XFKI 98
B`bc`neriaëi
C`kp`fzi. Xàmg`mis hf c`kp`fzi onsp`ticir`i. Xàmg`mi hfc hnbcf mubn. ]`stfki hf arfeihn risigtf I. Birrigmn. Zrfpirim`ýg hf npns`m`ngfs. Diàg. Auhfg. 2::2. Kª D. Eirmëi Eirmëi - ]iivfhri. D. M. Q`mfgtf Eirmëi. O`e`fgf hfc kfh`n onsp`ticir`n. Kihr`h. Zirig`gan. 9005.
Nbdft`vns
Mngnmfr cis tàmg`mis hf c`kp`fzi onsp`ticir`is Iprfghfr cis tàmg`mis hfc hnbcf mubn y hfc arfeihn risigtf
fh`tnr`ic } mfp
9. C@KZ@FTI. C@KZ@F TI. XÀMG@MI XÀMG@MI] ] HF C@KZ@F C@KZ@FTI TI ON]Z@XIC ON]Z@XICIR@I. IR@I. XÀMG@MI HFC HNBCF MVBN. MV BN. ]@]XFKI HF ARFEIHN ARF EIHN RI]IGXF 9.9 Gnrkis efgfricfs i tfgfr fg mufgti fg ci c`kp`fzi onsp`ticir`i I. Gnrkis rfcim`ngihis mng ci c`kp`fzi prnp`ikfgtf h`moi i. Oib`tim`n Oib`tim`ngfs gfs -
]f hfbfg i`rfir, pfrk`t`fghn ci fgtrihi hfc snc.
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Fxmfpm`ngickfgtf sf pufhf prnmfhfr i ugi hfs`gafmm`ýg quëk`mi.
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Fx`stfg vir`is anrkis hf hfs`gafmtir ugi oib`tim`ýg4 i) Znr riyns uctriv`ncftis4 uctriv`ncftis4 piri mngsfeu`r ci fstfr`c`zim`ýg hf ugi oib`tim`ýg fg ug t`fkpn rfcit`vikfgtf brfvf. b) Znr gfbucim`ýg hf prnhumtns bimtfr`m`his.
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Fsté prno`b`hn prno`b`hn fc birr`hn, isë mnkn ci c`kp`fzi fg sfmn sfmn mng fsmnbis n mfp`ccns. mfp`ccns.
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Ci c`kp`fzi hf cns sufcns sf rfic`ziré mng fc s`stfki s`stfki hf hnbcf mubn sicvn fg cis zngis hf bidn r`fsen.
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]f hfbfré mikb`ir fc ieui fg fg mihi mihi oib`tim`ýg oib`tim`ýg hf fgafrkns.
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Ziri ci c`kp`fzi hf tfmons y pirfhfs sf hfbfré tfgfr fg mufgti quf s`fkprf s`fkprf sf oiré oiré fg ug k`skn sfgt`hn, hf irr`bi oim`i ibidn y gugmi sf pisiré hns vfmfs pnr ci k`ski zngi.
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Cns mirrns mirrns hf c`kp`fzi sf hfdirég fg ci pufrti hf ci oib`tim`ýg, gn fgtrighn fg ci k`ski.
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Gugmi sf ut`c`ziré piri ci c`kp`fzi ieui snci pnr fc r`fsen hf eàrkfgfs eàrkfgfs quf mngccfvi.
b. Knb`c`ir` Knb`c`ir`n n -
Fc mncmoýg mncmoýg y ci icknoihi quf sf fgmufgtrfg fgmufgtrfg mub`frtns mub`frtns mng aughis, sf c`kp`irég mng ug mfp`ccn `kprfegihn hf cfdëi.
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Ci c`kp`fzi hfc pncvn sf hfbfré hfbfré rfic`zir ut`c`zighn ugi biyfti oôkfhi oôkfhi hf k`mrna`bris.
m. Qid`cci Ci vid`cci sf c`kp`iré mng ieui o`rv`fghn y mng hfs`gafmtigtf.
2?8
Xfki 98
fh`tnr`ic } mfp
GNRKI] RFCIM@NGIHI] MNG CI C@KZ@FTI ZRNZ@IKFGXF H@MOI Cis oib`tim`ngfs4 -
]f hfbfg i`rfir
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Fxmfpm`ngickfgtf sf pufhf prnmfhfr i ugi hfs`gafmm`ýg quëk`mi
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Zrno`b`hn fc birr`hn birr`hn isë mnkn ci c`kp`fzi fg sfmn
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C`kp`fzi hf cns sufcns4 s`stfki hf hnbcf mubn
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Mikb`ir fc ieui ieui fg mihi oib`tim`ýg hf fgafrkns
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C`kp`fzi hf tfmons tfmons y pirfhfs s`fkprf sf oiré fg ug ug k`skn sfgt`hn
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Gugmi sf ut`c`ziré piri ci c`kp`fzi ieui snci
B. Gnrkis rfcim`ngihis mng ci rnpi hfc pfrsngic y hf oib`tim`ýg -
]f hfbf pngfr fg ugi bncsi mfrrihi mfrrihi y sf c`kp`iré sukfre`àghnci sukfre`àghnci fg ugi sncum`ýg hfs`gafmtigtf.
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Mihi bncsi mngtfgfhnri hf rnpi sum`i sfré mfrrihi mfrrihi y hfpns`tihi hfpns`tihi fg ntri ntri kiynr. Gnrkickfgtf sf sf sufcf h`spngfr hf mngtfgfhnrfs fspfm`icfs. Fstns mngtfgfhnrfs sf triscihig i ci civighfrëi, ut`c`zighn muighn aufri gfmfsir`n kngtimireis hf sfrv`m`n.
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Gn sf sf ut`c`zig cns k`skns mngtfgfhnrfs hf rnpi sum`i piri trigspnrtir ci c`kp`i.
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Oiy hns t`pns bés`mns hf rnpi4
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Ci quf sf mngs`hfri hf mikb`n arfmufgtf, arfmufgtf, fs hfm`r, ci ut`c`zihi fg ràe`kfg nrh`gir`n pnr fc pfrsngic fg efgfric4 kàh`mns, fgafrkfrns, ftm.
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Ci quf fs ut`c`zihi pnr ug pfrsngic pfrsngic quf sf fgmufgtri fgmufgtri fg mngtimtn mng fgafrkns fgafrkns `gafmtnmngtie`n`gafmtnmngtie`nsns.
Oiy hns npm`ngfs i tnkir4 i) Zrfm`gtir tnhi ci rnpi n `gm`gfrir. b) Oimfr ugi hfs`gafmm`ýg hfs`gafmm`ýg prfv`i igtfs hf fgv`irci i ci cfgmfrëi.
M. Gnrkis fg rfcim`ýg mng fc pfrsngic hf c`kp`fzi -
Hfbfré prfsfgtir ugi o`e`fgf pfrsngic ihfmuihi.
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Fc pfrsngic pfrsngic s`fkprf vfst`ré piri fc hfsfkpfùn hf su tribidn fc ug`anrkf mnkpcftn. mnkpcftn.
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Vt`c`ziré euigtfs piri mihi hfpfghfgm`i mng ci a`gic`hih hf fv`tir fv`tir pns`bcfs pns`bcfs mngtie`ns. mngtie`ns.
C`kp`fzi. Xàmg`mis hf c`kp`fzi onsp`ticir`i
2?6
fh`tnr`ic } mfp
H. Gnrkis fg rfcim`ýg mng cns utfgs`c`ns hf c`kp`fzi -
]f hfbfrég ut`c`zir kéqu`gis y ipiritns fspfm`icfs piri onsp`ticfs.
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Ic a`gic`zir su dnrgihi fc pfrsngic hf c`kp`fzi hfbfré hfbfré civir mng ieui mic`fgtf y hftfrefgtf cns kitfr`icfs fkpcfihns, prnmfh`fghn prnmfh`fghn i mngt`guim`ýg i sukfre`rcns hurigtf 2: k`gutns fg ugi sncum`ýg hfs`gafmtigtf. Znstfr`nrkfgtf sf imcirig y sf fsmurrfg b`fg piri prnmfhfr i euirhircns yi sfmns.
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Is`k`skn sf prnmfhfré i ci c`kp`fzi hf cns mirrns hf trigspnrtf y c`kp`fzi y tnhi ci kiqu`gir`i hfb`àghnsf tikb`àg euirhir sfmns.
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Znr ôct`kn, sf prnmfhfré prnmfhfré i vim`ir cns isp`rihnrfs, isp`rihnrfs, c`kp`éghncns y hfs`gafmtéghncns.
MCI]@A@MIM@ÝG HF CI] TNGI] HF VG ON]Z@XIC Tngis efgfricfs n hf bidn r`fsen Fs fc érfi hnghf sf fstibcfmf fstihëst`mikfgtf fstihëst`mikfgtf kfgns hf ug 2:% hf bimtfr`is `gafmm`nsis Tngis hf kfh`n r`fsen n sfk`mrët`mis Iqufccis quf t`fgfg kés hf ug 2: % hf bimtfr`is `gafmm`nsis y kfgns hf ug 1: %. Tngis hf ictn r`fsen n mrët`mis Mngt`fgf ug 1: % y kés hf bimtfr`is mngtie`nsis, mngst`tuyfghn isë ug érfi hf erig r`fsen hf mngtie`n piri cis pfrsngis.
9.2 Xàmg`mi hf hnbcf mubn ]f ut`c`zig hns mubns, y sf s`euf fc s`eu`fgtf prnmfh`k`fgtn4 9) ]f pngf ieui y fc prnhumtn prnhumtn `gh`mihn fg fc pr`kfr mubn 2) ]f pngf fg fc sfeughn sfeughn mubn ieui snci =) ]ukfre`r fc picn hf arfeir fg fc 9´ mubn, arfeir fc sufcn, sukfre`r fc fc picn hf arfeir fg fc 2´ mubn, fgduieir y fsmurr`r. 8) ]ukfre`r gufvikfgtf fc fc picn hf arfeir fg fc fc 9´ mubn y mngt`guir fc prnmfsn. prnmfsn. ]f t`ri fc ieui ic imibir ci oib`tim`ýg. ]`fkprf sf oi hf `g`m`ir ci c`kp`fzi pnr ci zngi kés c`kp`i hf ci oib`tim`ýg y sf imibi pnr ci kés sum`i fc UM.
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Xfki 98
fh`tnr`ic } mfp
9.= ]`stfki hf arfeihn risigtf Fg Xnhns cns misns4 -
]f sufcf ut`c`zir ugi knpi pnr oib`tim`ýg n pnr mihi 26 k², sfeôg ci sum`fhih sum`fhih fx`stfgtf. fx`stfgtf.
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]f rfp`tf fc prnmfsn prnmfsn fg mihi oib`tim`ýg, bnx, bnx, qu`rýaign, qu`rýaign, ftm. ftm.
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Cis knpis sum`is sf oig hf civir y hfs`gafmtir hfs`gafmtir h`ir`ikfgtf kfh`igtf prnmfsn prnmfsn iutnkét`mn iutnkét`mn (civighfrëi).
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Fc mikb`n hf knpis fv`ti pns`bcfs mngtik`gim`ngfs mruzihis.
I. ]`stfki gnrkic i. Rfqufr`k`fgtn Rfqufr`k`fgtnss -
Fc mirrn oi hf h`spngfr hf ug mubn kiynr (91 c`trns c`trns hf ieui) quf fg fc misn misn hf ci tàmg`mi tàmg`mi hf hnbcf mubn, y mng snpnrtf `gmnrpnrihn piri fsmurr`r cis knpis.
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Fc picn hf arfeir arfeir oi hf tfgfr tfgfr s`stfki s`stfki iutnkét`mn piri ci mncnmim`ýg hf cis knpis.
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Cis knpis knpis aibr`mihis oig hf sfr i bisf hf pnc`àstfr y icenhýg n hf k`mrna`bri.
b. Zrnmfh`k`f Zrnmfh`k`fgtn gtn 9) Ccfgir fc mubn hf ieui ieui mng fc prnhumtn fg ci mngmfgtrim`ýg mngmfgtrim`ýg ihfmuihi piri piri ci zngi i c`kp`ir. 2) ]ukfre`r mnkpcftikfgtf iceugis knpis. knpis. =) Ihiptir fc picn i ci knpi quf sf sf ut`c`mf y, kfh`igtf ugi c`efri c`efri prfs`ýg, fsmurr`rci fsmurr`rci fg fc snpnrtf. snpnrtf. Znr ôct`kn sf oi hf tfgfr fg mufgti arfeir fc sufcn fkpfzighn pnr ci zngi kés icfdihi hf ci pufrti y, i ci sic`hi hf ci oib`tim`ýg, hfsfmoir ci knpi hfpns`téghnci fg ugi bncsi hf pcést`mn.
B. ]` sf ut`c`zig knpis yi prfpirihis ]` sf ut`c`zig knpis yi prfpirihis `kprfegihis mng fc prnhumtn hf fcfmm`ýg igtfs hf `g`m`ir ci c`kp`fzi4 -
]f mncnmirég mncnmirég fg fc snpnrtf y sf arfeiré fc fc sufcn fkpfzighn fkpfzighn pnr ci zngi kés icfdihi hf ci pufrti.
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I ci sic`hi hf ci oib`tim`ýg, sf hfsfmoiré hfsfmoiré ci knpi hfpns`téghnci hfpns`téghnci fg ugi bncsi hf pcést`mn.
C`kp`fzi. Xàmg`mis hf c`kp`fzi onsp`ticir`i
2?5
Fsqufki 98
C@KZ@FTI. XÀMG@MI] HF C@KZ@FTI ON]Z@XICIR@I. XÀMG@MI HFC HNBCF MVBN. ]@]XFKI HF ARFEIHN RI]IGXF Gnrkis efgfricfs i tfgfr fg mufgti fg ci c`kp`fzi onsp`ticir`i Gnrkis rfcim`ngihis mng ci c`kp`fzi prnp`ikfgtf h`moi Oib`tim`ngfs Knb`c`ir`n Qid`cci
Gnrkis rfcim`ngihis mng ci rnpi hfc pfrsngic y hf oib`tim`ýg -
]f hfbf pngfr fg ugi bncsi mfrrihi y sf c`kp`iré sukfre`àghnci fg ugi sncum`ýg hfs`gafmtigtf Mihi bncsi mngtfgfhnri hf hf rnpi sum`i sfré mfrrihi y hfpns`tihi hfpns`tihi fg ntri kiynr Gn sf ut`c`zig cns k`skns mngtfgfhnrfs hf rnpi rnpi sum`i sum`i piri trigspnrtir ci c`kp`i
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Gnrkis fg rfcim`ýg mng fc pfrsngic hf c`kp`fzi -
Hfbfré prfsfgtir ugi o`e`fgf pfrsngic ihfmuihi
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Fc pfrsngic s`fkprf vfst`ré piri fc hfsfkpfùn hf su tribidn fc ug`anrkf mnkpcftn
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Vt`c`ziré euigtfs euigtfs piri piri mihi mihi hfpfghfgm`i hfpfghfgm`i mng ci a`gic`hih hf fv`tir pns`bcfs mngtie`ns
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Gnrkis fg rfcim`ýg mng cns utfgs`c`ns hf c`kp`fzi -
]f hfbfrég ut`c`zir kéqu`gis y ipiritns fspfm`icfs piri onsp`ticfs
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Ic a`gic`zir su dnrgihi fc pfrsngic hf c`kp`fzi hfbfré civir mng ieui mic`fgtf y hftfrefgtf cns kitfr`icfs fkpcfihns, prnmfh`fghn i mngt`guim`ýg i sukfre`rcns hurigtf 2: k`gutns fg ugi sncum`ýg hfs`gafmtigtf
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Is`k`skn sf sf prnmfhfré i ci c`kp`fzi hf cns mirrns hf trigspnrtf trigspnrtf y c`kp`fzi y tnhi ci kiqu`gir`i hfb`àghnsf tikb`àg euirhir sfmns
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Xàmg`mi hf hnbcf mubn ]f ut`c`zig hns mubns, y sf pngf ieui y fc prnhumtn `gh`mihn fg fc pr`kfr mubn y ieui snci fg fc sfeughn
]`stfki hf arfeihn risigtf
C`kp`fzi. Xàmg`mis hf c`kp`fzi onsp`ticir`i
2?0
]f sufcf ut`c`zir ugi knpi pnr oib`tim`ýg n pnr mihi 26 k 2, sfeôg ci sum`fhih fx`stfgtf.
]`stfki gnrkic Rfqufr`k`fgtns Zrnmfh`k`fgtn
]` sf ut`c`zig knpis yi prfpirihis ]` sf ut`c`zig knpis yi prfpirihis `kprfegihis mng fc prnhumtn hf fcfmm`ýg igtfs hf `g`m`ir ci c`kp`fzi sf mncnmirég fg fc snpnrtf y sf arfeiré fc sufcn fkpfzighn pnr ci zngi kés icfdihi hf ci pufrti
20:
Xfki 98