ZFHB 2?
Omoimcerbaèb
Imhpmfzb. Ib imhpmfzb `cspmtbibrmb. Jmvmsm÷n jf ibs zcnbs jf imhpmfzb pcr tmpcs jf rmfsec. \cnbs jf Bitc _mfsec. \cnbs jf Hfjmc _mfsec. \cnbs jf Oblc _mfsec Obrrbngc, B., Trfpbrbgm÷n jf cpcsmgmcnfs. Aujfn. Lbín, ?44? QQ.BB. Jmggmcnbrmc jf Hfjmgmnb. Cgíbnc. Obrgficnb, 2==5 Eâivfz, _. / Jfiebjc, H. / Eumiiín, L.A., Mnafggm÷n `cspmtbibrmb. Vnmvfrsmjbj jf Erbnbjb. Erbnbjb,2==7
Colftmvcs
Fxpimgbr fn quí gcnsmstf ib `memfnf fn ics gfntrcs sbnmtbrmcs Fxpcnfr ibs ncrhbs efnfrbifs b tfnfr fn gufntb fn ib imhpmfzb `cspmtbibrmb Jmstmneumr ibs jmafrfntfs zcnbs jf un `cspmtbi fn vmrtuj jf sus erbjcs jf rmfsec
fjmtcrmbi } gfp
2. IMHTMF\B. IM HTMF\B. IB IMHTMF IMHTMF\B \B @CWTMZBI @CWTMZBIB_MB B_MB 2.2 @memfnf fn ics gfntrcs `cspmtbibrmcs Fntfnjfhcs pcr fi tírhmnc `memfnf, ib gmfngmb quf prftfnjf ib gcnsfrvbgm÷n y hflcrb jf ib sbiuj mnjmvmjubi y gcifgtmvb, yb sfb bgtubnjc scorf ics `âomtcs pfrscnbifs, scgmbifs y ibocrbifs c scorf ics bspfgtcs hfjmcbhomfntbifs. @memfnf< ’sfrmf jf tígnmgbs y hfjmjbs quf bpimgbjbs bi hfjmc c, bi `chorf mnaiuyfn pcsmtmvbhfntf scorf ib sbiuj mnjmvmjubi m njmvmjubi y gcifgtmvb, bi bgtubr scorf abgtcrfs quf pcjrèbn jbòbr c jftfrmcrbr b fstb‘. Fn ib bgtubimjbj sf prfamfrf fi tírhmnc sbnfbhmfntc bi jf `memfnf. Fn fi `cspmtbi, hug`bs jf ibs hfjmjbs jf `memfnf rfgchfnjbjbs trbtbn jf fvmtbr ib bpbrmgm÷n jf ibs mnafggmcnfs ncscgchmbifs u `cspmtbibrmbs, yb quf ib pcsmomimjbj jf trbnshmsm÷n jf fnafrhfjbjfs mnafggmcsbs sf mngrfhfntb nctboifhfntf pcr ib baiufngmb hbsmvb jf pfrscnbs y su mntfrbggm÷n< Tbgmfntfs, vmsmtbs y pfrscnbi; pcr ib prcpmb pbtciceèb jf ics fnafrhcs y pcr ibs supframgmfs y colftcs gcntbhmnbjcs. Fi fstujmc jf tcjcs fstcs abgtcrfs sf jfnchmnb fpmjfhmciceèb mntrb`cspmtbibrmb, y sus gcngiusmcnfs pfrhmtfn bjcptbr ibs hfjmjbs jf `memfnf y ics prctcgcics jf bgtubgm÷n quf fvmtfn ib bpbrmgm÷n jf j f ibs mnafggmcnfs. Wbnfbhmfntc< fhpifc jf tígnmgbs quf utmimzb ib hfjmgmnb prfvfntmvb gcn fi amn jf `bgfr mncgucs, jfsjf fi puntc jf vmstb sbnmtbrmc, fi bmrf, vmvmfnjbs, fxgrftbs, colftcs, icgbifs, bimhfntcs, ftg., y pbrb ib jfstruggm÷n jf brtr÷pcjcs y rcfjcrfs. Ib `mstcrmb jf ibs mnafggmcnfs ncscgchmbifs (`cspmtbibrmbs) fs tbn bntmeub gchc ib jfi `cspmtbi; fxmstfn mnafggmcnfs `cspmtbibrmbs jfsjf fi hchfntc fn quf sf berupbn ics fnafrhcs pbrb su gumjbjc. Ibs mnafggmcnfs ncscgchmbifs scn un mhpcrtbntf prcoifhb jf Wbiuj Tüoimgb yb quf prcjugfn unb hcromimjbj y hcrtbimjbj jfstbgbjbs, jbnjc iuebr b fifvbjcs gcstfs scgmbifs y fgcn÷hmgcs. Ibs gcnsfgufngmbs jf ibs mnafggmcnfs ncscgchmbifs pufjfn sfr erbvfs f mngiusc hcrtbifs pbrb fi pbgmfntf. Bpbrfgfn fntrf un 7 % y un 24 % jf ics pbgmfntfs mnerfsbjcs fn un `cspmtbi y tmfnfn unb tbsb jf hcrtbimjbj jfi 2 % pcr fiibs hmshbs y gcntrmouyfn gcn un 7 % hâs b ib hcrtbimjbj jf ctrbs fnafrhfjbjfs. Tcr ic quf rfspfgtb b ics gcstfs, ib prcicnebgm÷n jf ibs fstbngmbs sf `b fstmhbjc fn 6 - 24 jèbs, ic quf unmjc b ics gcstfs mnjmrfgtcs pfrhmtf mntumr ib hbenmtuj rfbi jfi prcoifhb. Ib fstmhbgm÷n jf ib hcrtbimjbj pcjrèb smtubr fi prcoifhb jfntrc jf ibs jmfz prmhfrbs gbusbs jf hufrtf ic quf `b `fg`c quf fi gcncgmhmfntc jf ibs tbsbs jf mnafggm÷n sf gcnsmjfrf nfgfsbrmc pbrb ibs fstbjèstmgbs vmtbifs. Fstcs jbtcs pcr sè hmshcs yb scn bibrhbntfs, sm b fstc bòbjmhcs fi bitc gcstc sbnmtbrmc quf supcnfn pbrb ib sbnmjbj, pcjfhcs jbrncs gufntb jf ib mhpcrtbngmb jf ib prfvfngm÷n jf fstf tmpc jf mnafggmcnfs. Tcr flfhpic, ib prcicnebgm÷n hfjmb jf fstbngmbs `cspmtbibrmbs, pcr gbusb jf fstbs mnafggmcnfs fs jf 6 -24 jèbs, vbrmbnjc fstbs gmarbs fntrf un : % - ?7 % hâs, sfeün ib erbvfjbj jf ib mnafggm÷n. B fstcs ebstcs jmrfgtcs, `by quf bòbjmr ctrcs ebstcs fgcn÷hmgcs scgmbifs mnjmrfgtcs (bosfntmshc ibocrbi, prufobs jmben÷stmgbs, trbtbhmfntcs...).
?7?
Zfhb 2?
fjmtcrmbi } gfp
2.? Mhpcrtbngmb jf ib imhpmfzb fn un `cspmtbi B ib `crb jf bocrjbr ib imhpmfzb fn un `cspmtbi fi prmngmpbi prcoifhb quf sf pibntfb fs fi jf ib nfgfsmjbj jf rfjugmr ibs tbsbs jf mnafggm÷n, jfgmhcs quf fs fi prmngmpbi prcoifhb pcr fi bitc gcstf quf rfprfsfntb pbrb ib Bjhmnmstrbgm÷n. Tbrb fvmtbr ibs mnafggmcnfs fs nfgfsbrmc quf fi `cspmtbi pcsfb un prcerbhb jf prfvfngm÷n jf ib mnafggm÷n. Fxmstfn vbrmcs abgtcrfs quf mnaiuyfn fn ib trbnshmsm÷n jf mnafggmcnfs, pfrc fi hâs mhpcrtbntf fs fi rfibgmcnbjc gcn ib imhpmfzb. Bi `boibr jf ib imhpmfzb fn un `cspmtbi fs mhprfsgmnjmoif `boibr jf ib jfsmnafggm÷n, pufs scn gcngfptcs quf jfofn fstbr unmjcs. Fn un `cspmtbi sf jfof rfbimzbr imhpmfzb y jfsmnafggm÷n. Fs jf tbi mhpcrtbngmb ib imhpmfzb fn fi `cspmtbi quf nc sf pufjf bamrhbr quf sfb rfspcnsbomimjbj ünmgb y fxgiusmvb jfi pfrscnbi jf imhpmfzb, smnc quf tcjc fi pfrscnbi jfi `cspmtbi fs rfspcnsboif jf ib imhpmfzb f `memfnf jfi gfntrc `cspmtbibrmc. Fn tcjc gbsc, fi pfrscnbi fngbrebjc jf ib imhpmfzb jfof sfr un pfrscnbi acrhbjc pbrb fiic, jfomfnjc gcncgfr b ib pfrafggm÷n ics hítcjcs jf imhpmfzb y jfsmnafggm÷n quf vb b utmimzbr fn su jfvfnmr jmbrmc. Fi pfrscnbi jf imhpmfzb sfrâ gcnsgmfntf jf quf iifebr b unb `memfnmzbgm÷n tctbi jfi `cspmtbi fs unb tbrfb jmaègmi quf jfpfnjfrâ fn erbn hfjmjb jf ics prcjugtcs, hítcjcs bpimgbjcs, `memfnf pfrscnbi, ftg., bi hbrefn jf quf tbhomín mnaiuybn abgtcrfs gchc ib gcnstruggm÷n jfi fjmamgmc (jfof sfr un fjmamgmc pfnsbjc pbrb su pcstfrmcr imhpmfzb y jfsmnafggm÷n).
B. Ib mnafggm÷n ncscgchmbi Ib mnafggm÷n ncscgchmbi c bjqumrmjb fn un `cspmtbi fs bqufiib quf bpbrfgf bp brfgf jurbntf ib `cspmtbimzbgm÷n jfi pbgmfntf y quf nc sf `biibob prfsfntf, c fn pfrècjc jf mnguobgm÷n fn fi hchfntc jf bjhmsm÷n jfi fnafrhc fn fi gfntrc, mnjfpfnjmfntfhfntf jf quf sf hbnmamfstf c nc jurbntf su fstbngmb fn fi `cspmtbi. Ib CHW ib jfamnf gchc gubiqumfr fnafrhfjbj hmgrcombnb, rfgcncgmoif giènmgbhfntf, quf bafgtb b ics pbgmfntfs gchc gcnsfgufngmb jf sfr bjhmtmjcs fn fi `cspmtbi c btfnjmjcs pbrb trbtbhmfntc, y bi pfrscnbi sbnmtbrmc gchc gcnsfgufngmb jf su trboblc. Bsè pufs, sf trbtb jf unb mnafggm÷n gcntrbèjb fn fi `cspmtbi pcr un pbgmfntf mntfrnbjc pcr unb rbz÷n jmstmntb jf fsb mnafggm÷n. Gchprfnjf ibs mnafggmcnfs gcntrbèjbs fn fi `cspmtbi, pfrc hbnmamfstbs jfspuís jfi bitb `cspmtbibrmb y tbhomín ibs mnafggmcnfs cgupbgmcnbifs jfi pfrscnbi jfi fstboifgmhmfntc. Fn gubntc b ics nfcnbtcs (rfgmín nbgmjcs), sf jfamnf gchc mnafggm÷n ncscgchmbi gubnjc nbgf un nmòc, y bpbrfgf mnafgtbjc :0 @ - 5?@ 5? @ hâs tbrjf, jf unb hbjrf hbj rf nc mnafgtbjb bi mnerfsc.
O. Fpmjfhmci Fpmjfhmciceèb ceèb Ib arfgufngmb jf ibs mnafggmcnfs ncscgchmbifs vbrèb jf uncs `cspmtbifs b ctrcs, jfpfnjmfnjc jf ibs gbrbgtfrèstmgbs gbrbgtfrèst mgbs prcpmbs jf gbjb unc jf fiics, smfnjc ics `cspmtbifs unmvfrsmtbrmcs y bqufiics gcn hbycr nühfrc jf gbhbs ics quf prfsfntbn hâs arfgufngmb. Gcn rfspfgtc b ibs unmjbjfs jf `cspmtbimzbgm÷n fxmstfn tbhomín vbrmbgmcnfs, smfnjc ib Vnmjbj jf Gumjbjcs Mntfnsmvcs ib quf cstfntb hbycr prfvbifngmb (74 %). @fhbtciceèb, rf`bomimtbgm÷n, mnafggmcscs, cngciceèb…, scn sfrvmgmcs jcnjf ib mngmjfngmb fs mhpcrtbntf.
Imhpmfzb. Ib imhpmfzb `cspmtbibrmb
?77
fjmtcrmbi } gfp
Fi 14 % jf j f ibs hufrtfs rfibgmcnbjbs gcn ibs mnafggmcnfs ncscgchmbifs scn jfomjbs b nfuhcnèbs. Fn gubntc bi befntf rfspcnsboif, sf `b cosfrvbjc quf fi 54 % jf ibs hufrtfs scn jfomjbs b obgtfrmfhmbs pcr Erbhnfebtmvcs. Ibs obgtfrmfhmbs pcr gânjmjbs gursbn gcn unb hcrtbimjbj jfi 70 %. Ibs gmarbs vbrèbn fn aungm÷n jf unb sfrmf jf abgtcrfs, gchc scn< -
Hítcjc jf vmemibngmb fhpifbjc.
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Ib icgbimzbgm÷n jfi prcgfsc mnafggmcsc.
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Fi befntf gbusbi rfspcnsboif.
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Ibs gbrbgtfrèstmgbs jfi pbgmfntf mnerfsbjc
G. Fstujmcs jf prfvbifngmb Fn Fspbòb, bi nc sfr fnafrhfjbj jf jfgibrbgm÷n coimebtcrmb, bgtubihfntf sf fstâ iifvbnjc b gboc ib fvbiubgm÷n jfi prcyfgtc FTMNF, quf gcnsmstf fn jfsbrrciibr bnubihfntf un fstujmc jf prfvbifngmb jf ibs mnafggmcnfs fn ics prmngmpbifs `cspmtbifs fspbòcifs. Fstcs fstujmcs scn iifvbjcs b gboc pcr ics Wfrvmgmcs jf Hfjmgmnb Trfvfntmvb, jcnjf sf rfbimzb ib vmemibngmb fpmjfhmci÷emgb jf fstbs fnafrhfjbjfs. Fi fstujmc FTMNF tmfnf gchc colftmvc jftfrhmnbr ib prfvbifngmb jf ibs mnafggmcnfs ncscgchmbifs y, hfjmbntf ib berfebgm÷n jf ics jbtcs rfgcemjcs fn gbjb gfntrc, cotfnfr ib prfvbifngmb fn gbjb gchunmjbj but÷nchb y fn fi gcnluntc jfi Fstbjc.
Fi Fstujmc jf Trfvbifngmb jf ibs Mnafggmcnfs Ncscgchmbifs fn Fspbòb (FTMNF) fs unb mhpcrtbntf bpcrtbgm÷n bi gcncgmhmfntc jf ib smtubgm÷n fpmjfhmci÷emgb jf ib mnafggm÷n ncscgchmbi jf ics `cspmtbifs fspbòcifs.
J. Ftmciceèb Wfeün fi crmefn jfi hmgrccrebnmshc jf ib mnafggm÷n sf jmstmneufn< -
Mnafggm÷n fnj÷efnb< gbusbjb pcr hmgrccrebnmshc hmgrccrebnmshcss pfrtfnfgmfntfs pfrtfnfgmfntfs b ib prcpmb aicrb aicrb gchfnsbi gchfnsbi jfi pbgmfntf.
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Mnafggm÷n fx÷efnb< gbusbjb pcr hmgrccrebnmshcs hmgrccrebnmshcs bjqumrmjcs jfsjf unb aufntf fxtfrnb bi pbgmfntf, omfn fn ctrcs pbgmfntfs, pfrscnbi sbnmtbrmc c fn colftcs mnbnmhbjcs.
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Bjqumsmgm÷n fx÷efnb fx÷efnb jf ib aicrb aicrb sfeumjb jf ib mnafggm÷n mnafggm÷n fnj÷efnb< fn fn prmhfr iuebr, iuebr, fi pbgmfntf bjqumfrf ib aicrb jfi ` cspmtbi quf pbsb b acrhbr pbrtf jf su aicrb y, pcstfrmcrhfntf, bi prcjugmrsf unb bitfrbgm÷n jf ibs jfafnsbs, sf jfsbrrciib unb mnafggm÷n ncscgchmbi fnj÷efnb quf nc fstâ gbusbjb pcr ib aicrb crmemnbi jfi `uíspfj, smnc pcr ibs gbrbgtfrèstmgbs jfi `cspmtbi.
Ib arfgufngmb gcn quf sf prfsfntbn ics hmgrccrebnmshcs quf pufjfn prcjugmr mnafggm÷n ncscgchmbi vbrèb sfeün fi iuebr jf ib mnafggm÷n. Fn efnfrbi scn<
?7:
Zfhb 2?
fjmtcrmbi } gfp
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Ics obgmics Erbhnfebtmvcs, ics quf sf bèsibn gcn hbycr arfgufngmb. Fl. Fsg`frmg`mb Gcim, `uíspfj `bomtubi jfi tuoc jmefstmvc.
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Ibs obgtfrmbs obgtfrmbs erbhnfebtmvbs erbhnfebtmvbs bvmruifntbs gchc Tsfujchcnbs Tsfujchcnbs scn pbt÷efnbs ncscgchmbifs ncscgchmbifs arfgufntfs.
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Ics Erbhpcsmtmvcs, Erbhpcsmtmvcs, gchc gchc Wtbp`micgcggus Wtbp`micgcggus burfus y fpmjfrhms, quf sf prfsfntbn gcn gcn hbycr arfgufngmb fn nmòcs rfgmín nbgmjcs y pbgmfntfs qumrüremgcs y ics Fntfrcgcgcs abfgbims gbusbn mnafggmcnfs urmnbrmbs.
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Ics `cnecs< `cnecs< sf jbn fn ics gbscs jf pbgmfntfs mnhuncjfprmhmjcs mnhuncjfprmhmjcs c gcn ib utmimzbgm÷n mnjmsgrmhmnbjb jf bntmom÷tmgcs, quf rfjugfn fn erbn nühfrc ib aicrb fnj÷efnb ncrhbi.
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Qmrus< gchc ics Gmtchfebicvmrus, `frpfs smhpif c z÷stfr, `fpbtmtms…
F. Aufntfs jf mnafggm÷n y hfgbnmshcs jf trbnshmsm÷n Ibs mnafggmcnfs ncscgchmbifs jf crmefn fnj÷efnc sf fxtmfnjfn prmngmpbihfntf pcr gcntbgtc y vf`èguics gcntbhmnbjcs, pcr gcntbgtc jmrfgtc b trbvís jf ibs hbncs jf pfrscnbi sbnmtbrmc y nc sbnmtbrmc. Fi ibvbjc gumjbjcsc jf ibs hbncs fn gbjb gcntbgtc gcn ics pbgmfntfs fs ib prmngmpbi hfjmjb pbrb prfvfnmr ib trbnshmsm÷n jf mnafggmcnfs pcr gcntbgtc jmrfgtc. Fi sfeunjc hfgbnmshc jf trbnshmsm÷n scn ics vf`èguics gcntbhmnbjcs jfi tmpc jf hfjmgbgmcnfs, bimhfntcs f mnstruhfntcs híjmgcs (a÷hmtfs). Ib trbnshmsm÷n bírfb fn fi `cspmtbi fs jmaègmi jf jfhcstrbr, pfrc fstf hfgbnmshc pufjf mntfrvfnmr fn fnafrhfjbjfs gchc ibs mnafggmcnfs vèrmgbs rfspmrbtcrmbs c tuofrguicsms bomfrtbs.
A. Trmngmpbifs tmpcs jf mnafggmcnfs ncscgchmbi ncscgchmbifs fs Fn fi hfjmc `cspmtbibrmc, ibs mnafggmcnfs urmnbrmbs, jf `frmjbs qumrüremgbs, obgtfrmfhmbs y nfuhcnèbs rfprfsfntbn gbsm fi 04 % jf ibs mn afggmcnfs ncscgchmbifs. ncscgchmbifs. Wfeün fi fstujmc FTMNF jf ?425, ibs mnafggmcnfs ncscgchmbifs hâs arfgufntfs pcr crjfn jf arfgufngmb scn< 2¼. Rumrüremgbs (?6,47 %) ?¼. _fspmrbtcrmbs (2=,04 %) 7¼. Vrmnbrmbs (2=,7? %) :¼. Obgtfrmfhmbs (26,24 %) Fi FTMNF fs un ’Fstujmc jf Trfvbifngmb jf ibs Mnafggmcnfs Ncscgchmbifs fn Fspbòb‘ (FTMNF-?425), quf gcnstmtumrâ fi ?0¼ fstujmc bnubi jf fstf prcyfgtc jf vmemibngmb jf ibs mnafggmcnfs, quf jfsjf su mnmgmc `b prchcvmjc ib Wcgmfjbj Fspbòcib jf Hfjmgmnb Trfvfntmvb, Wbiuj Tüoimgb f @memfnf (WFHTWT@). Fi smeumfntf erâamgc hufstrb ib fvciugm÷n jf ib icgbimzbgm÷n jf ibs mnafggmcnfs ncscgchmbifs. FTMNF 2==4-?42?<
Imhpmfzb. Ib imhpmfzb `cspmtbibrmb
?76
fjmtcrmbi } gfp
Ib prfvbifngmb eicobi jf ibs mnafggmcnfs ncscgchmbifs fs un vbimcsc mnjmgbjcr quf pfrhmtf gcncgfr ib smtubgm÷n efnfrbi fxmstfntf fn un gfntrc. B ib vfz, fi FTMNF abgmimtb mnjmgbjcrfs quf bpcrtbn mnacrhbgm÷n fspfgèamgb scorf bspfgtcs rfifvbntfs jf ibs mnafggmcnfs, jf ics pbgmfntfs y jfi `cspmtbi, y quf scn jf erbn utmimjbj pbrb gcncgfr ib jmnâhmgb fvciutmvb fn fi gfntrc y ics rfsuitbjcs jf ib vmemibngmb y fi gcntrci jf ibs mnafggmcnfs. Ubitfr \mnee, luntc b un erupc jfstbgbjc jf fxpfrtcs, bgbob sfòbibr quf ib rfjuggm÷n jf ibs mnafggmcnfs ncscgchmbifs y ib hflcrb jf ib sfeurmjbj jf ics pbgmfntfs fxmef prcerbhbs jf prfvfngm÷n huitmhcjbifs y huitmjmsgmpimnbrmcs, fjugbgm÷n y fntrfnbhmfntc, y unb guiturb crebnmzbtmvb pcsmtmvb, fntrf ctrcs puntcs (Ibngft Mnafg Jms, ?42:), b ics quf ics fstujmcs jf prfvbifngmb rfpftmjcs, pcr su eicobimjbj y jmnbhmshc, pufjfn bpcrtbr unb erbn obsf mnacrhbtmvb. Tbgmfntfs gcn mnafggm÷n. N
Tbgmfntfs gcn mnafgmcn. %
Tbgmfntfs gcn mnafggm÷n. Trfvbifngmb eicobi y pbrgmbi. %
Mnafggmcnfs ncscgchmbifs. N
Mnafggmcnfs ncscgchmbifs. %
Mnafggmcnfs ncscgchmbifs. Trfvbifngmb eicobi y pbrgmbi. %
_fsuitbjcs eicobifs
:55?
244.44
5.5:
6?57
244.44
0.66
Vrmnbrmbs
242=
?2.76
2.16
242=
2=.7?
2.16
Rumrüremgbs
2720
?5.1?
?.2:
27?4
?6.47
?.2:
_fspmrbtcrmbs _fspmrbtcrm bs
24:2
?2.02
2.1=
24::
2=.04
2.1=
Obgtfrmfhmbs f mnafggmcnfs Obgtfrmfhmbs bscgmbjbs b gbtítfr
501
21.:5
2.?5
5=1
26.24
2.?=
Ctrbs icgbimzbgmcnfs
241:
??.74
2.57
24=:
?4.56
2.55
Icgbimzbgm÷n
N pbgmfntfs 8 Nühfrc jf pbgmfntfs gcn mnafggm÷n ncscgchmbi % 8 Jmstrmougm÷n pcrgfntubi N mnafggmcnfs ncscgchmbifs 8 Nühfrc jf mnafggmcnfs ncscgchmbifs mnjfpfnjmfntfhfntf sm un pbgmfntf tmfnf hâs jf unb mnafggm÷n Trfvbifngmb eicobi eicobi % 8 Nühfrc jf mnafggmcnfs c pbgmfntfs gcn mnafggm÷n huitmpimgbjc pcr 244 jmvmjmjc pcr fi tctbi jf pbgmfntfs `cspmtbimzbjcs Trfvbifngmb pbrgmbi % 8 Arbggm÷n jf ib prfvbifngmb eicobi quf gcrrfspcnjf b gbjb icgbimzbgm÷n Icgbimzbgmcnfs mngiumjbs fn ibs gmngc gbtfecrèbs giâsmgbs< Vrmnbrmbs (? icgbimzbgmcnfs)< MZV-B, MZV-O Rumrüremgbs (7 icgbimzbgmcnfs)< MR-W, MR-T, MR-C _fspmrbtcrmbs _fspmrbtc rmbs (0 icgbimzbgmcnfs)< NFV2, NFV?, NFV7, NFV:, NFV6, Q_O-O_CN, O_O-TVI, NFC-NFV Obgtfrmfhmbs Obgtfrmfhm bs f mnafggmcnfs bscgmbjbs b gâtftfr (= icgbimzbgmcnfs)
Jmstrmougm÷n jf ib icgbimzbgm÷n jf ibs mnafggmcnfs ncscgchmbifs
?71
Zfhb 2?
fjmtcrmbi } gfp
b. Mnafggmcnfs jf `frmjbs qumrüremgb qumrüremgbss Cgupbn fi prmhfr iuebr jf ibs mnafggmcnfs ncscgchmbifs. ncscgchmbifs. Wfeün FTMNF jf ?425, ibs `frmjbs qumrüremgbs tmfnfn unb prfvbifngmb eicobi jf ?6,47 %. Fs mhpcrtbntf gcncgfr fi tmpc jf gmrueèb sfeün fi erbjc jf gcntbhmnbgm÷n< -
Imhpmb - gcntbhmnbjb< gubnjc gubnjc sf pfnftrb fn gbvmjbjfs gbvmjbjfs gchunmgbjbs gchunmgbjbs gcn gcn fi fxtfrmcr.
-
Gcntbhmnbjb< scn scn ibs `frmjbs bomfrtbs bomfrtbs rfgmfntfs rfgmfntfs (hfncs jf : `crbs), cpfrbgmcnfs gcn bitfrbgmcnfs bitfrbgmcnfs jf ib tígnmgb fstírmi.
-
Wugmb c mnafgtbjb< gubnjc sf trbtb trbtb jf `frmjbs `frmjbs trbuhâtmgbs nc rfgmfntfs rfgmfntfs (hâs jf 0 `crbs) gcn tflmjc jfsvmtbimzbjc.
Fxmstfn gubtrc abgtcrfs jf rmfsec quf scn ics jf hbycr mnaiufngmb< -
Mntfrvfngm÷n bojchmnbi.
-
Jurbgm÷n jf ib mntfrvfngm÷n.
-
Gmrueèb gcntbhmnbjb c mnafgtbjb.
-
Fxmstfngmb jf trfs c hâs fnafrhfjbjfs suoybgfntfs.
-
Obgtfrmfhmbs.
Ib hbycrèb jf ibs obgtfrmfhmbs scn sfgunjbrmbs b un acgc mnafggmcsc jf ctrb icgbimzbgm÷n, prmngmpbihfntf jfi trbgtc urmnbrmc, nfuhcnèbs y `frmjbs qumrüremgbs. Ibs obgtfrmfhmbs prmhbrmbs fstân fn rfibgm÷n gcn ib mnstruhfntbimzbgm÷n mntrbvbsguibr y, bunquf nc sf `bn jfsgrmtc orctfs jfomjcs b ib gcntbhmnbgm÷n jf ièqumjcs jf pfrausm÷n, scn ics gbtítfrfs mntrbvfncscs ib prmngmpbi aufntf jf pbt÷efncs. Trfsfntbn unb hcrtbimjbj fifvbjb, bprcxmhbjbhfntf jfi ?: % - 74 % jf ics pbgmfntfs abiifgfn. Ics prmngmpbifs befntfs gbusbifs scn fntfrcobgtfrmbs y psfujchcnbs. Jmstrmougm÷n jf pbgmfntfs y prfvbifngmb jf mnafggm÷n ncscgchmbi jf gubiqumfr tmpc y gchunmtbrmb sfeün mntfrvfngm÷n qumrüremgb< Gmrueèb
N pbgmfntfs
%
ZT
Trfvbifngmb % TMNR Trfvbifngmb %
Nc gmruemb
::?75
52.57
?57:
1.20
?0
4.41
Gmrüemb hènmhbhfntf Mnvbsmvb (gmrueèb nc N@WN)
:=7?
0.44
::2
0.=:
02
2.1:
Gmrueèb mnvbsmvb N@WN
2?64:
?4.?5 26=5
2?.55
17:
6.45
Zctbi
12157
244.44 :55?
5.5:
5:7
2.?4
N 8 Nühfrc jf pbgmfntfs `cspmtbimzbjcs gcn jbtcs vâimjcs % 8 Tcrgfntblf scorf fi nühfrc jf pbgmfntfs gcn jbtcs vâimjcs ZT 8 Zctbi jf pbgmfntfs gcn mnafggm÷n ncscgchmbi jf gubiqumfr tmpc( prcpmb jfi gfntrc c mhpcrtbjb) TMNR 8 Tbgmfntfs gcn mnafggm÷n qumrüremgb Trfvbifngmb % 8 N pbgmfntfs gcn mnafggm÷n huitmpimgbjc pcr 244 jmvmjmjc pcr fi rfspfgtmvc N jf pbgmfntfs `cspmtbimzbjcs [Mntfrvbic gcnambnzb =6%X Icgbimzbgmcnfs jf mnafggm÷n qumrüremgb< MR-W, MR-T, MR-C
Erbjc jf gcntbhmnbgm÷n jf ib gmrueèb y prfvbifngmb jf pbgmfntfs gcn mnafggm÷n qumrüremgb<
Imhpmfzb. Ib imhpmfzb `cspmtbibrmb
?75
fjmtcrmbi } gfp
Erbjc jf Gcntbhmnbgm÷n
N pbgmfntfs
%
TMNR
% TMNR
Trfvbifngmb TMNR %
N MRW
Trfvbifngmb MR-W
N MRT
Trfvbifngmb MRTW
Imhpmb
1:?1
62.=?
212
?6.51
?.62
:5
4.57
15
2.4:
:5
4.57
Imhpmb-gcntbhmnbjb
7002
72.71
?6:
:4.1:
1.6:
6:
2.7=
10
2.56
277
7.:7
Gcntbhmnbjb
2220
=.47
27:
?2.::
22.==
?=
?.6=
75
7.72
10
1.40
Wugmb c mnafgtbjb
=21
5.:4
51
2?.21
0.74
26
2.1:
?6
?.57
71
7.=7
Jfsgcncgmjc
76
4.?0
4
4.44
4.44
4
4.44
4
4.44
4
4.44
2?751
244.44
1?6
244.44
6.46
2:6
2.25
2=5
2.6=
?0:
?.?=
Zctbi
N MR- Trfvbifngmb MRC C
N 8 Nühfrc jf pbgmfntfs gcn mnacrhbgm÷n % 8 Tcrgfntblf scorf fi nühfrc jf pbgmfntfs gcn mnacrhbgm÷n TMNR 8 Tbgmfntfs gcn mnafggm÷n qumrüremgb % TMNR 8 Tcrgfntblf scorf pbgmfntfs gcn mnafggm÷n qumrüremgb Icgbimzbgmcnfs jf ib mnafggm÷n qumrüremgb< MR-W, MR-T, MR-C MR-W 8 Mnafggm÷n qumrüremgb supframgmbi MR-T 8 Mnafggm÷n qumrüremgb sprcaunjb MR-C 8 Mnafggm÷n qumrüremgb jf ÷rebnc c b jmstbngmb Trfvbifngmb % 8 N pbgmfntfs g cn mnafggm÷n qumrüremgb huitmpimgbjc pcr 244 jmvmjmjc pcr fi rfspfgtmvc N jf pbgmfntfs
Erbjc jf gcntbhmnbgm÷n jf ib gmrueèb mnvbsmvb y prfvbifngmb jf pbgmfntfs gcn mnafggm÷n qumrüremgb trbs gmrueèb mnvbsmvb
o. Nfuhcnèbs Nfuhcnè bs y orcnqumtms Fi prmngmpbi hfgbnmshc pbtceínmgc ic gcnstmtuyf ib bspmrbgm÷n jf sfgrfgmcnfs eâstrmgbs y crcabrènefbs fn pbgmfntfs gcn bitfrbgm÷n jf sus smstfhbs jfafnsmvcs. Wfeün FTMNF jf ?425, ibs fnafrhfjbjfs rfspmrbtcrmbs, tmfnf unb prfvbifngmb eicobi jf 2=,04 %. Wcn hâs arfgufntfs fn unmjbjfs jf gumjbjcs mntfnsmvcs fn pbgmfntfs pcstqumrüremgcs. Ics abgtcrfs quf prfjmspcnfn b ib mnafggm÷n rfspmrbtcrmb scn ib trbqufctchèb, ics fqumpcs jf rfspmrbgm÷n bsmstmjb, ics fqumpcs jf bnfstfsmb, ics tuocs fnjctrbqufbifs, ib orcngcsgcpmb, ftg. Fi prmngmpbi hfgbnmshc pbtceínmgc ic gcnstmtuyfn ibs bspmrbgmcnfs jf sfgrfgmcnfs eâstrmgbs y crcabrènefbs fn pbgmfntfs gcn bitfrbgm÷n jf sus smstfhbs jfafnsmvcs y fn ics quf rfgmofn vfntmibgm÷n hfgânmgb.
g. Mnafggmcnfs urmnbrmbs Wfeün FTMNF jf ?425, ibs fnafrhfjbjfs urmnbrmbs, tmfnf unb prfvbifngmb eicobi jf 2=,7? %. Fn hug`cs gbscs pbsbn mnbjvfrtmjbs. Ib mngmjfngmb jf obgtfrmurmbs jfspuís jf ib gbtftfrmzbgm÷n jfpfnjf jf vbrmcs abgtcrfs, smfnjc unc jf ics hâs mhpcrtbntfs su jurbgm÷n (hâs jf :0 `crbs). Ctrcs abgtcrfs scn ib fjbj y sfxc.
j. Mnafggmcnfs obgtfrmfhm obgtfrmfhmbs bs Ibs obgtfrmfhmbs fn ?425, cgupb ib gubrtb pcsmgm÷n fn gubntc b nmvfi jf prfvbifngmb fn mnafggmcnfs ncscgchmbifs gcn un 26,24 %.
?70
Zfhb 2?
fjmtcrmbi } gfp
?. JMQMWM×N JMQM WM×N JF IBW \CNB \CNBW W JF IMH IMHTMF TMF\B \B TC_ ZMT ZMTCW CW JF _MF _MFWEC. WEC. \CNBW JF BIZC _MFWEC. \CNBW JF HFJMC _MFWEC. \CNBW JF OBLC _MFWEC ?.2 \cnbs efnfrbifs c jf oblc rmfsec Fs fi ârfb jcnjf sf fstboifgf fstbjèstmgbhfntf hfncs jf un ?4 % jf obgtfrmbs mnafggmcsbs. Gcnstmtuyfn zcnbs jf oblc rmfsec fn fi mntfrmcr jfi `cspmtbi< ics sfrvmgmcs jf bjhmsm÷n, vfstèouics, fsgbifrbs, pbsmiics, jfspbg`cs, camgmnbs bjhmnmstrbtmvbs, vfstubrmcs, gbaftfrèb, brg`mvcs, gbpmiib, tbiifrfs, sbibs jf hâqumnbs, bihbgfnfs, gcnsfrlfrèb, bsgfnscrfs, sbicnfs jf bgtcs y buibs, mhprfntb, icgbifs jf gchprfscrfs y ebsfs hfjmgmnbifs, zcnb jf rfprcjuggmcnfs.
Gcnstmtuyfn zcnbs jf oblc rmfsec fn fi fxtfrmcr jfi `cspmtbi< ics lbrjmnfs, ibs guomfrtbs y tfrrbzbs, ics pbtmcs, vfntbnbifs y zcnbs bgrmstbibjbs, bsè gchc ics vmbifs y bpbrgbhmfntcs.
Imhpmfzb. Ib imhpmfzb `cspmtbibrmb
?7=
fjmtcrmbi } gfp
?.? \cnbs jf hfjmc rmfsec c sfhmgrètmgbs Fstbjèstmgbhfntf sf ifs gbtbiceb gchc bqufiibs quf tmfnfn hâs jf un ?4 % jf obgtfrmbs mnafggmcFstbjèstmgbhfntf sbs y hfncs jf un 14 %. Fn efnfrbi, jfntrc jf fstf ârfb sf fngufntrbn ibs `bomtbgmcnfs, jcnjf sf tfnjrâ fn gufntb fi tmpc jf fnafrhfjbj jf ics pbgmfntfs quf ibs cgupfn. Bsmhmshc, tbhomín sf fngubjrbn fn fstb zcnb, fi ibocrbtcrmc y fi obngc jf sbnerf, ib unmjbj jf jf rbjmcjmben÷stmgc, rbjmctfrbpmb y hfjmgmnb nugifbr, ib abrhbgmb, ib zcnb jf gcnsuitbs fxtfrnbs, bsè gchc ibs gcgmnbs y gchfjcrfs, ib ibvbnjfrèb, ifngfrèb y ics gubrtcs jf bsfc.
?.7 \cnbs jf bitc rmfsec c grètmgbs Jcnjf sf gcntmfnf un 14 % y hâs jf obgtfrmbs gcntbemcsbs, gcnstmtuyfnjc bsè un ârfb jf erbn rmfsec jf gcntbemc pbrb ibs pfrscnbs. Gcnstmtuyfn jmg`bs ârfbs ib VGM, ib VQM, ics qumr÷abncs, ib unmjbj jf nfcnbtcs, y ibs zcnbs jf fstfrmimzbgm÷n fntrf ctrcs. Vn gbsc huy gibrc ic gcnstmtuyfn ics qumr÷abncs, quf bntfs jf sfr usbjcs pcr ics abguitbtmvcs sf schftfn b unb jfsmnafggm÷n prcaunjb, guyc amn fs fvmtbr pcsmoifs gcntbemcs.
?.: Bgtubgmcnfs jf imhpmfzb fn zcnbs zcnbs jf oblc y hfjmc rmfsec Ib imhpmfzb `cspmtbibrmb tmfnf quf mr nfgfsbrmbhfntf unmjb b ib jfsmnafggm÷n. Tbrb gcnsfeumr uncs rfsuitbjcs sbtmsabgtcrmcs jfofn sfeumrsf unb sfrmf jf ncrhbs, quf nc scic jfofn iifvbrsf b gboc pcr fi pfrscnbi jfi Gfntrc @cspmtbibrmc, smnc tbhomín pcr ics vmsmtbntfs jf ics mntfrncs; jmg`bs ncrhbs fhbnbn jf ib _feibhfntbgm÷n jf Mnstmtugmcnfs @cspmtbibrmbs. Bsè, fstâ prc`momjc auhbr fn fi `cspmtbi, pfrhmtmínjcsf fxgiusmvbhfntf fn ibs zcnbs rfsfrvbjbs pbrb tbi amn. Wf prc`èof meubihfntf quf fn ibs `bomtbgmcnfs jf ics mntfrncs `byb un nühfrc fxgfsmvc jf vmsmtbntfs quf pfrturofn b ctrcs mntfrncs jf ics `cspmtbifs, prcgurânjcsf fn tcjc gbsc, quf nc `byb biocrctc fn ibs hmshbs. Gbjb ârfb rfgmomrâ unb imhpmfzb tbntbs vfgfs gchc sfb nfgfsbrmb, prcgurbnjc bsè unb jfsmnafggm÷n hâs famgbz. Fn ibs ârfbs sfhmgrètmgbs gchc fn ib jf oblc rmfsec ib imhpmfzb sf fafgtüb gcn prcjugtcs b obsf jf `mpcgicrmtc s÷jmgc jmsufitc fn beub, hâs gchünhfntf gcncgmjc gchc iflèb.
B. \cnbs jf oblc rmfsec
?:4
-
Wf imhpmbrân ics sufics jmbrmbhfntf, pbrb fiic sf rfbimzbrâ un obrrmjc `ühfjc y sf arfebrân gcn unb hcpb jf guoc sfngmiic y gcn jftfrefntf nfutrc jfomínjcsf utmimzbr unb vfz pcr sfhbnb jftfrefntf jfsmnafgtbntf. j fsmnafgtbntf.
-
Tbrb fi hcomimbrmc sf utmimzbrâ unb obyftb obyftb jf tfib smn tflfr gcn gcn jftfrefntf jftfrefntf nfutrc nfutrc prcgfjmínprcgfjmínjcsf b su imhpmfzb jmbrmbhfntf. Bsmhmshc, unb vfz pcr sfhbnb sf usbrâ jftfrefntf jfsmnafgtbntf.
Zfhb 2?
fjmtcrmbi } gfp
-
Tcr ic quf rfspfgtb rfspfgtb b ibs hcquftbs y biachorbs sf jfofrân bspmrbr jmbrmbhfntf prcgfjmínjcsf prcgfjmínjcsf b unb imhpmfzb hfjmbntf fspuhb `ühfjb gbjb :-1 hfsfs.
-
Ib imhpmfzb jf ics bsgfnscrfs sf rfbimzbrâ jmbrmbhfntf b acnjc, arfebnjc arfebnjc ics sufics y pbrfjfs gcn gcn sciugm÷n jf jftfrefntf jfsmnafgtbntf.
IMHTMF\B FN \CNB JF OBLC _MFWEC Imhpmfzb jf sufics jmbrmbhfntf -
Obrrmjc `ühfjc
-
Arfebjc gcn unb hcpb hcpb jf guoc sfngmiic y jftfrefntf jftfrefntf nfutrc
Imhpmfzb jf hcomimbrmc -
Jmbrmbhfntf, obyftb jf tfib smn tflfr gcn jftfrefntf nfutrc
-
Vnb vfz pcr sfhbnb, jfsmnafgtbntf
Hcquftbs y biachorbs -
Wf bspmrbn jmbrmbhfntf
-
Gbjb :-1 hfsfs, imhpmfzb prcaunjb gcn fspuhb `ühfjb
O. \cnbs jf rmfsec hfjmc b. Ncrhbs efnfrbifs -
Wf vbgmbrân ibs pbpfifrbs y guocs jf obsurb rfpcnmfnjc ibs ocisbs jf piâstmgc (fn ibocrbtcrmcs, fstb cpfrbgm÷n sf `brâ tbntbs vfgfs bi jèb gchc sfb nfgfsbrmc, utmimzbnjc ocisbs jf gcicr rclc).
-
Wf rfbimzbrâ un obrrmjc `ühfjc.
-
Fi hcomimbrmc, guocs guocs jf obsurb obsurb y gbrrcs gbrrcs jf trbnspcrtf sf imhpmbrân gcn gcn unb sciugm÷n jf jftfrefntf jftfrefntf jfsmnafgtbntf y obyftb jf tfib smn tflfr.
-
Fi arfebjc jfi sufic sf rfbimzbrâ jmbrmbhfntf, rfpbsânjcib tbntbs vfgfs gchc sfb prfgmsc, gcn gbrrc hcpb jf jcoif guoc.
Fi prcgfjmhmfntc fs fi smeumfntf< -
Wf jctbrâ jf un gbrrc gbrrc gcn jcs guocs (unc bzui y ctrc rclc gcn unb prfnsb) y unb hcpb jf biecj÷n biecj÷n c amorb smntítmgb.
-
Wf iifnb fi guoc bzui gcn beub gcn jfsmnafgtbntf.
-
Wf suhfref suhfref ib hcpb fn fi guoc bzui y sf fxprmhf fxprmhf imefrbhfntf imefrbhfntf fn ib prfnsb.
-
Wf prcgfjf b arfebr fi fi sufic y pcstfrmcrhfntf pcstfrmcrhfntf sf fxprmhf ib hcpb hcpb bi hâxmhc y sf sf gchmfnzb fi prcgfsc smeumfnjc bsè `bstb quf fi guoc bzui fstí vbgèc.
-
Fn jftfrhmnbjbs ârfbs gchc pbsmiics, gcnsuitbs, gcnsuitbs, bsfcs jf fnafrhfrèb fnafrhfrèb y sbibs sbibs jf fstbr fstbr fstf prcgfjmhmfntc sf rfbimzbrâ jcs vfgfs bi jèb.
Imhpmfzb. Ib imhpmfzb `cspmtbibrmb
?:2
fjmtcrmbi } gfp
o. Imhpmfzb jf sfrvmgmcs y bsfcs jf usc gchün Jcnjf hbycr gumjbjc `by quf pcnfr fs fn ib imhpmfzb jf sfrvmgmcs y bsfcs, pufs scn iuebrfs jcnjf sf gcngfntrb un hbycr nühfrc jf eírhfnfs. Ics prcjugtcs jf imhpmfzb gcntfnjrân bhcnmc gubtfrnbrmc, pujmínjcsf bpimgbr jmrfgtbhfntf. Fstf jfsmnafgtbntf ebrbntmzb ib `memfnf ju rbntf jcgf `crbs. Ics ibvbocs, mncjcrcs, ermafrèbs, pchcs y jfhâs ütmifs jfofn sfr `uhfjfgmjcs gcn fi prcjugtc gmtbjc y pcstfrmcrhfntf sfgbjcs gcn unb obyftb. Fi pfrscnbi jf imhpmfzb fn ib rfbimzbgm÷n jf sus aungmcnfs jfof prctfefrsf gcn eubntfs jf echb, y tbhomín gcn hbsgbrmiibs, fn brbs jf fvmtbr ibs pcsmoifs fhbnbgmcnfs jfi prcjugtc.
g. Imhpmfzb jf ics obòcs jf ibs `bomtbgmcnfs Bi sfr utmimzbjcs hfncs quf ics obòcs pü oimgcs, ib pfrmcjmgmjbj jf su imhpmfzb vbrèb. Ib imhpmfzb fn prcaunjmjbj sf jfof `bgfr pcr ib hbòbnb, pbrb pcstfrmcrhfntf rfbimzbr rfpbscs gubnjc sfb nfgfsbrmc. Ics prcjugtcs bjfgubjcs pbrb ib imhpmfzb scn< -
Jftfrefntf obgtfrmgmjb rfoblbjc rfoblbjc bi 64 % gcn beub, pbrb bzuiflcs bzuiflcs jf pbrfjfs y iczb sbnmtbrmb.
-
Beub gcn jmsciugm÷n jf iflèb pbrb fi bgibrbjc.
-
Tuivfrmzbjcr pbrb grmstbifs, grmstbifs, gcn prcpmfjbjfs prcpmfjbjfs imhpmbjcrbs, bormiibntbjcrbs y jfsmnafgtbntfs. jfsmnafgtbntfs.
Ics obòcs sf sufifn gchpcnfr jf< ibvboc y ermafrèb, pibtc jf jug`b y hbneufrb jf jug`b, omjí gcn ermafrèb rfeuiboif jfi beub, mncjcrc gcn gmstfrnb, y fn efnfrbi jf tcjcs ics jfhâs bpbrbtcs sbnmtbrmcs fsfngmbifs.
j. Imhpmfz Imhpmfzbb jf `bomtbgm `bomtbgmcnfs cnfs jf fnafrhcs Wf `b jf fafgtubr jf acrhb râpmjb y gcn hug`b famgbgmb, pbrb bsè hcifstbr ic hfncs pcsmoif b ics pbgmfntfs. Ib imhpmfzb fn ibs `bomtbgmcnfs nc scic bafgtb bi sufic, smnc tbhomín b ibs pbrfjfs y bi hcomimbrmc. Ibs pmnturbs fhpifbjbs fn ics `cspmtbifs scn smntítmgbs f mngiuyfn bieumgmjb, quf tmfnf unb bggm÷n bntmobgtfrmbnb, fs jfgmr, fs huy jmaègmi quf ibs obgtfrmbs sf jfsbrrciifn fn fsf prcjugtc. @by quf tfnfr fn gufntb quf, gcn fi pbsc jfi tmfhpc, fstbs prcpmfjbjfs vbn pfrjmfnjc fafgtc, pcr ic quf fs gcnvfnmfntf mhprfenbr hfjmbntf un ibvbjc fstcs prcjugtcs obgtfrmgmjbs obgtfrmgmjbs pbrb quf hbntfnebn sus prcpmfjbjfs crmemnbrmbs. Fn fstbs ârfbs, fi gcig`÷n jfof fstbr prctfemjc pcr unb aunjb c guomfrtb piâstmgb quf if rfsfrvf jf ib `uhfjbj. Ibs buxmimbrfs jf fnafrhfrèb scn qumfnfs rfbimzbn fi gbhomc jf ib ifngfrèb jf ib gbhb, byujbjcs pcr pfrscnbi fspfgmbimzbjc gubnjc aufrf nfgfsbrmc.
Fi pfrscnbi jf imhpmfzb jfof iifvbr fi unmacrhf rfeibhfntbrmc, y sf jfof prctfefr gcn eubntfs y hbsgbrmiibs fn fi flfrgmgmc jf su aungm÷n.
?:?
Zfhb 2?
fjmtcrmbi } gfp
?.6 Bgtubgmcnfs jf imhpmfzb fn zcnbs zcnbs jf bitc rmfsec Jfomjc b su bitc erbjc jf pfimercsmjbj tbntc jf gbrâgtfr mnafggmcsc gchc rbjmbgtmvc, ibs prfgbugmcnfs b tchbr fn su imhpmfzb jfofn sfr ibs hâxmhbs, y fi pfrscnbi fngbrebjc jf jmg`b aungm÷n jfof rfgmomr uncs gurscs acrhbtmvcs pbrb bprfnjfr b rfbimzbr famgbzhfntf su trboblc. Jfpfnjmfnjc jfi rmfsec, sf jftfrhmnbrâ ib vfstmhfntb b utmimzbr fn ib imhpmfzb, fi tmpc jf prcjugtc imhpmbjcr-jfsmnafgtbntf, ics iuebrfs jf imhpmfzb hâs fspfgèamgcs, fi trbtbhmfntc jf ib rcpb rfgcemjb, ftg. Fs jf jfstbgbr quf, b ib `crb jf gbhombr ib ifngfrèb jf ibs gbhbs, sm ncs fngcntrbhcs fn zcnbs jf hfjmc y bitc rmfsec, `by quf imhpmbr fi gcig`÷n prctfgtcr usbnjc fn prmhfr iuebr un efi obgtfrmgmjb jfrhcprctfgtcr, jfrhcprctfgtc r, y pbsbnjc pcstfrmcrhfntf unb obyftb `ühfjb fn bigc`ci jf =4¼. Vnb vfz sf `byb rfbimzbjc ib imhpmfzb fn fstbs ârfbs, ib pfrscnb fngbrebjb jf ib hmshb tchbrâ unb jug`b y sf jfsmnafgtbrâ gcn efi obgtfrmgmjb, y pcstfrmcrhfntf sf pcnjrâ su unmacrhf rfeibhfntbrmc. Wcic pufjf bggfjfr b fstcs iuebrfs fi pfrscnbi butcrmzbjc, bi sfr zcnbs jf fnafrhcs gcntbemcscs y jf rbjmbgm÷n. Zcjc fi hbtfrmbi quf sbif jf ibs zcnbs jf bitc rmfsec ncrhbihfntf fstâ prfgmntbjc. Ibs gchmjbs b pbgmfntfs fn zcnbs jf bitc rmfsec sufifn sfrvmrsf gcn vblmiib y gchpifhfntcs jfsfg`boifs.
?.1 Abgtcrfs quf bafgtbn b ib imhpmfzb y jfsmnafggm÷n jf ibs ârfbs B. Fi bmrf bgcnjmgmcnbj bgcnjmgmcnbjc c Fi bmrf gcnstmtuyf unc jf ics abgtcrfs hâs mhpcrtbntfs jf trbnshmsm÷n jf obgtfrmbs y vmrus (sbrbhpm÷n, vbrmgfib, tuofrguicsms ftg.). Tcr ctrb pbrtf, tbhomín sf `b fngcntrbjc orctfs pcr Ifemcnfiib bi gcntbhmnbrsf beub fxtrbèjb jf ics fqumpcs jf rfarmefrbgm÷n.
Fi bmrf bgcnjmgmcnbjc gcnstmtuyf unb aufntf jf mnafggm÷n mhpcrtbntf pcr ic quf fspfgmbihfntf fn ics `cspmtbifs rfqumfrfn jf hbtfrmbifs y smstfhbs jf erbn gbimjbj.
Imhpmfzb. Ib imhpmfzb `cspmtbibrmb
?:7
fjmtcrmbi } gfp
Ics smstfhbs jf bmrf bgcnjmgmcnbjc jfofn imhpmbrsf c gbhombrsf gbjb bòc y tfnjrâ un hbntfnmhmfntc prfvfntmvc quf bsfeurf un aiulc jf bmrf bj fgubjc gcn fi hènmhc rmfsec omci÷emgc. Fs mhpcrtbntf tfnfr fn gufntb ib acrhb jf gmrguibgm÷n jfi bmrf b ib `crb jf ib bjhmsm÷n y uomgbgm÷n jf ibs pfrscnbs gcn fnafrhfjbjfs gcntbemcsbs jf trbnshmsm÷n bírfb fn absf jf gcntbemc. Jmg`bs pfrscnbs pfrhbnfgfrân fn `bomtbgmcnfs gcn prfsm÷n bírfb nfebtmvb. Gbjb `bomtbgm÷n gcntbrâ gcn sfms c hâs mntfrgbhomcs jf bmrf pcr `crb jfomfnjc sfr ib sbimjb bírfb jmrfgtbhfntf bi fxtfrmcr, b unb jmstbngmb jf sfms hftrcs c hâs jfi puntc jf fntrbjb hâs gfrgbnc nc jfomfnjc tfnfr gmrguibgm÷n. _fspfgtc b ics qumr÷abncs, fi bmrf jfofrâ gcntbr gcn 27 b ?4 mntfrgbhomcs hènmhcs pcr `crb smfnjc bi hfncs gubtrc jf bmrf arfsgc. Ib prfsm÷n jfi bmrf sfrâ pcsmtmvb fn jmrfggm÷n b fspbgmcs bjybgfntfs y tcjc fi bmrf prcgfjfntf jfi fxtfrmcr sfrâ amitrbjc bntfs jf mnerfsbr b ibs ârfbs.
O. Fi beub Fi beub jf ics gbòcs gcnstmtuyf tbhomín un mhpcrtbntf vf`èguic jf trbnshmsm÷n jf hmgrccrebnmshcs gbusbntfs jf mnafggmcnfs jf ib pmfi y ebstrcmntfstmnbifs. Fs mhprfsgmnjmoif unb gcrrfgtb amitrbgm÷n y gicrbgm÷n jfi beub `bstb cotfnfr fstânjbrfs jf gbimjbj y bsè ebrbntmzbr ib sfeurmjbj jfi gcnsuhmjcr. Bsmhmshc, fs nfgfsbrmc quf fi beub utmimzbjb pbrb `fhcjmâimsms, pmsgmnbs, tbnqufs jf `mjrctfrbpmb, obòfrbs pbrb fi gumjbjc jf pfrscnbs qufhbjbs c pbrb ib btfngm÷n bi pbrtc jfof guhpib ics fstânjbrfs jf gbimjbj fxmemjcs.
G. Ctrcs abgtcrfs Jmspcsmtmvcs butchâtmgcs, bebrrbjfrbs, jmspcsmtmvcs pbrb fi fngfnjmjc jf ib iuz, obrbnjmiibs, ftg. Tufjfn gcnstmtumr unb aufntf jf trbnshmsm÷n jf hmgrccrebnmshcs pujmfnjc iifebr b trbnshmtmr mngiusc fi vmrus jf ib `fpbtmtms O. Ib imhpmfzb fs, smn jujb bieunb, ib bgtmvmjbj prfvmb hâs mhpcrtbntf quf sf jfof prbgtmgbr fn tcjbs ibs ârfbs `cspmtbibrmbs pbrb bigbnzbr nmvfifs sfeurcs y jfsfboifs jf jfsmnafggm÷n y bsfpsmb, tbntc fn ibs ârfbs y supframgmfs gchc fn ics fifhfntcs f mnstruhfntcs utmimzbjcs pbrb ib btfngm÷n jmrfgtb c mnjmrfgtb jf ib pfrscnb fnafrhb. Jfi hmshc hcjc, ib imhpmfzb, fi bsfc pfrscnbi y ib bsfpsmb prbgtmgbjb pcr ics trboblbjcrfs pfrhmtfn bigbnzbr ics colftmvcs y gchpifhfntbn ibs bggmcnfs fn tcrnc b fstcs prmngmpmcs.
?::
Zfhb 2?
Fsqufhb 2?
IMHTMF\B. IB IMHTMF\B @CWTMZBIB_MB @memfnf fn ics gfntrcs `cspmtbibrmcs Fntfnjfhcs gchc mnafggm÷n ib mnvbsm÷n jfi crebnmshc pcr hmgrccrebnmshcs pbt÷efncs quf sf rfprcjugfn y huitmpimgbn, gbusbnjc un fstbjc hcrocsc gcn ifsm÷n gfiuibr icgbi, sfgrfgm÷n jf unb tcxmnb c ib prcvcgbr unb rfbggm÷n bntèefnc-bntmgufrpc fn fi `uíspfj. Zbhomín sf utmimzb fstf tírhmnc pbrb rfafrmrncs b ib fnafrhfjbj gbusbjb pcr ib mnvbsm÷n jf jmg`cs hmgrccrebnmshcs
Mhpcrtbngmb jf ib imhpmfzb fn un `cspmtbi Ib mnafggm÷n ncscgchmbi Ib mnafggm÷n ncscgchmbi c bjqumrmjb fn un `cspmtbi fs bqufiib quf bpbrfgf jurbntf ib `cspmtbimzbgm÷n jfi pbgmfntf y quf nc sf `biibob prfsfntf, c fn pfrècjc jf mnguobgm÷n fn fi hchfntc jf bjhmsm÷n jfi fnafrhc fn fi gfntrc, mnjfpfnjmfntfhfntf jf quf sf hbnmamfstf c nc jurbntf su fstbngmb fn fi `cspmtbi
Fpmjfhmciceèb Ib arfgufngmb jf ibs mnafggmcnfs ncscgchmbifs vbrèb jf uncs `cspmtbifs b ctrcs, jfpfnjmfnjc jf ibs gbrbgtfrèstmgbs prcpmbs jf gbjb unc jf fiics, smfnjc ics `cspmtbifs unmvfrsmtbrmcs y bqufiics gcn hbycr nühfrc jf gbhbs ics quf prfsfntbn hâs arfgufngmb
Fstujmcs jf prfvbifngmb Fn Fspbòb, bi nc sfr fnafrhfjbj jf jfgibrbgm÷n coimebtcrmb, bgtubihfntf sf fstâ iifvbnjc b gboc ib fvbiubgm÷n jfi prcyfgtc FTMNF, quf gcnsmstf fn jfsbrrciibr bnubihfntf un fstujmc jf prfvbifngmb jf ibs mnafggmcnfs fn ics prmngmpbifs `cspmtbifs fspbòcifs. Fstcs fstujmcs scn iifvbjcs b gboc pcr ics Wfrvmgmcs jf Hfjmgmnb Trfvfntmvb, jcnjf sf rfbimzb ib vmemibngmb fpmjfhmci÷emgb jf fstbs fnafrhfjbjfs
Ftmciceèb Wfeün fi crmefn jfi hmgrccrebnmshc jf ib mnafggm÷n sf jmstmneufn< - Mnafggm÷n fnj÷efnb - Mnafggm÷n fx÷efnb
Aufntfs jf mnafggm÷n y hfgbnmshcs jf trbnshmsm÷n Ibs mnafggmcnfs ncscgchmbifs jf crmefn fnj÷efnc sf fxtmfnjfn prmngmpbihfntf pcr gcntbgtc y vf`èguics gcntbhmnbjcs, pcr gcntbgtc jmrfgtc b trbvís jf ibs hbncs jf pfrscnbi sbnmtbrmc y nc sbnmtbrmc
Trmngmpbifs tmpcs jf mnafggmcnfs ncscgchmbifs ncscgchmbifs Mnafggmcnfs jf `frmjbs qumrüremgbs Nfuhcnèbs y orcnqumtms Mnafggmcnfs urmnbrmbs Mnafggmcnfs obgtfrmfhmbs
Imhpmfzb. Ib imhpmfzb `cspmtbibrmb
?:6
JMQMWM×N JF IBW \CNBW JF IMHTMF\B TC_ ZMTCW JF _MFWEC. \CNBW JF BIZC BIZC _MFWEC. _MFWE C. \CNBW JF HFJMC HF JMC _MFWEC. _MF WEC. \CNBW JF OBLC OB LC _MFWEC _MF WEC \cnbs efnfrbifs c jf oblc rmfsec Fs fi ârfb jcnjf sf fstboifgf fstbjèstmgbhfntf hfncs jf un ?4 % jf obgtfrmbs mnafggmcsbs. Gcnstmtuyfn zcnbs jf oblc rmfsec fn fi mntfrmcr jfi `cspmtbi< ics sfrvmgmcs jf bjhmsm÷n, vfstèouics, fsgbifrbs, pbsmiics, jfspbg`cs, camgmnbs bjhmnmstrbtmvbs, vfstubrmcs, gbaftfrèb, brg`mvcs, gbpmiib, tbiifrfs, sbibs jf hâqumnbs, bihbgfnfs, gcnsfrlfrèb, bsgfnscrfs, sbicnfs jf bgtcs y buibs, mhprfntb, icgbifs jf gchprfscrfs y ebsfs hfjmgmnbifs, zcnb jf rfprcjuggmcnfs
\cnbs jf hfjmc rmfsec c sfhmgrètmgbs Fstbjèstmgbhfntf sf ifs gbtbiceb gchc bqufiibs quf tmfnfn hâs jf un ?4 % jf obgtfrmbs mnafggmcsbs y hfncs jf un 14 %. Fn efnfrbi, jfntrc jf fstf ârfb sf fngufntrbn ibs `bomtbgmcnfs, jcnjf sf tfnjrâ fn gufntb fi tmpc jf fnafrhfjbj jf ics pbgmfntfs quf ibs cgupfn
\cnbs jf bitc rmfsec c grètmgbs Jcnjf sf gcntmfnf un 14 % y hâs jf obgtfrmbs gcntbemcsbs, gcnstmtuyfnjc bsè un ârfb jf erbn rmfsec jf gcntbemc pbrb ibs pfrscnbs. Gcnstmtuyfn jmg`bs ârfbs ib VGM, ib VQM, ics qumr÷abncs, ib unmjbj jf nfcnbtcs, y ibs zcnbs jf fstfrmimzbgm÷n fntrf ctrcs
Bgtubgmcnfs Bgtubg mcnfs jf imhpmfzb fn zcnbs jf oblc y hfjmc rmfsec \cnbs jf oblc rmfsec - Wf imhpmbrân ics sufics jmbrmbhfntf - Tbrb fi hcomimbrmc sf utmimzbrâ unb obyftb jf tfib smn tflfr gcn jftfrefntf nfutrc prcgfjmínjcsf b su imhpmfzb jmbrmbhfntf - Tcr ic quf rfspfgtb rfspfgtb b ibs hcquftbs y biachorbs sf jfofrân bspmrbr jmbrmbhfntf prcgfjmínjcsf prcgfjmínjcsf b unb imhpmfzb hfjmbntf fspuhb `ühfjb gbjb :-1 hfsfs [...X
\cnbs jf rmfsec hfjmc Ncrhbs efnfrbifs Imhpmfzb jf sfrvmgmcs y bsfcs jf usc gchün Imhpmfzb jf ics obòcs jf ibs `bomtbgmcnfs Imhpmfzb jf `bomtbgmcnfs jf fnafrhcs
Bgtubgmcnfs Bgtubg mcnfs jf imhpmfzb fn zcnbs jf bitc rmfsec Jfomjc b su bitc erbjc jf pfimercsmjbj tbntc jf gbrâgtfr mnafggmcsc gchc rbjmbgtmvc, ibs prfgbugmcnfs b tchbr fn su imhpmfzb jfofn sfr ibs hâxmhbs, y fi pfrscnbi fngbrebjc jf jmg`b aungm÷n jfof rfgmomr uncs gurscs acrhbtmvcs pbrb bprfnjfr b rfbimzbr famgbzhfntf su trboblc
Abgtcrfs quf bafgtbn b ib imhpmfzb y jfsmnafggm÷n jf ibs ârfbs Fi bmrf bgcnjmgmcnb bgcnjmgmcnbjc jc Fi bmrf gcnstmtuyf unc jf ics abgtcrfs hâs mhpcrtbntfs jf trbnshmsm÷n jf obgtfrmbs y vmrus (sbrbhpm÷n, vbrmgfib, tuofrguicsms ftg.)
Fi beub
?:1
Zfhb 2?
Fi beub jf ics gbòcs gcnstmtuyf tbhomín un mhpcrtbntf vf`èguic jf trbnshmsm÷n jf hmgrccrebnmshcs gbusbntfs jf mnafggmcnfs jf ib pmfi y ebstrcmntfstmnbifs. Fs mhprfsgmnjmoif unb gcrrfgtb amitrbgm÷n y gicrbgm÷n jfi beub `bstb cotfnfr fstânjbrfs jf gbimjbj y bsè ebrbntmzbr ib sfeurmjbj jfi gcnsuhmjcr
Ctrcs abgtcrfs Jmspcsmtmvcs butchâtmgcs, bebrrbjfrbs, jmspcsmtmvcs pbrb fi fngfnjmjc jf ib iuz, obrbnjmiibs, ftg. Tufjfn gcnstmtumr unb aufntf jf trbnshmsm÷n jf hmgrccrebnmshcs pujmfnjc iifebr b trbnshmtmr mngiusc fi vmrus jf ib `fpbtmtms O
Imhpmfzb. Ib imhpmfzb `cspmtbibrmb
?:5