APLICACIÓN LA BIOTECNOLOGÍA A LA INDUSTRIA MINERO-METALÚRGICA PARA PARA DISMINUIR LA CONTAMINACIÓN CONTAMINAC IÓN AMBIENTAL DE SUELOS Y AGUA EN EL PERÚ
POR: MSc. NA NAT TANIEL LINARES GUTIÉRREZ DOCENTE ESME/FAME – UNJBG 2010
[email protected] 19/09/2010
MSc. Ing. Nataniel Nataniel Linares Linares G
1
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INTRODUCCION Concentración
Residuos sólidos Residuos líquidos
Mineral de Mina
Extracción
Metal
Contaminación de suelo, agua y aire
Residuos gaseosos Daños a los ecosistemas
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OBJETIVOS OBJETIVO GENERAL Aplicar la biotecnología a la industria minero-metalúrgica minero-metalúrgica para disminuir la contaminación ambiental de suelos, agua y aire en el Perú. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS 1. R
tales tales
r biol biolix ixiv iviac iación ión y bio bio xida xidació ció
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MARCO TEÓRICO
Biotecnología Ambiental Biominería (Biohidrometalurgia)
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BITECNOLOGÍA AMBIENTAL •
La biotecnología ambiental se refiere a la aplicación de los procesos biológicos modernos para la protección y restauración restauración de la calidad del ambiente de las áreas disturbadas por la actividad minerometalúrgica metalúrgica que logra la
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BIOMINERÍA= BIOHIDROMET BIOHIDROMETALURGIA ALURGIA •
La biominería es una rama de Biotecnología que hace uso de microorganismos en diferentes aspectos de la explotación de los minerales, abarcando desde la concentración de las especies de interés (a través de la bioflotación), la recuperación de los
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BIOLIXIVIACIÓN •
La conversión microbiana de un SULFURO METÁLICO insoluble a su forma soluble (oxidación de un sulfuro metálico a sulfato del metal, ej.: CuS à CuSO4).
•
El nombre de esta bacteria extremóf extremófila ila indica indica varias varias cosas: Acidithiobacillus, es acidófilo, porque crece en pH ácido, es thio, porque es
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Microorganismos identificados Microorganismos involucrados involucr ados en la biolixiviación
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Condiciones óptimas de bacterias asociadas a la lixiviación de minerales
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MECANISMO DE LA BIOLIXIVIACIÓN Las especies correspondientes al género Acidithiobacillus son capaces de catalizar la oxidación de compuestos reducidos de azufre (como sulfuro, azufre elemental, tionatos, etc.) utilizando oxígeno como aceptor electrónico y generando ácido sulfúrico como c omo producto final, según la siguiente ecuación química:
(1)
S + 3/2 O2 + H2O Compuestos de azufre
H2SO4
Ácido sulfúrico
De este modo, estas bacterias pueden ser utilizadas en forma directa, para la recuperación de metales asociados a sulfuros (en la medida que los sulfatos respectivos sean solubles). Así, si M representa a un metal asociado a sulfuros, estos microorganismos catalizan la siguiente reacción:
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MECANISMOS DIRECTO E INDIRECTO DE BIOLIXIVIACIÓN; SEGÚN RODRÍGUEZ
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MECANISMO POLISULFURO
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USO DE ESTA TECNOLOGÍA EN EL PERU
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CLASIFICACIÓN DE MÉTODOS DE BIOLIXIVIACIÓN
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BIOOXIDACIÓN DE SULFUROS CONTENIENDO ORO
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