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Xifis fi írim abgma? gbngip gbngiptb4 tb4 gblpmrtkgk÷n Mprinfir quë sbn y g÷lb eungkbnmn ams rifis fi írim abgma
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=. XIFIW FI ÍXIM ABGMA? GBNGIS GBNGISVB4 VB4 GBLSMXVKG GBLSMXVKGK×N K×N =.= Xifis knebrlítkgms fi gblunkgmgk÷n Abs gbnstmntis mvmngis tignba÷jkgbs in knebrlítkgm `mn supuistb unm virfmfirm rivbaugk÷n in ia lunfb fi ams gblunkgmgkbnis, fbnfi abs brfinmfbris fi tbfb ia lunfb puifin istmr kntirgbnigtmfbs intri sì ebrlmnfb rifis fi trmhmob gblÿn gmpmgis fi pbnir m fkspbskgk÷n fi abs usumrkbs am pbskhkakfmf fi gblpmrtkr knebrlmgk÷n y tbfb tkpb fi mrg`kvbs. Fi ebrlm gbabqukma, istm ebrlm fi trmhmob si finblknm ‑gblpmrtkr mrg`kvbs in rif“. Istms rifis knebrlítkgms istín ebrlmfms pbr un gbnountb fi brfinmfbris kntirgbnigtmfbs intri sì, qui utkakzmn ia lkslb ainjumoi b prbtbgbab, emgkaktmnfb fi isti lbfb ia qui luatktuf fi brfinmfbris puifmn gblunkgmrsi intri sì y gblpmrtkr tbfb tkpb fi fmtbs y rigursbs. Ams rifis fi brfinmfbris puifin sir? =) Xifis abgmais, in knjaës Abgma Mrim Nitwbrd (AMN) qui mhmrgmn un ifkekgkb, unm ilprism b unm unkvirskfmf. Wuiain tinir gmrígtir prkvmfb y utkakzmn gmhais pmrm gbnigtmr sus brfinmfbris gbn btrbs. In fitirlknmfms gkrgunstmngkms, puifin inamzmr gbn btrms rifis m trmvës fi am aìnim tiaie÷nkgm y tinir un magmngi lmybr. Gumnfb tbfbs abs brfinmfbris fi am rif istín in am lkslm gkufmf si `mham fi rifis LMN (Litrbpbaktmn Mrim Nitwbrd). Ams rifis abgmais lís fkeunfkfms sbn ams Kntrmnit. 8) Xifis mlpakms b ixtinsms, in knjaës Zkfi Mrim Nitwbrd (ZMN), qui gblprinfin unm rijk÷n lís mlpakm, qui puifi sir kngausb fi ílhktb kntirnmgkbnma. Wu mggisb suiai sir pÿhakgb y mhkirtb. Wi `mham fi rifis JMN (Jabhma (Ja bhma Mrim Nitwbrds) gumnfb am uhkgmgk÷n fi abs brfinmfbris fi am rif istín ripmrtkfbs pbr tbfb ia lunfb. Kntirnit is am lmybr fi tbfms ams rifis JMN. Am jrmn Xif qui ebrlm Kntirnit pritinfi kntijrmr tbfms isms rifis fi brfinmfbris qui `my in ia lunfb in unm ‑rif fi rifis“, m trmvës fi am qui abs usumrkbs (kntirnmutms) fi tbfb ia pamnitm puifmn gblunkgmrsi, msì gblb kntirgmlhkmr knebrlmgkbnis y prbjrmlms iaigtr÷nkgbs, jrmgkms m qui munqui gmfm rif qui am gblpbni eungkbnm fi ebrlm knfipinfkinti, tbfms iaams utkakzmn ia prbtbgbab gblÿn fi Kntirnit VGS/KS. @by in fìm, am lmybr pmrti fi ilprisms knebrlmtkzmfms utkakzmn unm rif abgma pmrm gbnigtmr tbfbs sus brfinmfbris y trmhmomr gbn lmybr iekgmgkm. M Ioilpab fi Kntrmnit isti tkpb fi brjmnkzmgk÷n si am gbnbgi pbr Kntrmnit, y nb is lís qui unm rif abgma fi usb prkvmfb (jrmgkms m un skstilm ekriwmaa qui klpkfi ia mggisb m am lkslm fisfi ia ixtirkbr), qui, munqui istí knstmamfm in un fblknkb jibjríekgb aklktmfb, utkakzm ia lkslb prbtbgbab qui Kntirnit, ab qui pbskhkaktm ia usb fi tbfbs abs sirvkgkbs qui fksiýmfbs pmrm istm
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tignbabjìm, gblb ia gbrrib iaigtr÷nkgb b am www. Ia I a ioilpab lís gamrb fi isti tkpb fi rif ab a b gblpbni am Kntrmnit fi am FJS, qui gbnstktuyi unm Kntirnit prkvmfm in am qui istín gbnigtmfbs tbfbs abs brfinmfbris fia Guirpb Nmgkbnma fi Sbakgìm.
=.8 Istrugturm fi unm rif Ams rifis fi brfinmfbris istín ebrlmfms pbr un gbnountb fi brfinmfbris kntirgblunkgmfbs lifkmnti gmhais gbnigtmfbs m ams tmroitms fi rif knstmamfms in gmfm unb fi abs iqukpbs. Smrm qui fkg`m gbnixk÷n sim pbskhai, abs brfinmfbris gbnigtmfbs fihin gbntmr gbn unm sirki fi iailintbs ispigìekgbs fi `mrfwmri y fi sbetwmri.
M. Iailintbs fi `mrfwmri Intri abs iailintbs fi `mrfwmri si inguintrmn? - Vmroitms fi rif? rif? sbn mfmptmfbris eìskgbs qui si knstmamn in abs brfinmfbris pmrm tinir mggisb mggisb m am rif. Is ia fkspbsktkvb qui `mrí fi kntiremz intri ia iqukpb y am rif. - Wkstilms fi gmhaimfb? gmhaimfb? sbn ia lifkb eìskgb pbr pbr ia qui si gbnigtmn abs iqukpbs qui pirtinigin m am rif. Abs tkpbs fi gmhaimfbs lís utkakzmfbs sbn? =) Smr trinzmfb. Wbn fbs gmhais b pmris fi gmhais trinzmfbs fbs m fbs. Istbs gmhais puifin trinzmrsi gbn b skn prbtiggk÷n, fmnfb aujmr m mpmntmaamfbs b WVS b nb mpmntmaamfbs b YVS. (YVS, WVS, =3-HMWI-V). 8) Gmhai gbmxkma. Gbnsksti in un `kab jruisb fi gbhri gintrma gbn unm guhkirtm mksamnti, rbfimfm pbr unm lmaam y tbfb iaab gbn unm guhkirtm ixtirkbr. Ixkstin fbs tkpbs, unb pmrm ‑hmnfm hmsi“ y btrb pmrm ‑hmnfm mng`m“ in ia qui si gbnskjui qui pbr un sbab gmhai puifmn gkrguamr fkeirintis siýmais m am viz (=3-HMWI-9, =3-HMWI-8,=33-HMWI-P). 7) Ekhrm ÷ptkgm. Msì gblb ams siýmais fia gmhai fi gbhri sbn iaëgtrkgms, in ia gmsb fi ekhrm ÷ptkgm istmlbs in aulknbsms. Ia brfinmfbr nb jinirm isti tkpb fi siýma, pbr ab tmntb si `mn fi trmnsebrlmr lifkmnti fkbfbs ebtbiaëgtrkgbs. Is ia skstilm lís ieigtkvb, ym qui pirlkti unm viabgkfmf fi trmnslksk÷n lug`b lmybr qui in abs gmsbs mntirkbris y mfilís pirlkti trmnslktkr unm jrmn gmntkfmf fi siýmais ma lkslb tkilpb. - Gbngintrmfbris (@uhs) y inrutmfbris (Xbutirs)? (Xbutirs)? Wbn fkspbsktkvbs qui mjautknmn y fkrkjin ia tríekgb fi pmquitis knebrlítkgbs m trmvës fi am rif. Ia @uh is un fkspbsktkvb fbnfi gbnvirjin abs gbnigtmris fi abs gmhais fi am rif4 m pmrtkr fia `uh si gbnstruyi am rif. Ia Xbutir b jmtiwmy? is un fkspbsktkvb qui gbnigtm vmrkms rifis fkriggkbnmnfb am knebrlmgk÷n intri iaams.
H. Iailintbs fi sbetwmri Abs iailintbs fi sbetwmri qui gblpbnin unm rif sbn? - Wkstilms bpirmtkvbs? bpirmtkvbs? gbnountb fi prbjrmlms qui pirlkti am jistk÷n fi abs iailintbs iailintbs eìskgbs y a÷jkgbs fi am rif, is figkr, gblpmrtkr rigursbs y fmtbs, grimr usumrkbs y prkvkaijkbs, itg. Abs skstilms fi rif lís utkakzmfbs sbn? YNÌP (gbn sus vmrkmntis AKNYP, LKNKP, PINKP, WBAMXKW y WGB), NBUIAA, NV, BW/8, ZKNFBZW NV/8333 y LMG BW.
Xifis fi írim abgma
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- Srbtbgbabs fi gblunkgmgk÷n? Is ia gbnountb fi nbrlms qui rkjin ia kntirgmlhkb fi knebrlmgk÷n gbn am rif. Abs prbtbgbabs fi rif lís utkakzmfbs sbn? VGS/KS (gbn WNLS y WLH), NIVHIUK, P-89, P-63, PNW, MSSG, KSP/WSP, MSSAI VMAD, BWV SXBVBGBA WYKVI y FIG NIV. - Gbntrbamfbris fi ams tmroitms fi rif? tmlhkën gbnbgkfbs gblb frkvirs. Yn gbntrbamfbr fi unm tmroitm fi rif is ia sbetwmri qui pirlkti ma brfinmfbr smhir fbnfi si knstmam fkg`m tmroitm (in quë puirtb), rigbnbgir fkg`b fkspbsktkvb y gblunkgmrsi gbn ëa.
G. Xiamgk÷n intri ams rifis abgmais Fintrb fi ams rifis abgmais si fkstknjuin fbs ebrlms fi riamgk÷n intri iaams? Ams rifis fi kjuma m kjuma y ams rifis gakinti/sirvkfbr? - Fi kjuma m kjuma. Xifis in ams qui tbfbs abs kntijrmntis puifin rimakzmr pitkgkbnis pitkgkbnis b invkmr rispuistms. Isti tkpb fi mrquktigturm fi rif s÷ab si utkakzm gumnfb `my qui gbnigtmr un nÿlirb piquiýb fi brfinmfbris y nb klpbrtm qui am knebrlmgk÷n istë fkstrkhukfm intri iaabs. - Wirvkfbr/gakinti. Is ia skstilm fi rif lís ixtinfkfb intri abs usumrkbs. Ams nigiskfmfis fi sijurkfmf y rinfklkintb fintrb fi ams rifis, prbpkgkmrbn am mpmrkgk÷n fi isti tkpb fi rif, in am qui ixksti un brfinmfbr qui mgtÿm gblb sirvkfbr y lug`bs btrbs qui mgtÿmn gblb gakintis. Abs gakintis invìmn pitkgkbnis fi knebrlmgk÷n m abs sirvkfbris y ëstbs fivuiavin abs fmtbs qui ais `mn skfb riquirkfbs. Nbrlmalinti ia sirvkfbr is un brfinmfbr luy pbtinti gmpmz fi ioigutmr prbjrmlms qui supirmn am gmpmgkfmf fi abs brfinmfbris gakinti. In ia prbgisb fi trmnslksk÷n fi knebrlmgk÷n si fkstknjuin fbs pmrtis? =) Erbnt-inf? is am pmrti fi am mpakgmgk÷n qui si ioigutm in am istmgk÷n istmgk÷n gakinti. M trmvës fi iaams si sbakgktmn abs sirvkgkbs nigismrkbs ma sirvkfbr. 8) Hmgd-inf? is am pmrti fi am mpakgmgk÷n qui si ioigutm in ia sirvkfbr. Wi ingmrjm fi rigbrigbjir ams pitkgkbnis fi sirvkgkb fi abs gakintis, prbgismrams fi ebrlm mfigumfm, y invkmr am rispuistm m fkg`ms pitkgkbnis fi vuiatm ma gakinti.
F. Fkstrkhugk÷n fi am rif abgma Eknmalinti, am fkstrkhugk÷n fi am rif abgma (istb is, am fkspbskgk÷n fi abs brfinmfbris y ia gmhai qui abs gbnigtm) vm m fipinfir fia tmlmýb y fia ílhktb jibjríekgb qui istm mhmrqui. Ixkstin tris tkpbs hískgbs fi fkstrkhugk÷n? fi hus, in mnkaab y in istriaam, sijÿn sus fkeirintis fkmjrmlms (is figkr, g÷lb si `m brjmnkzmfb fkg`m rif). Ams fkstrkhugkbnis fi rif (tbpbabjìms fi rif) fipinfirín fi ams nigiskfmfis y pbskhkakfmfis ispigìekgms fi abs usumrkbs? gbstis fi knstmamgk÷n, tkpb fi gmhaimfb prieirkfb, itg.? - Fkstrkhugk÷n in Hus. Am fkstrkhugk÷n in hus, tmlhkën aamlmfm aknima, gbnsksti sklpailinti in un gmhai aknima (finblknmfb trund ‗trbngma- b hmgdhbni ‗sijlintb-) ma qui si gbnigtmn tbfbs abs brfinmfbris. Vbfms ams istmgkbnis istín gbnigtmfms m un ÿnkgb gmnma fi gblunkgmgkbnis, tbfm am knebrlmgk÷n gkrguam pbr isi gmnma y gmfm istmgk÷n si quifm sbamlinti gbn am knebrlmgk÷n qui vm fkrkjkfm m iaam.
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Istms rifis sbn singkaams singkaams fi knstmamr y pbsiin unm jrmn eaixkhkakfmf m am `brm fi mulintmr b fkslknukr ia nÿlirb fi istmgkbnis. Am gmntkfmf fi gmhai qui utkakzmn is lìnklm, sbhri tbfb sk am gblpmrmlbs gbn am gmntkfmf nigismrkm pmrm am tbpbabjìm in istriaam, ym qui ia gmhai nb tkini qui kr fisfi ia sirvkfbr m gmfm unm fi ams a ms istmgkbnis fi trmhmob. Ia emaab fi unm istmgk÷n mksamfm nb ripirguti in am rif, munqui am rupturm fia hus fiomrí am rif tbtmalinti knutkakzmfm. Istm is am tbpbabjìm fi rif lís ixtinfkfm. Ia kngbnvinkinti kngbnvinkinti fi istm rif is ia gbntrba fia fia eauob, ym ym qui munqui munqui vmrkms istmgkbnis kntintin trmnslktkr m am viz, gblb s÷ab ixksti un hus, ÿnkgmlinti unm fi iaams pbfrí `mgirab, pbr ab qui ia gbntrba fi eauob sirí lís gblpakgmfb gumntms lís istmgkbnis tinjm am rif, ym qui si puifin prbfugkr lís kntintbs skluatínibs (gbakskbnis). Mfilís, is fkeìgka mksamr abs prbhailms fi gmhaimfb y fitirlknmr qui istmgkbnis b sijlintbs fia gmhaimfb ab prbfugin, ym qui tbfms ams istmgkbnis pmsmn su knebrlmgk÷n pbr ia lkslb gmhai. In ams rifis in hus, ia gbntrba fia eauob fi knebrlmgk÷n puifi `mgirsi pbr ia lëtbfb fi gbntkinfm (GWLM/GF) b pbr ia pmsb fi tistkjb (VBDIN HYW). Am rif It`irnit is in hus, gbn ia gbntrba fi eauob GWLM/GF. - Fkstrkhugk÷n in mnkaab. Vbfms ams istmgkbnis istín gbnigtmfms intri sì ebrlmnfb un mnkaab, fi lbfb qui gmfm istmgk÷n tkini gbnixk÷n fkrigtm gbn btrms fbs. Abs fmtbs vkmomn pbr ia mnkaab fi istmgk÷n in istmgk÷n skjukinfb unm ÿnkgm fkriggk÷n, fi lmnirm qui tbfms ams knebrlmgkbnis pmsmn pbr tbfms ams istmgkbnis `mstm aaijmr m am istmgk÷n fi fistknb, in fbnfi si quifmn. Gmfm istmgk÷n si quifm gbn am knebrlmgk÷n qui vm fkrkjkfm m iaam y ritrmnslkti ma nbfb skjukinti ams qui tkinin btrm fkriggk÷n. Isti tkpb fi rifis pirlkti mulintmr b fkslknuk fkslknukrr ia nÿlirb fi istmgkbnis skn fkekguatmf. Sbr btrb amfb, am viabgkfmf fi rispuistm fi am lkslm krí figrigkinfb gbnebrli ia eauob fi knebrlmgk÷n sim lmybr4 gumntms lís istmgkbnis kntintin `mgir usb fi am rif, lís aintm krí istm, pirb in tbfb gmsb skilpri si puifi mvirkjumr ia tkilpb líxklb fi rispuistm in ia pibr fi abs gmsbs. Isti tkpb fi rif is luy mprbpkmfm pmrm ia intbrnb knfustrkma. In isti tkpb fi rifis si utkakzm un pmquiti ispigkma finblknmfb tistkjb (b tbdin) qui gkrguam fi un brfinmfbr m btrb skjukinfb skilpri ia lkslb brfin. Ia tistkjb si pmsm fi un brfinmfbr m btrb `mstm qui inguintrm un iqukpb gbn fmtbs pmrm invkmr. Ia brfinmfbr qui vm m invkmr abs fmtbs fihi lbfkekgmr ia tistkjb pmrm mvksmr ma ristb fi istmgkbnis fi am rif qui istí rimakzmnfb unm gblunkgmgk÷n. Abs fmtbs trmnslktkfbs pmsmn pbr gmfm brfinmfbr `mstm qui aaijmn m unb gbn am lkslm fkriggk÷n qui am malmginmfm in ia pmquiti fi fmtbs. Ia brfinmfbr rigiptbr fivuiavi un linsmoi ma ilksbr knfkgmnfb qui ia fmtb `m skfb rigkhkfb. Fispuës fi am virkekgmgk÷n, ia ilksbr grim un nuivb tistkjb y ab akhirm m am rif pmrm qui ia ristb fi istmgkbnis tmlhkën puifmn trmnslktkr. In unm istrugturm in mnkaab, un emaab in gumaqukir pmrti fi am vìm fi gblunkgmgk÷n fiom fiom habquimfm m am rif in su tbtmakfmf, lkintrms qui un emaab in gumaqukirm fi sus istmgkbnis nb nigismrkmlinti klpakgm am gmìfm fi am tbtmakfmf fi am rif. Ia gbsti tbtma fia gmhaimfb sirí linbr qui in unm gbnekjurmgk÷n in istriaam. Am rif Vbdin Xknj fi KHL is in mnkaab. - Fkstrkhugk÷n in Istriaam. Am tbpbabjìm tbpbabjìm in istriaam is unm fi ams lís mntkjums, in iaam, tbfms ams istmgkbnis istín gbnigtmfms m un brfinmfbr gintrma qui mgtÿm m lbfb fi sirvkfbr. Vbfms ams gblunk-
Xifis fi írim abgma
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gmgkbnis intri ams istmgkbnis si rimakzmn m trmvës fia brfinmfbr gintrma, qui is ai qui gbntrbam am prkbrkfmf, prbgifingkm y fkstrkhugk÷n fi abs linsmois. Ia brfinmfbr gintrma sirí nbrlmalinti ia sirvkfbr fi am rif, munqui puifi sir un fkspbsktkvb ispigkma fi gbnixk÷n. Istm gbnekjurmgk÷n prisintm unm huinm eaixkhkakfmf m am `brm fi kngrilintmr ia nÿlirb fi iqukpbs4 mfilís, am gmìfm fi unb fi abs brfinmfbris pirkeërkgbs nb ripirguti in ia gblpbrtmlkintb jinirma fi am rif. Wkn ilhmrjb, sk ia emaab si prbfugi in ia brfinmfbr gintrma, ia risuatmfb meigtm m tbfms ams istmgkbnis. Ia fkmjn÷stkgb fi prbhailms in am rif is sklpai, fihkfb m qui tbfbs abs brfinmfbris istín gbnigtmfbs m un iqukpb gintrma. Istm gbnekjurmgk÷n is rípkfm in gblunkgmgkbnis intri abs brfinmfbris pirkeërkgbs y ia gintrma, pirb aintm in gblunkgmgkbnis intri brfinmfbris pirkeërkgbs. Sbr btrb amfb, am gmpmgkfmf fi am rif is iaivmfm sk ia eauob fi knebrlmgk÷n is intri brfinmfbris pirkeërkgbs y gintrma, fipinfkinfb luy pbgb am viabgkfmf fi am rif fia eauob fi knebrlmgk÷n qui gkrguam pbr am lkslm. Ams rifis WVMXAMN b WNiV fi MVV sbn in istriaam. Mgtumalinti lug`ms fi ams knstmamgkbnis fi rifis utkakzmn unm tbpbabjìm qui si gbrrispbnfi gbn unm gblhknmgk÷n fi ams tris tbpbabjìms prkngkpmais qui mntirkbrlinti si `mn fieknkfb. Fintrb fi istms vmrkmgkbnis in ams prkngkpmais tbpbabjìms gmhi fistmgmr? - Hus in istriaam? istriaam? is unm gblhknmgk÷n gblhknmgk÷n fi ams tbpbabjìms fi hus y fi istriaam. istriaam. In ësti tkpb fi tbpbabjìm `my vmrkms rifis gbn tbpbabjìm in istriaam gbnigtmfms lifkmnti trbngmais fi hus. Wk un brfinmfbr emaam, nb meigtmrí ma ristb fi am rif4 abs btrbs brfinmfbris sirín gmpmgis fi gblunkgmrsi. - Mnkaab in istriaam? ia mnkaab in istriaam istriaam is hmstmnti sklkamr ma mntirkbr. In istm istm tbpbabjìm ixkstin vmrkms rifis gbn tbpbabjìm in istriaam, gbnigtmfms pbr un mnkaab. Abs gbngintrmfbris in un mnkaab in istriaam istín gbnigtmfbs in un lbfiab fi istriaam pbr un `uh finblknmfb prkngkpma.
=.7 Eungkbnmlkintb fi am Xif fi Xifis Kntirnit is un skstilm in ia qui pmrtkgkpmn fbs pmrtis? pbr un amfb istí ia brfinmfbr fisfi ia qui mggifilbs m am Xif, brfinmfbr abgma, qui eungkbnm jrmgkms m un prbjrmlm gakinti, y in ia btrb ixtrilb si inguintrm ia brfinmfbr ma qui mggifilbs, brfinmfbr rilbtb, qui nbs emgkaktm ab qui nigisktmlbs jrmgkms m un prbjrmlm sirvkfbr. Ia prbjrmlm gakinti jistkbnm am gblunkgmgk÷n gbn ia sirvkfbr y berigi ams `irrmlkintms nigismrkms pmrm pbfir trmhmomr gbn fkg`b sirvkfbr. Smrm mggifir m Kntirnit is nigismrkb fkspbnir fi un prbjrmlm gakinti aamlmfb nmvijmfbr, y ams ÿatklms virskbnis fi abs nmvijmfbris tmlhkën pirlktin jistkbnmr ia gbrrib iaigtr÷nkgb, mggifir m abs jrupbs fi nbtkgkms y grimr píjknms Zih. Ia prbjrmlm sirvkfbr si ingmrjm fi trmnslktkr am knebrlmgk÷n in am ebrlm lís mfigumfm pmrm ia usumrkb b usumrkbs, ym qui un sirvkfbr mflkti lÿatkpais mggisbs skluatínibs.
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Vilm 73
ifktbrkma } gip
@my qui tinir in guintm qui in Kntirnit si inguintrmn gbnigtmfbs brfinmfbris fi gamsis luy fkeirintis y gbn `mrfwmri y sbetwmri kngblpmtkhais in lug`bs gmsbs, pbr ab qui abs prbjrmlms gakinti y sirvkfbr puifin sir luy vmrkmfbs y eungkbnmr sbhri skstilms bpirmtkvbs fkvirsbs (YNKP, Zknfbws NV, LW-FBW, BW/8, itg.). Iaab `mgi nigismrkb am ixkstingkm fi un prbtbgbab gblÿn m tbfbs iaabs qui `mjm qui am gblunkgmgk÷n intri tbfbs sim pbskhai. In Kntirnit si fkstknjuin gumtrb nkviais fi prbtbgbabs? - Mpakgmgk÷n. Jistkbnm Jistkbnm abs fitmaais fi unm mpakgmgk÷n fitirlknmfm. Mquì si kngauyin kngauyin prbtbgbabs prbtbgbabs fistknmfbs m prbpbrgkbnmr sirvkgkbs, tmais gblb gbrrib iaigtr÷nkgb (WLVS), trmnseiringkm fi ekg`irbs (EVS) b gbnixk÷n rilbtm (VIANIV). - Vrmnspbrti. Abs prbtbgbabs fi isti nkvia, tmais gblb VGS y YFS, si ingmrjmn fi lmniomr abs fmtbs y prbpbrgkbnmr am ekmhkakfmf nigismrkm in ia trmnspbrti fi abs lkslbs. - Xif. Vmlhkën aamlmfb gmpm Kntirnit. Jistkbnm ia lbvklkintb fi pmquitis pbr am rif (KS, KGLS, KJLS). - Inamgi. Vmlhkën finblknmfb Kntiremz fi rif. Kngauyi ia gbrrispbnfkinti ‑frkvir“ fi fkspbsktkvbs fia skstilm bpirmtkvb y am gbrrispbnfkinti tmroitm fi rif in ia brfinmfbr. Ountbs jistkbnmn tbfbs abs fitmaais `mrfwmri fi am kntiremz eìskgm utkakzmfm. Ia Srbtbgbab VGS/KS is gblpmtkhai gbn gumaqukir skstilm bpirmtkvb y gbn gumaqukir tkpb fi `mrfwmri. Munqui in rimakfmf nb is un sbab prbtbgbab, sknb fbs? - KS (Kntirnit Srbtbgba). Fiekni unm rif fi gbnlutmgk÷n fi pmquitis fbnfi am knebrlmgk÷n qui si qukiri trmnslktkr istí ermjlintmfm in pmquitis. Gmfm pmquiti si invìm m am fkriggk÷n fia brfinmfbr fistknb y vkmom knfipinfkintilinti fia ristb. Am gmrmgtirìstkgm prkngkpma fi abs pmquitis KS is qui puifin utkakzmr gumaqukir lifkb y tignbabjìm fi trmnspbrti. Abs iqukpbs qui gbnigtmn ams fkeirintis rifis y figkfin pbr fbnfi is liobr invkmr un pmquiti sijÿn ia fistknb, sbn abs rbutirs b fkriggkbnmfbris. - VGS (Vrmnslksk÷n (Vrmnslksk÷n Gbntrba Gbntrba Srbtbgba). Srbtbgba). Isti prbtbgbab prbtbgbab fkvkfi fkvkfi am knebrlmgk÷n knebrlmgk÷n brkjknma in pmquitis mskjnínfbais un nÿlirb fi brfin. Mfilís si msijurm fi qui abs pmquitis aaijuin m su fistknb gbrrigtmlinti y vuiavmn m unkrsi. Wi ingmrjm fi suhsmnmr ams fiekgkingkms in am aaijmfm fi abs pmquitis fi knebrlmgk÷n m su fistknb, pmrm gbnsijukr un sirvkgkb fi trmnspbrti ekmhai. Isti ligmnkslb fi eungkbnmlkintb riqukiri qui tbfbs abs brfinmfbris gbnigtmfbs tinjmn fkriggkbnis fkstkntms. Ams mpakgmgkbnis fintrb fi un brfinmfbr si kfintkekgmn lifkmnti un nÿlirb gbntinkfb in am gmhigirm fi abs pmquitis VGS/KS, aamlmfb puirtb.
Xifis fi írim abgma
98;
Isquilm 73
XIFIW FI F I ÍXIM ABGMA? GBNGISVB4 GBNGISVB4 GBLSMXVKGK×N Xifis knebrlítkgms fi gblunkgmgk÷n Abs gbnstmntis mvmngis tignba÷jkgbs in knebrlítkgm `mn supuistb unm virfmfirm rivbaugk÷n in ia lunfb fi ams gblunkgmgkbnis, fbnfi abs brfinmfbris fi tbfb ia lunfb puifin istmr kntirgbnigtmfbs intri sì ebrlmnfb rifis fi trmhmob gblÿn gmpmgis fi pbnir m fkspbskgk÷n fi abs usumrkbs am pbskhkakfmf fi gblpmrtkr knebrlmgk÷n y tbfb tkpb fi mrg`kvbs. Fi ebrlm gbabqukma, istm ebrlm fi trmhmob si finblknm ‑gblpmrtkr mrg`kvbs in rif“ Istms rifis knebrlítkgms istín ebrlmfms pbr un gbnountb fi brfinmfbris kntirgbnigtmfbs intri sì, qui utkakzmn ia lkslb ainjumoi b prbtbgbab, emgkaktmnfb fi isti lbfb ia qui luatktuf fi brfinmfbris puifmn gblunkgmrsi intri sì y gblpmrtkr tbfb tkpb fi fmtbs y rigursbs
Istrugturm fi unm rif Iailintbs fi `mrfwmri Iailintbs fi sbetwmri Xiamgk÷n intri ams rifis abgmais Fkstrkhugk÷n fi am rif abgma Am fkstrkhugk÷n fi am rif abgma (istb is, am fkspbskgk÷n fi abs brfinmfbris y ia gmhai qui abs gbnigtm) vm m fipinfir fia tmlmýb y fia ílhktb jibjríekgb qui istm mhmrqui
Eungkbnmlkintb fi am Xif fi Xifis Kntirnit is un skstilm in ia qui pmrtkgkpmn fbs pmrtis? pbr un amfb istí ia brfinmfbr fisfi ia qui mggifilbs m am Xif, brfinmfbr abgma, qui eungkbnm jrmgkms m un prbjrmlm gakinti, y in ia btrb ixtrilb si inguintrm ia brfinmfbr ma qui mggifilbs, brfinmfbr rilbtb, qui nbs emgkaktm ab qui nigisktmlbs jrmgkms m un prbjrmlm sirvkfbr Ia prbjrmlm gakinti jistkbnm am gblunkgmgk÷n gbn ia sirvkfbr y berigi ams `irrmlkintms nigismrkms pmrm pbfir trmhmomr gbn fkg`b sirvkfbr. Smrm mggifir m Kntirnit is nigismrkb fkspbnir fi un prbjrmlm gakinti aamlmfb nmvijmnmvijmfbr, y ams ÿatklms virskbnis fi abs nmvijmfbris tmlhkën pirlktin jistkbnmr ia gbrrib iaigtr÷nkgb, mggifir m abs jrupbs fi nbtkgkms y grimr píjknms Zih Ia prbjrmlm sirvkfbr si ingmrjm fi trmnslktkr am knebrlmgk÷n in am ebrlm lís mfigumfm pmrm ia usumrkb b usumrkbs, ym qui un sirvkfbr mflkti lÿatkpais mggisbs skluatínibs @my qui tinir in guintm qui in Kntirnit si inguintrmn gbnigtmfbs brfinmfbris fi gamsis luy fkeirintis y gbn `mrfwmri y sbetwmri kngblpmtkhais in lug`bs gmsbs, pbr ab qui abs prbjrmlms gakinti y sirvkfbr puifin sir luy vmrkmfbs y eungkbnmr sbhri skstilms bpirmtkvbs fkvirsbs (YNKP, Zknfbws NV, LW-FBW, BW/8, itg.). Iaab `mgi nigismrkb am ixkstingkm fi un prbtbgbab gblÿn m tbfbs iaabs qui `mjm qui am gblunkgmgk÷n intri tbfbs sim pbskhai
Xifis fi írim abgma
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