Biology Essay Points

c

@ @ ALLAH HELPS THOSE WHO HELP THEMSELVES

Y AND VE A+ BI L Y PREPARED BY : îY V D IKVAL BIN ASVNI îY NR AFIZA BINTI SAZALI

c

)' * rY R##$ $$ "'+ rY "'$*#' * + rY #+ '" $" # '" + rY R#" $ $," *."$ "' ##$ + rY R##$ " $ "# '$ "$, + rY R$, *"$ $ $ '$**$ "* $**+ rY R "'" "$ " *#+

Simple Diffusion rY i," " ' " ' " " " ' " " " "+ rY "'$" " " "'$ "" "- ,$+ rY R# $ $-* '*+ rY R " " "'$ "#, $ "'*, ""$ +

Facilitated Diffusion rY !! " " # $ % "& " $& " $"$' ( rY @ ) " rY R # " " " * "$ "' # '#"+ rY R , # " # + rY "$ # " , + rY @ # " "' #"$ # ' #"+

Active Transport XY ," "' " " " "'$ " #"+ XY - # ""$ .#"$ "'*+ XY á"'*R)%$" " ##( '"$$ "' # " " "$ + XY , "$R) + XY R # " "'#" ##'#R) "$ XY R" ,$ #"+

smosis: the diffusion of water rY i,"*, "' ' " " " "' " ' " " "' î# "+!! rY i,"' " ' " " "' " " " "+!! rY i,"*#" ' "*#" ' "+ //@"*"

Animal and plant cells in an isotonic solution rY " " " " " - *# $+ rY $ ""$ -+ rY i","+ rY @ " "#+

c

potonic solution @" " " $ " " " " " $ + " rY $*#" "+ rY @# $ "*#" "+ rY i," " , + rY @#+ rY ".**#" & ,"* rY @"" "$ # "#"+ rY á+'1$$ %* ( )" rY À" rY ' $ + rY $ ", , + rY @#"$ ' $ rY R'# "#"+ rY ## "'#"+

pertonic solution Preservation of fish and vegetables R " " " " " '" " " " " rY ,$* " + *#" $* $! ! + rY $ " " ", + rY i," " $ rY *$$+ $ + rY )," ' " + rY @ " !! ,& ""# rY c $ + #*$!! "$+ rY $$ $ "*#" rY ),"$ *!"'+ "& " "$# " " #+ 0' rY @"$'" " "+ rY 0' $ ", "' $ !!#+ )" rY 0 "'$ ",' + rY $ , + rY 0' $ !! rY 0 "$ *# " "$# #+ "#* + rY )," ' " + rY R # $#* + rY )," "'$ *!!"'+ rY @ $+

0

c

Differences"facilitated diffusion"$active transport À á À á À0 á0 À À À

Facilitated diffusion À" " " "'$ " , ' " " " " " " , "$ " # " ",'## "!"$ # " iR)!"'*$ ",'## " "$ "' "$ # ""$## "# ," @$ ,- i$#"$$ " # "

Similarities between facilitated diffusion and active transport rY c%*"# "("$ # "+ rY R "$ ! "!!.# rY c"## "*+ rY c # ",# " + rY c# " , "' + rY c # ""$! " "' #" , +

But

The Importance of water rY # "$ ,"+ rY R"#$ "$& *# &. *"$$ ' , *"$ ", #"+ rY $ "+ rY # " "+ rY '! " " "'$*#+ rY ), $ "'## + rY ' " ""$ "+ rY ), $ "' %# * , (+ rY " " "' " "$ ' $ *+

Active transport ' " " " "'$ " , " " " ' " " " , ""$ " # " ,' # " R)!"'* $ á"'*"$$ "$ "'! "$ , i$ # ""*#," " ,- ! " " À#"$" # "!"'*

eneral characteristics of enzmes rY #$# " rY "" "'$"$ "+ rY À"$*$* "* *$+ rY ,# $ , "$ # + rY i$$ "-" + rY ", rY @"$$"##$* " +á+'1$"$ * rY - # & $ + rY "'" 1& ## rY '" 1, "& c, "+

c

rY

rY rY rY rY

rY

rY

rY rY rY rY rY rY rY

Extracellular enzme á. "* #$ $ " & "# $"$ $ + * " $ + ".# *+ R" " "Ài " "*" "*+ ) "*" $ "#$' # "'á+ ) "$#'á ##$ ", $ "'á+ R"#, " "'' ##"$ #* "" " "# + R# "$ $$ "' "# "' ##+ .#& *$$$$ # "'* # "+ *, " " "' $ $# "$' ##"$,# "+ á"*$+ Prophase @ "" "$"+ @##"$ + @" $4 "$ "+ # "$ ' "+ @" '## #+ "$&" $ ##"$ " "$ "'+


rY rY rY rY

͚Lock and ke hpothesis R " , "* + R 2 *3 " "*2 3+ 0 *#"$ *$'" "$ " "$$ " , "'"*î #.+ " #. $&"* "' #$ + R#$ , , + R"* "$* " "$ "$+

Effects of temperature on enzme activit rY #& " # *+ rY # " &," " + rY " " $ "' "$ , "*+ rY # #& " . + rY c*"$# #& " " " + rY c"$$"* ' " + rY , $*$+ rY á"*$"$+

Vetaphase @ '"# #!!- #!! $$ + # "$*$+ R $ $ "" "+ á"$" "$ , $+

Anaphase rY R $# "+ rY $#$### #+ rY @ $$$' +

c

Telophase rY @ ## # + rY @" "$, ."$$% "(+

rY rY rY rY rY rY rY rY

Animal cloning rY %*'"$ (,$"$'" " + rY @#$ , $ "'"$"""î$ , "' #+ rY J" $'' "$+R" $&, "' *#"$ '" "* + rY á # " " "$'' " + rY @$ , $#$* "'" *+ rY R* " #"$ " '+ rY R "$# $" "+

Ctokinesis ) *# $ , "+ c' "" $ , " #$+ " "$ " "'+ @" "$ " # "' #" "$+ , ,'# " -"" + 0 4 " #+ @#'" $' #" +@ $ , $+ @#$ $* "'"" +

Tissue culture rY ##" +á+'1&$+ rY R# $.#"+ rY á"*$$ ' + rY @" $%##(+ rY á.#"!## $" # $ "' " " " " " " "+ rY @$ %' & " $(+ rY ## $ '" % (+ rY #"$## ,+ rY á.#"$ , $* + rY À,# " + rY @$,# " * %#"(+ rY R""$ '+


ncontrolled mitosis @$ , $' #$* "+ )$ " + @" '" $ $* " "$ + À # " * + @" $ , $*"$ " "*" $ "' * + R # "$ "' " "'*"$" "+ @" $+ R ",$"$$*" ' "' +

Advantages of cloning rY c "' #* # '" "+ rY @" "#$ $ " "$ "'"+ rY @"$#"&,& "#$ $ "$ "# $+ rY @"- *+ rY À*$ #" "'+ rY À""$# " "''"+ rY )#' " " # "* +

c


Disadvantages of cloning "'î $ "* ""+ *"$'" "+À # "- " *+ @"$""*'" , "+ , " $ "$ + @ ""'" # " "'" " $+ R'"*"$$ ', +R$$" " $+ @"$" #"+

+Y

+Y 0+Y

+Y

Veiosis I À "'## &' # #%*"# ("$ "',""" $ + À "'# &' '"# #%-& $$( + À "'"# &' #"$, ## #+ $ $'"$," + "$R# &# $ $' $+á $' "*" *# & #" " +

+Y

+Y

0+Y

+Y

Veiosis II À "')# &*"# ' "$ "' ,"""î $$ " # + À "'# & " "' $ '" ##%-! $$( + À "'"# & $ #& "'$' ,## #+ "$R# &# $ $' $+á $' " # $ #$ $ " & "* " $+

*" "* +Y R " "*" "* $*Ài îY R-" "Ài $ # " +Y "" &Ài$ ." "$"$.# "$*" "'i%i("$ îY R"'i *" $ $ "' " ""Ài 0+Y R"'i"," "$, +Y R"'i îY R " "'i îY R"'i " " " " $-" " $ +Y R '" " " "$ "# * # # " +Y á " $ "$$"."$& " " $%#*## $( $"$ $* " *#+

5

c

rY rY rY

Digestion in mouth " ,*# ,*'"$ , " ""* ,* * c' "*$* + ,**

rY "$$ "$ ' ,# "' "* " ",' + rY # " "$ +î5+

rY rY rY rY rY

Digestion in stomach á# " "' " " ' '"$+ R'"$ ' 4 + @" &@"$"* ## ""$" "+ @ #"$+7+ ' $ *$* + $ *# , * ,* *"*+

## " ) " #*## $ rY " " ' * ", "' # "& "'" " "+ rY "" î $ $ *+ rY @*'$*"$$"+

rY

rY rY rY rY rY rY rY rY rY rY rY

rY rY rY

Digestion in small intestine À$" ,$ * "$ "'$$"$ #" + &# ""$ # $$ '$+ c #$ $* ,"$ $ "'$$" $$", $ + c #" $ *"$ # #"* " " $$"+ c * # $& "' $" " "*$#+ ), $ "' 'R$ ' "+ )" #" 4 " $$", #" $ + )" 4 " "#" *&*# ""$ #+ )" * # $ ' " + R*# "$ '#*## $ " ## $+ # #$ ' " # $ " * $"$'* + "$ " % " "( " "4 " " $ ' ,"*"$$ # $ ' "## $"$$ $+ )# $$ '$*# " " " $+ $ '$* "' + À $$ '$* ""* "" $"$' +

6

c

rY

rY rY rY rY rY


Digestion of cellulose b ruminant ) * $$ #$ "%' #" (+ @ "$"* #$ $* + ) $"#$ $* &*+ $" + @"$'*$* + R "" & $ $& "'' $ * " '* $+ #""$ $" & "' "+ R $ $"$,$ + &'# $ "$" "# * # + ,$ $+ $# ,$ "& ""+%+'1 (+ 4 #$ ' " # ""$$" + R$"#' " "$ '$"$$ " "*+

rY rY rY rY rY rY

Digestion of cellulose b rodent @ "$##"$ ."'$ î$ ' "' + R $"#$ #' "* " + R " * #$ $" '+ ""' "+R #$ $"+ R "$ $ "$$ + $"%' ,.#( , " " " * +

Digestion rY ) " îY " &## " $" # " "#*## $+ îY @ "' $#, $ $ $ $ ' " + îY "$$"&*# " $" #*## $ "## $+ îY " " "&# " $" ## $ " " $+ rY îY c "'# " $# "$$"+ îY "$$"! " "& # # $ "* $"$ '* +

rY @*$ îY "& ,***$* "+ îY "$$"&#" * *$* "+ îY " " "&*$* "' +

8

c


Absorption of digested food Assimilation of digested food á.# " "' "$ " $ # "$ '$$ " "$* + + ! " $ " *$ " rY . $ $#$ "'*& $ # + "$ . $"$* R " "'' ! " $ # "+ ,*"# "$ # + rY " $ $*" $ # ",' "# ##% #"" (+c* #, "& $ ,%"$ *" *" $ "##$*(+ "''+ * "$* $$ rY " $ "$*" # " "' ("$ "*&"" $*+ "$#+ * $"$'* "" %*# *(+ " $ , ", "+

Formation faeces rY " "$$ $ " " " "'&. " "$ # '"" "* "# + rY " "& $+R "$ '$$ $$" + rY " ""$ ' $ "# $ ' ""$ # "" " # " " "+

7

c

rY


Photosnthesis mechanism R " "#" * # #*" " #+ R' "#*" '"$$ "+ ' "1 )01R # "'"+ ) 1@#* # '"'* . " #* '"'*,+ )1 ". $& " " , #* + ) 1 '"'* $# "*$'" "%("$ *$.* "%î(%)* (+ )51R*$'" "" " "$* #* *$'"+

rY


Photosnthesis mechanism )61R"'*. $ " $"'*î $" " ##!R)+ )81*$.* "" " *$.*'#+R " " ,$* #*+ )71R*$.*'#" " "$'.*'"+ À "1 )1R # "+ )1À"- '"'*+ )01R*$'"$ . "$ . $ " " *$*#*" "* ) 1"$ $$ " " $ . $ "' + )1R' """$' "$" " # *$ ' " " #+

rY

rY

rY

rY

ses of enzme (Chapter 4) á"*$ ' $'"+ 9)$'$ '$# " "î "## $+ 9 #$'$ " " * $"$'* + 9*$'$ " î "#* $"$'+ á"*$ " "' "$*+ 9) $ " $" # " "#$ " + 9* $ " $" ' " "' $&""$+ á"*$ "$ $+ 9R*# " $,$ "$ ""$+ 90 "*$ " "+ á"*$ " "$ 1 9R* ,+ 9R* #"$*+ 9R* "î$&"* ""$$+ 9R*$":- '# & $ +

c

rY rY rY rY rY rY

rY rY

R)

Aerobic respiration @" "##*.*'"+ . $ $* .*'"+ @# $"' " #" .*'"+ '""'*$+ @"$ . $"$#$ $ #$ + "'*$ $ *" $" " ##%R)( $" "$ ##%À)("$ "'" ##+ R) """'* + R) " ##"$ " * "$" "'*+ á"'*$ À)##"'*

Anaerobic respiration in human muscle rY À "', '. %"" "'(& "' " $+ rY R ##*.*'" # $ " "+ rY ,&##*.*'" " "+ rY "$ , * " # ""'*+ rY R' ",$ " $& "* $""'* "'#$ $+ rY ".*'"$ $# "$*& "".*'" ""'*#$ "+ rY ', $ " + rY "" "'& # $*"$$#*"" "* "+ rY R ,*# $7 " " 7 "".*'" # $ $ "' # "+ rY ! $ . $ $ " $ . $&"$"'*+

rY rY rY rY rY

Anaerobic respiration in east "*# *+ J"$" "$ "&* * " # "+ )$ "+ ) """ "+ @*$*"**+ îY îY

á"#$ $ "$ " "' ""$+ "$ "'& "$ . $ $$ "'" "* $' +

Similarities between the sturucture of digestive and digestion process of ruminants and rodents rY c "* " " " !# ) rY R . "*!!$ ' ) rY R$ ' "' rY c,' ) rY R " $ "!!*$*$$

c

Differencesbetween the sturucture of digestive and digestion process of ruminants and rodents Aspects i c i *$# ' '' $

À á À á À0 á0 À á À

Ruminant (has) ,$ ' !! À"$ ' " "* R R #$ ' "!! R " , *

But

Rodent (has) À",$ ' c '!!"' # $ ' " "* " R$ '$$ " " , *

Breathing mechanism in man rY À #' " $* , *# "'. $"+ rY " "& $ #' " & "' $+ rY R # " , , *"$$ # , *+ " "'+ rY " $ #' .& " $ "$ "& $ "', , *"$ " "'# , *+ $ "'+ rY R " "" " + rY À "' " "." " " "$ +

Breathing mechanism in man (continuation) rY R # " , , *"$$ # , *+ ""'+ rY À "'. "." " " & " ' "# "&$ # , *+ $"'+ rY R, "î$ "'+ rY R "$$*" # + rY À "' " ", $ "$'. "' " , "$ # + rY .*'", $ " # "$ . $$ # ", +

Transport of and C in human bod rY . "' , *$ "+ rY À "'$#"$"$ " "# #"' "+ rY R# #! " " " .*'" " , ' #$# #! " " ".*'" "$ # + rY R&.*'"$ ,"$$ # "$+ rY R"#.*'" $* $ **+ rY .*'" " # * # '" $' " "$ $ + rY R.*' "+ rY "$#$ # #.*'"& 0

c

Transport of rY rY rY rY rY rY

and C in human bod (continuation) .*' "$ .*'"+ @"$ . $$*# "' ""#$*$ , "$ . $ "$#+ c "$' "+ "' "+ " " "+ @"$ . $ .#$ ,#"'+

Explain how energ flows through the food chain and how it is lost to the environment.

Colonisation and succession in mangrove swamps rY R# "# "', ##+"$ #+ rY R#" # '$* "'#* ", "" +R." ,* #"#"$ $ "& " $ "''" $ * "'#"#+ rY #& # "$ +R "$ " ,' #+ $* #+# # "# + rY R##* #+# "$$& "' , + rY R'"$ '+& $ '$*+ rY R "$ "" ! #+& # #+ rY R* ! #+# ."$ # "$$+ rY $ "$# $& ."$+R $ "* "$ '"$+ rY , & #" #"$" #+' " # ! #+

rY á"'*'$ " "" $ "+ rY "$ "&#" #$ & # * "&" "$* ""$' * "+ rY "$ "&#" #$ & # * "& $ "$* ""$ " !' * "+á ,$ " $# ,+ rY á"'* "$"# , "# ,+ rY ""'* "$"# ,", 87; "'* "$ "$* # * " $ , "$+ rY "*7;"'* ""'" #$"'" ".# ,+

c

reen house effects rY " + rY J, %,($ " $*"$ $ # " ! "$+ rY "$$ " "" $ #+ rY c ##$*'" ' @&" '"$ . $"$ "+ rY ! "$$ + rY á# " +

Explain briefl wh humans carr out the activit as shown in diagram above

Y

rY R"## "'# $*+R $"$$"$ "', " $+ rY 0 $ ' "$ ##+ rY J" ""$ "$ ", $ $ $ " ""$ "'+ rY À " $* $"$ "$$+

Explain the impacts of the activit shown above on the environment rY À " "& "$ $&$"$' "'+ rY @ "$ + rY # "'"#"& .#$ "$ "$ "+ rY R#* $* '$** "+ rY R "" "+ rY " $# " " & " "$" ' + rY "$ $*##""# $ $ "',* "+ rY "- *"$ #* + rY ,"$$ " $"$ $+ rY R& ""$"$ $ " $ "' "*"+

c

uman blood vessels

Circulator sstem in fish and human ÕY $* ÕY , $ " ÕY "#$- *& '# ÕY , ÕY "* " "$$ À " ÕY "'"$ & ," " @# "' " $ " ÕY "$$, $ , $ " $ , $$ " ÕY # $'. "', $ " ÕY " "&"$" # " # #" . "'$ À.*'"$$ À.*'"$$ ÕY " 0 " ' "' ÕY $" # .*'"$$ .*'"$$ ', " ' "' ÕY $ "# $* ÕY ,'""$,,%#," ( Difference between blood and lmph Tpe of immunit îY *#'"*# * ÕY , " *&$*#$ " #$ " $ "#" "* "" '" îY *# * #$ $**#"$ ÕY # , " *&$* ," "*#* " $ $ îY *# "".*'" #$

îY îY

îY

îY

îY

Blood clotting #$#&$'$ & "' ,%# "( ,' ""$ , "<& ",# " " " * ", " # " "'" " " "+ " # " " "'$, "$&## "'$$ "$ "'"$+ $ $"".#$ "'

îY îY îY îY îY îY îY

Phagoctosis #' * $* #$ $* )' *."$ #$#$ %'($ "' + "' " #' #' " * *** " #' " $#' $*$*** #' *$ '$#$

Lmph ʹ formed - brought back into the blood circulator sstem.

Respiratorgases

Active immunit ʹ Passive immunit

c

îY

îY

îY îY îY îY îY îY

"$ " # & '*$ # "$ # '# ## ' # * " " # " $ # " "$ ""* 87; " $$ " $ # * 7; " $' "*# # "$ ""*# *# # " "'' *# , *# ,&*#,"* # " $ " *#$ " "$

R"# " "# *'+ , " * ÕY .*'"", $ "' " " îY "$*, " "% * ÕY '. "' $, - $( %.*'"$ $ "$ # îY , " " "$$! "$ "$ . $$ $( !#'"!, ÕY $ "' $* îY $ $#$ $ "# # " $ ' "#'" ' îY "$"" "$ , $ ÕY # #.*'" ", ,$ "$ %"* - $( '"# #.*'" " îY $*$##*" $* ' , $ # " *$$ ÕY .*'"$ $ " *#$$ ) , " * ÕY .*'" " ' " îY "$* "4 "' "'.*' " " $ !" % * ÕY .*' """# - $( $* îY "" '" # "$*&$*$ ÕY ##$.*'"$$ "#$ "" $ $* îY "$**"" $ ÕY .*'"$ $$ # 3$#$ " # #.*'" " '# "%"* - $( $ # '" " ÕY "$ . $$ $ # # # "$ . $ " '" " $ # ÕY $.*'"$$' "' *," ,"$"'*#"* *

5

c

Vovement of water froom root toleaves

Vovement of water from root toleaves

,", $$* @# * " #& # * ""$"# " rY ,#'.* " #+ * # * rY # * " $ "$ # "% , rY # %*(*#" " ("$ "$ "' " $ "% $ $,( rY $ "* rY " " rY # $ #$ " ".*,%$ " " ' "' "$$ "( rY ,$4 " rY "#," $ $,& " ".* "'# " " . rY $ "#,"', * rY % ( " # "'$" " ,* $ ".*,"$ # " rY " "* ".*"$ R"# "# #%#( rY #* $ "'"# " # * rY #' ," " #$ ".*, " "$ " " ".* , rY " "! " " " , ## $"# "# rY "# "#$ .* ",!! rY " "' #" """# "

Effect of no lignin formation on the function of tissue xlem rY '" " #" .* "' ÕY '" "& .* # ÕY & "" " " ÕY #$ " "* rY '" " # ÕY ""# ".* ÕY ÕY " " ÕY % "/"$.#" "(

6

c

light intensit and stomata and cells effect the rate of water loss rY î777757% !(& " rY áî ' "" * " rY áî #*" "'$ rY á0î "'*, # , "'$ * ,"# rY á î'$ *#" % #$ #( # $ rY áî # $ $ "'$ * rY á î "''$ "$$ rY á5î#"% #( rY î7577077% !( $ rY á6î ' "" *$ ! #*" $ rY á8î'$ $"$"$ "$ rY á7î &#," # "' rY i1%"*á(%0á(

Adaptation of the muscle which enables it to Vovement takes place involves muscles, contracts tendons, bones, ligaments and joints ÕY " "$ "$'##*", ÕY -$ # " # "$$, .%' '"$( ÕY $#"$ ÕY # " -$ # " $* .%'"( ÕY * $#*# ÕY " # # " "1 ""$ ÕY #$"$"$ $ * " " "$ ÕY #$ " ""$. " " " """ "'," ÕY 3","$ "' " '" " " ÕY "" "' ÕY ' ,##"$"'4 " ," ÕY "'"$ = " ÕY "'4 ","' "' "$ R"$" ÕY "" " ÕY "'"$"" ÕY "$"' "$" c" ÕY ! '" "'&,*"$ "' ÕY #, $##$* '

8

c

Adaptation of plant which enable it to float ÕY ÕY ÕY ÕY

, "" * %#" '( , # ! % *( , '"$!# % " ##" "'( , ""$"*%#' (

Skeletal sstem of earthworm and fish adapted Adaptive features which helps in birds and fish for its movement locomotion ," " c $ ÕY *$ " ÕY "'>'"#$ ÕY ,* "' "'*$ # ÕY # "'" %# $ " '" 4"$ "(#$$""$# ÕY '"$* " "' ÕY "''"%"! $"*(!! èY "* >$ ' "" "'"$$* ÕY "$$*#>$ "'"$ "" " * " ÕY #>, $ " " èY " ""*"' $ " $* '$ "' " "' '"$ "* " ÕY $ "$$*>$ ÕY " & " "' $ " . ÕY * !0>#$ "'" * "* ""'" " ÕY > " "*" * " ÕY *$ # ÕY " "$" ## èY $"$," "> # "',$ #,"!# "* "'"$ "' ," " ÕY ""$ " èY ">#, $"$ ÕY #, $# " "$ " èY #, ""$# "> ÕY "* " & ' !$" * . ""'" " ÕY , " , $ ÕY " $ " " " "

7

c

Support is achieved in submerged and floating plants

steoporosis and osteoarthritis happen prevented

'$#" # ÕY # ","$ ÕY $ " " $ $ ##"*# ' " "$"$ #"$ ' ÕY " "$##&# * ÕY *" *#, $## ",'""# ÕY ,,*$* !, ÕY $ #"#"$" #$ ."&'" ÕY "!"!. ,>#, $ ÕY " "" " $# $ "'#" ÕY &" "$ ÕY ,#"* ÕY "#,"$* ÕY " * #* " èY $ "' 'î "'. & "'" "$" ÕY $",$* èY "'$ " & ÕY "*" *# ##"$, "À ÕY ,$, èY " ", "@& " " . "'"$*, " èY " "' "' ÕY #' "'# $"$ '" " "4 " ÕY ) "# "&" " $ * , % "'& "'( ÕY " ,# "& '" "# $'$4 " "$#

Important to have health musculoskeletal sstem - was maintaining a health musculoskeletal R "*"& & '""$"$" ' " "'," ÕY "### $* ÕY "*#* "4$& .# " $ &# ""$ * ÕY '""$#* ' # "$*%# "!$ ' "(

c

Important to have health musculoskeletal steoarthritis and arthritis gout occur - effect of sstem - was maintaining a health the diseases musculoskeletal * " " $*#* ÕY , "'" $$ +R $ " ÕY $* "'$ $ # "&, "&@"À' ÕY "! "' "% &##" "( ÕY * " $ "'"'"+À " "' ÕY > $$ $" ÕY "#" ! "'!# " ," ÕY $#'$# "$ "'& # "'& "'"$ # "' ÕY "$ " $*" " "$* $" *" *##$+R #" ÕY "' "' " $# #"$ ÕY " #" "$# ""$ ÕY "*#"*" "" " " ÕY "-" > ""'"%"'&"$ ( ,!!$ " " ', ÕY ## $ * , + !!#$# "$ +R ' ,"+" "' ' $*$+ R " &""$

""$" $& "'# " ,," ÕY "'# "$ "', ' , ÕY # "$ " -" . "'#," "4 ""*

Support sstem in wood plants differs from that of non-wood plants i"î$*#"% #"( ÕY %## " #" (#, $$ *' $ * #" *! " * ÕY %" "' " '"$( "* "$ ' $ ÕY R'# $ " , # ""!# "' " ÕY @ "'## !!, ÕY R " " "'$ ! " * ' ,## #"

c

Support sstem in wood plants differs from that of non-wood plants $*#" ÕY $*#",# $ ! " * !.* ,+ $' ,## ÕY , ,$# '" "$$$"' ÕY " * ,,* %$"#'( ÕY % $$ ( " " #, $## ÕY *,, '" " $# $$ "'#"3 "$*' ÕY R '" $.*, $* ÕY R #""'"$ #, $###" ÕY R $$$ "$,*$ ÕY R*"$ .*,"$ '*###"

Snapse ʹ The event as a nerve impulse is transmitted across a snapse 'Y *"# "'#""." ""$$"$ " $4 """+ $* """ " # *"#+R $ "" 'Y R" " " " *"# ",, ", " '" " '" " "" 'Y i" #$ $ ", ""#." " $*"# " 'Y *"# " " ""$" "$ "'""'* " " 'Y "" # ,$*"#

"&, "" "*"# 'Y R"" $ *"#$"$ """ 'Y R$"$ """ $ ''" # ,$""'""

Knee jerk ÕY

ÕY

ÕY

ÕY

ÕY

ÕY

"4 " ",,*# """$""$" "" " "$" "" -$ # " ' " "' & -$ # "$ # " & '' "'", # """" " " -$ # "$ " "''$ # " "'' $& "$ # "3 ",* " " "' "#"& # "3",* " " ##*

0

c

hen the hand touches a hot object

Roles of cerebellum and medulla oblongata reflex action when finger being stung b a bee ÕY "4 @ ","$ "'% #( " " ÕY $ " "," ÕY # ''$ ÕY "" !# ÕY #,"'"*!" $"' ""# " $ ÕY "! " "' ÕY "# " $& # ÕY "! " " $ *"# ÕY "$#! "' """"$" " . " *"#!""" ÕY # " " "'$ # " *"# ÕY ", # '"$ "# " # ÕY "" # #*"# "& ''*"# ÕY #", , "" " "%"*(""# " $ *"# ÕY #"$ ÕY "" $ """ "# " $ *"# ÕY """" # ÕY "$ "$ # $ """ #*"# " ÕY """" # ÕY "$ "'"" #! #$'" " ÕY #! " % #.( " # "'"$ ÕY #,# " $"' !""" ÕY # " " +R "'$$" $"$

lomerular filtrate formed ÕY ÕY ÕY ÕY

"$"'& " # $ "#"!' '# "$$$ " "$ " '# $' "" " ## "''

c

Structure and the role of nephron - formation of urine "$"#" ÕY "#" " "" $"* ÕY "#" " 04# %'&"$ $,( ÕY c"3 # ÕY "'" $" & $##. ",$&#""$ $ ",$ ÕY $ ",$, "#"4 " " "' $ ÕY #" "' # "î#$ ' ""#"$ "$ " $"$"" .

Avoid drug and alcohol ʹ wh ʹ affects coordination sstems

Formation of urine "&# ""$ " $ "$ ,* '# " "#" ÕY '$# "'& $ ' " " ""c"3 # ÕY "'' ÕY " "&' & " $& ""$ ÕY ' " #. ",$ ÕY ,# " ÕY * ,"$# ,"# ÕY "' ,* ' " " " "# # ÕY ', $ "$* ÕY " " " " " ",$ ÕY ' " "# ""$$ ",$ ÕY "$ " "' $ "$ ÕY # "$ ",$ ÕY !. "!" ! "' $ *# ,$ ""$ ,"# $ # * "$ ",$ ÕY "'$ %" $ "(+$"& $$"$"$ "*. $ eotropism is brought about in a plant root and shoot - advantages ÕY ÕY

Consequences of kidne failure ÕY

ÕY ÕY ÕY

$"*#" " "'&$ #"$$, "" " "$ #. "$* " " î" "' "$ " *,"$'$ * "" # $ $"* " " "#"*

$"*$"# "

Tips of shoot contribute to growth in oat seedlings

c

À' ÕY $' "! " ÕY . " #$ $ # ÕY " , " ",* ÕY . ",$"$! " ÕY . ,$#* "$ $ #$ # $*$# " #', * ÕY !!# , ÕY ' " " ". " "'$". ' ÕY $' " ! "!# " ÕY "'' "' "" ÕY # " '" "$ $ , " ÕY "$ "'# !$" ## $ ", # ÕY $ " "' " "$*', *!' #$ ÕY "'$#" ÕY $ " ""$4$'" ÕY . " #$ $ # ÕY " À# # * ÕY . ",$"$! " ÕY $ "$ "$ $ #$ ! "#$ $ #', * ÕY ' " " ". " " ÕY !$'$$ , ' ÕY $,#$#"$" " !$'!$,#, $ ÕY "'$" "' "" "$ $ , " ## $ ÕY "'' "$''" ÕY "$'! ÕY $ " "' " "$$', *

ÕY ÕY

ÕY

ÕY

ÕY

ÕY

ÕY

ÕY

ÕY ÕY

/ #&"$ "' ""' #,"' "# $#"$""#" # / # # ,$"$# $""' "$" # "$ "'# ' '#$ " # $ "' $ $ "' "'"$ " #"$ # "' / ' # $* * % " "(& "$* ' ' ' "'$ ' R ' " " " '# "' "' ' R "' " " "'#$ $ " R ' $ $" " R "' . "

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