My Name is Gamini Ranathunga from Sri-Lanka nationality 49 yers old.presently working as a senior supervisor in state of Qatar.Looking for a Sutable job.
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Genetics
Branch in Biology Studies heredity and variation
Etymology
Greek word from gen To become or grow into something
William Bateson in 1908 Heredity
Transmission of traits from parents to offspring Similarity of parents and offsprings
Variation
Difference between parents and offsprings Difference among offsprings Difference among individuals in population
"Genes are the principal determinants of life processes" Dictated by genes a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h)
a) Transmission Genetics b) Molecular Genetics c) Population Genetics
Cell structure Cell functions Organization of cells into tissues/organs Organisms appearance Reproduction Adaptability Behavior Subdivision of Genetics
1. Transmission Genetics
Classical Genetics Encompass basic principles in Genetics How traits are passed from generation to the next Relationship between chromosomes and heredity Arrangement of genes on chromosomes, map of the genes on the chromosomes How individuals inherits its genetic make-up and pass it to the next generation
Theory of Pangenesis All organs and structures of the body contribute copies of themselves to sex cells
August 15 Jean Baptist de Lamarck
Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics Acquired body modifications are inherited
August Weismann
Germplasm Theory Plans of the entire body are contributed only by the sex cells
Kolreuter, Gardner, Naudin, Charles Darwin, Dzierzon
Uniformity in F1 Variations in F2
Rediscoverers of Gregor Mendel
William Bateson Saunders Lucien Cuenot
Observed Mendel's principles on animals
Walter Sutton (USA) Theodor Boveri (Germany)
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance No experiments done
Thomas Hunt Morgan and Calvin Bridges
1865 Gregor Mendel
Give concept of the gene Presence of discrete hereditary unit Explains similarities and differences among parents and offspring Father of genetics
Responsible for 2 important principles of genetics 1. Principle of segregation 2. Principle of independent assortment Carl Correns (Germany) Erick Von Tschermak (Austria) Hugo de Uries (Netherlands)
Duplicated Mendels experiment on other plants
Association between specific gene and specific chromosome
Oswald Avery, Collin MacLeod, Mady McCarty
DNA as hereditary material Elucidation of DNA Structure
1953
James D. Watson Francis H. Crick DNA double helix
Application of Genes 1. Microbial, plant and animal improvement
Triploid banana = no seed Teosinte = parents of corn
Norman Borlaug
4. Legal Application
Green Revolution Leader Nobel Prize Winner of 1970 Wheats
2. Medicine
Identification of diseases and abnormalities (with genetic basis) Metabolic Disorders Phenylketonuria Mental retardation can be controlled by low level of phenylamine Galactosemia New born screening
Blood type analysis Paternity testing DNA finger printing Disputed parentage Identify criminals
5. Genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology GMO or Transgenic organisms Ex.
3. Genetic Counselling
Bt corn, cotton, soybean Basilus thuringenesis Transgenic papaya with delayed ripening Humulin- insulin for diabetes (product of recombinant DNA)
Inheritance of undesirable traits
Golden rice rich in pro vitamin A
Pedigree analysis of prospective analysis Eugenics
Coined by Francis Galton, 1883, England Application of knowledge for the improvement of the human race
Euphenics
Medical or genetic intervention designed to reduce the impact of defective genotype on individuals
Ex. Insulin Dietary control Genetic surgery (future)
Structure of Chromosome
Composed of chain of nucleosome
Nucleosome
Nucleosome core + DNA
Composition of Nucleosome core Composed of 2 each 1. H(2)A 2. H(2)B 3. H(3)
Chromatin fiber
Long chain of nucleosome
Chromosome
Folded chromatin fiber Carrier of the genes
Composition of chromosomes
Chromosome arms Centromere Telomere (telo means end)
DNA is long (tali) Point of reference is nucleus (bola) (Bola tas pinapalibutan ng tali)
Basic chromosome number
Somatic chromosome number
Gene responsible for ribosomal Permanent Used as cytological marker
Types of chromosome based on position of the centromere
Complete set of chromosome/genes cming from the male or female parents
Diploid no. 2n = 4 Rice 2n = 24
Gametic chromosome number
Haploid number (n) Rice n = 12
Mitosis
Equatorial division 2 identical cells
1. Prophase
Nucleus Organized Region (NOR)
True Diploid X = n
Visibly composed of sister chromatids
2. Metaphase
Chromosome alignment at the equatorial plane
3. Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate as they move to the opposite poles
4. Telophase
Chromosome regrouped at the poles after cytokinesis 2 cells are formed
*S phase yung rason bakit same cells ang nafoform sa mitosis due to DNA synthesis
Meiosis I
Reductional division
1. Prophase Leptotene = thin thread stage Zygotene = homologous pairing, formation of bivalent (II), chiasma holds (II) together
2. Metaphase II
3. Anaphase II
Diplotene = separates at the centromere, terminalization at the chiasma Diakinesis = (II) are evenly distributed, it is the best stage to establish the chromosome number 2. Metaphase I
Alignment of (II) at the equatorial plane
*in metaphase the chromosomes are unpaired while in metaphase I the chromosomes are paired 3. Anaphase I
Separation of (II) into (I) [univalent] Reductional division
4. Telophase I
Chromosomes regroups at the opposite poles 2 haploid cells are formed
Meiosis II
Equational Division
1. Prophase II
Same as prophase of mitosis
Separation of sister chromatids
4. Telophase
Pachytene = crossing-over stage, lead to genetic combination