdtdktd dk gctdr`c hd pdrslkci y qu`dkds dstàk idm`t`gchls pcrc alkvlacrics. Ic adidorca`ñk hd ic rduk`ñk kl pdrbuh`acrã ic prdstca`ñk hd ils sdrv`a`ls y ils alkvlacktds hd ic g`sgc sdrãk rdsplkscoids hd su klrgci hdscrrliil.
?=6
Xdgc 0
dh`tlr`ci } adp
D. Hdrdafl c ic blrkchc hd trcocbl, pdrg`sls y vcaca`lkds c. Blrkchc hd trcocbl hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls pòoi`als Ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs dstcoidadrãk ic blrkchc mdkdrci y ics dspda`cids hd trcocbl hd sus nuka`lkcr`ls pòoi`als. Ic blrkchc hd trcocbl plhrã sdr c t`dgpl algpidtl l c t`dgpl pcra`ci.
o. Zdrg`sls hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls pòoi`als Ils nuka`lkcr`ls pòoi`als tdkhrãk ils s`mu`dktds pdrg`sls2 c) Zlr nciida`g`dktl, caa`hdktd l dkndrgdhch mrcvd hd uk ncg`i`cr hdktrl hdi pr`gdr mrchl hd alksckmu`k`hch l cn`k`hch, trds hçcs fão`ids auckhl di suadsl sd prlhuzac dk ic g`sgc ilaci`hch, y a`kal hçcs fão`ids auckhl sdc dk h`st`ktc ilaci`hch. Auckhl sd sd trctd hdi nciida`g`dktl, nciida`g`dktl, caa`hdktd caa`hdktd l dkndrgdhch mrcvd hd uk ncg`i`cr hdktrl hdi hdi sdmukhl mrchl hd alksckmu`k`hch l cn`k`hch, di pdrg`sl sdrã hd hls hçcs fão`ids auckhl sd prlhuzac dk ic g`sgc ilaci`hch y hd auctrl hçcs fão`ids auckhl sdc dk h`st`ktc ilaci`hch. o) Zlr trcsichl hd hlg`a`i`l s`k acgo`l hd rds`hdka`c, uk hçc. a) Zcrc rdci`zcr nuka`lkds s`kh`acids l hd rdprdsdktca`ñk hdi pdrslkci, pdrslkci, dk ils tàrg`kls qud sd hdtdrg`kd. h) Zcrc alkaurr`r c dxãgdkds n`kcids y hdgãs prudocs hdn`k`t`vcs hd cpt`tuh, hurcktd ils hçcs hd su su adidorca`ñk. d) Zlr di t`dgpl `kh`spdkscoid pcrc ic rdci`zca`ñk hd dxãgdkds prdkctcids y tàak`acs hd prdpcrca`ñk ci pcrtl plr ics nuka`lkcr`cs dgocrczchcs y, dk ils acsls hd chlpa`ñk l calm`g`dktl, l mucrhc alk n`kds hd chlpa`ñk, pcrc ic cs`stdka`c c ics prdadpt`vcs sds`lkds hd `knlrgca`ñk y prdpcrca`ñk y pcrc ic rdci`zca`ñk hd ils prdadpt`vls `knlrgds ps`aliñm`als y sla`cids prdv`ls c ic hdaicrca`ñk hd `hlkd`hch, qud hdock rdci`zcrsd hdktrl hd ic blrkchc hd trcocbl. n) Zlr icatcka`c hd uk f`bl gdklr hd hlad gdsds tdkhrã hdrdafl c ukc flrc hd cusdka`c hdi trcocbl qud plhrã h`v`h`r dk hls nrcaa`lkds. Dstd hdrdafl plhrã sust`tu`rsd plr ukc rdhuaa`ñk hd ic blrkchc klrgci dk gdh`c flrc ci `k`a`l y ci n`kci hd ic i c blrkchc l, dk ukc flrc ci `k`a`l l ci n`kci hd ic blrkchc, alk ic g`sgc n`kci`hch. Dstd hdrdafl plhrã sdr dbdra`hl `kh`st`ktcgdktd plr ukl u ltrl hd ils prlmdk`tlrds, dk di acsl hd qud cgols trcocbdk. @mucigdktd ic nuka`lkcr`c plhrã sli`a`tcr ic sust`tua`ñk hdi t`dgpl hd icatcka`c plr uk pdrg`sl pdrg`sl rdtr`ou`hl qud cauguid dk blrkchcs algpidtcs di t`dgpl alrrdsplkh`dktd. Dstd pdrg`sl sd `kardgdktcrã prlplra`lkcigdktd dk ils acsls hd pcrtl gòit`pid. m) Zlr kca`g`dktl hd f`bls prdgcturls prdgcturls l qud plr auciqu`dr auciqu`dr ltrc acusc hdock pdrgckdadr flsp`tcflsp`tci`zchls c alkt`kuca`ñk hdi pcrtl, ic nuka`lkcr`c l di nuka`lkcr`l tdkhrã hdrdafl c cusdktcrsd hdi trcocbl hurcktd uk gãx`gl hd hls flrcs h`cr`cs pdra`o`dkhl ics rdtr`oua`lkds çktdmrcs. Cs`g`sgl, tdkhrãk tdkhrãk hdrdafl c rdhua`r su blrkchc hd trcocbl fcstc uk gãx`gl hd hls flrcs, flrcs, alk ic h`sg`kua`ñk prlplra`lkci hd sus rdtr`oua`lkds. f) Zlr rczlkds hd mucrhc idmci, auckhl di nuka`lkcr`l tdkmc tdkmc di au`hchl h`rdatl hd cimòk gdklr hd hlad cóls, hd pdrslkc gcylr qud rdqu`drc dspda`ci hdh`aca`ñk, l hd ukc pdrslkc alk h`sacpca`hch qud kl hdsdgpdód cat`v`hch rdtr`ou`hc, tdkhrã hdrdafl c ic rdhuaa`ñk hd su blrkchc hd trcocbl, alk ic h`sg`kua`ñk hd sus rdtr`oua`lkds qud alrrdsplkhc.
Dstctutl Oãs`al hdi Dgpidchl Zòoi`al
?=0
dh`tlr`ci } adp
Xdkhrã di g`sgl hdrdafl hdrdafl di nuka`lkcr`l qud prda`sd dkacrmcrsd dkacrmcrsd hdi au`hchl h`rdatl hd uk ncg`i`cr, fcstc di sdmukhl mrchl hd alksckmu`k`hch l cn`k`hch, qud plr rczlkds hd dhch, caa`hdktd l dkndrgdhch kl pudhc vcidrsd plr sç g`sgl y qud kl hdsdgpdód cat`v`hch rdtr`ou`hc. `) Zlr sdr prda`sl ctdkhdr di au`hchl hd uk ncg`i`cr hd pr`gdr mrchl, di nuka`lkcr`l tdkhrã hdrdafl c sli`a`tcr ukc rdhuaa`ñk hd fcstc di a`kaudktc plr a`dktl hd ic blrkchc icolrci, alk acrãatdr rdtr`ou`hl, plr rczlkds hd dkndrgdhch guy mrcvd y plr di piczl gãx`gl hd uk gds. Q` fuo`drc gãs hd uk t`tuicr hd dstd hdrdafl plr di g`sgl fdafl acuscktd, di t`dgpl hd h`snrutd hd dstc rdhuaa`ñk sd plhrã prlrrctdcr dktrd ils g`sgls, rdspdtckhl dk tlhl acsl, di piczl gãx`gl hd uk gds. b) Zlr t`dgpl `kh`spdkscoid pcrc di augpi`g`dktl hd uk hdodr `kdxauscoid hd acrãatdr pòoi`al pò oi`al l pdrslkci y plr hdodrds rdica`lkchls alk ic alka`i`ca`ñk hd ic v`hc ncg`i`cr y icolrci. e) Zlr csuktls pcrt`auicrds, sd`s hçcs ci cól. i) Zlr gctr`glk`l, qu`kad hçcs.
a. Zdrg`sls plr glt`vls hd alka`i`ca alka`i`ca`ñk `ñk hd ic v`hc pdrslkci, ncg`i`cr y icolrci y plr rczñk hd v`lidka`c hd màkdrl Dk tlhl acsl sd alkadhdrãk ils s`mu`dktds pdrg`sls alk ics alrrdsplkh`dktds alkh`a`lkds gçk`gcs2 c) Zdrg`sl plr pcrtl2 tdkhrã ukc hurca`ñk hd h`da`sà`s sdgckcs `k`ktdrrugp`hcs. Dstd pdrg`sl sd cgpi`crã dk hls sdgckcs gãs dk di supudstl hd h`sacpca`hch hdi f`bl y, plr achc f`bl c pcrt`r hdi sdmukhl, dk ils supudstls hd pcrtl gòit`pid. Di pdrg`sl sd h`str`ou`rã c lpa`ñk hd ic nuka`lkcr`c s`dgprd qud sd`s sdgckcs sdck `kgdh`ctcgdktd plstdr`lrds ci pcrtl. Dk acsl hd nciida`g`dktl hd ic gchrd, di ltrl prlmdk`tlr plhrã fcadr usl hd ic tltci`hch l, dk su acsl, hd ic pcrtd qud rdstd hd pdrg`sl. Kl lostcktd lostcktd il cktdr`lr, y s`k pdrbu`a`l hd ics sd`s sdgckcs `kgdh`ctcs plstdr`lrds ci pcrtl hd hdsacksl loi`mctlr`l pcrc ic gchrd, dk di acsl hd qud cgols prlmdk`tlrds trcocbdk, ic gchrd, ci `k`a`crsd di pdr`lhl hd hdsacksl plr gctdrk`hch, plhrã lptcr plr qud di ltrl prlmdk`tlr h`snrutd hd ukc pcrtd hdtdrg`kchc d `k`ktdrrugp`hc hdi pdr`lhl hd hdsacksl plstdr`lr ci pcrtl, o`dk hd nlrgc s`guitãkdc l suads`vc alk di hd ic gchrd. Di ltrl prlmdk`tlr plhrã sdmu`r h`snrutckhl hdi pdrg`sl hd gctdrk`hch `k`a`cigdktd adh`hl, cukqud dk di glgdktl prdv`stl pcrc ic rd`kalrplrca`ñk hd ic gchrd ci trcocbl àstc sd dkaudktrd dk s`tuca`ñk hd `kacpca`hch tdgplrci. Dk ils acsls hd h`snrutd s`guitãkdl hd pdr`lhls hd hdsacksl, ic sugc hd ils g`sgls kl plhrã dxadhdr hd ics h`da`sà`s sdgckcs l hd ics qud alrrdsplkhck dk acsl hd h`sacpca`hch hdi f`bl l hd pcrtl gòit`pid. Dstd pdrg`sl plhrã h`snrutcrsd c blrkchc blrkchc algpidtc l c t`dgpl pcra`ci, auckhl ics kdads`hckdads`hchds hdi sdrv`a`l il pdrg`tck, y dk ils tàrg`kls qud rdmicgdktcr`cgdktd sd hdtdrg`kdk. Dk ils acsls hd pcrtl prdgcturl y dk cquàiils dk qud, plr auciqu`dr ltrc acusc, di kdlkctl hdoc pdrgckdadr flsp`tci`zchl c alkt`kuca`ñk hdi pcrtl, dstd pdrg`sl sd cgpi`crã dk tcktls hçcs algl di kdlkctl sd dkaudktrd flsp`tci`zchl, alk uk gãx`gl hd trdad sdgckcs ch`a`lkcids. Hurcktd di h`snrutd hd dstd pdrg`sl pdrg`sl sd sd plhrã pcrt`a`pcr dk dk ils aursls hd nlrgca`ñk nlrgca`ñk qud alkvlqud ic Chg`k`strca`ñk.
?6:
Xdgc 0
dh`tlr`ci } adp
o) Zdrg`sl plr chlpa`ñk, plr mucrhc alk n`kds hd chlpa`ñk, l calm`g`dktl, tcktl tdgplrci algl pdrgckdktd2 tdkhrã ukc hurca`ñk hd h`da`sà`s sdgckcs `k`ktdrrugp`hcs. Dstd pdrg`sl sd cgpi`crã dk hls sdgckcs gãs dk di supudstl hd h`sacpca`hch hdi gdklr chlptchl l calm`hl y plr achc f`bl, c pcrt`r hdi sdmukhl, dk ils supudstls hd chlpa`ñk l calm`g`dktl gòit`pid. Di añgputl hdi piczl sd alktcrã alktcrã c didaa`ñk hdi nuka`lkcr`l, c pcrt`r hd ic hda`s`ñk chg`k`strct`vc hd mucrhc alk n`kds hd chlpa`ñk l calm`g`dktl, l c pcrt`r hd ic rdsliua`ñk buh`a`ci plr ic qud sd alkst`tuyc ic chlpa`ñk s`k qud dk k`kmòk acsl uk g`sgl gdklr pudhc hcr hdrdafl c vcr`ls pdr`lhls hd h`snrutd hd dstd pdrg`sl. Dk di acsl hd qud cgols prlmdk`tlrds trcocbdk, di pdrg`sl sd h`str`ou`rã c lpa`ñk hd ils `ktdrdschls, qud plhrãk h`snrutcril hd nlrgc s`guitãkdc l suads`vc, s`dgprd dk pdr`lhls `k`ktdrrugp`hls. Dk ils acsls hd h`snrutd s`guitãkdl hd pdr`lhls hd hdsacksl, hdsacksl, ic sugc hd ils g`sgls kl plhrã dxadhdr hd ics h`da`sà`s sdgckcs l hd ics qud alrrdsplkhck dk acsl hd chlpa`ñk l calm`g`dktl gòit`pid y hd h`sacpca`hch hdi gdklr chlptchl l calm`hl. Dstd pdrg`sl plhrã h`snrutcrsd c blrkchc algpidtc l c t`dgpl pcra`ci, auckhl ics kdads`hchds kdads`hchds hd sdrv`a`l il pdrg`tck, y dk ils tàrg`kls qud rdmicgdktcr`cgdktd sd hdtdrg`kd. Q` nudrc kdadscr`l di hdspiczcg`dktl hdspiczcg`dktl prdv`l hd ils prlmdk`tlrds ci pcçs hd lr`mdk hdi chlptchl, dk ils acsls hd chlpa`ñk l calm`g`dktl `ktdrkca`lkci, sd tdkhrã hdrdafl, chdgãs, c uk pdrg`sl hd fcstc hls gdsds hd hurca`ñk, pdra`o`dkhl hurcktd dstd pdr`lhl dxaius`vcgdktd ics rdtr`oua`lkds oãs`acs. Alk `khdpdkhdka`c `khdpdkhdka`c hdi hdi pdrg`sl hd fcstc hls gdsds gdsds prdv`stl prdv`stl dk di pãrrcnl cktdr`lr y pcrc di supudstl alktdgpichl dk h`afl pãrrcnl, di pdrg`sl plr chlpa`ñk, mucrhc alk n`kds hd chlpa`ñk l calm`g`dktl, tcktl tdgplrci algl pdrgckdktd, plhrã `k`a`crsd fcstc auctrl sdgckcs cktds hd ic rdsliua`ñk buh`a`ci plr ic qud sd alkst`tuyc ic chlpa`ñk l ic hda`s`ñk chg`k`strct`vc l buh`a`ci hd calm`g`dktl. Hurcktd di h`snrutd hd dstd pdrg`sl sd plhrã pcrt`a`pcr dk ils aursls aursls hd nlrgca`ñk qud alkvlqud ic Chg`k`strca`ñk. Ils supudstls hd chlpa`ñk, mucrhc mucrhc alk n`kds hd chlpa`ñk l calm`g`dktl, tcktl tdgplrci algl algl pdrgckdktd, prdv`stls dk dstd crtçauil sdrãk ils qud csç sd dstcoidzack dk di Añh`ml A`v`i l dk ics idyds a`v`ids hd ics alguk`hchds cutñklgcs qud ils rdmuidk, hdo`dkhl tdkdr di calm`g`dktl tdgplrci ukc hurca`ñk kl `kndr`lr c uk cól. a) Zdrg`sl hd pctdrk`hch plr di kca`g`dktl, mucrhc alk n`kds hd chlpa`ñk, calm`g`dktl l chlpa`ñk hd uk f`bl2 tdkhrã ukc hurca`ñk hd auctrl sdgckcs, c h`snrutcr plr di pchrd l di ltrl prlmdk`tlr c pcrt`r hd ic ndafc hdi kca`g`dktl, hd ic hda`s`ñk chg`k`strct`vc hd mucrhc alk n`kds hd chlpa`ñk l calm`g`dktl, l hd ic rdsliua`ñk buh`a`ci plr ic qud sd alkst`tuyc ic chlpa`ñk. Dstd pdrg`sl pdrg`sl ds `khdpdkh`dktd `khdpdkh`dktd hdi h`snrutd h`snrutd algpcrt`hl algpcrt`hl hd ils pdrg`sls alktdgpichls dk ils ils cpcrtchls c) y o). Dk ils acsls prdv`stls prdv`stls dk ils cpcrtchls c), o), y a) di t`dgpl trcksaurr`hl hurcktd di h`snrutd hd dstls pdrg`sls sd algputcrã algl hd sdrv`a`l dndat`vl c tlhls ils dndatls, mcrckt`zãkhlsd ic pidk`tuh hd hdrdafls dalkñg`als hd ic nuka`lkcr`c y, dk su acsl, hdi ltrl prlmdk`tlr nuka`lkcr`l, hurcktd tlhl di pdr`lhl hd hurca`ñk hdi pdrg`sl, y, dk su acsl, hurcktd ils pdr`lhls plstdr`lrds ci h`snrutd hd dstd, s` hd caudrhl alk ic klrgct`vc cpi`acoid, di hdrdafl c pdra`o`r cimòk alkadptl rdtr`out`vl sd hdtdrg`kc dk nuka`ñk hdi pdr`lhl hd h`snrutd hdi pdrg`sl.
Dstctutl Oãs`al hdi Dgpidchl Zòoi`al
?63
dh`tlr`ci } adp
Ils nuka`lkcr`ls qud fcyck fcyck fdafl usl hdi hdi pdrg`sl plr pcrtl l gctdrk`hch, gctdrk`hch, pctdrk`hch, pctdrk`hch, chlpa`ñk mucrhc alk n`kds hd chlpa`ñk l calm`g`dktl tcktl tdgplrci algl pdrgckdktd, tdkhrãk hdrdafl, ukc vdz n`kci`zchl di pdr`lhl hd pdrg`sl, c rd`ktdmrcrsd c su pudstl hd trcocbl dk tàrg`kls y alkh`a`lkds qud kl ids rdsuitdk gdkls ncvlrcoids ci h`snrutd hdi pdrg`sl, csç algl c odkdn`a`crsd hd auciqu`dr gdblrc dk ics alkh`a`lkds hd trcocbl c ics qud fuo`drck plh`hl tdkdr hdrdafl hurcktd su cusdka`c. h) Zdrg`sl plr rczñk hd v`lidka`c hd màkdrl slord slord ic gubdr nuka`lkcr`c2 ics ncitcs hd cs`stdka`c hd ics nuka`lkcr`cs vçat`gcs hd v`lidka`c hd màkdrl, tltcids l pcra`cids, tdkhrãk ic alks`hdrca`ñk hd bust`n`achcs plr di t`dgpl y dk ics alkh`a`lkds dk qud csç il hdtdrg`kdk ils sdrv`a`ls sla`cids hd ctdka`ñk l hd sciuh sdmòk prladhc. Cs`g`sgl, ics nuka`lkcr`c nuka`lkcr`css vçat`gcs hd v`lidka`c slord ic gubdr, pcrc fcadr dndat`vc su prltdaa`ñk l su hdrdafl hd cs`stdka`c sla`ci `ktdmrci, tdkhrãk hdrdafl c ic rdhuaa`ñk hd ic blrkchc alk h`sg`kua` h`sg`kua`ñk ñk prlplra`lkci hd ic rdtr`oua`ñk rdtr`oua`ñk,, l ic rdlrhdkca`ñk hdi t`dgpl hd trcocbl, c trcvàs hd ic chcptca`ñk hdi flrcr`l, hd ic cpi`aca`ñk hdi flrcr`l nidx`oid l hd ltrcs nlrgcs hd lrhdkca`ñk hdi t`dgpl hd trcocbl qud sdck cpi`acoids, dk ils tàrg`kls qud pcrc dstls supudstls dstcoidzac ic Chg`k`strca`ñk Zòoi`ac algpdtdktd dk acsc acsl. d) Zdrg`sl plr au`hchl hd f`bl gdklr gdklr cndatchl plr aãkadr u ltrc ltrc dkndrgdhch mrcvd2 di nuka`lkcr`l tdkhrã hdrdafl, s`dgprd qud cgols prlmdk`tlrds, chlptcktds, mucrhchlrds alk n`kds hd chlpa`ñk l calmdhlrds hd acrãatdr pdrgckdktd trcocbdk, c ukc rdhuaa`ñk hd ic blrkchc hd trcocbl hd ci gdkls ic g`tch hd ic hurca`ñk hd cquàiic, pdra`o`dkhl ics rdtr`oua`lkds çktdmrcs alk acrml c ils prdsupudstls hdi ñrmckl l dkt`hch hlkhd vdkmc prdstckhl sus sdrv`a`ls, pcrc di au`hchl, hurcktd ic flsp`tci`zca`ñk y trctcg`dktl alkt`kuchl, hdi f`bl gdklr hd dhch cndatchl plr aãkadr (tuglrds gci`mkls, gdicklgcs l acra`klgcs) l plr auciqu`dr ltrc dkndrgdhch mrcvd qud `gpi`qud uk `kmrdsl flsp`tcicr`l hd icrmc hurca`ñk y rdqu`drc ic kdads`hch hd su au`hchl h`rdatl, alkt`kul y pdrgckdktd cardh`tchl plr di `knlrgd hdi sdrv`a`l pòoi`al hd sciuh u ñrmckl chg`k`strct`vl sck`tcr`l hd ic alguk`hch cutñklgc l, dk su acsl, hd ic dkt`hch sck`tcr`c alkadrtchc alrrdsplkh`dktd y, algl gãx`gl, fcstc qud di gdklr augpic ils 36 cóls. Auckhl alkaurrck dk cgols prlmdk`tlrds, chlptcktds, mucrhchlrds alk n`kds hd chlpa`ñk l calmdhlrds hd acrãatdr pdrgckdktd, plr di g`sgl subdtl y fdafl acuscktd, ics a`raukstcka`cs kdadscr`cs pcrc tdkdr hdrdafl c dstd pdrg`sl l, dk su acsl, pudhck tdkdr ic alkh`a`ñk hd odkdn`a`cr`ls hd ic prdstca`ñk dstcoida`hc pcrc dstd n`k dk di _àm`gdk hd ic Qdmur`hch Qla`ci qud ids sdc hd cpi`aca`ñk, di nuka`lkcr`l tdkhrã hdrdafl c ic pdradpa`ñk hd ics rdtr`oua`lkds çktdmrcs hurcktd di t`dgpl qud hurd ic rdhuaa`ñk hd su blrkchc hd trcocbl, s`dgprd qud di ltrl prlmdk`tlr, chlptcktd l mucrhchlr alk n`kds hd chlpa`ñk l calmdhlr hd acrãatdr pdrgckdktd, s`k pdrbu`a`l hdi hdrdafl c ic rdhuaa`ñk hd blrkchc qud id alrrdsplkhc, kl alord sus rdtr`oua`lkds çktdmrcs dk v`rtuh hd dstd pdrg`sl l algl odkdn`a`cr`l hd ic prdstca`ñk dstcoida`hc pcrc dstd n`k dk di _àm`gdk hd ic Qdmur`hch Qla`ci qud id sdc hd cpi`aca`ñk. Dk acsl alktrcr`l, sñil sd tdkhrã hdrdafl c ic rdhuaa`ñk hd blrkchc, alk ic alks`mu`dktd rdhuaa`ñk hd rdtr`oua`lkds. Cs`g`sgl, dk di supudstl hd qud cgols prdstdk sdrv`a`ls dk dk di g`sgl ñrmckl l dkt`hch, dkt`hch, àstc plhrã i`g`tcr su dbdra`a`l s`guitãkdl plr rczlkds nukhchcs dk di alrrdatl nuka`lkcg`dktl hdi sdrv`a`l. _dmicgdktcr`cgdktd sd dstcoidadrãk ics alkh`a`lkds alkh`a`lkds y supudstls dk ils qud dstc dstc rdhuaa`ñk rdhuaa`ñk hd blrkchc sd plhrã cauguicr dk blrkchcs algpidtcs
?6?
Xdgc 0
dh`tlr`ci } adp
n) Zcrc fcadr dndat`vl su hdrdafl c ic prltdaa`ñk y c ic cs`stdka`c sla`ci `ktdmrci, ils nuka`lkcr`ls qud fcyck sunr`hl hcóls nçs`als l psçqu`als algl alksdaudka`c hd ic cat`v`hch tdrrlr`stc, su añkyumd l pdrslkc alk ckãilmc rdica`ñk hd cndat`v`hch, y ils f`bls hd ils fdr`hls y nciida`hls, s`dgprd qud lstdktdk ic alkh`a`ñk hd nuka`lkcr`ls y hd vçat`gcs hdi tdrrlr`sgl hd caudrhl alk ic idm`sica`ñk v`mdktd, csç algl ils nuka`lkcr`ls cgdkczchls dk ils tàrg`kls hdi crtçauil 4 hd ic Idy ?0/?:33, hd ?? hd sdpt`dgord, hd _dalkla`g`dktl y Zrltdaa`ñk @ktdmrci c ics ^çat`gcs hdi Xdrrlr`sgl, prdv`l rdalkla`g`dktl hdi G`k`stdr`l hdi @ktdr`lr l hd sdktdka`c buh`a`ci n`rgd, tdkhrãk hdrdafl c ic rdhuaa`ñk hd ic blrkchc alk h`sg`kua`ñk prlplra`lkci hd ic rdtr`oua`ñk, l c ic rdlrhdkca`ñk hdi t`dgpl hd trcocbl, c trcvàs hd ic chcptca`ñk hdi flrcr`l, hd ic cpi`aca`ñk hdi flrcr`l nidx`oid l hd ltrcs nlrgcs hd lrhdkca`ñk hdi t`dgpl hd trcocbl qud sdck cpi`acoids, dk ils tàrg`kls qud dstcoidzac ic Chg`k`strca`ñk algpdtdktd dk achc acsl. H`afcs gdh`hcs sdrãk chlptchcs y gcktdk`hcs dk di t`dgpl dk tcktl qud rdsuitdk kdadscr`cs pcrc ic prltdaa`ñk y cs`stdka`c sla`ci `ktdmrci hd ic pdrslkc c ic qud sd alkadhd, yc sdc plr rczñk hd ics sdaudics prlvlachcs plr ic caa`ñk tdrrlr`stc, yc sdc plr ic cgdkczc c ic qud sd dkaudktrc slgdt`hc, dk ils tàrg`kls prdv`stls rdmicgdktcr`cgdktd.
h. ^caca`lkd caca`lkdss hd ils nuka`lkcr nuka`lkcr`ls `ls pòoi`als Ils nuka`lkcr`ls pòoi`als tdkhrãk hdrdafl c h`snrutcr, hurcktd achc cól kcturci, hd ukcs vcaca`lkds rdtr`ou`hcs hd vd`kt`hñs hçcs fão`ids, l hd ils hçcs qud alrrdsplkhck prlplra`lkcigdktd s` di t`dgpl hd sdrv`a`l hurcktd di cól nud gdklr. C ils dndatls hd il prdv`stl dk di prdsdktd crtçauil, kl sd alks`hdrcrãk algl hçcs fão`ids ils sãochls, s`k pdrbu`a`l hd ics chcptca`lkds qud sd dstcoidzack pcrc ils flrcr`ls dspda`cids. Auckhl ics s`tuca`lkds hd pdrg`sl hd gctdrk`hch, `kacpca`hch tdgplrci, r`dsml hurcktd ic icatcka`c l r`dsml hurcktd di dgocrczl `gp`hck `k`a`cr di h`snrutd hd ics vcaca`lkds hdktrl hdi cól kcturci ci qud alrrdsplkhck, l ukc vdz `k`a`chl di pdr`lhl vcaca`lkci slordv`k`drc ukc hd h`afcs s`tuca`lkds, di pdr`lhl vcaca`lkci sd plhrã h`snrutcr cukqud fcyc tdrg`kchl di cól kcturci c qud alrrdsplkhck y s`dgprd qud kl fcyck trcksaurr`hl gãs hd h`da`lafl gdsds c pcrt`r hdi n`kci hdi cól dk qud sd fcyck lr`m`kchl.
d. Blrkchc hd trcocbl, pdrg`sls y vcaca`lkds hdi pdrslkci icolrci Zcrc di ràm`gdk hd blrkchc hd trcocbl, pdrg`sls y vcaca`lkds hdi pdrslkci icolrci sd dstcrã c il dstcoida`hl dk dstd acpçtuil y dk ic idm`sica`ñk icolrci alrrdsplkh`dktd.
N. Hdodrds hd ils dgpidchls pòoi`als. Añh`ml hd Alkhuatc c. Hdodrds hd ils dgpidchls pòoi`als. Añh`ml hd Alkhuatc Ils dgpidchls pòoi`als hdodrãk hdsdgpdócr alk h`i`mdka`c ics tcrdcs qud tdkmck cs`mkchcs y vdicr plr ils `ktdrdsds mdkdrcids alk subda`ñk y losdrvcka`c hd ic Alkst`tua`ñk y hdi rdstl hdi lrhdkcg`dktl burçh`al, y hdodrãk catucr alk crrdmil c ils s`mu`dktds pr`ka`p`ls2 lobdt`v`hch, `ktdmr`hch, kdutrci`hch, rdsplksco`i`hch, `gpcra`c-
Dstctutl Oãs`al hdi Dgpidchl Zòoi`al
Ils pr`ka`p`ls y rdmics dstcoida`hls dstcoida`hls dk dstd acpçtuil `knlrgcrãk ic `ktdrprdtca`ñk y cpi`aca`ñk hdi ràm`gdk h`sa`pi`kcr`l hd ils dgpidchls pòoi`als.
?61
dh`tlr`ci } adp
i`hch, alkn`hdka`ci`hch, hdh`aca`ñk ci sdrv`a`l pòoi`al, trckspcrdka`c, dbdgpicr`hch, custdr`hch, caads`o`i`hch, dn`aca`c, flkrchdz, prlgla`ñk hdi dktlrkl auiturci y gdh`lcgo`dktci, y rdspdtl c ic `mucihch dktrd gubdrds y flgords, qud `ksp`rck di Añh`ml hd Alkhuatc hd ils dgpidchls pòoi`als alkn`murchl plr ils pr`ka`p`ls àt`als y hd alkhuatc rdmuichls dk ils crtçauils s`mu`dktds.
o. Zr`ka`p`ls àt`als Ils dgpidchls pòoi`als rdspdtcrãk ic Alkst`tua`ñk y di rdstl hd klrgcs qud `ktdmrck di lrhdkcg`dktl burçh`al. Qu catuca`ñk pdrsdmu`rã ic sct`sncaa`ñk hd ils `ktdrdsds mdkdrcids hd ils a`uhchckls y sd nukhcgdktcrã dk alks`hdrca`lkds lobdt`vcs lr`dktchcs fca`c ic `gpcra`ci`hch y di `ktdràs algòk, ci gcrmdk hd auciqu`dr ltrl ncatlr qud dxprdsd pls`a`lkds pdrslkcids, ncg`i`crds, alrplrct`vcs, ai`dktdicrds l aucidsqu`drc ltrcs qud pudhck ali`s`lkcr alk dstd pr`ka`p`l. Cbustcrãk su catuca`ñk c ils pr`ka`p`ls hd idcitch y oudkc nd alk ic Chg`k`strca`ñk dk ic qud prdstdk sus sdrv`a`ls, y alk sus supdr`lrds, algpcódrls, suolrh`kchls y alk ils a`uhchckls. Qu alkhuatc sd ocscrã dk di rdspdtl hd ils hdrdafls nukhcgdktcids y i`odrtchds pòoi`acs, dv`tckhl tlhc catuca`ñk qud pudhc prlhua`r h`sar`g`kca`ñk cimukc plr rczñk hd kca`g`dktl, lr`mdk rca`ci l àtk`al, màkdrl, sdxl, lr`dktca`ñk sdxuci, rdi` m`ñk l alkv`aa`lkds, lp`k`ñk, h`sacpca`hch, dhch l auciqu`dr ltrc alkh`a`ñk l a`raukstcka`c pdrslkci l sla`ci. Qd costdkhrãk dk cqudiils csuktls dk ils qud tdkmck uk `ktdràs pdrslkci, csç algl hd tlhc cat`v`hch pr`vchc l `ktdràs qud pudhc suplkdr uk r`dsml hd picktdcr alkni`atls hd `ktdrdsds alk su pudstl pòoi`al. Kl alktrcdrãk loi`mca`lkds dalkñg`acs k` `ktdrvdkhrãk dk lpdrca`lkds n`kcka`drcs, loi`mca`lkds pctr`glk`cids l kdmla`ls burçh`als alk pdrslkcs l dkt`hchds auckhl pudhc suplkdr uk alkni`atl hd `ktdrdsds alk ics loi`mca`lkds hd su pudstl pòoi`al. Kl cadptcrãk k`kmòk trctl hd ncvlr l s`tuca`ñk qud `gpi`qud pr`v`idm`l l vdktcbc `kbust`n`achc, plr pcrtd hd pdrslkcs nçs`acs l dkt`hchds pr`vchcs. Catucrãk hd caudrhl alk ils pr`ka`p`ls hd dn`aca`c, dalklgçc y dn`a`dka`c, y v`m`icrãk ic alksdaua`ñk hdi `ktdràs mdkdrci y di augpi`g`dktl hd ils lobdt`vls hd ic lrmck`zca`ñk. Kl `kniu`rãk dk ic cm`i`zca`ñk l rdsliua`ñk hd trãg`td l prladh`g`dktl chg`k`strct`vl s`k bustc acusc y, dk k`kmòk acsl, auckhl diil algplrtd uk pr`v`idm`l dk odkdn`a`l hd ils t`tuicrds hd ils acrmls pòoi`als l su dktlrkl ncg`i`cr y sla`ci `kgdh`ctl l auckhl suplkmc uk gdklsacol hd ils `ktdrdsds hd tdradrls. Augpi`rãk alk h`i`mdka`c ics tcrdcs qud ids alrrdsplkhck l sd ids dkalg`dkhdk y, dk su acsl, rdslivdrãk hdktrl hd piczl ils prladh`g`dktls l dxpdh`dktds hd su algpdtdka`c. Dbdradrãk sus ctr`oua`lkds sdmòk di pr`ka`p`l hd hdh`aca`ñk ci sdrv`a`l pòoi`al costdk`àkhlsd kl slil hd alkhuatcs alktrcr`cs ci g`sgl, s`kl tcgo`àk hd aucidsqu`drc ltrcs qud algprlgdtck ic kdutrci`hch dk di dbdra`a`l hd ils sdrv`a`ls pòoi`als. Mucrhcrãk sdardtl hd ics gctdr`cs aics`n`achcs u ltrcs auyc h`nus`ñk dstà prlf`o`hc idmcigdktd, y gcktdkhrãk ic hdo`hc h`sarda`ñk slord cqudiils csuktls qud alklzack plr rczñk hd su acrml, s`k qud pudhck fcadr usl hd ic `knlrgca`ñk lotdk`hc pcrc odkdn`a`l prlp`l l hd tdradrls, l dk pdrbu`a`l hdi `ktdràs pòoi`al.
?68
Xdgc 0
dh`tlr`ci } adp
a. Zr`ka`p`ls hd alkhuatc - Xrctcrãk alk ctdka`ñk y rdspdtl c ils a`uhchckls, c sus supdr`lrds supdr`lrds y c ils rdstcktds rdstcktds dgpidchls pòoi`als. - Di hdsdgpdól hd ics tcrdcs alrrdsplkh`dktds c su pudstl hd trcocbl sd rdci`zcrã hd nlrgc h`i`mdktd y augpi`dkhl ic blrkchc y di flrcr`l dstcoida`hls. - Lodhdadrãk ics `kstruaa`lkds y ñrhdkds prlnds`lkcids hd ils supdr`lrds, scivl qud alkst`tuyck ukc `knrcaa`ñk gck`n`dstc hdi lrhdkcg`dktl burçh`al, dk auyl acsl ics plkhrãk `kgdh`ctcgdktd dk alkla`g`dktl hd ils ñrmckls hd `kspdaa`ñk prladhdktds. - @knlrgcrãk c ils a`uhchckls slord cqudiics gctdr`cs l csuktls qud tdkmck hdrdafl c alkladr, y nca`i`tcrãk di dbdra`a`l hd sus hdrdafls y di augpi`g`dktl hd sus loi`mca`lkds. - Chg`k`strcrãk ils rdaursls y o`dkds pòoi`als alk custdr`hch, y kl ut`i`zcrãk ils g`sgls dk prlvdprlvdafl prlp`l l hd pdrslkcs ciidmchcs. Xdkhrãk, cs`g`sgl, di hdodr hd vdicr plr su alksdrvca`ñk. - Qd rdafczcrã auciqu`dr rdmcil, ncvlr l sdrv`a`l dk alkh`a`lkds vdktcblscs qud vcyc gãs ciiã hd ils usls fco`tucids, sla`cids y hd alrtdsçc, s`k pdrbu`a`l hd il dstcoida`hl dk di Añh`ml Zdkci. - Mcrckt`zcrãk ic alkstcka`c y pdrgckdka`c hd ils hlaugdktls pcrc su trcksg`s`ñk y dktrdmc c sus plstdr`lrds rdsplkscoids. - Gcktdkhrãk catuci`zchc su nlrgca`ñk y auci`n`aca`ñk. - Losdrvcrãk ics klrgcs slord sdmur`hch y sciuh icolrci. - Zlkhrãk dk alkla`g`dktl hd sus supdr`lrds l hd ils ñrmckls algpdtdktds ics prlpudstcs qud alks`hdrdk chdauchcs pcrc gdblrcr di hdscrrliil hd ics nuka`lkds hd ic uk`hch dk ic qud dstàk hdst`kchls.C dstls dndatls sd plhrã prdvdr ic ardca`ñk hd ic `kstcka`c chdauchc algpdtdktd pcrc adktrci`zcr ic rdadpa`ñk hd ics prlpudstcs hd ils dgpidchls pòoi`als l chg`k`strchls qud s`rvck pcrc gdblrcr ic dn`aca`c dk di sdrv`a`l. - Mcrckt`zcrãk ic ctdka`ñk ci a`uhchckl dk ic idkmuc qud il sli`a`td s`dgprd qud sdc ln`a`ci dk dk di tdrr`tlr`l.
Dstctutl Oãs`al hdi Dgpidchl Zòoi`al
?64
Dsqudgc 0
XDVXL _DNTKH@HL HD IC IDP HDI DQXCXTXL OÃQ@AL HDI DGZIDCHL ZÒ OI@AL (_DCI HDA_DXL IDM@QICX@^L 4/?:34, HD 1: HD LAXTO_D)2 AICQDQ HD DGZIDCHLQ ZÒOI@ALQ5 HD_DAFLQ P HDOD_DQ HDI DGZIDCHL ZÒOI@AL5 _DZ_DQDKXCA@ÑK, ZC_X@A@ZC C_X@A@ZCA@ÑK A@ÑK P KDMLA@CA@ÑK KDM LA@CA@ÑK ALIDAX@^ ALIDAX@^C C Dstruaturc Di _dci Hdardtl Idm`sict`vl 4/?:34, hd 1: hd latuord, plr di qud sd cprudoc di tdxtl rdnukh`hl hd ic Idy hdi Dstctutl Oãs`al hdi Dgpidchl Zòoi`al alkstc hd 3:: crtçauils, h`v`h`hls dk lafl Xçtuils. Qd algpidtc alk h`da`sà`s H`spls`a`lkds Ch`a`lkcids, lafl H`spls`a`lkds Xrcks`tlr`cs, ukc H`spls`a`ñk Hdrlmctlr`c y auctrl H`spls`a`lkds N`kcids
Lobdtl y ãgo`tl hd cpi`aca`ñk Lobdtl Di prdsdktd Dstctutl t`dkd plr lobdtl dstcoidadr ics ocsds hdi ràm`gdk dstctutcr`l hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls pòoi`als `kaiu`hls dk su ãgo`tl hd cpi`aca`ñk Ãgo`tl hd cpi`aca`ñk Dstd Dstctutl sd cpi`ac ci pdrslkci nuka`lkcr`l y dk il qud prladhc ci pdrslkci icolrci ci sdrv`a`l hd ics s`mu`dktds Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs2 - Ic Chg`k`strca`ñk Mdkdrci hdi Dstchl - Ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Chg`k`strca`lkds hd ics ics alguk`hchds alguk`hchds cutñklgcs y hd ics a`uhchds hd Adutc y Gdi`iic - Ics Chg`k`strca`lkd Chg`k`strca`lkdss hd ics dkt`hchds ilacids - Ils lrmck`sgls lrmck`sgls pòoi`als, cmdka`cs y hdgãs hdgãs dkt`hchds dkt`hchds hd hd hdrdafl hdrdafl pòoi`al alk pdrslkci`hch burçh`ac prlp`c, v`kauichcs l hdpdkh`dktds hd auciqu`drc hd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs - Ics Tk`vdrs`hchds Zòoi`acs
Zdrslkci ci sdrv`a`l hd ics Chg`k`strca`lkds Zòoi`acs Alkadptl y aicsds hd dgpidchls pòoi`als Nuka`lkcr`ls hd acrrdrc Nuka`lkcr`ls `ktdr`kls Zdrslkci icolrci Zdrslkci dvdktuci Zdrslkci h`rdat`vl prlnds`lkci Di Mlo`drkl y ils ñrmckls hd mlo`drkl hd ics alguk`hchds cutñklgcs plhrãk dstcoidadr, dk hdscrrliil hd dstd Dstctutl, di ràm`gdk burçh`al dspdaçn`al hdi pdrslkci h`rdat`vl csç algl ils ar`tdr`ls pcrc hdtdrg`kcr su alkh`a`ñk
Dstctutl Oãs`al hdi Dgpidchl Zòoi`al
?6=
Hdrdafls y hdodrds. Añh`ml hd alkhuatc hd ils dgpidchls pòoi`als Hdrdafls hd ils dgpidchls pòoi`als Hdrdafls `kh`v`hucids Hdrdafls `kh`v`hucids dbdra`hls alidat`vcgdktd Hdrdafl c ic acrrdrc prlnds`lkci y c ic prlgla`ñk `ktdrkc. Ic dvciuca`ñk hdi hdsdgpdól Alkadptl, pr`ka`p`ls y glhci`hchds hd ic acrrdrc prlnds`lkci hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls hd acrrdrc Acrrdrc flr`zlktci hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls hd acrrdrc Zrlgla`ñk `ktdrkc hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls hd acrrdrc Acrrdrc prlnds`lkci y prlgla`ñk hdi pdrslkci icolrci Ic dvciuca`ñk hdi hdsdgpdól Hdrdafls rdtr`out`vls Hdtdrg`kca`ñk hd ics aucktçcs y hd ils `kardgdktls rdtr`out`vls _dtr`oua`lkds hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls n uka`lkcr`ls _dtr`oua`lkds oãs`acs _dtr`oua`lkds algpidgdktcr`c algpidgdktcr`css _dtr`oua`lkds hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls n uka`lkcr`ls `ktdr`kls _dtr`oua`lkds hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls dk prãat`acs _dtr`oua`lkds hdi pdrslkci icolrci @khdgk`zca`lkds _dtr`oua`lkds h`ndr`hcs Hdhuaa`ñk hd rdtr`oua`lkds Hdrdafl c ic kdmla`ca`ñk alidat`vc, rdprdsdktca`ñk y pcrt`a`pca`ñk `kst`tua`lkci. Hdrdafl hd rduk`ñk Zr`ka`p`ls mdkdrcids Kdmla`ca`ñk alidat`vc, rdprdsdktca`ñk y pcrt`a`pca`ñk hdi pdrslkci icolrci Kdmla`ca`ñk alidat`vc Gdscs hd Kdmla`ca`ñk Alkst`tua`ñk y algpls`a`ñk hd ics Gdscs hd Kdmla`ca`ñk Gdscs Mdkdrcids hd Kdmla`ca`ñk Gctdr`cs lobdtl hd kdmla`ca`ñk Zcatls y Caudrhls Ñrmckls hd rdprdsdktca`ñk Nuka`lkds y idm`t`gca`ñk hd ils ñrmckls hd rdprdsdktca`ñk Mcrcktçcs hd ic nuka`ñk rdprdsdktct`vc hdi pdrslkci Hurca`ñk hd ic rdprdsdktca`ñk Zrlgla`ñk hd didaa`lkds c Hdidmchls y Buktcs hd Zdrslkci Zrladh`g`dktl didatlrci Qliua`ñk dxtrcbuh`a`ci hd alkni`atls alidat`vls Hdrdafl hd rduk`ñk
?66
Xdgc 0
Hdrdafl c ic blrkchc hd trcocbl, pdrg`sls y vcaca`lkds Blrkchc hd trcocbl hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls pòoi`als pòoi`als Zdrg`sls hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls pòoi`als Zdrg`sls plr glt`vls hd alka`i`ca`ñk hd ic v`hc pdrslkci, ncg`i`cr y icolrci y plr rczñk hd v`lidka`c hd màkdrl ^caca`lkds hd ils nuka`lkcr`ls pòoi`als Blrkchc hd trcocbl, pdrg`sls pdrg`sls y vcaca`lkds hdi pdrslkci icolrci Hdodrds hd ils dgpidchls pòoi`als. Añh`ml hd Alkhuatc Hdodrds hd ils dgpidchls pòoi`als. Añh`ml hd Alkhuatc Zr`ka`p`ls àt`als Zr`ka`p`ls hd alkhuatc
Dstctutl Oãs`al hdi Dgpidchl Zòoi`al
?60