INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT IN TECHNOLOGY
Volume-7,Issue-5, (May-17) ISSN (O) :- 2349-3585
Automatic Street Light using LDR and PIR sensor using PIC Microcontroller _______________ _______________________ _______________ _______________ ________________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ ________________ ______________ ______ Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SRM University, India
Abst Abstract: ract: G enerall nerally, y, stree streett lights are switch switche ed on for for the the
wastages
and
manually
dimming
during
midnight
is
whole nigh ni ghtt and duri ng the day day they they are switched switched off off.. B ut
impracticable. Also, dynamically tracking the light level is
during the night time there is no need of street lights if there
manually impracticable. The current trend is the introduction
is no traffic. Saving of this energy is very important factor
of automation and remote management solutions to control
these days as the resources are getting degraded day by day.
street lighting .There are various numbers of control strategy
Alternat Alternative ivess for for nat natural reso resources urces are are very less less and our next next
and methods in controlling the street light system such as
gene generat ration ion ma may face face a lot lot of prob proble lem m because cause of the them. This Thi s
design and implementation of
automatic traffic controller, controller,
cir cuit makes makes use of a PI R senso sensorr , which i s basica basically lly an an
design and fabrication of automatic street light control system,
infrared sensor which detects motion. By using this sensor,
automatic street light intensity control and road safety module
we can make sure that electricity is not wasted unnecessarily.
using embedded system , automatic street light control system,
The circuit is designed in such a way that, it is witched off
In this paper two kinds of sensors will be used which are light
during the day time and gets automatically switched on as
sensor and photoelectric sensor. The light sensor will detect
soo soon as it gets gets dark. rk . Whe When n no movem vement is se sensed nsed by the the PI R
darkness to activate the ON/OFF switch, so the streetlights
senso sensor, r, the lights work work at minimum inimum int i nte ensity. nsity. As soo soon as
will be ready to turn on and the photoelectric sensor will
vehicle movement is detected by the sensor, the lights start
detect movement to activate the streetlights. LDR, which
working at maximum intensity. After a few seconds, it
varies according to the amount of light falling on its surface,
r eturns tur ns to low i ntensi ntensity. ty.
this gives an inductions for whether it is a day-night time, the
K eywo ywords: rds: senso sensorr s, LD R , PI R , PI C M icro icr ocont controll rolle er
LDRs are placed on the side of the road, which can be
1.Introduction
controlled by microcontroller PIC16f877A. The LDR will be
The idea of designing a new system for the streetlight that do
activated only on the night time. If any object crosses the PIR
not consume huge amount of electricity and illuminate large
Sensor, a particular light will be automatically ON For its full
areas with the highest intensity of light is concerning each
intensity. By using this as a basic principle, the intelligent
engineer working in this field [1]. Providing street lighting is
system can be designed for the perfect usage of streetlights in
one of the most important and expensive responsibilities of a
any place. The block diagram of street light system consists of
city. Lighting can account for 10 – 38% 38% of the total energy bill
microcontroller, LDR, and PIR sensor. By using the LDR we
in typical cities worldwide. Street lighting is a particularly
can operate the lights, i.e. when the light is available, then it
critical concern for public authorities in developing countries
will be in the OFF state and when it is dark the light will be in
because of its strategic importance for economic and social
ON state, it means LDR is inversely proportional to light.
stability. Inefficient lighting wastes significant financial
When the light falls on the LDR it sends the commands to the
resources every year, and poor lighting creates unsafe
microcontroller that it should be in the OFF state then it switch
conditions.
design
OFF the light, the PIR sensor will be used to detect the
mechanism can reduce cost of the street lighting drastically.
presence of an object and when an object passes the PIR
Manual control is prone to errors and leads to Energy
sensor, The intensity of the light again becomes at 100% for
24
Energy
efficient
technologies
and
Paper Title:- Automatic Street Light using LDR and PIR sensor using PIC Microcontroller the next 10 seconds.
PIR sensor senses vehicle movement, the led output goes to
2.System Block Diagram
maximum. It stays high for a few seconds and then returns to a low intensity state. This is achieved by using a PWM which is internally present in the microcontroller. 4.Circuit Diagram LCD1 LM016L
1
LDR1 TORCH_LDR
RV1 2
S D E S D E S W 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 V V V R R E D D D D D D D D
% 0 5
R1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 1 1
10k
10k +5v
C1 U1 13 14
22pf
X1 CRYSTAL
C2
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
22pf
1
OSC1/CLKIN OSC2/CLKOUT
RB0/INT RB1 RB2 RA0/AN0 RB3/PGM RA1/AN1 RB4 RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF RB5 RA3/AN3/VREF+ RB6/PGC RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT RB7/PGD RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI RE0/AN5/RD RC1/T1OSI/CCP2 RE1/AN6/WR RC2/CCP1 RE2/AN7/CS RC3/SCK/SCL RC4/SDI/SDA MCLR/Vpp/THV RC5/SDO RC6/TX/CK RC7/RX/DT RD0/PSP0 RD1/PSP1 RD2/PSP2 RD3/PSP3 RD4/PSP4 RD5/PSP5 RD6/PSP6 RD7/PSP7
R5 10k +5v
33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
+12v
D1
15 16 17 18 23 24 25 26 19 20 21 22 27 28 29 30
LED-YELLOW
Q1
R2
BD139 1k +5v
PIC16F877A
R3 10k
Figure 1 Block Diagram R4
The Block Diagram shown in Figure 1 consists of the PIC16F877a Microcontroller, and LDR sensor and a PIR sensor. The LDR and The PIR sensor act as the eye of the system and the Microcontroller is the brain of the system where all the processing and decisions are made. A clock is internally present inside the Microcontroller and for those Microcontrollers like the PIC16F877a not having an internal clock an external crystal oscillator circuit is present. An LED strip simulates the street lights. The Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) measures whether it is day or night and the Passive Infrared sensor (PIR) detects the movement. The combination of both the LDR and the PIR sensors make the system more efficient. To power the circuit an external power supply of 5V is required and this circuit converts the 220V AC supply to a supply suitable for the Microcontroller. 3.Proposed Working
The proposed system consists of PIC16F877a microcontroller, LDR and PIR sensor. This system controls the street lights using light dependent resistor and PIR sensor. Street lights are switched on depending on the intensity of the Sun light on LDR. If the intensity of Sunlight on light dependent resistor is low, its resistance value is high. This value increases and becomes high when it is completely in dark. This resistance value decides when the street lights are required to switch ON. After sunset, due to the action of LDR, the led are switched on. These led initially work at a low intensity. Whenever the
10k
Figure 3 Circuit Diagram
In the circuit diagram above the LCD pins D4, D5, D6, D7 are connected to the RB2, RB3, RB4, RB5 pins of the PIC16F877a microcontroller. Pins RS and E are connected to RB0 and RB1 respectively. RW is grounded. The Vss pin of the LCD is connected and the pin Vdd is connected to the regulated +5v supply. Vee is connected to the variable resistor. The RC2 pi is connected to the LED array which acts as an street light. The PIR sensor and the button are connected to the RD ports of the PIC Microcontroller. An external clock is used to provide to provide external frequency as the circuit as a whole requires more frequency than that provided by the Microcontroller. The main supply to the Microcontroller is given to the port number 1 MCLR/Vpp/THV. 4.1Hardware Used
The main Hardware used are the PIC16F877a Microcontroller, the LDR sensor and the PIR sensor. These components are easily available in the market at a very low cost 4.1.1PIC16F877a Microcontroller
A microcontroller is a computer control system on a single chip. It has many electronic circuits built into it, which can decode written instructions and convert them to electrical signals. The microcontroller will then step through these instructions and execute them one by one. As an example of this a microcontroller we can use it to controller the lighting of
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Paper Title:- Automatic Street Light using LDR and PIR sensor using PIC Microcontroller a street by using the exact procedures. Microcontrollers are
5.Conclusion
now changing electronic designs. Instead of hard wiring a
In this paper we discussed how the PIC microcontroller along
number of logic gates together to perform some function we
with the LDR and PIR sensor can be used to reduce the
now use instructions to wire the gates electronically. The list
consumption of power as the load on the power plants is
of these instructions given to the microcontroller is called a
already very high all over the world. The proposed system
program [2].
reduces the power consumption at night and saves the
4.1.2 LDR Sensor
electricity which can be used in various industries and the
Two cadmium sulphide (cds) photoconductive cells with
system has the potential to reduce the power cuts and power
spectral responses similar to that of the human eye. The cell
shortages faced almost everywhere in the industry.
resistance falls with increasing light intensity. Applications
References
include smoke detection, automatic lighting control, batch
[1]Y. Wu, C. Shi, X. Zhang and W. Yang. 2010. Design of
counting and burglar alarm systems. The sensitivity of a photo
new intelligent street light control system. 8th IEEE
detector is the relationship between the light falling on the
International Conference Control Automation ICCA 2010, pp.
device and the resulting output signal. In the case of a
1423 – 1427.
photocell, one is dealing with the relationship between the
[2] Microchip PIC16F87Xa Data Sheet.
incident light and the corresponding resistance of the cell [3].
[3] https://www.electrical4u.com/light-dependent-resistor-ldr-
4.1.3 PIR Sensor
working-principle-of-ldr/.
PIR sensors allow you to sense motion, almost always used to
[4]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_infrared_sensor.
detect whether a human has moved in or out of the sensors
[5] mikroC PRO for PIC user manual.
range. They are small, inexpensive, low-power, easy to use and don't wear out. For that reason they are commonly found in appliances and gadgets used in homes or businesses. They are often referred to as PIR, "Passive Infrared", "Pyroelectric", or "IR motion" sensors. PIRs are basically made of a Pyroelectric sensor which is a round metal can with a rectangular crystal in the center, which can detect levels of infrared radiation. Everything emits some low level radiation, and the hotter something is, the more radiation it emits. The sensor in a motion detector is actually split in two halves. The reason for that is that we are looking to detect motion (change) not average IR levels. The two halves are wired up so that they cancel each other out. If one half sees more or less IR radiation than the other, the output will swing high or low [4]. 4.2 Software’s Used
The mikroC PRO IDE is used to program the PIC Microcontroller. The mikroC PRO for PIC is a powerful, feature-rich development tool for PIC microcontrollers. It is designed to provide the programmer with the easiest possible solution to developing applications for embedded systems, without compromising performance or control [5].
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