BLAKE Summary LISTS OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS CHAPTER 2: RADIO FREQUENCY CIRCUITS CHAPTER 3: AMPLITUDE MODULATION CHAPTER 4: ANGLE MODULATION ADDITIONAL ADDITIONAL NOTES: FM and PM CHAPTER 5: TRANSMITTERS TRANSMITTERS CHAPTER 6: RECEIVERS CHAPTER 7: DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS CHAPTER 8: THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM CHAPTER 9: DATA TRANSMISSION CHAPTER 10: LOCAL AREA NETWORKS CHAPTER 11: WIDE AREA NETWORKS AND THE INTERNET CHAPTER 12: DIGITAL MODULATION AND MODEMS CHAPTER 13: MULTIPLEXING AND MULTIPLE-ACCESS TECHNIQUES CHAPTER 14: TRANSMISSION LINES CHAPTER 15: RADIO-WAVE PROPAGATION CHAPTER 16: ANTENNAS CHAPTER 17: MICROWAVE DEVICES CHAPTER 18: TERRESTRIAL MICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS CHAPTER 19: TELEVISION CHAPTER 20: SATELITE COMMUNICATION CHAPTER 21: CELLULAR RADIO CHAPTER 22: PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS CHAPTER 23: PAGING AND WIRELESS DATA NETWORKING CHAPTER 24: FIBER OPTICS CHAPTER 25: FIBER OPTIC SYSTEMS ADDITIONAL ADDITIONAL NOTES: NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
1. It moves moves info inform rmat atio ion n from from a sour source ce to a dest destin inat atio ion n 1
Communication System
BLAKE Summary through a channel. 2. Elemen Elements ts of a commu communic nicati ation on syste system m 3. Thre Three e esse essent ntia iall system
Source, Source, Transmitter, Transmitter, Channel, Channel, Receiver, Destination
elem elemen ents ts of any any
comm commun unic icat atio ion n
4. Source Sources s of infor informa matio tion n signa signals ls
Transmitter, Channel
Receiver,
Analog and Digital
5. Sources Sources are often descr described ibed in in terms of the _______ ___________ ____ Frequency Range ________ that they occupy 6. The eleme element nt of a commun communica icatio tion n system system wherein wherein the signal will be driven out of the source to the channel.
Transmitter
7. This This element element of commun communica icatio tion n system system can be a pair pair of condu conducto ctors rs or an optica opticall fiber fiber or the free space space wherein the signal is traveling to the receiver
Channel
8. In a free free space space chann channel el,, ____ ______ __ signa signall is requi require red d to avoid interference.
Carrier
9. When When a carri carrier er is used, used, the inform informati ation on signal signal can can be also called as __________ ______.
Modulating Signal
10. Since Since the carrier frequency frequency is generall generally y much higher than than that that of the inform informati ation on signa signal, l, the freque frequency ncy spectrum of the information signal is often referred to as _________.
Baseband
11. Modulation is done done at the _______. _______. 12. This process process takes takes place at the receiver receiver wherein the signal has to be restored to its original baseband signal. 13. It states states that the amoun amountt of inform informati ation on that that can be transmitted in a given time is proportional to bandwidth for a given modulating scheme.. 14. It refers to the combining combining of two or more informati information on signals.
Transmitter Demodulation
Hartley’s Law
Multiplexing Frequency-Division
15. Methods of multiplexing.
Multiplexing, Time-Division Multiplexing
16. When When the availa available ble frequ frequenc ency y is divide divided d among among the sign signal als, s,
the the
proc proces ess s
is
know known n
as
____ ______ ____ ____ ____ ____ __ Frequency-division
_________.
Multiplexing
17. In this process, process, the entire entire bandwidth bandwidth is used for each signal, but only for a small part of time. 18. 18. It is the the avai availa labl ble e band bandwi widt dth h of a comm commun unic icat ation ion sate satell llit ite e divi divide ded d amon among g a numb number er of tran transm smit itte terrreceiver combinations. combinations. 2
Time-Division Multiplexing
Transponder
BLAKE Summary through a channel. 2. Elemen Elements ts of a commu communic nicati ation on syste system m 3. Thre Three e esse essent ntia iall system
Source, Source, Transmitter, Transmitter, Channel, Channel, Receiver, Destination
elem elemen ents ts of any any
comm commun unic icat atio ion n
4. Source Sources s of infor informa matio tion n signa signals ls
Transmitter, Channel
Receiver,
Analog and Digital
5. Sources Sources are often descr described ibed in in terms of the _______ ___________ ____ Frequency Range ________ that they occupy 6. The eleme element nt of a commun communica icatio tion n system system wherein wherein the signal will be driven out of the source to the channel.
Transmitter
7. This This element element of commun communica icatio tion n system system can be a pair pair of condu conducto ctors rs or an optica opticall fiber fiber or the free space space wherein the signal is traveling to the receiver
Channel
8. In a free free space space chann channel el,, ____ ______ __ signa signall is requi require red d to avoid interference.
Carrier
9. When When a carri carrier er is used, used, the inform informati ation on signal signal can can be also called as __________ ______.
Modulating Signal
10. Since Since the carrier frequency frequency is generall generally y much higher than than that that of the inform informati ation on signa signal, l, the freque frequency ncy spectrum of the information signal is often referred to as _________.
Baseband
11. Modulation is done done at the _______. _______. 12. This process process takes takes place at the receiver receiver wherein the signal has to be restored to its original baseband signal. 13. It states states that the amoun amountt of inform informati ation on that that can be transmitted in a given time is proportional to bandwidth for a given modulating scheme.. 14. It refers to the combining combining of two or more informati information on signals.
Transmitter Demodulation
Hartley’s Law
Multiplexing Frequency-Division
15. Methods of multiplexing.
Multiplexing, Time-Division Multiplexing
16. When When the availa available ble frequ frequenc ency y is divide divided d among among the sign signal als, s,
the the
proc proces ess s
is
know known n
as
____ ______ ____ ____ ____ ____ __ Frequency-division
_________.
Multiplexing
17. In this process, process, the entire entire bandwidth bandwidth is used for each signal, but only for a small part of time. 18. 18. It is the the avai availa labl ble e band bandwi widt dth h of a comm commun unic icat ation ion sate satell llit ite e divi divide ded d amon among g a numb number er of tran transm smit itte terrreceiver combinations. combinations. 2
Time-Division Multiplexing
Transponder
BLAKE Summary 19. It is any undesirable change in an information information signal. 20. A representati representation on of a signal’s signal’s power or amplitud amplitude e as a function of frequency. 21. A way of representing the periodic functions functions as a series of sinusoids. 22. Any undesired undesired disturbance disturbance that is superimpose superimposed d on a signal and obscures its information content 23. 23. Nois Noise e whic which h orig origin inat ates es with within in the the comm commun unic icat atio ion n
Distortion Frequency Domain Fourier Series Noise
Internal Noise equipment. 24. Noise outside the communication communication equipment. equipment. External Noise 25. Noise generated by equipment equipment that produces sparks. Equipment Noise 26. Noise that is originated originated from lightning. Atmospheric Noise 27. Refer to no. 28: another name name for this kind of noise Static 28. 28. Nois Noise e tha that come comes s from from hea heavenl venly y bodi bodies es that that are are Space Noise powerful sources of radiation. 29. 29. This This nois noise e is prod produc uced ed by the the rand random om moti motion on of Thermal Noise electrons in a conductor due to heat. 30. 30. This This is due due to rand random om vari variat atio ions ns in curre current nt flow flow in
activ ctive e
devic evice es
such such
as
tubes ubes,,
tra transis nsisto tors rs,,
and
Shot Noise
semiconductor diodes. 31. Noise Noise that occurs in the partition partition of the Negative Negative and
Partition Noise Positive elements in a semiconductor such as BJT. 32. This noise is cause by variations variations in carrier density. Excess Noise 33. Refer to no. 34: another name for it. Flicker Noise, Pink Noise 34. Noise that many junction junction devices produce due to cut-off Transit-Time Noise frequency reaching. 35. 35. rati ratio o of sign signal al to nois noise e powe powerr at a give given n poin pointt in a Signal-to-Noise Ratio system. 36. Device for displaying signals signals in the frequency domain. Spectrum Analyzer 37. It is a figure to merit, indicating how much a
compon component ent,, stage, stage, or serie series s of stages stages degrad degrades es the signal-to-noise ratio of a system. 38. Refer to no. 39: Another name for that. 39. 39. It is the the abso absolu lute te temp temper erat atur ure e of a res resisto istorr that that,,
Noise Figure Noise Factor
connected to the input of a noiseless amplifier of the
Equivalent
same same gain gain,, woul would d prod produc uce e the the same same nois noise e at the the
Temperature
output. 40. Represen Representati tation on of a signal’s signal’s amplitud amplitude e as a function function of time.
Time Domain
CHAPTER 2: RADIO FREQUENCY CIRCUITS
1. A mixer mixer in which which the input input frequen frequencie cies s are cancell cancelled ed and are therefore not present at the output. 3
Balanced Mixer
Noise
BLAKE Summary 2. Re Remo mova vall of an unwa unwant nted ed sign signal al by prov provid idin ing g a lowlowimpedance path to ground. 3. The total total frequen frequency cy range range over over which a PLL can can become become locked to a signal. 4. A small small stab of quartz quartz with with attach attached ed electrod electrodes; es; used used as a resonant circuit. 5. It is to prev preven entt the unde undesi sire red d pas passage of signa gnals between circuits. 6. A frequency frequency multip multiplier lier whose whose output output frequen frequency cy is twice twice that of the input signal. 7. The frequen frequency cy at which which a VCO opera operates tes when when its control control voltage is zero. 8. A circ circui uitt whos whose e outp output ut freq freque uenc ncy y is a smal smalll inte intege gerr multiple of the input signal frequency. 9. A device device that that can can produc produce e a large large numb number er of outp output ut frequencies from a smaller number of fixed-frequency oscillators. 10. Movement Movement of a signal from one frequenc frequency y to another another using a mixer-oscillator mixer-oscillator synthesizer. 11. A small length length of wire, connected connected at only one end as a capacitance capacitance to ground. 12. An artificial ground, often consisting consisting of an area foil left on one side of a circuit board. 13. 13. Tota Totall rang range e of freq freque uenc ncie ies s over over whic which h a PLL, PLL, once once locked, can remain locked. 14. 14. This This effe effect ct is in some some ampl amplif ifie iers rs that that the the inte intern rnal al capacitance of the active device can cause feedback that produces the same effect on the circuit as much
Bypassing Capture Range Crystal Decouple Doubler Free-running Frequency Frequency Multiplier
Frequency Synthesizer
Frequency Translation Gimmick Ground Plane Lock Range
Miller Effect
larger capacitance across the amplifier input. 15. 15. A nonl nonlin inea earr circ circui uitt desi design gned ed to gene genera rate te sum sum and and difference frequencies when two or more frequencies are present at its inputs. 16. The number by which a digital divider chain divides. divides. 17. A circuit whose whose output is proportional proportional to the product product of the instantaneous amplitudes of two input signals. 18. A means means of avoiding avoiding instability instability in amplifier amplifiers s by using negative feedback. 19. 19. A devi device ce whos whose e outp output ut volt voltag age e is a func functi tion on of the the phase difference between two input signals. 20. A device that locks locks the frequency frequency of a VCO exactly to that of an input signal. 21. An effect that occurs in some materials, materials, such as quartz quartz and some some cerami ceramics, cs, whereb whereby y a volta voltage ge is produc produced ed across the material when it is deformed. 4
Mixer
Modulus Multiplier Neutralization Phase Detector Phase-locked Loop (PLL)
Piezoelectric Effect
BLAKE Summary 22. A divider that precedes the main programmable programmable divider in a frequency synthesizer. 23. In a frequency synthesizer, synthesizer, it is the smallest amount by which the output frequency can be changed. 24. The frequency at which a single single component becomes a reso resona nant nt
circ circui uit, t,
beca becaus use e
the the
pres presen ence ce
of
stra stray y
capacitance capacitance or inductance, or both. 25. A frequency multiplier multiplier whose output frequency is three times that of the input signal. 26. A revers reverse-b e-bia iased sed diode diode used used as a voltag voltage, e, varia variable ble capacitor. 27. An oscill oscillat ator or whose whose freque frequency ncy can be contro controlle lled d by changing external control voltage. 28. This This oscill oscillato atorr type type can can be recogniz recognized ed by its use use of a tapped inductor, part of the resonant circuit, to provide feedback. 29. It’s an oscillato oscillatorr that uses capacitive capacitive voltage divider divider instead of a tapped inductor to provide feedback. 30. It is a variation variation of Colpitts Colpitts circuit, circuit, designed designed to swamp swamp device capacitances for greater stability. 31. This is typically typically tuned by moving a ferrite core into or out of the coil.
Prescaler Resolution
Self-Resonant Frequency
Tripler Varactor Voltage-Con Voltage-Controlled trolled Oscillator Oscillator (VCO) Hartley Oscillator
Colpitts Oscillator Clapp Oscillator Slug Tuning
CHAPTER 3: AMPLITUDE MODULATION
1. A modulati modulation on scheme scheme in which which the ampli amplitude tude of of a highhighfreq freque uenc ncy y sign signal al is vari varied ed in acco accord rdan ance ce with with the the Amplitude Modulation (AM) instantaneous instantaneous amplitude of an information signal. 2. The curve curve produc produced ed by joinin joining g the tips tips of the the indivi individual dual RF cycles of a modulated wave 3. Measure Measure of the the extent extent of the modula modulation tion of a signal. signal. 4. Modulati Modulation on of a greate greaterr depth depth than than allowed. allowed. 5. The power power measu measured red at modula modulatio tion n peaks peaks in an AM or single-sideband signal. 6. Transmiss Transmission ion of two separ separate ate informat information ion signals signals using using 5
Envelope Modulation Index Over modulation Peak Envelope Power (PEP) Quadrature AM
BLAKE Summary two
amplitude-modulated
carriers
at
the
same
frequency but differing in phase by 90 degrees. 7. A signal component in a modulated signal, at a frequency different from that of a carrier. 8. All of the side frequencies to one side of the carrier frequency. 9. Any AM scheme in which only one of the two sidebands is transmitted. 10. An AM signal in which the carrier frequency component is eliminated and only one or both sidebands are
Side Frequency Sideband Single-sideband
Suppressed-carrier Signal
transmitted. 11. It is a colloquial term used to describe additional side frequencies produced by over modulation or distortion
Splatter
in an AM system. 12. A signal consisting of two audio frequencies, not harmonically related, used to test single-sideband
Two-tone Test Signal
transmitters. 13. The higher-frequency signal that is combined with an information signal to produce the modulated waveform
Carrier
is called ________.
CHAPTER 4: ANGLE MODULATION
1. A general term that includes frequency and phase modulation. 2. It is the ability of an FM receiver to receive the stronger of two signals, ignoring the weaker. 3. The frequency of a signal before modulation is applied and the power transmitted at the carrier frequency varies with modulation for an FM signal. 4. It is the use of low-pass filter in a receiver to remove the effect of pre-emphasis on the frequency response. 5. The amount by which the frequency of an FM signal shifts to each side of the carrier frequency. 6
Angle Modulation Capture Effect
Carrier Frequency
De-emphasis Frequency Deviation
BLAKE Summary 6. IN FM and PM, the peak amount in radians by which the phase of a signal deviates from its resting value. 7. Fm with relatively low modulation index. 8. It is the use of a high pass filter in an FM transmitter to improve the signal-to-noise ration; always used with deemphasis at the receiver. 9. It is the frequency of the unmodulated carrier of an FM signal. 10. Refer to no. 9: Another name for it. 11. A secondary carrier that can carry an additional modulating signal and is itself modulated onto the main carrier. 12. It is the noise-reduction effect that occurs with strong FM signals. 13. FM with a relatively large modulation index. 14. This represents normalized voltages for the various frequency components of an FM or PM signal.
Modulation Index Narrowband FM (NBFM) Pre-emphasis
Rest Frequency Carrier Frequency Subcarrier
Threshold Effect Wideband FM (WBFM) Bessel Functions Table
ADDITIONAL NOTES: FM and PM
1. A type of angle modulation wherein the frequency is varied relative to the modulating frequency. 2. It is the amount by which the frequency varies from its unmodulated value. 3. The total Variation in frequency. 4. It is the ratio of the actual deviation to the maximum deviation multiplied by 100%. 5. In AM, P total is variable while in FM P total is _____. 6. It is the boosting of the higher modulating frequencies at the transmitter, in accordance with pre-arranged curve to improve noise immunity at FM. 7. The cutting of the higher modulating frequencies at the receiver. 8. Forms of interference in FM. 7
Frequency Modulation Frequency Deviation Carrier Swing Percentage of Modulation Constant Pre-emphasis De-emphasis Image Frequency,
BLAKE Summary Co-channel interference, Adjacent channel
9. it is an effect of two stations being received simultaneously. 10. It happens usually to mobile receivers when they travel from one transmitter to the other. 11. It is the modulation wherein the phase of the carrier is made proportional to the instantaneous value of the modulating signal. 12. FM and Pm are indistinguishable for a single ______ ________. 13. When modulating frequency is changed, PM modulation index ______ _______. 14. It is the process by which the modulating signal is recovered from the modulated carrier, definitely found in receivers. 15. It has the function of selecting the desired signal from all the other unwanted signals, amplifying and demodulating it, and displaying it in the desired manner. 16. Two types of receivers.
17. Characteristics of a tuned radio frequency receiver. 18. It is the ability to amplify weak signals. 19. It is the ability to reject unwanted signals. 20. It is the ratio of gain at desired frequency to the gain of image frequency signal.
Image Frequency Co-channel Interference Phase Modulation Modulating frequency Remains constant Demodulation
Receiver Tuned Radio Frequency, Superheterodyne Receiver Simple logical receiver, Simplicity and high sensitivity, Align at broadcast frequencies 535-1640 kHz Sensitivity Selectivity Image Rejection Ratio
CHAPTER 5: TRANSMITTERS
1. A scheme for keeping a transmitter or receiver Automatic Frequency Control tuned to the correct frequency. (AFC) 2. A circuit for keeping the amplitude of a signal within Automatic-level-control prescribed limits. 3. An amplifier stage used to isolate two other stages from each other. 4. Change of carrier amplitude with modulation in an AM transmitter. 5. It is the system that provides more gain for low8
Circuit Buffer Carrier Shift Compression
BLAKE Summary level than for higher-level signals. 6. Any system that generates FM without using phase modulation. 7. A device that allows a signal moving along a transmission line in one direction to be measured. 8. An amplifier which supplies the required input signal power for a power amplifier. 9. A noninductive power resistor used to simulate an antenna. 10. It is a ratio of time on to total time. 11. It is the ratio between largest and smallest signals at a point in a system. 12. The part of the transmitter that operates at low power levels. 13. It is the ability of a transmitter to tune rapidly from one operation frequency to another. 14. Amplitude modulation of the output element of the output stage of a transmitter. 15. Any method that generates FM using a phase modulator and an integrator. 16. Transmitter power amplifier stage immediately before the output stage. 17. An oscillator whose frequency is controlled by a binary number written to an internal register. 18. Ratio of the power output of a device to the total power required from its power supply. 19. It is the absence of spurious signals in the output of a transmitter. 20. An emission from a transmitter other than the carrier and sidebands required by the modulation
Direct FM Directional Coupler Driver Dummy Load Duty Cycle Dynamic Range Exciter Frequency Agility High-level Modulation Indirect FM Low-level Modulation Numerically-controlled Oscillator Overall Efficiency Spectral Purity
Spurious Signal
scheme in use. Maximum energy conversion,
21. Importance of transmitter efficiency.
reasonable cost efficiency
CHAPTER 6: RECEIVERS
1. The communications channel immediately above or below the desired channel in frequency. 2. The next communications channel beyond the adjacent channel. 3. A combined mixer and local oscillator that uses one transistor or tube for both. 4. A circuit to adjust the gain of a system in accordance with the input signal strength. 5. Reduction of gain for a weak signal due to a strong signal close to it in frequency. 6. A bandpass filter using piezoelectric
ceramic 9
Adjacent Channel Alternate Channel Autodyne Converter Automatic Gain Control (AGC) Blocking Ceramic Filter
BLAKE Summary elements. 7. A combination of a mixer and a local oscillator that is used to move a signal from one frequency to another. 8. a bandpass filter that uses piezoelectric quartz element. 9. Circuit to recover the baseband signal from a modulated signal. 10. It is a specialized microprocessor designed to perform
arithmetic
operations
on
digitized
Converter
Crystal Filter Demodulator
Digital Signal Processor
communication signals. 11. Any detector for FM or Pm signals. 12. An AM demodulator that works by rectifying the
Discriminator
signal and low-pass filtering the result. 13. The first stage of a receiver. 14. It is the application to a mixer of a signal from a
Front End
local oscillator that operates at a frequency above
Envelop Detector
High-side Injection
that of the incoming signal. 15. In a frequency converter, it is a second input frequency
that
produces
the
same
output
frequency. 16. A frequency to which a signal is shifted as an intermediate step in reception or transmission 17. An oscillator used in conjunction with a mixer to shift a signal to a different frequency. 18. Application to a mixer of a signal from a local
Image Frequency
Intermediate Frequency (IF) Local Oscillator
oscillator that operates at a frequency below that of Low-side Injection the incoming signal. 19. A bandpass filter that uses mechanical resonators. 20. Low-level carrier signal transmitted to facilitate regeneration of the carrier at the receiver. 21. A detector for suppressed-carrier AM signals that works by multiplying the signal with a regenerated carrier. 22. The strength of an unmodulated
carrier
Mechanical Filter Pilot Carrier
Product Detector
that
reduces the noise output of an AM receiver by a specified amount. 23. FM detector that is based on a 90-degree phase shift network. 24. FM detector. 25. It is the ratio of signal-plus-noise and distortion to noise-plus-distortion. 26. A meter on a receiver that indicates the strength of
Quieting Sensitivity
Quadrature Detector Ratio Detector SINAD
S-meter the received signal. 27. The ability of a receiver to reject signals of Selectivity
frequencies other than the frequency to which the 10
BLAKE Summary receiver is tuned. 28. The ability of a receiver to receive weak signals with a satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio. 29. For a bandpass filter, it is the ratio between the bandwidths
for
two
specified
amounts
of Shape Factor
attenuation. 30. It is the reduction in effective cross-sectional area of a conductor with increasing frequency. 31. It is the reception of signals at frequencies other than that to which the receiver is tuned. 32. A system that disables the output of a receiver in the absence of a suitable signal. 33. It is a receiver in which the signal is moved, using a mixer,
to
an
intermediate
frequency
Sensitivity
before
demodulation. 34. The filter that uses acoustic waves on the surface of a substrate to achieve the desired response. 35. It is the adjustment of two or more tuned circuits so that they can be tuned simultaneously with one adjustment. 36. It is a receiver in which the signal is amplified at its original frequency before demodulation. 37. The Fm signal strength with defined deviation, required to produce a specified SINAD in the
Skin Effect Spurious Response Squelch
Superheterodyne Receiver
Surface-Acoustic Wave Filter
Tracking Tuned-radio-frequency (TRF) Receiver Usable Sensitivity
receiver.
CHAPTER 7: DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
1. Distortion created by using too low a sampling rate when
coding
an
analog
signal
for
digital Aliasing
transmission. 2. A data code that uses both polarities of voltage and current. 3. Device that converts sampled analog signal to and from its PCM or delta modulation equivalent. 4. Conversion of sampled analog signal into a PCM or delta modulation bitstream. 5. Combination of compression at the transmitter and expansion at the receiver of communication system. 6. Amplification of a signal in such a way that there is less gain for higher-level input signals than for lower-level input signals. 11
Bipolar Code Coder-decoder (codec) Coding Companding
Compression
BLAKE Summary 7. Conversion of a PCM or delta modulation bitsream to analog samples. 8. A coding scheme that records the change in signal level since the previous sample. 9. It is filtering of signals by converting them to digital form. 10. Sampling of an analog signal using a sample-andhold circuit. 11. Another name for aliasing. 12. These are bits added to a digital signal to help the receiver detect the beginning and end of data frames. 13. A system for translating logic ones and zeros into voltage or current levels for transmission. 14. Sampling of an analog signal to know if it follows the original signal for the duration of the sample. 15. A logic system in which a low level represents logic one and a high level represents logic zero. 16. A data line code in which the voltage or current does not necessarily return to zero between bits. 17. A logic system in which a high level represents logic one and low level represents logic zero. 18. A series of pulses in which the amplitude of each pulse represents the amplitude of the information signal at a given time. 19. A series of pulses in which the amplitude of the information signal at a given time is coded as a binary number. 20. A series of pulses in which the duration of each pulse represents the amplitude of the information signal at a given time. 21. A series of pulses in which the timing of each pulse represents the amplitude of the information signal at a given time.
Decoding Delta Modulation Digital
Signal
(DSP) Flat-topped Sampling Foldover Distortion Framing Bits
Line Code Natural Sampling Negative Logic Non-return-to-zero
Positive Logic Pulse-amplitude
Modulation
(PAM)
Pulse-code Modulation (PCM)
Pulse-duration
Modulation
(PDM) Pulse-position
Modulation
(PPM) Modulation
(PWM)
23. Representation of a continuously varying quantity as one of a number of discrete values. 24. Inaccuracies caused by the representation
Quantizing
of
continuously varying quantity as one of a number of Quantizing Errors discrete values. 25. Refer to no. 24: Another name for it. 26. A device that decodes and recodes a digital signal as well as amplifying it. 27. Method of data compression by encoding the length 12
Code
(NRZ)
Pulse-width
22. Another name for pulse-duration modulation.
Processing
Quantizing Noise Regenerative Repeater Run-length Encoding
BLAKE Summary of a string of ones and zeroes. 28. A line code in which the voltage or current returns to zero at the end of each bit period. 29. A device that detects the amplitude of an input signal at a particular time. 30. It is an error condition that occurs when the analog signal to be digitized varies too quickly for the system to follow. 31. A line code in which the polarity of the voltage remains the same at all times. 32. It is a circuit for digitizing voice at a low data rate. 33. Modern communication systems are often a mixture of _______ and _________ sources and transmission techniques. 34. _________ _________ ______ have better performance and use less bandwidth than equivalent analog systems. 35. It requires that the amplitude of each sample of a signal be converted to a binary number. 36. It transmits only one bit per sample. 37. The S/N ratio for either PCM or delta modulation signals can often be improved by using __________. 38. It eliminates redundant data bits. 39. It compromises signal quality in order to reduce the bit rate. 40. It is a combination of modulation and demodulation. 41. He showed mathematically that it is impossible to reconstruct
a band-limited analog signal from
periodic samples. 42. It provides strong timing information regardless of the pattern of ones and zeros. 43. Manchester code is also a type of _________
Return-to-zero Code (RZ) Sample-and-hold Circuit
Slope Overload
Unipolar Code Vocoder Analog, Digital
Modern Digital Systems
PCM Delta Modulation Companding Lossless Compression Lossy Compression Modem Harry Nyquist
Manchester Code
Biphase Code _________. 44. In RZ coding, the system used in telephony is Alternate Mark
_________. 45. It states that the amount of information transmitted is proportional to both bandwidth and time. 46. It is used mainly for digital communication.
(AMI) Hartley’s Law TDM
13
Inversion
BLAKE Summary
CHAPTER 8: THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM
1. An area consisting of several central offices and
Local Access and Transport Area
handled by a local carrier. 2. The link from the central office to an individual
(LATA)
subscriber’s premises. 3. It is the method of providing high-speed data transmission on twisted-pair telephone loops by using high-frequency carriers. 4. In ISDN, these are channels
that
carry
subscriber communication. 5. Described as the used of bits that normally carry payload information for other purposes such as controlling the communication system. 6. It is addition of bits to a bitstream to compensate for timing variations. 7. It is the failure to connect a telephone call because of lack of system capacity. 14
Local Loop Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Bearer Channels
Bit Robbing
Bit Stuffing Call Blocking
BLAKE Summary 8. Switch in the telephone system that connects to local subscriber lines. 9. It is a communication system in which a dedicated channel is to set up between parties
Central Office
Common-channel Signaling
for the duration of the communication. 10. A control system for telephone switching that sets up one call and then goes on to set up another call without being tied up for the duration of the first call. 11. A switching system that
uses
a
matrix
arrangement of incoming and outgoing lines. 12. Interference between two signals multiplexed into the same channel. 13. In ISDN, it is the communication channel used for
setting
up
calls
and
not
for
user
communication. 14. It is a signaling using combinations of two audio tones transmitted on the voice channel. 15. Another name for central office. 16. It is the use of optical fiber for telephone connections tom individual customers. 17. It is a switching network that relies on a computer to find the most direct route between
Common Control
Crosspoint Switch Crosstalk
Data Channel Dual-tone Multifrequency Dialing (DTMF) End Office Fiber-in-the-loop (FITF)
Flat Network
two points. 18. A type of communication system that allows communication
in
both
directions
Full Duplex
simultaneously. 19. A frequency-division multiplexing scheme that allows twelve voice signals to be transmitted in
Group
one channel. 20. It is a specialized transformer that allows telephone
voice signals to travel in both
directions simultaneously on a single twistedpair loop. 21. Telephone system using digital local loops for both voice and data, with the codec in the telephone equipment. 22. A frequency-division consisting
of
six
multiplexed
mastergroups
or
Hybrid Coil
Integrated
Network (ISDN)
signal 3600 Jumbogroup
voiceband channels. 23. Another name for bit stuffing. Justification 24. Colloquial term for subscriber line interface Line Card card. 25. Inductance added to a twisted-pair telephone Loading Coil 15
Services
Digital
BLAKE Summary line to reduce its losses for voice frequencies. 26. Small data network covering one or several buildings. 27. A frequency-division multiplexed signal carrying 10 supergroups or 600 voice channels. 28. A system for setting up long-distance calls using pairs of tones sent along voice channels. 29. A term used to describe a telephone instrument that is ready for use, handset is lifted from its cradle. 30. A term used to describe a telephone instrument is ready to receive a ring signal. 31. A control or supervisory signal
that
Local Area Network Mastergroup Multifrequency Signaling (MF)
Off Hook
On Hook
is
transmitted on a voice channel, but at dc or at
Out-of-band Signal
such a frequency that it will not be heard. 32. A communication system that works using data divided into relatively short transmissions called packets. 33. Place where one telephone network connects to the other. 34. Dialing that works by interrupting the dc loop current. 35. The earpiece of the telephone. 36. The red wire in a telephone circuit that normally has negative polarity. 37. Signal sent by the network to the calling telephone to indicate that the called telephone
Packet-switched Network
Point of Presence (POP) Pulse Dialing Receiver Ring
Ringback Signal
is ringing. 38. A low-level voice signal sent to a telephone receiver from the transmitter in the same
Sidetone
telephone. 39. System used in telephony which transmits all call setup information on a packet-data network that is separate from the voice channels used for telephone conversations. 40. A switch that connects only to other switches and not to individual customers. 41. The green wire in a telephone loop that normally has positive polarity. 42. A long-distance telephone switch. 43. The layout of a system such as a telephone network. 44. AT&T trademark for DTMF dialing. 45. The microphone in a telephone. 46. A connection between telephone offices. 47. The signal loss in decibels between
the 16
Signaling System Seven (SS7)
Tandem Office Tip Toll Station Topology Touch-tone Dialing Transmitter Trunk Line Via Net Loss (VNL)
BLAKE Summary transmitting and receiving ends of telephone connection. 48. The central office supply is the _______. 49. The circuit board that connects a local loop to the central office. 50. A frequency-division
Battery Subscriber Line Interface Card (SLIC)
multiplexed
signal
consisting of three jumbogroups or 10,800 voiceband channels. 51. A switch that connects central offices together. 52. The first automatic telephone switch is invented
Superjumbogroup Tandem Office
Almon B. Strowger by 53. The crossbar system used relays for _______. Memory 54. The on-hook voltage. 48 V dc 55. The off-hook voltage at phone. 5 to 10 V dc 56. The off-hook current. 23 to 80 mA 57. The dial tone frequencies. 350 and 440 Hz 58. The ringing voltage at office. 100 V ac 59. The ringing voltage at phone. 80 V ac 60. The ringback voltage frequencies. 440 and 480 Hz 61. The busy signal frequencies. 480 and 660 Hz 62. The function of the line card can be BORSCHT remembered by using the mnemonic ________.
CHAPTER 9: DATA TRANSMISSION
1. An error control system based on the repetition Automatic of data blocks that contain errors. 2. Bits that do not carry the message. 3. Addition of extra bits to a data block to avoid the accidental generation of a flag pattern. 4. A set of rules that translates alphanumeric characters into binary numbers.
Request
for
Transmission (ARQ) Bit Overhead Bit Stuffing Character Code Character Set,
5. Refer to no. 4: Another name for it.
Data Code
6. An error-detecting method in which the binary number corresponding to the group of bits to be
Cyclic
checked is divided by a predetermined binary
(CRC)
number. 7. A telephone connection via the public switched telephone network. 8. An error correcting system in which errors are corrected at the receiver using redundant transmitting data without using retransmission requests. 9. A group of bits sent between framing signals in a
bit-oriented
synchronous
communication 17
Redundancy
Checking
Dial-up Line
Forward Error Correction (FEC)
Frame
BLAKE Summary system. 10. A data-compression scheme that uses fewer bits to represent more frequently occurring characters or bits patterns. 11. A line condition corresponding to a binary one. 12. Simultaneous transmission of multiple data bits using several channels. 13. A data-compression scheme
that
Huffman Coding Mark Parallel Transmission
replaces
repeated characters or bit patterns with a code indicating the character and the number of repetitions. 14. A data transmission using only one channel. 15. A line condition corresponding to a binary zero. 16. This bit alerts the receiver to the beginning of a
Run-length Encoding
Serial Transmission Space
transmitted character by changing the line from
Start Bit
the mark to the space condition. 17. This bit marks the end of transmitted character. 18. A device, generally an IC that converts from
Stop Bit Universal
parallel to serial format. 19. Data that consists of alphanumeric characters
Asynchronous
Receiver-Transmitter (UART)
must first be encoded using a ____________ Character Code ___________. 20. It actually
involves
synchronizing
the
transmitting the receiver clocks at the start of Asynchronous Communication each character. 21. It must be converted from parallel to serial form before being transmitted and back to parallel form at the receiver. 22. Since noise is present in all communication systems, ______ will occur. 23. Errors can be detected and corrected by adding _________ __________. 24. ____ data is important to ensure its privacy. 25. It is originally used with electromechanical teletype machines. 26. Refer to no. 25: It has been designated as
Computer Data
Errors Redundant Information Encryption Baudot Code International Telegraph Alphabet
____________ by CCITT. Number 2 (ITA2) 27. The most common code for communication American Standard between microcomputers. 28. Sometimes ASCII codes
are
expressed
in
________ or ________ notation. 29. The transmitter and receiver are synchronized to the same clock frequency. 30. it involves the addition of one extra bit to the
for
Information Interchange (ASCII) Decimal, Hexadecimal Synchronous Communication
Parity bits that encode a character. 31. It is a data-transfer protocol for microcomputers XMODEM 18
Code
BLAKE Summary that in its original and most basic form, uses this method. 32. They allow single errors in a block of data to be corrected without any need for retransmission.
Hamming Codes
CHAPTER 10:LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
1. The information signal on LAN. 2. A system in which the baseband signal is used to modulate a higher-frequency carrier signal.
Baseband Broadband System Carrier Sense
3. A system for controlling network traffic.
with
Multiple
Collision
Detection
(CSMA/CD)
4. a network in which a physical connection from one end to the other of a data path is maintained for the duration of a period of communication. 5. The loss of data that occurs when two stations transmit at the same time on a network. 6. An Ethernet cable that has the transmit and receive connections reversed at one end. 7. A type of LAN that has a logical bus structure using CSMA/CD. 8. A network with one or more specialized nodes that contain files and operating software for the network. 9. Refer to no. 8: another name for it. 10. Two-way communication in both directions at the same time. 11. The central connecting point of a star network to which all other nodes connect. 12. A type of LAN that is a physical star and logical token-ring. 13. A small data network that typically operates within one building or a localized group of 19
Access
Circuit-switched Network
Collision Crossover Cable Ethernet
Client-server Network File Server Full Duplex Hub IBM Token-ring System Local-area Network (LAN)
BLAKE Summary buildings. 14. The hub of an IBM token ring network. 15. A term used to describe a computer operating system that allows multiple programs to run simultaneously without interfering with each
Multistation Access Unit (MAU)
Multitasking
other. 16. A plug-in circuit board for a computer that contains the necessary hardware and firmware to connect the computer to the local area network. 17. One station that is attached to a network. 18. The smallest block of data transmitted over a network. 19. The network in which all nodes can contribute network resources and also run local programs. 20. A network node dedicated to interfacing between the network and one or more printers. 21. A modem that modulates data onto a very high frequency carrier. 22. A network topology in which data circulates from one computer to the next in sequence. 23. A device that links two or more networks. 24. A network topology in which all nodes are connected individually to a central point. 25. In an Ethernet network, it is the device that can send incoming packets
to one
of several
destinations. 26. A method of network control that involves a short packet that circulates around the network. 27. Refers to the messages to be transferred over a network. 28. The ratio between the velocity of propagation of electromagnetic energy through a medium or along a transmission line and the speed of light in vacuum. 29. A large network extending over an area greater than that of a city. 30. Possible data network arrangements in a small LAN.
Network Interface Card
Node Packet Peer-to-peer Network Print Server Radio-frequency Modem (RF) Ring Router Star
Switch
Token Passing Traffic
Velocity Factor
Wide-area Network (WAN) Star, Ring,
Bus 31. The largest WAN. Internet 32. Ethernet was originated by _______. Xerox 33. The year that IEEE began to draft standards for 1980 LANs. 34. It is used for the slowest 10 Mb/s version of Coaxial Cable Ethernet. 20
BLAKE Summary 35. This is used by most 10 Mb/s and 100 Mb/s
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Ethernet installations. 36. It is a special cable that consists of two parallel
Cable
wires with a grounded shield around them. 37. The effect of a switch is to greatly reduce ________.
Twinax Cable Contention
CHAPTER 11: WIDE AREA NETWORKS AND THE INTERNET
1. Any computer network that extends for more than a short distance such as a building or related groups of buildings. 2. A system that allows users to access documents from widely separated sources on the Internet. 3. A versatile data-transmission system using 53byte packets and designed o enable various kinds of data. 4. A network-to-network connection that passes only data addressed to a node in the other
Wide-area Network
World Wide Web (WWW) Asynchronous
Transfer
Mode
(ATM)
Bridge
network. 5. A method of organizing a network in which a physical path is dedicated to communication between
two
node
for
the
duration
of
communication. 6. The second layer of the OSI model. 7. A data-communications protocol created by Digital
Equipment
Company
for
its
minicomputer products. 8. A method whereby messages can be left for individual network users. 9. A program in TCP/IP protocol that allows for the transfer of both binary and text files between computers
with
otherwise
incompatible
Circuit Switching
Data Link Layer DEC Network Architecture (DNA)
Electronic Mail (e-mail)
File-transfer Protocol (FTP)
operating systems. 10. A software to prevent unauthorized access to computers on a network by computers outside the network. 11. A bit or sequence of bits that indicates the 21
Firewall Flag
BLAKE Summary beginning or end of a packet. 12. A packet-transport protocol, similar to X.25 but with less error connection 13. A computer system that provides modern access to the public at no charge. 14. A device used to connect computers or networks running incompatible operating systems. 15. A sequence of bits at the beginning of a packet, containing information about the type of packet and/or routing. 16. A data-transfer that allows quick transitions by simply clicking on a highlighted word or picture with a mouse. 17. A worldwide public network of networks that connects a very wide variety of computers,
Frame Relay Freenet Gateway
Header
Hypertext
Transport
Protocol
(HTTP)
Internet
applications, and users. 18. A suite of protocols that allows a wide variety of computers to share the same network. 19. A network that encompasses a city and its environs. 20. A private network that uses the same TCP/IP protocol suite as the Internet. 21. The third layer of the OSI protocol model. 22. Electronic bulletin boards devoted to a wide variety of subjects, accessible via the internet. 23. A system for organizing data-transmission protocols developed by the ISO. 24. A way of organizing a network so that small blocks of data are routed individually from source to destination. 25. The lowest level of the OSI protocol model. 26. A formal set of conventions governing the format and the timing of messages. 27. A device used to extend a network or other digital communication system by regenerating bits and restoring voltage levels and timings to their original values. 28. A device used to interconnect networks. 29. The part of the TCP/IP suite that allows for email
Transmission
Control
Protocol/Internet
Protocol
(TCP/IP) Metropolitan-area
Network
(MAN) Intranet Network Layer Newsgroups Open
Systems
Interconnection
(OSI) Model Packet Switching Physical Protocol
Repeaters
Router
over the Internet and similar networks by
Simple Mail Transfer
specifying the control messages used in mail
(SMTP)
Protocol
transfer. 30. A network in which nodes receive a packet of Store-and-forward Network data from the source or a node closer to the 22
BLAKE Summary source and then transmit it to the destination or a node closer to the destination. 31. An IBM system for transferring data between IBM mainframes and between IBM mainframes and other computers. 32. A system to allow users to log on to a distant host by emulating a dumb terminal. 33. A link between computers in which each recognizes a software connection to the other. 34. A very popular system for defining and switching data packets on computer networks. 35. It is responsible for detecting and correcting errors within frames of data and providing the flags that indicate the beginning and end of frames. 36. It sets up the path to transmit data between terminals and arranges data into packets. 37. It deals with the matters such as voltage and current levels. 38. ______ ______ are available with data rates from 56 kb/s up. 39. It was created by the United States military for
Systems
Network
Architecture
(SNA) Telnet Virtual Circuit X.25 Protocol
Data Link
Network Physical Leased Lines
providing alternate route in their network in ARPANET case of trouble. Advanced
40. Meaning of ARPANET.
Research
Projects
Agency Network
CHAPTER 12: DIGITAL MODULATION AND MODEMS
1. Data transmission by varying the amplitude of the
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) transmitted signal. 2. The telephone local loop that combines analog Asynchronous Digital Subscriber
telephone service with data communications. 3. Use of an audio tone of two or more different frequencies to modulate a conventional analog transmitter for data transmission. 4. Speed at which symbols are transmitted in a digital communication system. 5. Speed at which data is transmitted in a digital communication system. 6. A device to allow data communication over cabletelevision wiring. 7. Variant of QAM
used
with
ADSL
data
communication systems 8. In digital communication, it is a pattern showing all 23
Line Audio
Frequency-shift
Keying
(AFSK) Baud Rate Bit Rate Cable Modem Carrierless
Amplitude
(CAP) Modulation Constellation Diagram
Phase
BLAKE Summary the possible combinations of amplitude and phase for a signal. Data Communications Equipment
9. A modem is also known as ____________.
(DCE)
10. A terminal or computer than communicates via a modem. 11. Digital modulation scheme that represents a bit pattern by a change in phase from the previous state. 12. Any digital modulation scheme that codes two bits of information per transmitted symbol.
transmission speed
that
is less
than
facsimile documents. 16. A means of ensuring that a transmitter sends data only when the associated receiver is ready to receive it. 17. digital modulation scheme using two or more different output frequencies. 18. Variant of FSK which uses the minimum possible frequency shift for a given bit rate. 19. A series of commands transmitted to the modem whenever a communications software program is loaded. 20. A logic one. 21. acronym for modulation-demodulation. 22. A cable used to make a direct connection between two devices using their serial ports. 23. A means of transmitting data by shifting the phase angle of the transmitted signal. 24. PSK that employs four different phases and allows bits
of
information
to
be
Dibit System Multi-tone
(DMT)
Modulation
the
maximum of which a modem is capable. 15. A device for the transmission and reception of
two
Delta Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK)
Discrete
13. It uses many carriers at different frequencies. 14. A
Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)
transmitted
simultaneously. 25. A means of transmitting data by shifting both the amplitude and the phase of the transmitted signal. 26. Binary zero. 27. A transmitted signal that can have two or more possible states. 28. A series of tones transmitted by a modem to allow the automatic adjustment of line equalization. 29. Just as in analog transmission, digital transmission uses the following variations.
Fallback Fax Modem
Flow Control
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Gaussian Minimum-shift Keying (GMSK) Initialization String Mark Modem Null Modem Phase-shift Keying (PSK) Quadrature
Keying
(QPSK) Quadrature Modulation (QAM) Space Symbol Training Sequence Frequency, Phase, Amplitude
24
Phase-shift
Amplitude
BLAKE Summary 30. the maximum data rate for a channel is a function of the following. 31. The modem that places the call. 32. The modem that receives the call. 33. When the flow control is accomplished by changing levels on the RS-232 lines it is called _____________.
Bandwidth, Modulation Scheme, Signal-to-noise Ratio Originate Modem Answer Modem Hardware Flow Control
CHAPTER 13: MULTIPLEXING AND MULTIPLE-ACCESS TECHNIQUES
1. Extra bits used to spread the signal in a direct sequence spread spectrum system. 2. System to allow multiple users to use the same frequency with separate PN codes and a spread-spectrum modulation scheme. 3. Form of frequency spectrum communication in which the RF carrier continually moves from one frequency to another according to a prearranged pseudo-random pattern. 4. Sharing of a communication channel among multiple users by assigning each a different carrier frequency. 5. Combining of several
signals
into
one
communication channel by assigning each a different carrier frequency. 6. Use of a single channel by more than one transmitter. 7. Use of a single channel by more than one transmitter. 8. Improvement in interference rejection due to spreading in a spread-spectrum system. 9. A transmitted series of ones and zeros that
Chips Code-division
Multiple
Access
(CDMA)
Frequency Hopping
Frequency-division
Multiple
Access (FDMA) Frequency-division
Multiplexing
(FDM) Multiple Access Multiplexing Processing Gain
repeats after a set time, and which appears
Pseudo-random Noise Sequence
random if the sequence is not known to the
(PN)
receiver. 10. Variation of received signal strength due to multipath fading. 11. A method of switching that provides a separate physical path for each symbol. 12. Improvement in interference rejection due to spreading in a spread-spectrum system. 13. system to allow several transmission to use channel by assigning time slots to each.
Rayleigh fading Space Switching Spreading Gain Time-division (TDMA)
25
Multiple
Access
BLAKE Summary 14. System to combine several data streams onto a single channel by assigning time slots to each. 15. A method of switching that moves a signal from one time slot to another on the same physical path. 16. It is used extensively in telephony.
Time-division multiplexing (TDM)
Time Switching TDM
CHAPTER 14: TRANSMISSION LINES
1. Any pair of conductors used to conduct electrical energy. 2. A device for coupling balanced and unbalanced lines. 3. It is the ratio between voltage and current on an infinitely long transmission line. 4. A transmission line containing
concentric
conductors. 5. A transmission line containing parallel conductors separated by spacers. 6. It is the speed at which signals travel down a transmission line. 7. A section of transmission line, electrically a quarterwavelength in length, that is used to change impedances on a transmission line. 8. It is the ratio of reflected to incident voltage on a transmission line. 9. It is the graphical transmission line calculator. 10. It is the ratio of maximum to minimum voltage on a transmission line. 11. A short section of line, usually short-circuited at one end, used for impedance matching. 12. Another name for characteristic impedance. 13. It is the ratio of speed of propagation on a line to that of light in free space.
Transmission Line Balun Characteristic Impedance Coaxial Line Open-line Wire Propagation Velocity
Quarter-wave Transformer
Reflection Coefficient Smith Chart Standing-wave Ratio Stub Surge Impedance Velocity Factor Balanced
14. Two types of transmission line.
and
Lines
15. A coaxial cable is the best example for this kind of transmission line because it lacks symmetry with
Unbalanced Line
respect to ground. 16. Parallel lines are usually operated as _________ _________ that is; the impedance to ground from each of the two wires is equal. 17. This happens when frequency increases, the region of high current density becomes thinner, reducing 26
Balanced Line. Skin Effect
Unbalanced
BLAKE Summary the
cross-sectional
area
and
increasing
the
resistance of the conductor. Resistance,
18. What are present in the electrical model of a
Conductance, Capacitance,
transmission line?
Inductance
19. Such a line is called _______ since the inductive and capacitive reactances store energy but do not
Lossless
dissipate it. 20. A transmission line that is terminated in its characteristic
impedance
is
called
__________ Matched Line
________. 21. For a lossless line, resistance and conductance values would be ______. 22. A line that is terminated by an impedance other than characteristic impedance is said to be ______. 23. It is the expected signal that would simply move down the line and disappear into the load because it is a matched line. 24. The length of line that causes a delay of one period is known as ________. 25. It is the formation of which due to the interaction between the incident and reflected waves that causes what appears to the stationary pattern of
Zero Mismatched
Traveling Wave
Wavelength
Standing Waves
waves on the line. Incident waves,
26. two kinds of traveling waves.
Reflected waves
27. These are traveling waves that are coming from the transmitter. 28. These are traveling waves that are brought back to the transmitter due to unmatched line. 29. Most desirable amount of SWR. 30. Most desirable amount of reflection coefficient.
Incident waves Reflected waves 1 (one) 0 (zero) Conductor Loss, Dielectric Loss,
31. Transmission line losses in mechanisms.
Radiation Loss,
32. Transmission line losses are
usually
given in
_________ per 100 meters or 100 feet. 33. The radius of the circle in the Smith Chart represents _______. 34. It is a specialized test equipment for transmission line measurements in both the time and the frequency domains. 35. It is a short section of air-dielectric coaxial line, with a slot in the outer conductor through which a probe 27
Decibels SWR
Time-domain Reflectometry Slotted Line
BLAKE Summary is inserted. 36. The length of a slotted line must be at least ___________. 37. This device allows the measurement of power moving along the line in each direction, that is, it is possible to measure incident and reflected power
One-half wavelength
Directional Coupler
separately.
CHAPTER 15: RADIO-WAVE PROPAGATION
1. The process by which the waves travel through a medium. 2. It is the reduction in signal strength due to spreading of the waves at a distance from the transmitter. 3. The magnitude of the electric field required to cause breakdown and arcing of the dielectric. 4. It is a means of propagation in which the waves are confined
within
a
refractive
region
of
the
troposphere or between such a region and the
Propagation
Attenuation of Free Space
Dielectric Strength
Ducting
ground. 5. A device that allows a transmitter and a receiver, operating at different frequencies, to be connected
Duplex
to the same antenna and operate simultaneously. 6. The area from which a receiving antenna can be considered
to
extract
all
the
energy
I
an
electromagnetic wave. 7. It is the ratio of the electric force on a charge to the charge, at a given point. 8. Refer to no. 7: another name for it. 9. A vacuum that allows radio waves to propagate without any obstruction. 10. A vertically-polarized electromagnetic wave that propagates along the surface of the earth. 11. It is the ratio of the phase velocity of a wave in free space to that in the medium under consideration. 12. The ionized region of the earth’s atmosphere. 13. A hypothetical antenna having zero physical size and no loss and radiating equally in all directions. 14. It is the highest frequency that will be returned by the ionosphere at a given point. 15. These are changes to the baseband signal caused 28
Effective Area
Electric Field Strength Electric Field Intensity Vacuum Ground Wave Index of Refraction Ionosphere Isotropic Radiator Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF) Multipath Distortion
BLAKE Summary by multipath reception. 16. It is a situation in which a signal arrives at a receiving antenna via two or more paths 17. A line drawn perpendicular to the interface between two media. 18. It is the ratio between the signal appearing at the transmitting
antenna
terminals
and
that
the
receiving antenna terminals. 19. It is the quantum of electromagnetic radiation. 20. It is the direction of the electric field vector of an electromagnetic wave. 21. The power flowing through a unit cross-sectional area normal to the direction of travel of an
Multipath Reception Normal
Path Loss Photon Polarization
Power Density
electromagnetic wave. 22. Characterized by a receiver capable of receiving several versions of the same signal with different arrival times, and combining the received versions
Rake Receiver Sectorization
into a single signal with better quality. 23. In cellular radio, it is the division of a cell into sectors by the use of directional antennas at a single cell site. 24. It is an electromagnetic wave that is returned to earth by the ionosphere. 25. An electromagnetic wave that propagates directly from the transmitting to the receiving antenna. 26. It is a propagation along or near the surface of the earth. 27. The region of atmosphere closest to earth. 28. Another name for vacuum. 29. It involves the creation of electric and magnetic fields in free space or in some physical medium. 30. This means that the electric field, magnetic field, and the direction of travel of wave are all mutually perpendicular. 31. The speed of propagation of an electromagnetic wave in free space is the same as that of __________. 32. It is a surface on which all the waves have the same phase, would be the surface of a sphere. 33. The wave that rotate in all direction and if it rotates in a clockwise direction as it recedes. 34. Another name for attenuation of free space. 35. It is the intensity of the radiation of antenna in a given direction. 36. The comparison of the actual antenna’s radiated power to an isotropic antenna. 37. Three properties of radio waves when propagated 29
Sectorization
Sky Wave Space Wave Terrestrial Propagation Troposphere Free Space Electromagnetic Radiation Transverse
Electromagnetic
Waves (TEM) Light Wavefront Right-handed Square-law Attenuation Antenna Gain Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) Reflection,
BLAKE Summary and reached its destinations that are also present in
Refraction,
the behavior of light. 38. Ground wave propagation is used for propagating
Diffraction
signals with frequencies of up to approximately
2 MHz
____. 39. Ionization levels change with the amount of solar activity which varies over an 11-year cycle called ____________. 40. Since there
is
a
general
instability
of
Sunspot Cycle
the
ionosphere, its is usually better to operate at lower
Optimum Working Frequency
frequency, perhaps 85% of the MUF, also called as
(OWF)
____________________. 41. These are regions that may be uncovered by the signals propagated in the area due to its closeness
Skip Zones
to the transmitter. Line-of-Sight
42. Another name for tropospheric propagation.
Propagation
(LOS)
43. The transmitting antenna is aimed in the direction of the receiver, but the receiver is over the horizon.
Troposcatter
CHAPTER 16: ANTENNAS
1. A device used radiate or receive electromagnetic radio at radio frequencies. 2. A receiving antenna with a built-in preamplifier. 3. An enclosure lined with material that absorbs electromagnetic radiation. 4. Angle measured upward from the horizon. 5. An antenna system composed of two or more simpler antenna elements. 6. The angle between the points of the major lobe of
Antenna Active Antenna Anechoic Chamber Angle of Elevation Array
Beamwidth
an antenna at which the radiated power density is one-half its maximum value. 7. The measure of antenna gain in decibels with respect to a lossless half-wave dipole. 8. A measure of antenna gain: decibels with respect to an ideal isotropic radiator. 9. Any antenna consisting of a single conductor with zero current only at its two ends. 10. It is the ratio of the maximum to the average radiation of intensity for an antenna. 11. For a receiving antenna, it is the ratio of the available output power to the power density of the 30
dBd dBi Dipole Directivity Effective Area
BLAKE Summary received wave. 12. The product of the power supplied to a transmitting antenna and the gain of the of the antenna with respect to a lossless half-wave dipole. 13. In an antenna array, it is an individual conductor or group of conductors. 14. It is the distance far enough from an antenna that local
inductive
and
capacitive
effects
are
Effective
Radiated
(ERP) Element
Far-Field Region
insignificant. 15. It is the ratio between the radiation intensity in an antenna’s direction of the maximum radiation and the intensity at an angle of 180° to this direction. 16. An artificial ground consisting of a conductor surface or an equivalent. 17. Also known as spiral. 18. It is a hypothetical antenna that would radiate all the energy supplied to it, with equal intensity in all
Front-to-back Ratio
Ground Plane Helix Isotropic Antenna
directions. 19. It is the process of increasing the electrical length of an antenna by an addition of inductance or capacitance. 20. It is the portion of an antenna pattern between two nulls. 21. An antenna with a current null at one end and a maximum at the other, with no other nulls in between. 22. It is the region close to antenna, where local inductive and capacitive effects predominate. 23. The lobe in the direction of maximum radiation. 24. The lobe with less intensity than the main lobe. 25. It denotes the angle in the horizontal plane, from
Loading
Lobe
Monopole
Near Field Region Major Lobe Minor Lobe
the x axis toward the y axis. 26. The direction of the electric field vector of an
Phi (Φ)
electromagnetic wave. 27. In a monopole antenna, it is the wire extending
Polarization
along the surface of the ground or just below it,
Radial
away from the antenna is called _______. 28. A set of it is used to improve the effective conductivity of the ground in a monopole antenna.. 29. It is the equivalent resistance at the feedpoint corresponding to the radiation of energy by an
Radial
Radiation Resistance
antenna. 30. A minor lobe at an angle of approximately 90° to the main lobe. 31. It refers to the angle from the horizontal (x-y) plane
Side Lobe Theta (θ)
31
Power
BLAKE Summary toward the zenith, represented by the z-axis. 32. It is the direction straight up from the horizontal Zenith
plane. 33. It refers to a dipole of infinitesimal length.
Hertzian Dipole
34. Typically, the length of a half-wave dipole, assuming that the conductor diameter is much less than the length of the antenna, is _____ of one-half the
95%
wavelength measured in free space. 35. It refers to the wavelength.
Lambda (λ)
36. It is the speed of light also constant to radio waves in free space. 37. It is the coordinate representation of the antenna’s
300 x 10 6 m/s
radiation. 38. Fading is caused by _________ of antenna’s radiation
Radiation Pattern
though it is very important at a considerable
Reflection
distance.. 39. Ground effects are important up through the ____ range. 40. It has the same length as a standard half-wave
High Frequency (HF)
dipole, but it is made with two parallel conductors, joined at both ends and separated by a distance
Folded Dipole
that is short compared with the length of the antenna. 41. The characteristic impedance of a balanced line used mainly in TV and FM receiving installations. 42. This is used mainly for low and medium frequency transmission that utilizes vertical polarization to
300Ω
Monopole Antenna
take advantage of ground wave propagation. 43. Refer to no. 42: another name for it.
Marconi Antenna
44. This antenna is often used in vertically as either a mobile or base antenna in VHF and UHF systems. 45. This antenna is also known as air-wound coil.
5/8 wavelength Antenna Loop Antenna
46. This antenna, its structure combination acts as a transformer to match the feedline impedance to the
Discone Antenna
impedance of free space. 47. How much is the impedance of free space?
377Ω
48. Another name for helix or spiral antenna.
Helical Antenna
49. Refer to no. 48: another popular name for it that is used with many handheld transceivers. 50. Classifications of arrays according to their direction
Rubber Ducky Antenna Broadside,
of maximum radiation.. 32
BLAKE Summary End-fire Phased Array,
51. Classification of antenna arrays according to how Driven Array,
the elements are connected.
Parasitic Array
52. Arrays that radiates through its length.
Broadside
53. Arrays that radiates at its ends.
End-fire
54. These arrays are connected to the feedline.
Phase Array Phase-shifting,
55. Possible applications of phase arrays.
Power Splitting, Impedance Matching
56. Arrays that each elements are supplying power for Driven Array
transmission. 57. refer to no. 56: Arrays that are dependent to it.
Parasitic Array
58. Yagi antenna is more formally referred to as the Yagi-Uda Array ________. 59. This antenna derives its name from the fact that the
feedpoint impedance is a periodic function of the
Log-periodic Antenna
operating frequency. 60. This antenna is a combination of two dipoles designed to give omnidirectional performance in the
Turnstile Antenna
horizontal plane, with horizontal polarization. 61. This antenna has one type of broadside array using half-wave dipoles. 62. In an antenna, it acts as an ordinary mirror that enhances the directivity of the antenna’s radiation. 63. Antenna often used for terrestrial microwave links.
Collinear Arrays Reflector Hog-horn Antenna
CHAPTER 17: MICROWAVE DEVICES
1. It is conventionally the electromagnetic radiation in the range above approximately 1GHz. 33
Microwave
BLAKE Summary 2. In a klystron, it is a cavity that velocity modulates the electron beam. 3. It is the velocity modulation of an electron beam. 4. In a klystron, it is a cavity that removes some of the energy from the electron beam and transfers it in the form of microwave energy to the output. 5. It is a space in which microwaves can resonate by means of in-phase reflections from the walls. 6. A device with three or more ports that allows an input to one port to emerge only at the next port in
Buncher Bunching Catcher
Cavity
Circulator
order. 7. It is the element in a klystron or TWT that receives
Controller the electron beam 8. refer to no. 7: another term for it. Anode 9. It is a microwave tube in which the electric and Crossed-field Tube magnetic fields are at right angles. 10. A device that launches or receives a wave in a
transmission line or waveguide in one direction only. 11. It is the variation of velocity as a function of frequency in a waveguide or medium. 12. It is a concentration of charge. 13. It states that a change in frequency that occurs when a wave reflects from a moving object. 14. A lens that is stepped to reduce its size. 15. It is the speed of transmission of a signal along a waveguide. 16. It is a slab of N-type gallium arsenide that can
Directional Coupler
Dispersion Domain Doppler Effect Fresnel Lens Group Velocity
operate as an oscillator or amplifier by means of Gunn Device domain formation. 17. A combination of E-plane and H-plane tees. 18. A junction device that can operate as an oscillator or amplifier. 19. A waveguide device that has low loss in one direction and high loss in the other. 20. a type of linear-beam microwave tube that uses velocity modulation of the electron beam. 21. A microwave tube in which electrons travel in a straight line down to the length of the tube. 22. Another name for hybrid tee. 23. A cross-field microwave-tube oscillator in which electrons circle around the cathode under the influence of a magnetic field. 24. A microwave transmission line constructed on a printed-circuit
board,
consisting
of
a
single
conductor on one side of the board and a ground 34
Hybrid Tee IMPATT Diode Isolator Klystron Linear-beam Tube Magic Tee Magnetron Microstrip
BLAKE Summary plane on the other side. 25. The speed of electron drift in a conductor or semiconductor. 26. It is the specific configuration of electric and magnetic fields that allows a wave to propagate. 27. The apparent speed of propagation along waveguide
based
on
the
distance
Mobility Mode
a
between
wavefronts along the walls of the guide. 28. A three-layer diode that can be used as a switch and an attenuator at microwave frequencies.
Phase Velocity
PIN Diode P-type,
29. The three layers of the PIN diode.
Intrinsic Layer, N-type
30. It is the rotation of the axis or rotation of the electrons. 31. The equivalent size of a radar target, in terms of perfectly conducting flat plate oriented toward the
Precession
Radar Cross Section
receiver. 32. It is any device that causes a wave to propagate at less than the speed of light, so that the electron beam and the wave move at approximately the
Slow-wave Structure
same speed. 33. A microwave transmission line that consists of a conductor inside a circuit board, working against two ground planes, one on top and one on the bottom of the board. 34. It is the object whose range, direction, and/or velocity is to be measured.
Stripline
Target Transferred-electron
35. Another name for Gunn Device.
Device
(TED)
36. A variation of the IMPATT designed for high-power operation. 37. A metal object threaded into a waveguide to add capacitance or inductance. 38. A hollow structure that has no center conductor but allows waves to propagate down to its length. 39. A type of ferrite. 40. It means it is a more than one mode propagating at a time. 41. It can be achieved by using only the mode with the lowest cutoff frequency. 42. Refer to no. 41: another name for it.
TRAPATT Diode Tuning Screw Waveguide Yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) Multimode Propagation Single-mode Propagation Dominant Mode Transverse Electric (TE),
43. Two kinds of modes. 44. The dominant mode depends on the shape of the 35
Transverse Magnetic (TM) Waveguide
BLAKE Summary ______. 45. Like any transmission line, a waveguide has a ________ _____. 46. The impedance of the free space is ________.
Characteristic Impedance 377Ω By Probe,
47. Three ways to launch a wave down a guide.
By Loop, By Hole
48. It is used to transfer power from a waveguide to a transmission line to which the line will accept only energy traveling along the guide from right to left. 49. It is the amount by which a signal in the main guide is attenuated. 50. It gives the amount by which the signal in the main guide is greater than that coupled to the secondary waveguide. 51. It refers to the ratio between the power coupled to the secondary guide. 52. Striplines and microstrips, like waveguides, have ________ _________. 53. Another name for H-plane tee. 54. Another name for E-plane tee. 55. Instead of using a continuous waveguide, waves can also be launched in a short section that reflects waves back and forth from one end to the other. What is this short section? 56. It is a type of frequency meter that consists of a cavity with an adjustable plunger. 57. It allows separation of signals. 58. The operation of both the isolator and the circulator is based on the magnetic properties of __________. 59. It is the interaction between an electromagnetic wave and the ferriet results in a phase shift as the
Directional Couplers
Insertion Loss
Coupling
Directivity Critical Frequency Shunt Tee Series Tee
Cavity Resonator
Wavemeter Circulator Ferrites
Faraday Rotation
wave propagates through the material. Impact Avalanche and Transit
60. IMPATT means
Time P-type, N-type,
61. Chronological layers of the IMPATT diode.
Intrinsic layer, N-type
62. The intrinsic layer of the IMPATT diode is commonly made up of ______.
Gallium Arsenide Trapped
63. TRAPATT means 64. These device is often used as frequency multipliers. 65. Two variations of the varactor that can be also used as multipliers.
Plasma
Triggered Transit Varactor Diode Step-recovery, Snap Diode
36
Avalanche
BLAKE Summary 66. This is essentially a resonant cavity that is made of a solid slab of a dielectric material such as alumina. 67. It is the oldest microwave tube design. 68. refer to no. 67: The year that it is invented. 69. It is the preferred tube for high power, high stability amplification of signals at frequencies from UHF to about 30 GHz. 70. It can be used as a moderate-power amplifier or as an oscillator if modified. 71. This antenna can be
viewed
as
Dielectric Resonator Magnetron 1921 Klystron
Traveling Wave Tube
impedance
transformers that match waveguide impedances to
Horn Antenna
that of free space. 72. It consist of thin metallic patch placed a small fraction of a wavelength above conducting ground
Patch Antenna
plane.
CHAPTER 18: TERRESTRIAL MICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
1. A single transmission path from transmitter to receiver. 2. The signal-to-noise ratio in a receiver at a point before the detector. 3. The deviation of a wave as it passes an obstacle or passes through a small aperture. 4. It is the use of more than one frequency or transmission path to improve system reliability in the presence of fading. 5. It is the energy received in the time taken to transmit one bit. 6. Variation in received field strength over time due to changes in propagation conditions. 7. A region near an object in which diffraction effects are significant. 8. It is the abrupt variations in the timing of a digital signal. 9. It is a network using microwaves for two-way transmission for telephony, television, and highspeed data. 10. This is a terrestrial microwave system for the distribution of television, Internet, and telephone services to businesses and residences. 11. A receiver-transmitter combination that amplifies and transmits a signal. 12. A map showing surface features, including the elevation of the terrain. 37
Hop Carrier-to-noise Ratio Diffraction
Diversity
Energy per Bit Fading Fresnel Zone Jitter Local Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS) Multichannel
Multipoint
Distribution System (MMDS) Repeater Topographic Map
BLAKE Summary 13. Terrestrial
microwave
links
generally
use
______________ propagation.
Line-of Sight (LOS) Multipath Reception, Attenuation due to rain,
14. Causes of fading.
Ducting, Aging or partial failure
15. Fading due to multipath reception can reduce the received signal strength by ______ or more. 16. This technique is done by slightly changing the frequency so that the phase difference between the
20dB
Frequency Diversity
direct and reflected signals is no longer 180°. 17. To protect against fading on a moment-to-moment basis, frequency diversity requires two transmitters and two receivers, better known as a _____. 18. This technique is done by placing two antennas one above and the other on the same tower.
Hot Standby
Space Diversity Analog,
19. Two systems of terrestrial microwave links.
Digital AM System,
20. Analog system is also called ______ or _______. 21. Digital system is also called _______. 22. Digital data can also be transmitted with FM systems using ______ ______.
FM System QAM System External Modems
CHAPTER 19: TELEVISION
1. Ratio of the width to the height of a television picture. 2. The portion of the horizontal blanking pulse after the synch pulse. 3. The video level corresponding to zero luminance. 4. The period of time when the electron beam in a CRT is cut-off. 5. A vacuum tube that uses a moving electron beam to produce patterns or images on a photophorescent screen. 6. The color signal. 7. These are several cycles of color subcarrier on the back porch of the
horizontal
sync for
Aspect Ratio Bach Porch Black Setup Blanking
Cathode-ray Tube (CRT) Chrominance (Chroma)
color
Color Bursts
synchronization. 8. A filter that can pass or reject a fundamental
Comb Filter
38
BLAKE Summary frequency and its harmonics. 9. A video system in which color and luminance are sent separately, without frequency interleaving. 10. A video system in which luma, sync, and chroma signals are combined. 11. Alignment of the three electron beams in a color CRT so that they land on the same triad of color phosphor dots. 12. the pulses in the vertical blanking interval of a video signal that create interlaced scan. 13. In an interlaced video system, it is one-half of a frame consisting of alternate lines. 14. One complete image in a video system is called ________. 15. The portion of horizontal blanking pulse before the sync pulse. 16. A television receiver design that uses mixing between the picture and sound carriers to generate the sound intermediate frequency. 17. A video scanning system that divides a frame into two fields to reduce flicker. 18. The signal that provides brightness information in a video system. 19. A North American television standard. 20. The video signal level representing maximum luminance. 21. Picture element. 22. A video system that does not use interlace. 23. In a color CRT, it is the adjustment of the three electron beams so that each lands on phosphor dots of the appropriate color. 24. The pattern of scanning lines in a video system. 25. The amount of detail produced by a video system. 26. The return of the electron beam in a CRT from right to left or from top to bottom. 27. A color video system in which the three primary colors are transmitted separately. 28. The main accelerating element in a CRT. 29. The proportion of scanning lines in a video system that can be used in determining vertical resolution. 30. A specialized oscilloscope designed for the observation of composite color signals. 31. The assembly that contains the deflection coils and is mounted on the neck of a CRT. 32. The North American NTSC television
system
Component Color Composite Video
Convergence
Equalizing Pulses Field Frame Front Porch
Intercarrier Sound
Interlace Luminance (Luma) NTSC Video Peak White Pixel Progressive Scan Purity Raster Resolution Retrace RGB Color Ultor Utilization Factor Vectorscope Yoke
30 transmits ___ frames per second. 33. Each frame transmitted by NTSC consists of _______ 525 39
BLAKE Summary lines. 34. The NTSC uses a _______ interlace so that ______ 2:1, fields are transmitted per second. 35. Composite color video uses two color signals modulated on a subcarrier at 3.58 MHz using _________ ________. 36. Terrestrial television broadcasting uses a channel _______ wide. 37. The picture in terrestrial television broadcasting is transmitted using _______ with carrier. 38. The sound in the terrestrial television broadcasting
60 DSBSC QUAM
6 MHz VSB AM
FM uses ___ on separate carrier to the video. 39. Picture and sound travel together through the _____ Tuner,
and ___ ______ of a television receiver. 40. The sound is converted to a separate 4.5 MHz IF, in a system known as __________ _________. 41. Color receivers use _______ _________ to retrieve the color signal. 42. The frequency and phase reference for the color demodulators are provided by a ________ _______ on the back porch of the horizontal synchronizing
Picture IF Sections Intercarrier Sound Synchronous Demodulation
Color Burst
signal. 43. The CRTs used in television receivers generate an ________ ______ that is intensity-modulated by the video
signal
and
deflected
horizontally and
vertically by coils that surround the tube. 44. Color CRTs use three electron beams striking three different types of phosphors that glow ____, ____, and ______. 45. It reduce losses by moving UHF signals to the VHF range. 46. It is a technique used for reducing flicker on frame rates of 25 or 30 Hz..
48. The three primary colors that are mixed to achieve good color reproduction.
Green, Blue Cable-television System Interlaced Scan
Vertical Blanking Interval Red, Green, Blue Phase
Alteration
By
Line
(PAL),
49. Two other standards of color television.
television stereo sound
Red,
Horizontal Blanking Interval,
47. Two time intervals.
50. The
Electron Beam
Sequential Color and Memory
system is called
___________ _____ _________. 51. The first CRT.
(SECAM) Multichannel Sound Monochrome CRT
40
Television
BLAKE Summary 52. In order to reproduce the three primary colors of the color television system, a color CRT must have
Three (3)
_______ electron beams.
CHAPTER 20: SATELITE COMMUNICATION
1. A structure that naturally orbits the earth. 2. Name of the natural satellite. 3. A structure that orbits the earth and was built by humans. 4. The point farthest from earth in a satellite orbit. 5. A satellite transponder design that receives signals and retransmits them at higher power and at a different frequency. 6. It is a group of satellites coordinated in such a way as to provide continuous communication. 7. A radio or optical connection directly between satellites, without going through an earth station. 8. Transmission of signals from a satellite to an earth
Natural Satellite Moon Artificial Satellite Apogee Bent-pipe Configuration
Constellation Crosslink
Downlink station. 9. A satellite orbit that is entirely above the equator. Equatorial Orbit 10. It is the change in the direction of polarization of Faraday rotation signals passing through the ionosphere. 11. It is the ratio expressed in decibels of gain to noise Figure of Merit temperature. 12. It is the depiction of the signal strength contours Footprint from a satellite transmitter on the earth. 13. It is the satellite orbit in which the satellite appears Geostationary Orbit to remain stationary at a point above the equator. 14. It is a satellite orbit in which the satellite’s period of
revolution is equal to the period of rotation of the earth. 15. Antenna beam on a geostationary satellite that is adjusted to cover the whole earth. 16. It is an artificial satellite orbiting the earth at an
Geosynchronous Orbit
Hemispheric Beam Low-Earth-Orbit
altitude less than about 1500 kilometers. 17. A satellite in orbit at a distance above the earth’s
Satellite Medium-Earth-Orbit
surface of approximately 8,000 to 20,000 km. 18. Any artificial satellite that is not geostationary. 19. The point closest to Earth in a satellite orbit. 20. A satellite orbit passing over the north and south
Satellite Orbital Satellite Perigee
poles. 21. It is the time taken for a signal to travel through space from transmitter to receiver. 22. It is a focused beam of energy that covers a relatively small area on the earth. 41
Polar Orbit Propagation Time Spot Beam
(LEO) (MEO)
BLAKE Summary 23. It is the process of adjusting the orbit of a geostationary satellite so that it appears to remain
Station-keeping
stationary above a point on earth. 24. It is the use of device to receive one or more data packets, store them and restransmit them at a later time. 25. It is adjusting the position of a directional antenna on the ground. 26. A repeater located in the satellite. 27. Transmission of signals from an earth station to a satellite. 28. Geostationary satellites are far enough from earth that on a satellite can cover about ___ of the earth’s distance. 29. Three geostationary
satellites
can
Store-and-Forward Technique
Tracking Transponder Uplink
40%
provide
worldwide communication except for the ______ Polar Regions _______. 30. All satellite orbit shapes are ____________. 31. All satellites are held in orbit by a balance between
Elliptical Centrifugal Force,
the two. 32. An antenna is aimed at a satellite by adjusting its
Centripetal Force Azimuth,
__________ and _______. 33. It is a device incorporating a level that can measure
Elevation
the angle of the antenna axis from the horizontal. 34. The amount by which the antenna axis is offset from the earth’s axis is called ___________. 35. It was established in 1979 and known as third generation of satellites. 36. INMARSAT uses a total of __ GEO satellites. 37. Range of Low-earth orbit satellites above the earth. 38. range of Medium-earth orbit satellites above the earth. 39. These radiation belts surrounds earth that can damage satellites. 40. This system comprises 66 LEO satellites in a complex constellation, such that at least one satellite is visible from one everywhere on earth at all times. 41. This system began commercial operation in 1999, and uses a constellation of 48 LEO satellites. 42. This system is expected to use 288 satellites. 43. This system went into operation in 1998, uses 35 satellites. 44. This system has a similar structure to ORBCOMM and became operational in 2003. 42
Inclinometer Declination International Satellite (INMARSAT) Nine (9) 300 - 1500 km 8000 – 20000 km Van Allen Belts
Iridium
Globalstar Teledesic ORBCOMM LEO One
Maritime Organization
BLAKE Summary 45. This system is considered a special case LEO system, using only six satellites, orbiting an altitude of 1260 km. 46. This MEO uses an interesting combination of elliptical and circular orbits. 47. This MEO is planned by Inmarsat that will launch ten satellites providing global coverage.
E-Sat
Ellipso Intermediate
Circular
Orbit
(ICO)
CHAPTER 21: CELLULAR RADIO
1. A cellular telephone system designed mainly for use with portable telephones. 2. North American first-generation
cellular
and the propagation path. 4. It is the electronics that control base station transmitters and receivers. 5. It is interrupting the voice channel to send control information. 6. Failure to connect a telephone call because of lack of system capacity. 7. Method of transmitting data on AMPS cellular telephone voice channels that are temporarily unused. 8. Information sent by the base station in a cellular radio system to set the power level of the mobile transmitter. 9. Signal transmitted by a cell site to identify that site to the mobile user. 10. A telephone connection that is unintentionally phone
Communication
System (PCS) radio Advanced Mobile
standard using analog FM. 3. In wireless communication, it is the radio equipment
terminated while in progress. 11. Number assigned to a cell
Personal
by
the
manufacturer as a security feature. 12. This is a control information that is transmitted by “stealing” bits that are normally used for voice information. 13. Communication from a cell site or repeater to a mobile unit. 14. Two-way communication in which both terminals can transmit simultaneously. 15. Two-way communication in which only one station can transmit at a time. 16. Transfer of a call in progress from one cell site to 43
Phone
Service (AMPS) Air Interface Base Station Controller Blank-and-burst Signaling Call Blocking Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) Control
Mobile
Attenuation
Code (CMAC) Digital Color Code (DCC) Dropped Call Electronic
Serial
Number
Associated
Control
(ESN) Fast
Channel (FACCH) Forward Channel Full – Duplex Half – Duplex Handoff
BLAKE Summary another. 17. A mobile telephone service using trunked channels
Improved Mobile Telephone
but not cellular in nature. 18. A small cell designed to cover a high-traffic area. 19. Number that identifies a mobile phone in a cellular
Service (IMTS) Microcell Mobile Identification Number
system. 20. refer to no. 19: This is popularly known as 21. Switching facility connecting cellular telephone base
(MIN) Mobile telephone number
stations to each other and to the public telephone network. 22. A memory location that stores the telephone numbers to be used on the system. 23. Very small cells in a cellular radio system. 24. A company that acts as a carrier to the base station. 25. A cellular customer using a network other than the subscriber’s local cellular network. 26. It is the control information that is transmitted along with the voice. 27. Code which describes the maximum power output of a cellular phone. 28. A sine wave above the voice frequency range, transmitted on the voice channel used to detect the loss of signal. 29. A number transmitted by the base station to identify the system operator. 30. Frequency of a signal tone during a call. 31. Transmitters in adjacent cells are separated by frequency by at least
Mobile
Switching
Center
(MSC) Number Assignment Module (NAM) Picocells Reverse Channel Roamer Slow
Associated
Control
Channel (SACCH) Station Class Mark (SCM) Supervisory
Audio
Tone
(SAT) System
Identification
Number (SID) 10 kHz 60 kHz Mobile Identification Number (MIN),
32. Two unique numbers of each mobile unit.
Number Assignment Module
33. It is simply the 10-digit phone number for the
(NAM) Mobile Identification Number
mobile phone. 34. It is a unique 32-bit number assigned to the phone
(MIN) Electronic
at the factory.
Serial
Number
(ESN) Mobile (Class I),
35. The three station class marks.
Transportable (Class II),
36. ERP of Class I. 37. ERP of Class II. 38. ERP of Class III. 39. Mobile transmitter power is controlled by the land station in 4dB increments, with the lowest power level being ___________ ERP. 40. It occurs when two or more mobiles try to use the control channel at the same time. 44
Portable (Class III) +6 dBW (4 W) +2 dBW (1.6 W) -2 dBW (600 mW) -22 dBW (6.3 mW)
Collision
BLAKE Summary 41. Three possible frequencies of a supervisory audio tone. 42. Most portable cell phones use this kind of antenna. 43. Refer to no. 42: At 800 MHz, the length of this antenna is ____. 44. Phone traffic is defined in ________.
5970 Hz, 6000 Hz, 6030 Hz Quarter-wave Monopole 9.5 cm Erlangs (E) One (1)continuous
45. Refer to no. 44: One unit of it is equivalent to
phone
conversation
46. The most obvious way to avoid call blocking and call dropping is to __________. 47. The reduction of cell size to increase traffic. 48. The bit rate in the RF channel for CDPD. 49. The common digital system developed by the European Community. 50. The digital system would seem to be able to carry ___ times as much traffic as the analog system. 51. It provides essentially the same information as SAT in AMPS.
Provide more channels Cell-splitting 19.2kb/s Global System for Mobile Three (3) Coded
Digital
Verification
Color Code (CDVCC) Analog Control
Channel
(ACCH),
52. The two TDMA control channels.
Digital
Control
Channel
(DCCH)
CHAPTER 22: PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
1. Signal path from a base station or satellite to a mobile station or a ground station. 2. Changing the time order or digital information before transmission to reduce the effect of burst
Downlink
Interleaving
errors in the channel. 3. It is the telephone number that is unique to a given user worldwide.
International Subscriber
Mobile Identification
(IMSI)
4. It is the tendency for stronger signals to interfere with the reception of weaker signals. 5. A radio receiver that is capable of combining several received signals with different time delays into one composite signal. 6. Transmission of brief text messages, such as page or email, by cellular radio or PCS. 7. A card with an embedded integrated circuit that can be used for functions such as storing subscriber information for a PCS system. 8. It is connecting a mobile to two or more base 45
Near-Far Effect
Rake Receiver Short
Messaging
Service (SMS) Smart Card Soft Handoff
BLAKE Summary stations simultaneously. 9. It contains all user information which is inserted into the phone before use. 10. Transmission of data in two directions on a channel by using different time slots for each direction. 11. Transmission channel to a satellite or base station. 12. Class of orthogonal spreading codes used in CDMA communications.
Subscriber ID Module (SIM) Time-division
Duplexing
(TDD) Uplink Walsh Code To allow each individual to have
13. The
personal
phone
and
number
which
will
eventual goal of personal communication phone
systems.
take
the
office,
place
care,
and
phones. 14. Current PCS resemble cellular radio systems except Higher frequency
that they operate at 15. The PCS frequency range is divided in such a way that there can be up to _______ service providers in a given region. 16. They allow roaming on the analog cellular system when the correct type of PCS service is unavailable. 17. This features higher maximum data rates, greater capacity of voice calls, and the ability to work with a wide range of cell sizes and types. 18. These systems appear likely to be part of the third generation specifications. 19. Voice channels are called ___________ _______ in GSM. 20. This is used by the mobile to contact the base, for registration, authentication, and call setup. 21. It is used for control messages to individual telephones and for short paging-type messages to be displayed on the phone. 22. It is the system used in Europe and most of Asia for both cellular and PCS bands. 23. This allows the mobile receiver to lock on the beginning of the transmission. 24. They provide acknowledgement of messages from mobiules and inform the mobiles of the status of the reverse control channel. 25. Time slots per superframe of
fast broadcast
channel. 26. Time slots per superframe for extended broadcast channel. 27. Functions of short message service channel.
of
home,
portable and
completely digital Six
Dual mode, dual band phones
Third Generation CDMA, TDMA Traffic Channels Random (RACH) Short
Access Message
Channel Service,
Paging and Access Channel (SPACH) GSM Synchronizing (SYNCH) Shared
Channel
Feedback
(SCF) 3 to 10 1 to 8 Short message service,
46
are
BLAKE Summary Remote phone programming Paging Control messages to
28. Function of paging channel. 29. Function of access response channel. 30. Bandwidth of GSM channels. 31. Total bit rate for an RF channel in GSM. 32. Time slots in the structure of an RF channel is also called as ______ in GSM. 33. Each voice transmission in GSM is coded at ______. 34. Two codes in use at a CDMA base station. 35. This code in CDMA base station is for synchronizing. 36. This code in CDMA base station in used for encryption of voice and control system data. 37. CDMA uses this for voice coding.
individual phones 200 kHz 270.833 kb/s Burst 13 kb/s Short code, Long code Short code Long code Variable rate vocoder 9600 b/s,
38. The four possible bit rates used in voice coding of 4800 b/s, CDMA.
2400 b/s, 1200 b/s General Packet Radio Service
39. The packet-switched data in GSM system is called 40. The
de
facto
manufacturers
standard for
created
displaying
web
by
(GPRS)
wireless
content
on
wireless devices.
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) Improved
Data
Communication; Greater Capacity;
41. Requirements for the third generation PCS.
Adaptability
to
pedestrian,
and
mobile, fixed
operation
CHAPTER 23: PAGING AND WIRELESS DATA NETWORKING
1. A device to connect two segments of a network. 2. Unique address for a pager. 3. Method of reducing contention in a network by
Bridge Capcode Carrier-Sense
involving each station checking for interference Access
With
MultipleCollision
before transmitting. Avoidance (CSMA/CA) 4. Method of reducing contention to the network by Carrier-sense Multiple-access involving each station by checking continuously for interference before and during transmissions. 5. Attempt by two transmitters to use the same channel simultaneously. 6. Form of local-area network using CSMA/CD and a 47
with
Collision
(CSMA/CD) Collision Ethernet
Detection
BLAKE Summary logical bus structure. 7. Communication channel
from
mobile
to
base
station. 8. A radio channel used for communication from a base station to mobile stations. 9. Transmission of data in two directions on a channel by using different time slots for each direction.
Inbound Channel Outbound Channel Time-division
Duplexing
(TDD) Paging system, Cellular and PCS radio,
10. Options for wireless data communication.
Wireless LAN and Modems, Packet Data Network One-way beeper, One-way numeric,
11. Types of paging systems.
One-way alphanumeric, Two-way alphanumeric, Voice pagers
12. It transmit all pages throughout the whole system to avoid having to locate the recipient. 13. Most current wireless LAN equipment follows the ___________ standard. 14. This resembles the standard in no. 13. 15. It is common for very short-range connections and is occasionally used for wireless LANs.
One-way paging system IEEE 802.11 Bluetooth Infrared Light Email, Keeping
16. Uses of public packet data networks.
contact
with
employees in the field, Limited web browsing, Low-data-rate applications Post Office Code
17. Most common protocol for one-way paging system.
Standardization
Advisory
Group (POCSAG)
18. It is the de facto standard for two-way alphanumeric pagers. 19. Standards that have been established in IEEE 802.11.
Motorola ReFLEX TM 1.
A set of wireless nodes
is called Basic Service Set (BSS). 2. of
A network can consist only
of
wireless
node
communicating with each of wireless nodes in BSS 3.
There can be multiple
access points for extended coverage. 48
BLAKE Summary 4.
A
multiple
network access
with
points
is
called an Extended Service Set (ESS) 5.
Wireless
units
can
roam within the ESS.
20. It is a wireless networking scheme that competes with both 802.11 and Bluetooth schemes.
HomeRF™ Ericsson,
21. The Bluetooth specification is a joint venture involving these several companies.
for
some
time
to
allow
Intel, Nokia,
22. The simplest Bluetooth network 23. A conglomeration of two or more piconets. 24. It is a short range infrared system that has been used
IBM,
two
devices
communicate with each other. 25. This standard for wireless packet-switched data was created by the Swedish telephone company for use
Toshiba Piconet Scatternet Infrared
Data
Association
(IRDA)
Mobitex
by its field personnel. 26. Mobitex can best be called ________. Near real time 27. This system is created by IBM as a joint venture Advanced Radio with Motorola for its own use.
Information Services (ARDIS)
CHAPTER 24: FIBER OPTICS
1. The maximum angle between the axis of an optical fiber and a ray of light entering the fiber. 2. The angle an incident ray makes with the normal to a reflecting or refracting surface. 3. The angle a reflected ray makes with the reflected to a reflecting surface. 4. The angle a refracted ray makes with the normal to a refracting surface. 5. In optical fiber, it is the material of lower refractive index that surrounds the core. 6. It is the central part of the fiber where the light propagates. 7. The maximum
angle
of
Data
incidence
for
which
refraction takes place. 8. Interference between signals on separate cables in close proximity. 9. In a photodetector, it is the current that flows in the 49
Angle of Acceptance Angle of Incidence Angle of Reflection Angle of Refraction Cladding Core Critical Angle Crosstalk Dark Current
BLAKE Summary absence of light. 10. A measure of how well a coupler or similar device rejects power passing through it in the reverse
Directivity
direction. 11. Variation of propagation velocity with wavelength. 12. the energy given to or absorbed by an electron that
Dispersion
moves through a potential difference of one volt. 13. The proportion of the power entering a coupler that is lost inside the coupler. 14. An optical fiber in which the index of refraction of the
core decreases
gradually
with decreasing
distance from the center. 15. A PN junction in which the two sides of the junction are made of different materials. 16. The ratio between the velocity of light in free space and that in a given medium. 17. Acronym for light amplification
by
emission of radiation. 18. A low-power laser resembling an
stimulated LED
in
its
construction. 19. A fiber that allows light to travel along it in more than one waveguide mode. 20. A line perpendicular to a reflecting or refracting light surface. 21. The sine of the aperture of acceptance in optical fiber. 22. A quantum of electromagnetic radiation. 23. The smallest amount in which energy can exist. 24. The relationship between output current and input light power for a photodetector. 25. An optical fiber whose core is sufficiently narrow that only one waveguide mode can propagate. 26. An optical finer that has one index of refraction for the core and a second. 27. reflection at the boundary between two media when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle. 28. Detectors in fiber optics systems are usually
Electron-volt Excess Loss
Graded-index Fiber
Heterojunction Index of Refraction LASER Laser Diode (LD) Multimode Fiber Normal Numerical Aperture Photon Quantum Responsivity Single-mode Fiber Step-index Fiber
Total Internal reflection PIN Diodes,
_________ or _____________. Avalanche Photodiode 29. A well-made splice can have as much loss as ______ 1km of fiber. 30. Advantages of fiber optics over copper cable. Larger bandwidth, Greater
distance
repeaters, Lower weight, Smaller size, 50
between
BLAKE Summary Immunity
from
electrical
interference, Lower cost Light Infrared-emitting
31. Optical fibers are waveguides for _____. 32. An infrared LED is also called as _______.
(IRED)
33. The light is emitted from the flat surface of the junction. CHAPTER 25: FIBER OPTIC SYSTEMS 1. Synchronization of digital signals by adding extra bits to one signal. 2. A 100 Mb/s LAN signaling standard intended for use with fiber optics but also used with coax. 3. Use of fiber –optic cable for telephone subscriber connections. 4. Use of fiber for all of a telephone system except for the subscriber loop. 5. Calculation of received power in a system in order to
compare
it
with
the
power
required
for
satisfactory performance. 6. A laser used as an energy source to excite electrons into a higher energy state. 7. The time required for the voltage level at the beginning of a pulse to increase from 10 to 90 percent of its maximum value. 8. Single pulses that can travel through a medium with no dispersion. 9. The European
Standard
for
Diode
synchronous
transmission over a fiber-optic network. 10. The use of two or more light sources at different wavelengths separately modulated with the same fiber. 11. The maximum distance that can be used with a
Surface-emitting
Bit Stuffing Fiber
Distributed
Data
Interface (FDDI) Fiber in the Loop (FITP) Fiber to the Curb (FTTC)
Loss Budget
Pump Laser
Rise Time
Solitons Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) Wavelength-division Multiplexing (WDM) Losses,
fiber link can be limited by either ________ or ______. Dispersion 12. Limitations due to losses are expressed in a ___ Loss Budget __________. 13. Dispersion is expressed in terms of either Bandwidth-distance, _____________ or _____________. 14. These can be used in digital systems to extend the communication distance indefinitely. 15. Optical amplifiers can amplify an optical signal without converting it to _____________ ______. 16. To increase the amount of data that can be carried on a fiber, wavelength-division multiplexing can be 51
Rise Time Regenerative Repeaters Electrical Form Time-division Multiplexing
BLAKE Summary used in conjunction with ___________ ___________. 17. fiber optics has greatly increased both the capacity and the reliability of __________ ___________.
Submarine Cables
ADDITIONAL NOTES: NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
1. It is the art of detecting the movements of a craft from one point to another along a desired path.
Navigation Navigational by Pilotage, Celestial Navigation,
2. Methods of navigation.
Navigation
by
Dead
Reckoning, Radio Navigations
3. A method of navigation wherein the navigator fixes his position
on a
map
by
observing
known visible Navigational by Pilotage
landmarks. 4. It is accomplished by measuring the angular position of celestial bodies. 5. It is the most common and widely used method of navigation wherein the position of crafts at any instant of time is calculated from previously determined position, speed of its motion with respect to the earth
Celestial Navigation.
Navigational
by
Dead
Reckoning
with the direction and the time elapsed. 6. Refer to no. 6: Another name for it. Deduced Calculations 7. It uses electromagnetic waves to attain a fix. Radio Navigation 8. It is basically a means of gathering information about Radio Detection and Ranging distant objects or targets by sending electromagnetic (RADAR) waves at them and analyzing the echoes. 9. A one radar mile can be traveled by a signal within 6.16 microsec ______. 10. A round trip of a transmitted signal in a radar will 12.36 microsec consume a time of __________. 11. After the radar pulses has been transmitted, a __________ _______ _______ must be allowed for the echo to return so as not to interfere with the next transmit
Sufficient Rest Time
pulse. 12. It determines the maximum distance to the target to be
Pulse Repetition Time measured. 13. It is the range beyond which objects appear as second Maximum Unambiguous
return echoes. Range 14. It is the transmitted pulse that maybe reflected by the Double Range Echoes target for one complete round trip. Rayleigh Region, 15. The effective areas considered in a radar cross section Resonance Region, of the target. Optical Region, 52
BLAKE Summary Polarization
of
the
independent wave, Degree of surface roughness,
16. The radar cross section target depends on…
Use of special coatings on the target, Aspect of the target Flat-topped rectangular
17. Pulse characteristics is…
pulses
18. Leading edge must be _____ to ensure that the leading edge of the received pulse is also close to it. 19. It is required for the voltage pulse applied to the magnetron anode. 20. It is needed for the transmitted pulse so that the
Vertical Flat Top
duplexer can switch the receiver over to the antenna as Steep Trailing Edge soon as the body of the pulse has passed. Dipole, Horn
21. Antennas that can be used for radar.
Fed
Paraboloid
Reflector, Reflectros
of
basically
paraboloid shape Lobe switching technique,
22. Antenna tracking and scanning techniques in radar.
Conical Scanning, Monopulse Tracking
23. It is a sequential lobing and the direction of the antenna
Lobe Switching Technique beam is rapidly switched between two positions. 24. It is the logical extension of lobe switching. Conical Scanning 25. It is a system using four horn antennas displaced about Monopulse Tracking the central focus of the reflector. More complex motion of the antenna, Additional servomechanisms
26. Disadvantages of conical scanning.
are required, More
than
one
returned
pulse is required. A scope,
27. Methods of radar display.
Plan Position Indicator,
28. It is the deflection modulation of the CRT screen. 29. It is the intensity modulation of the CRT and it shows a map of the largest area. 30. It is a method of radar display where direct feeding is toward a computer. 31. General tasks of radar systems.
Automatic Target Detection A scope Plan Position Indicator Automatic Target Detection Search for targets, Track them once they have
53
BLAKE Summary been acquired Tracking in angle,
32. Types of tracking radar systems.
Tracking in range
33. It is a system that gives the angular position of a target accurately. 34. It is a type of tracking radar system wherein the range information is continuously obtained. 35. It is the transmitting and receiving antennas that are located at the same point. 36. In this radar, the transmitter and receiver are separated by quite large distances. 37. It is the effect that the apparent frequency of the
Tracking in Angle Tracking In Range Monostatic Radar Bistatic Radar
electromagnetic or sound waves depends on the Doppler Effect relative radial motion of the source and the observer. 38. These are small radar sets consisting of a receiver, a separate transmitter and an antenna which is often Radar Beacons omni directional. Identification Friend or Foe (IFF),
39. Applications of radar beacons.
Calculation of position, similar
to lighthouses 40. This provides a sloping glide path for instrument Instrument Landing Services
landing approach of an aircraft.
(ILS) Localizer, Glide Slope Equipment,
41. Components of an ILS.
ILS Marker Beacons, Runway Lights Localizer VHF Radio Transmitter,
42. It provides lateral guidance. 43. Parts of a localizer
Antenna System Very High
44. A localizer uses same general range as ____
Frequency
Omnidirectional Range (VOR)
Transmitters 45. It provides vertical guidance. Glide Slope Equipment 46. A glide slope equipment is produced by a ________ and Ground-base UHF Transmitter,
_______. Antenna System 47. The UHF transmitter of the glide slope equipment is 329.30 MHz to 335 MHz operating at the range of _____. 48. It provides information on distance from the runway by identifying predetermined points along the approach ILS Marker beacons track. 49. These ILS beacons are low power transmitters that operates at a frequency of _______. 50. The power rated output of ILS beacons. 51. Kinds of runway lights.
75 MHz Less than 3 Watts Approach Lights,
54
BLAKE Summary Sequence Lights, Runway Edge Lights, Threshold Lights, Runway End Lights, Precision
52. The color of approach lights. 53. The color of runway edge lights. 54. The color of threshold lights. 55. The color runway end lights. 56. It provide guidance to the pilot on an approaching aircraft to the runway. 57. It is a part of approach light that flashes twice in second
Approach
Path
Indicator (PAPI) Lights White Yellow Green Red Approach Lights
in sequence that distinguishes aeronautical ground Sequence Lights lights in an aero dome to the other lights in the area. 58. It provides sufficient guidance to the pilot during landing and takeoff especially at night or zero visibility. 59. it signifies the end of runway and is placed on a lines at right angle to the runway access. 60. It provides a positive indicating on the aircraft position
Runway Edge Lights Runway End Lights
relative to the optimal slope during final approach to PAPI Lights the runway. 61. This is an instrument approach system consisting of extremely high precision microwave radar equipment Ground-Controlled
Approach
that gives the position of an aircraft in range, azimuth, (GCA) and elevation. 62. The ground equipment of the airport consists of two Search System, microwave radar sets, these are _______ and _______. Precision System 63. It locates all aircraft within 30 miles or so of the airport Search System and it provides a radar map of the vicinity. 64. It is the medium range radar accomplished in the initial Plan Position Indicator phase of the GCA. 65. It provides continuous information regarding the position of the incoming aircraft with respect to the Precision System runway. 66. The final approach of the GCA operator uses shortrange precision radar that indicates the proper glide
Precision
Approach
(PAR) path for descent. 67. These are low-frequency transmitters operating into an Non-Directional
Radar
Beacons
omni directional vertically polarized antenna. 68. Frequency range of NDB. 69. the reception range of the radio beacon of NDB 70. It is an equipment that provides information of the
(NDB) 200 kHz to 415 kHz 15 Nautical Miles Distance Measuring
distance between an aircraft and the VOR Station. 71. Components of DME.
Equipment (DME) Transceiver,
55
BLAKE Summary Internal Computer, Antenna,
72. It sends out signals to ground station. 73. It is built within the transceivers that measures the time intervals that elapsed until the response. 74. It is used for both transmission and reception, mounted on the underside of the aircraft. 75. It incorporates digital readouts of frequency, DME and ground speed information. 76. DME displays information in the form of _______, ________, and __________.
DME Controls Transceiver Internal Computer Antenna DME Controls Distance to the station, Aircraft’s Ground Speed,
Time to station 77. It is a radio facility providing bearing information to and Very High Frequency
from such facility at all azimuth within its service area.
Omni
Range (VOR) VOR Receiver, Navigation Indicator,
78. Components of the VOR.
Track Arrow,
79. This receives the VOR signals. 80. It gives the pilot aircraft position information.
Reference Line VOR Receiver VOR Navigation Indicator Track Selector,
81. The three components of the VOR navigation indicator.
TO-FROM/OFF Flag, Track Deviation Bar
82. It is used to rotate the azimuth ring which displays the
Track Selector VOR track. 83. Refer to no. 87: Another name for it. Omni Bearing Selector (OBS) 84. It indicates whether the track will take the pilot to or TO-FROM/OFF Flag from the station. 85. It shows the pilot the position relative to the track
selected and indicates whether the radial is to the right or left when the aircraft heading agrees generally with
Track Deviation Bar (TB)
the track selector. 86. It is a needle that you could think of as a line that runs through the station and points in the direction of the selected track that divides the area around the VOR station into halves. 87. It is a line perpendicular to the track arrow and intersecting it at the station. 88. It is a microwave pulse system that provides highly accurate
bearing
and
range
information
from
a
shipboard or ground radio beacon. 89. TACAN operates completely in the UHF band from
Track Arrow
Reference Line Tactical
Air
Navigation
(TACAN)
962 to 1213 megacycles ______ to ____. 90. The TACAN system has a total of ______ channels in the 126 56
BLAKE Summary UHF band. 91. TACAN provides ______ _______ with less than one
Compass Direction degree error end. 92. TACAN can use a very small ground station antenna Air Force Mobile Units,
which permits its installation on _________ and _________. Navy Carriers Airborne
Interrogator-
Responsor,
93. Components of TACAN.
Ground or Shipboard Surface
Beacon 94. It could be tuned to 126 channels and has a special Airborne
Interrogator-
range and azimuth circuit. Responsor 95. This is a beacon that could be triggered by distance Ground or Shipboard Surface interrogation pulses coming from an airborne radio set. Beacon 96. It is the combination of VOR and TACAN. VORTAC 97. These are range stations that provides four aircraft Low Frequency Radio
(LFR)
course legs. Range 98. The LFR depends on the superposition of the figure-8 ON-COURSE Signals directional antenna patterns that provide __________. 99. Radio range stations operate on frequency between 200 kHz and 400 kHz _______ and _______. 100. An existing area where practically no signal is heard Cone of Silence in a radio range station. 101. The station references in long distance navigation Ground Referenced, system. Satellite Referenced 102. Navigational aids installed in the ground. Ground Referenced 103. It uses the interferometic techniques in the satellite. Satellite Referenced 104. Produces hyperbolic lines of position through the measurement of the difference in times of transmission of radio signals from two or more synchronized transmitters at fixed points. 105. It is an electronic method of determining ship position by the reception of signals from transmitting stations of known locations. 106. It has a peak power of 100 kW and can be received over sea at a distance of 500 to 700 nautical miles. 107. Its transmitters operate at a lower frequencies of
Hyperbolic System
Long
Range
(LORAN) LORAN A System
100 kHz and this frequency, ground waves of a 300 kW LORAN C System transmitter can be received up to 1200 nautical miles. 108. the ground stations are transportable and therefore be quickly deployed. 109. A continuous wave hyperbolic system operating in the 70 to 130 kHz band. 110. It is a hyperbolic system which works in the very low
LORAN D System DECCA
frequency region and has a very long base line of the OMEGA order of 7000 km. 111. Refer to no. 115: The developers of this system. 57
US Navy
Navigation
BLAKE Summary 112.
Refer to no. 115: The year it was developed.
113.
It operates from 20 to 85 MHz.
114.
It is the contraction of the phrase “Sound Navigation
1957 Ground
Electronics
Engineering (GEE)
and Ranging”. 115. A system used aboard navy ships for sonic and ultra
SONAR
sonic underwater detection, ranging, sounding and SONAR communications. 116. It alerts the flight crew of potential conflicts with Traffic other airplanes in the same area. 117.
TCAS tracks other airplanes or intruders if it is
equipped with ______________ or _____________. 118.
alert
and
Collision
Avoidance System (TCAS) Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS),
Mode S ATC Transponder Two types of collision avoidance alerts provided by Traffic Advisory (TA),
TCAS. Resolution Advisory (RA) 119. It shows the relative position of any intruder TA airplane. 120. It shows a vertical maneuver to avoid a possible RA airplane collision. 121. It is a worldwide navigation radio aid which uses Navigation Systems Time and satellite
signals
to
provide
accurate
navigation Ranging
information. 122.
Global
Positioning
System (NAVSTAR GPS) Space Segment,
The three segments of NAVSTAR.
Control Segment, User Segment
123.
It is composed of a constellation of 24 satellites
arranged in six separate orbital planes of four satellites Space Segment each on a circular orbit. 124. It is composed of four monitor stations and one master
control
station
which
track
the
satellite,
compute the ephemeris, clock corrections and control Control Segment the navigation parameters and transmit them to the GPS users. 125. The civil and military users of the GPS.
126.
127.
User Segment 55° inclination to the Equator, An altitude of approximately
Characteristics of the space segment.
20200 km with an orbit period
What do these satellites in the space segment
provide? 128.
of 12 sideral hours Satellite Position, Constellation Data,
Atmospheric Corrections The four monitor stations of the GPS are located Kwajalein,
in…
Hawaii, Ascencion Island, 58
