EL ABC DEL COMUNISMO (Nikolai Bujarin) Escaneado y corregido por !uan Nogueira (C!C) Libre reproducción, siempre y cuando se señale CJC como fuente.
Los CJC no se hacen responsables del contenido de los artículos. Las afirmaciones y opioniones que en ellos se vierten son únicamente elaboraciones propias del autor del artículo o de instituciones o partidos ajenos al nuestro. Los reproducimos reproducimos por el interés histórico y análitico de los mismos.
NO"A EDI"O#IAL En 1919, cuando Nikolai I!noic" #u$arin escribe %C del comunismo', era un "ombre $oen ("ab)a nacido en *osc+ en 1(, pero ya una fi-ura importante dentro del artido bolc"ei/ue, al /ue pertenec)a desde 190, y con una actia "istoria dentro de 2l /ue inclu)a c!rceles y e3ilios, un anticipo de lo /ue ser)a su fin. 4ab)a uelto a 5usia, como Lenin, tras la reolución de febrero de 1916 y a/uel erano ser)a ele-ido para el Comit2 Central7 menos de dos años despu2s, en mar8o de 1919, en el Con-reso cuyo pro-rama sire de base a este C, miembro suplente del olitburó7 en 19:, titular. ;u brillante carrera tiene especial inter2s por/ue, adem!s, #u$arin "ab)a estado siempre en la oposición dentro del partido, siendo uno de los animadores constantes de su ala i8/uierda (ya en la conferencia de #erna de 191< tuo sus pe/ueñas diferencias con Lenin sobre el pro-rama m)nimo del partido, posteriormente e3a-eradas por la propa-anda oficial de ;talin(, constituy2ndose en su cabe8a isible durante los primeros meses de la 5eolución y el =comunismo de -uerra>, especialmente durante las discusiones sobre la coneniencia o no de la firma del tratado de pa8 con &lemania (el tratado de #rest?Litosk, /ue fue aceptado( a la /ue opon)a e"ementemente la de la necesidad de resistir "asta el estallido de la reolución mundial, /ue cre)a inminente. ese a ello, ya en 191 sus posiciones, sobre todo en el campo económico iban apro3im!ndose m!s a las de la mayor)a del artido y, pro-resiamente, fue cediendo en su condición de cabe8a isible del i8/u i8/uie ierd rdis ism mo, sobr sobree todo todo cu cuan ando do se ab aban ando dona na la l)ne l)neaa m!s refo reform rmis ista ta de dell =capitalismo de Estado> leninista ante la situación creada por la -uerra ciil, y se endu en dure rece ce la l)nea l)nea au auto tori rita tari riaa de dell parti partido do.. oste osteri rior orme ment ntee co cont ntin inuó uó su carr carrer era, a, incluyendo puestos fundamentales en la Comintern "asta /ue, en 19, comen8ó a ser atacado como l)der del desiacionismo derec"ista7 en 199 se le destituyó de sus car-os en la III Internacional y del olitburó, "i8o =autocr)tica> y conoció una cierta re"abilitación (en 19@: fue ele-ido miembro suplente del Comit2 Central( pero estaba sentenciadoA en 19@6 se renuean los ata/ues y, en 19@, es condenado a
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muerte y e$ecutado en cuanto se dicta el eredicto. Junto a su actuación estrictamente pol)tica #u$arin desarrolló una importante labor ideoló-ica de intelectual, siendo considerado, tambi2n desde muy $oen, uno de los teóricos teóricos fundamentales fundamentales del partido. partido. B lo ser)a a+n m!s, ser)a irtualmente irtualmente el teórico teórico oficial bolc"ei/ue, en palabras del =estamento pol)tico> de Lenin, =el teórico m!s alioso alioso y destacado>. destacado>. En 191 publicó publicó La econom)a econom)a mundial y el imperialismo imperialismo y en 1919 La econom)a pol)tica del rentista, ambos escritos en el e3ilio7 en 191 "ab)a editado tambi2n un ro-rama comunista Dbolc"ei/ue y era director de la rada. En 190, aparecer! La eor)a económica del per)odo de transición7 en 191, eor)a del materialismo "istóricoA Ensayo popular de sociolo-)a mar3ista. B se-uir! escribiendo, libros y art)culos. En 1919, cuando escribe en colaboración con E-eni reobra8"enski el C del comunismo, y en 190, cuando lo publica, #u$arin est!, pues, en pleno ascenso pol)tico y en plena actiidad creadora, y %el C' le confirma en ambas, por/ue aun/ue lo considera obra menor, de mera diul-ación, ir! siempre unida a su nombre y le dar! una enorme popularidad tanto /ue acabar! por ser considerado casi como su +nico autor, /uedando reobra8"enski un tanto olidado. El libro sur-ió como un an!lisis complementario del pro-rama adoptado por el FIII con-reso del artido Comunista Dbolc"ei/ue de 5usia /ue tuo lu-ar en mar8o de 1919. #u$arin y reobra8"enski ieron la necesidad de elaborar una e3plicación, una ul-ari8ación del pro-rama, =un te3to elemental del conocimiento comunista> para distribuir entr2 las masas obreras y, entre mar8o y octubre, reali8an (=a ratos perdidos>, dicen( su traba$o /ue se publicar! el año si-uiente y se difundir! r!pidamente un poco como el =catecismo oficial> de los comunistas internacionales. No sin motioA el C, aun/ue tal e8 acusando la especial circunstancia del =comunismo de -uerra>, es un resumen claro, directo y comprensio de todos los puntos de inter2s para el partido bolc"ei/ue en a/uellas circunstancias, de sus opiniones sobre las cuestiones pr!cticas y teóricas .del proceso reolucionario en marc"a, y est! escrito, adem!s, en el tono ardiente y combatio del momento. #u$arin se ocupó de los cap)tulos m!s teóricos, /ue por eso "an resistido me$or el paso del tiem tiempo po y mant mantie iene nenn su inte inter2 r2s7 s7 reo reobr bra8 a8"e "ens nski ki de los los m!s inm inmed edia iato tos, s, de or-ani8ación de escuelas, $usticia, reli-ión, a-ricultura, finan8as, etc2tera7 e3cepto industria y sanidad, reserados tambi2n a #u$arin. En esta edición se prescinde prescinde de las contribuciones contribuciones de reobra8"ens reobra8"enski ki para a$ustar a$ustar el te3to la parte escrita por #u$arin /ue, desde un punto de ista teórico, es el
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DEDICA"O#IA & la personificación de las -rande8as y poder del roletariado, a su "ero)smo, a la claridad de su conciencia de c)ase, a su odio a muerte contra el Capitalismo, ! sus esfuer8os inauditos por crear una sociedad nuea y al -ran artido Comunista dedicamos este libro. ;e lo dedicamos al artido /ue manda un e$2rcito de millones, /ue ien y mueren en las trinc"eras7 /ue administra un Estado inmenso7 /u2 acarrea leña en sus =;!bados Comunistas>, /ue prepara el d)a de la resurre?ción de la 4umanidad. ;e lo dedicamos a las ie$as -uardias del artido, curtidos en las luc"as y en las ictorias, y a los $óenes asta-os comunistas, a /uienes corresponde dar fin a nuestra obra. & los luc"adores y m!rtires del artido ca)dos en muc"os frentes a-oni8antes de tort tortur uras as en las las po posi sici cion ones es,, a los los /u /uee nu nues estr tros os en enem emii-os os fusi fusila laro ronn y a" a"or orca caro ron, n, dedicamos este libro. #GJ&5IN. *osc+, 1< octubre 1919.
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$ndice IN5HGCCIN Nuestro pro-rama Ku2 es un pro-ramaM Cu!l era nuestro anti-uo pro-rama pro-rama Necesidad de formular un nueo pro-rama pro-rama Importancia de nuestro nuestro pro-rama pro-rama Car!cter cient)fico cient)fico de nuestro pro-rama. pro-rama. C&IGLH I El orden social Econom)a mercantil *onopolio de los medios de producción en proec"o de la clase capitalista El traba$o asalariado Las condiciones de producción capitalista La e3plotación de la clase traba$adora El capital El Estado capitalista Contradicciones del orden social capitalista C&I C&IG GLH LH II II ese e sen nol oli imi mien ento to del del ord orden en soc socia iall capi capita tali list staa La luc"a entre la -rande y la pe/ueña industria Dentre la propiedad del /ue traba$a personalmente y la propiedad capitalista capitalista sin traba$o ;eridumbre del proletariado7 la resera industrial7 el traba$o de las mu$eres y niños &nar/u)a de la producción, concurrencia, crisis. El de desa sarr rrol ollo lo de dell capi capita tali lism smoo y la dii diisi sión ón en clas clases es.. La co conc ncen entr trac ació iónn y centrali8ación del capital como condición del orden social comunista C&IGLH III Comunismo y dictadura del proletariado Caracter)sticas del orden social comunista La distribución en la sociedad comunista La administración en la sociedad comunista El desarrollo de las fuer8as productias en el r2-imen comunista La dictadura del proletariado La con/uista del poder pol)tico El partido comunista y las clases en la sociedad bur-uesa C&I C&IG GLH LH IF comunista
cómo có mo el de desa sarr rrol ollo lo de dell capi capita tali lism smoo co cond nduc ucee a la reo reolu luci ción ón
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El derrumbamiento del capitalismo y la clase obrera. La -ue -uerra rra ciil ciil ormas de la -uerra ciil y sus -astos -a stos Kisolución -eneral o comunismoM C&IGLH F La ;e-unda y ercera Internacional El internacionalismo del moimiento obrero ictoriareolución comunista escomposición de la II Internacional y sus causas. El mito de la defensa de la patria y del pacifismo. Los socialpatriotas El =Centro> La Internacional Comunista
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IN"#ODUCCI%N Nues&ro progra'a *+u, es un progra'aodo partido se propone determinados fines, lo mismo un partido de latifundistas o capitalistas /ue un partido de obreros y campesinos. Es, pues, necesario /ue cada partido ten-a ob$etios precisos, por/ue de d e lo contrario pierde el car!cter de partido. ;i se trata de un partido /ue represente los intereses de los latifundistas, se propondr! la defensa de los latifundistasA buscando los medios de mantener la propiedad de la tierra, de someter a los campesinos, de ender el -rano a los precios m!s altos posibles, de elear la renta y de procurarse obreros a-r)colas pa-ados con $ornales )nfimos. I-ualmente, un partido de capitalistas, de industriales, tendr! sus ob$etios propiosA obtener la mano de obra barata, a"o-ar toda protesta de los obreros industriales, buscar nueos mercados en los /ue puedan ender las mercanc)as a precios eleados, obtener -randes -anancias, para lo cual aumentar las "oras de traba$o, y sobre todo, crear una situación /ue /uite a los traba$adores toda posibilidad de aspirar a un orden social nueo7 los obreros deben iir con el conencimiento de /ue siempre "a "abido patronos y /ue continuar!n e3istiendo mientras e3ista el "ombre. Estos son los ob$etios de los industriales. No cabe duda /ue, naturalmente, los obreros y los campesinos tienen ob$etios bien distintos, por ser distintos sus intereses. Gn proerbio ruso diceA =Lo /ue coniene al ruso es mortal para el alem!n.> La si-uiente ariante ser)a muy apropiada. =Lo /ue al obrero coniene es mortal para el capitalista.> Esto si-nifica /ue el traba$ador tiene un fin, el capitalista otro y el latifundista otro. ero no todos los propietarios se ocupan asiduamente de sus intereses. *!s de uno ie en la "ol-an8a y en la francac"ela, sin si/uiera tomarse la molestia de reisar las cuentas /ue le presenta el administrador. ero tambi2n "ay muc"os obreros y campesinos llenos de despreocupación y apat)a. Estos se dicenA =e una manera manera o la otra conse-uiremos conse-uiremos ir iiendo, iiendo, y lo dem!s, K/u2 nos importaM7 as) "an iido nuestros antepasados y as) se-uiremos iiendo nosotros.> & esta clase de -ente le tiene todo sin cuidado y no comprende ni aun sus propios intereses. ero los /ue se preocupan de "acer aler del modo me$or sus intereses se or-ani8an or-ani8an en un partido. partido. &l partido partido no pertenece pertenece la totalidad totalidad de la clase, sino sólo la fracción m!s en2r-ica y me$or, /ue es la /ue -u)a a toda la restante. En el partido de los traba$adores Del partido de los comunistas bolc"ei/ues est!n afiliados los me$o me$ore ress ob obre rero ross y campe campesi sino nos. s. En el pa part rtid idoo de los los lati latifu fund ndis ista tass y capi capita tali list stas as 1 Dcadetes est! est!nn afil afilia iados dos los los capi capita tali list stas as y lati latifu fund ndis istas tas m!s m!s en en2r 2r-i -ico coss y sus sus seridoresA abo-ados, profesores, oficiales, -enerales, etc. odo partido comprende la parte m!s consciente de a/uella clase cuyos intereses representa. Gn latifundista o
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siendo la ra8ón de esto el /ue 2l tiene conciencia de los intereses y de la finalidad de la clase obrera, y conoce los m2todos m!s eficaces y r!pidos para conse-uirla. El con$unto de los ob$etios /ue se propone un partido en la defensa de los intereses de la propia clase forma el pro-rama de este partido. Las aspiraciones de una clase dada, est!n formuladas formuladas en el pro-rama. pro-rama. El pro-rama pro-rama del partido partido comunista contiene las aspiraciones de los obreros y de los campesinos pobres. El pro-rama es la cosa m!s importante para todo partido. ;iempre se puede saber del pro-rama de cual/uier partido los intereses /ue representa.
. Cu/l era nues&ro an&iguo progra'a Nuestro pro-rama p ro-rama actual fue aprobado en el FIII Con-reso del partido, a fines de mar8o de 1919. 4asta entonces carec)amos carec)amos de un pro-rama pro-rama bien definido y formulado formulado.. en)amos en)amos tan sólo el anti-uo pro-rama /ue fue elaborado en el II Con-reso en 190@. En a/uella 2poca los bolc"ei/ues y los menc"ei/ues formaban un partido +nico y, por tanto, ten) ten)an an un propro-ra ram ma co com+ m+n. n. Ento Entonc nces es la clas clasee ob obre rera ra co com men en8a 8aba ba ap apen enas as a or-ani8arse. Las f!bricas y las oficinas eran raras. El porenir de la clase obrera era muy muy disc discut utid ido. o. Los Los =N =Nar arod odni niki> ki> Dlos Dlos prec precur urso sore ress de dell actu actual al pa part rtid idoo de los los social socialre reolu olucio cionar narios ios sosten sosten)an )an /ue la clase clase obrera obrera en 5usia 5usia no ten)a ten)a nin-un nin-unaa posibilidad de desarrollo, pues el n+mero de nuestras f!bricas y oficinas no aumentar)a. Los socialdemócratas mar3istas Des decir, los actuales bolc"ei/ues y menc"ei/ues eran, por el contrario, de la opinión de /ue en 5usia, como en todos los dem!s pa)ses, ser)a una e8 desarroll desarrollada, ada, el elemento elemento reoluciona reolucionario rio primordial. primordial. La 4isto istorria de dessmint intió la op opin inió iónn de los los =Na Narrod odni niki ki>> y dio dio la ra8ón a8ón a los los socialdemócratas. *as en la 2poca en /ue los socialdemócratas, en el II Con-reso elaboraron su pro-rama Delaboración en la /ue participaron tanto Lenin como le$ano, las fuer8as
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esde a/uella 2poca a la reolución de 1916 "an transcurrido muc"os años, y las condiciones "an cambiado notablemente. La -ran industria en 5usia "a tenido un desarrollo enorme, y con ella la clase obrera. Ba en la reolución de R90< 2sta se mani manife fest stóó como como elem element entoo po pote tent nte. e. Cu Cuan ando do llelle-óó la se-u se-und ndaa reo reolu luci ción ón se io io claramente claramente /ue la reolución reolución no pod)a encer sin la ictoria ictoria de la clase obreraA ero a"ora la clase traba$adora no pod)a contentarse con lo /ue en 190< la "ubiera bastado, pues se "ab)a "ec"o lo suficiente fuerte para poder tener la pretensión de apoderarse de las f!bricas, con/uistar el oder y suprimir a la clase capitalista. La ra8ón de ello es /ue las condiciones condiciones internas internas de 5usia, 5usia, desde la formulación formulación del primer primer pro-rama "ab) "a b)an an camb cambia iado do fund fundam ament entalm almen ente te.. B lo /u /uee es m!s m!s impo import rtan ante te,, tamb tambi2 i2nn las las condiciones e3ternas "ab)an sufrido un cambio profundo. En el 190< reinaba en toda Europa %la pa8 y la tran/uilidad>. or el contrar)o, en 1916 estaba claro para toda persona inteli-ente /ue de las entrañas entrañas de la -uerra mundial deb)a sur-ir la reolución reolución mundial. & la reolución rusa del 190< sólo sucedió un d2bil moimiento de los obreros austr)acos y conulsiones en los pa)ses atrasados de HrienteA en ersia, en ur/u)a y en C"ina. En cambio, la reolución rusa de 1916 "a sido se-uida, no sólo de la reolución en Hriente, sino tambi2n en Hccidente, donde la clase obrera "a emprendido la luc"a para el ani/uilamiento del capital. Femos /ue actualmente las condiciones internas y e3ternas son completamente diferentes de las del año 190@, y, por tanto, ser)a absurdo /ue el partido de la clase obrera mantuiese en 1916?1919 el ie$o pro-rama de 190@. Cuando los menc"ei/ues nos ec"aban en cara el rene-ado de nuestro anti-uo pro-rama, y por lo mismo de la doctrina de Carlos *ar3, les respond)amos /ue, se-+n la doctrina de *ar3, los pro-ramas no salen de los cerebros, sino /ue los plasma la ida. Cuando la ida "a cambiado profundamente, tampoco puede el pro-rama permanecer el mismo. En inierno se usan las pieles. En erano sólo un loco llear)a una piel. Lo mismo ocurre en pol)tica. El mismo Carlos *ar3 es /uien nos "a enseñado a tener en cuenta las condiciones "istóricas contin-entes y a obrar en correspondencia. Esto no /uiere decir /ue debamos cambiar de conicciones como una señora se muda de -uantes. El ob$etio primordial de la clase obrera es la reali8ación del orden social comunista. Este es el ob$etio constante e inmutable de la clase traba$adora. ;e comprende /ue, se-+n la distancia a /ue 2sta se encuentra de
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obrera obrera en el oder. oder. or esta ra8ón nuestro partido partido ten)a /ue concretar en 2l todas las e3periencias ad/uiridas por la clase obrera en la administración y constitución de un nueo edificio social. Esto tiene importancia, no sólo para nosotros, los obreros y campesinos rusos, sino tambi2n para los compañeros e3tran$eros. No sólo nosotros aprendemos con nuestros 23itos y nuestros fracasos, con nuestros errores y nuestras culpas, culpas, sino la totalidad totalidad del proletaria proletariado do internacio internacional. nal. or eso nuestro pro-rama pro-rama no contiene +nicamente lo /ue nuestro partido tiene el porpósito de reali8ar, sino tambi2n lo /ue en parte ya "an reali8ado. Nuestro pro-rama debe de ser conocido en todos sus detalles a todo miembro del partido. ues sólo puede ser miembro del partido el /ue "a reconocido el pro-rama, es decir, a/uel /ue lo cree $usto. ero esto no es posible si no lo conoce. Es cierto /ue "ay muc"a -ente /ue sin $am!s "aber isto un pro-rama se insin+a en el partido comunista para obtener al-una enta$a y para ocupar al-+n puesto. & 2stos no los /ueremos por nocios. ;in conocer nuestro pro-rama nadie puede lle-ar a ser un comunista erdadero. odo odo obrero y campesino pobre consciente debe conocer el pro-rama de nuestro partido. odo proletario e3tran$ero debe estudiarlo para aproec"arse de las e3periencias de la reolución rusa.
4 Car/c&er cien&51ico de nues&ro nues& ro progra'a Ba "emos dic"o /ue un pro-rama no debe ser el producto artificial de una mente, sino /ue se debe sacarlo de la misma ida. &ntes de *ar3 muc"os defensores de la clase obrera "ab)an tra8ado cuadros encantadores del para)so futuro, pero nin-uno se "ab)a pre-untado si era 2ste alcan8able y cu!l era el camino /ue a 2l conduc)a. *ar3 si-uió un m2todo totalmente distinto. artió de un escrupuloso e3amen del orden malo, in$usto y b!rbaro /ue "asta entonces re-)a en todo el mundo. *ar3 e3aminó el orden social capitalista con la ob$etiidad y la precisión con /ue se e3amina e3a mina un relo$ o una m!/uina cual/uiera. ;upon-amos /ue e3aminando un relo$ nos encontramos con /ue dos ruedas no en-ranan bien y /ue en cada uelta nuea se incrusta cada e8 m!s una en la otra. En este caso podemos aticinar /ue las ruedas se parar!n y de$ar! de funcionar todo el relo$. *ar3 no e3aminó un relo$, sino el sistema capitalista, estudió la ida social tal como se presenta ba$o la dominación del capital. e este estudio
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e3actitud cómo est! constituido el orden capitalista. Entonces eremos /ue 2ste tiene ineitablemente /ue morir. B cuando "ayamos reconocido /ue no se puede oler atr!s, atr!s, /ue la ictoria ictoria del proletari proletariado ado es se-ura, se-ura, continuaremos continuaremos con mayor ener-)a ener-)a y se-uridad la luc"a por la nuea sociedad del traba$o.
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CA6I"ULO I El orden social 7 Econo'5a 'ercan&il ;i co cons nsid ider eram amos os de cerc cercaa la econ econom om)a )a tal tal co com mo se "a de dese sen nue uelt ltoo ba ba$o $o la domi do mina naci ción ón de dell capi capita tali lism smo, o, e emo moss co com mo pu punt ntoo prin princi cipa pall /u /uee se prod produc ucen en merc mercan anc) c)as as.. &l-u &l-uie ienn pod podr) r)aa prepre-un unta tarn rnos osAA KB esto esto /u /u22 tien tienee de pa part rtic icul ular arMM Lo particular es /ue la mercanc)a no es un producto cual/uiera, sino un producto destinado al mercado. Gn producto no es mercanc)a mercanc)a cuando se produce para el consumo consumo propio. Cuando el labrador siembra el -rano, lo sie-a, lo llea a la era, lo muele y cuece despu2s el pan para s) y su familia, familia, este pan no es una mercanc)a, mercanc)a, sino simplemente pan. ;e conierte en mercanc)a cuando se ende y se compra7 es decir, cuando se produce para el mercado, para ser propiedad del comprador. En el r2-imen capitalista todos todos los produc productos tos est!n est!n destin destinados ados al mercad mercado, o, con conir irti2 ti2ndo ndose, se, por tanto, tanto, en mercanc)a todos. Peneralmente cada f!brica, cada "acienda y cada taller produce una cosa sola, y todo el mundo comprender! /ue esta mercanc)a no puede ser destinada, al consumo propio. El propietario de una Empresa E mpresa de pompas f+nebres /ue diri-e una oficina de ca$as mortuorias, ciertamente /ue no produce estas ca$as para s) y sus familiares, sino para el mercado. El fabricante de aceite de ricino, aun/ue sufriera diariamente disturbios -!stricos, sólo podr)a consumir unaS )nfima parte del aceite /ue produce. Lo mismo pasa con todos los dem!s de m!s productos en la sociedad capitalista. Los millones de botones /ue se producen en una f!brica de esta especialidad no est!n destinados a los pantalones del propietario, sino al mercado. odo lo /ue se produce en la sociedad capitalista es destinado al mercado, donde afluyen -uantes y salc"ic"as, libros y cordones de botas, m!/uinas y licores, panes, fusiles, en una
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me$ores +tiles, y, sobre todo, /ue "ab)a a"orrado un pe/ueño capital, "ac)a carrera, con/uistaba la clientela, arruinaba a los otros artesanos y se "ac)a una fortuna. La pe/ueña propiedad productora y la econom)a mercantil basada sobre a/u2lla conten)an en s) el -ermen de la -ran propiedad, y eran la causa de la ruina de muc"os. La primera caracter)stica del orden social capitalista es la econom)a mercantil, o sea una econom)a /ue produce las cosas para el mercado.
8 Monopolio de los 'edios de producci9n en pro2ec:o de la clase capi&alis&a ara caracteri8ar el capitalismo no basta señalar +nicamente la particularidad de la econom)a mercantil. uede "aber una econom)a mercantil sin capitalistas, como, por e$emplo, en la econom)a del artesano. El artesano traba$a para el mercado y ende sus productos, siendo por tanto, mercanc)as sus productos, y toda su producción es una producción de mercanc)as. & pesar de esto, esta producción mercantil no es toda)a una producción capitalista, sino simplemente producción de mercanc)as. ara /ue esta simple producción se transforme en producción capitalista es necesario /ue, por unaa pa un part rte, e, los los medi medios os de prod produc ucci ción ón Dute Dutens nsil ilio ios, s, m!/u m!/uin inas as,, terr terren enos os etc. etc., , se coniertan en propiedad de una pe/ueña clase de ricos capitalistas, y por otra parte, /ue infinidad de artesanos y campesinos independientes se transformen en obreros. 4emos isto /ue la simple econom)a mercantil llea en s) el -ermen de la ruina de unos y el enri/uecimiento de otros. 4e a/u) esto conertido en realidad. En todos los pa)ses los artesanos y los pe/ueños maestros pobres, despu2s de "aber endido "asta el +ltimo utensilio de traba$o, "an ido a la ruina, sobre todo el maestro /ue no pose)a
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caminosA o entrar al sericio del -ran propietario de tierra, o ir a la ciudad para in-resar como asalariado en una f!brica o taller. Este fue el proceso de desarrollo del traba$o asalariado, o sea la tercera caracter)stica del orden capitalista. En realidad, Ken /u2 consiste el traba$o asalariadoM En otros tiempos, cuando a+n e3ist)a la esclaitud, se pod)a ad/uirir por compraenta traba$adores. 4ombres de carne y "ueso eran propiedad del patrón. El patrón apaleaba "asta la muerte al esclao con la misma naturalidad /ue romp)a una silla o un cac"arro durante la borrac"era. El esclao y el siero de la -leba eran sencillamente un ob$eto. Los anti-uos romanos diid)an la propiedad necesaria para la producción en =medios, de traba$o mudos> Dob$etos, =medios de traba$o semiparlantes> Dbestias de traba$o, -anado, etc., y =medios de traba$o parlantes> Desclaos. El esclao era un medio de traba$o de la misma clase /ue la a8ada y el buey, /ue pod)a el amo ender, comprar o destruir. En el traba$o asalariado, el "ombre por s) no es comprado ni endido. No se le compra o ende, sino +nicamente su fuer8a traba$o, su capacidad productora. El obrero asalariado personalmente es libre7 el industrial no le puede apelar ni enderlo ni cambiarlo a un ami-o por un perro de ca8a, como era posible en los tiempos de seridumbre. En cambio al obrero se le pa-a un $ornal. & primera ista parece /ue el capitalista y el obrero son i-ualmente libres. =;i no /uierfcs traba$ar, no traba$es, nadi na diee te obliobli-aa a ello ello>, >, dice dicenn los los seño señore ress capi capita tali list stas as.. ret reten ende denn ad adem em!s !s,, /u /uee mantienen a los obreros al darles traba$o. La erdad es /ue los traba$adores y los capitalistas no est!n en el mismo plano de
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&l lado del mercado donde se ende al-odones, /ueso o m!/uinas, se constituye el mercado de la mano de obra, al /ue acuden los propietarios, es decir, los obreros asalariados, a ender su fuer8a?traba$o. La econom)a capitalista se distin-ue de la econom)a mercantil primitia en el "ec"o de /ue en la econom)a capitalista "asta la misma fuer8a?traba$o se conierte en mercanc)a. La tercer caracter)stica de orden social capitalista es el traba$o asalariado. a salariado.
= Las condiciones de producci9n capi&alis&a La esencia del orden capitalista se deduce de las tres caracter)sticas si-uientesA producción para el mercado Dproducción de mercanc)as?, monopolio de los medios de producción en proec"o de la clase capitalista7 traba$o asalariado, o sea el traba$o basado en la enta de la mano de obra. odas estas caracter)sticas est!n li-adas con el problema de determinar en /u2 relaciones rec)procas est!n los "ombres en la producción y distribución de los productos. Ku2 si-nifican las e3presiones =econom)a mercantil> o =producción para el mercado>M ;i-nifica /ue los "ombres producen unos para otros, pero nadie produce sabiendo antea a /ui2n ender! su mercanc)a. omemos como e$emplo al artesano & y al campesino #. El artesano & llea las botas /ue "a producido al mercado, y con el dinero /ue obtiene compra pan a #. &, al ir al mercado no sab)a /ue iba a encontrarse
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No es dif)cil comprender /ue las relaciones de producción no siempre "an sido i-uales. En los tiempos remotos los "ombres i)an en pe/ueñas comunidades, todos traba$aban $untos como camaradas Diban de ca8a, pescaban, co-)an frutas y ra)ces, y despu2s repart)an todo entre ellos. Esta es una fórmula de relaciones de producción. En los tiempos de la esclaitud e3ist)an otras relaciones de producción. En el r2-imen capitalista nueamente otras, etc. or tanto, e3isten diersos -2neros de relaciones de producción. Estos -2neros de relaciones de producción son lo /ue com+nmente se llama estructura económica de la sociedad o sistema de producción. =Las relaciones de producción capitalista> o, lo /ue es lo mismo, =la estructura capitalista de la sociedad>, o =el sistema de producción capitalista>, no son otra cosa sino las relaciones entre los "ombres en la econom)a mercantil, en la posesión monopoli8ada de los medios de producción entre un pe/ueño n+mero de capitalistas y el traba$o asalariado de la clase obrera.
> La e?plo&aci9n de la clase &ra
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;i la sociedad emplea muc"o traba$o para producir una mercanc)a determinada, el precio de esa mercanc)a ser! alto7 si se emplea poco traba$o, el precio ser! ba$o. La cantidad del traba$o social empleado en la producción de una mercanc)a determinada, dado un niel t2cnico medio Desto es, ni con las peores ni con las me$ores m!/uinas, dete de term rmin inaa el prec precio io de esta esta menc mencan anc) c)a. a. &" &"or oraa e ere rem mos có cóm mo el prec precio io est! est! determinado por el alor. En la pr!ctica el precio es, o bien superior o inferior al alor7 pero, para mayor claridad, supon-amos /ue sea i-ual. 4ablamos antes del empleo de obreros. El empleo de obreros no es m!s /ue la compra de una mercanc)a especial llamada =mano de obra>. La mano de obra transformada en mercanc)a tiene todos los caracteres de cual/uier otra mercanc)a. Gn proerbio ruso diceA =;i "as co-ido setas tienes /ue ir a la cesta.> Cuando el capitalista emplea al obrero le pa-a el precio de su fuer8a?traba$o Do m!s claro, su alor. KCómo se determina este alorM 4emos isto /ue el alor de todas las merc mercan anc) c)as as lo determ determin inaa la cant cantid idad ad de trab traba$ a$oo /u /uee "a sido sido neces necesar ario io pa para ra la producción de la mercanc)a. I-ual pasa con la fuer8a?traba$o. Kero /u2 se entiende por producción de la fuer8a?traba$oM La fuer8a?traba$o no n o se produce en una f!brica como se produce una tela, el bet+n para las botas y cual/uier otra mercanc)a. Entonces, Kcómo tenemos /ue entender estoM #asta considerar la ida actual en el r2-imen capitalista para comprender de /u2 se trata. ;upon-amos /ue los obreros en este momento "an cesado de traba$ar. Est!n a-otados por el cansancio, sus ener-)as acabadas. La fuer8a?traba$o de ellos est! casi e3tin-uida. Ku2 se necesita para rest restau aura rarl rlaM aM Comer Comer,, repo reposa sars rse, e, do dorm rmir ir,, en un unaa pa pala labr bra, a, o ol ler er a da darr i-o i-orr al or-anismo para restaurar de este modo las fuer8as. ;ólo con esto read/uieren la
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producción de una mercanc)a cual/uiera @0 obreros emplean @0 "oras de traba$o, emplean en total 900 "oras de traba$o. ;e-+n esto, el alor total de la mercanc)a producida estar! determinada por las materias consumidas Dsupon-amos /ue este alor corresponda corresponda a 00 "oras de traba$o traba$o y el nueo alor añadido por el traba$o traba$o de los obreros en las 9007 el alor estar!, pues, representado por 00 m!s 900, o sea i-ual a 1.<00 "oras. ero, Kcu!nto le iene a costar al capitalista esta mercanc)aM El total de las materias primas corresponde a 00 "oras. KB por la mano de obraM K4a pa-ado las 900 "oras completasM 4e a/u) el nudo del problema. ;e-+n nuestro c!lculo, pa-a el alor total de la fuer8a?tr fuer8a?traba$o aba$o de los d)as de traba$o. ;i @0 obreros obreros emplean para @0 "oras tres d)as de traba$o, a 10 "oras diarias, el fabricante pa-a la cantidad necesaria para la restauración de la fuer8a?traba$o consumida en esos d)as. K& cu!nto asciende esta cantidadM La contestación es sencillaA esa cantidad es muy inferior al alor de 900 "oras. Kor /u2M or/ue la cantidad cantidad de traba$o traba$o necesaria para el mantenimie mantenimiento nto de mi fuer8a?traba$o es inferior a la cantidad de traba$o /ue yo puedo "acer en un d)a. Gno es capa8 de traba$ar 10 "oras al d)a mientras /ue la alimentación /ue se consume
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Estos aumentan por este procedimiento su capital7 a-randan sus "aciendas, dan ocupación a m!s obreros y ad/uieren m!/uinas m!s perfectas. Gn mayor n+mero de obre ob rero ross prod produc ucee pa para ra ello elloss un unaa mayor mayor plus plusa al) l)a. a. Los Los ne ne-o -oci cios os capi capita tali list stas as se conierten cada e8 en mayores. &s) pro-resa el capital acumulando plusal)a. El capital aumenta e3trayendo de la clase obrera la plusal)a, e3plot!ndola.
El capi&al ratemos de er con claridad /u2 cosa es el capital. Este es ante todo un alor dado, ya sea en forma de dinero, m!/uinas, materias primas, o bien ba$o la forma de merc mercan anc) c)aa term termin inad ada7 a7 pe pero ro ad adem em!s !s es un a alo lorr /u /uee produ produce ce la plus plusal alia ia?? La producción capitalista consiste consiste en la producción de la plusal)a. En la sociedad capitalista las m!/uinas y las f!bricas aparecen como capital. Kero es /ue son siempre capitalM Ciertamente /ue no. ;i toda la sociedad constituye una econom)a de camaradas, produciendo todos para s) mismos, ni las m!/uinas ni las
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pierde su forma de empresa industrial y aparece como co mo un c+mulo de mercanc)as. 4e a/u), pues, al capital ba$o su forma de mercanc)as. ero 2ste no sólo "a cambiado de forma, "a aumentado tambi2n el alor, por/ue el proceso de producción le "a añadido la plusal)a. @. ero ero el el capi capita tali list staa no pro produ duce ce las las mer merca canc nc)a )ass para para su su uso uso prop propio io,, sino sino para para el mercado, para la enta. Lo /ue se "a acumulado en sus almacenes almacenes debe enderse. enderse. En un principio el capitalista fue al mercado en concepto de comprador, a"ora uele a 2l como endedor. &l principio ten)a dinero en las manos y /uer)a mercanc)as Dmercanc)as de producción. &"ora dispone de mercanc)as y desea dinero. Cuando ende su mercanc)a, el capital pasa de nueo de la forma de mercanc)a a la forma de dine dinero ro.. ero ero esta esta form formaa dine dinero ro,, /u /uee el capi capita tali list staa reci recibe be,, no es ya a/ a/ue uell llaa ori-inariamente -astada, por/ue 2sta "a sido aumentada con el importe )nte-ro de la plusal)a. ero ero no se term termin inaa toda toda) )aa co conn esto esto el moi moim mient ientoo de dell capi capita tal. l. El capi capita tall aumentado es de nueo puesto a la circulación y produce una mayor plusal)a. Esta
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clase obrera. Gna pe/ueña minor)a de "ombres domina todo7 la mayor)a de los obreros no posee nada. Los capitalistas mandan, los traba$adores obedecen. Los capitalistas e3plotan, los obreros son e3plotados. oda la naturale8a de la sociedad capitalista consiste en esta implacable y siempre creciente e3plotación. La producción es una !lula aspirante /ue sire para e3traer la plusal)a. KCómo se mantiene en sericio tanto tiempo esta !lulaM Kor /u2 toleran los obreros este estado de cosasM & esta pre-unta no es f!cil dar contestación, sin m!s. ero -eneralmente e3isten dos ra8onesA en primer lu-ar, por/ue la or-ani8ación y el poder se encuentran en manos de la clase capitalista7 en se-undo lu-ar, por/ue la bur-ue1 s)a es dueña aun "asta de la mente de la clase obrera. El medio m!s se-uro /ue para este fin emplea la clase bur-uesa es la or-ani8ación estatal. En todos los pa)ses capitalistas el Estado no es otra cosa sino una asociación de capitalistas. omemos omemos cual/uier pa)sA In-laterra o los Estados Gnidos, rancia o el
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ales ar-umentos son falsos. 4e a/u) la ra8ónA es erdad /ue del poder bur-u2s emanan al-unas eces leyes y disposiciones /ue son +tiles aun para la clase obrera. ero esto es en inter2s de la misma bur-ues)a. omemos el e$emplo del tren. Este lo usan tambi2n los obreros y les es +til. ero no fue construido para los obreros. Los comerciantes, los industriales lo necesitan para el transporte de sus mercanc)as, para el moimiento de las tropas, para el transporte de los obreros, etc. El capital necesita l)neas f2rreas y las construye en inter2s propio. El Estado capitalista no construye las l)neas f2rreas por/ue son +tiles a los obreros. Hbseremos de cerca la as) llamada =sanidad p+blica>, la limpie8a de las calles, los "ospitales. En este campo la bur-ues)a piensa tambi2n en los barrios obreros. ambi2n ambi2n es erdad /ue, en relación con los barrios bur-ueses del centro, los suburbios donde "abitan los obreros son sucios y malsanos7 pero de todos modos, la bur-ues)a "ace al-o. Kor /u2M or/ue de lo contrario, las enfermedades se propa-ar)an por toda la ciudad y tambi2n le tocar)a a la bur-ues)a. &un a/u), el Estado y los or-anismos locales siren los intereses de la bur-ues)a. on-amos otro e$emplo. En los +ltimos decenios, en rancia aprendieron los obreros de la bur-ues)a a limitar artificialmente la procreaciónA no nacen "i$os, o
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clase obrera dispone el Estado bur-u2s de los medios de la coacción brutal y de los de la seridumbre mental7 estos dos forman los ór-anos m!s importantes del Estado capitalista. Los medios de coacción brutal son, principalmente, el e$2rcito, la polic)a, las c!rc c!rcel eles es y los los ribu ribuna nale les, s, y sus sus ór-an ór-anos os subs subsid idia iari rios osAA los los esp) esp)as as,, los los aa-en ente tess proocadores, la or-ani8ación or-ani8ación de los confidentes, los sicarios, sicarios, etc. El e$2rcito del Estado capitalista est! or-ani8ado de forma especial. & la cabe8a del
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sucede m!s de una e8 /ue la milicia "ace fue-o sobre los obreros. En los Estados Gnidos, la tropa "a sembrado la muerte en pueblos enteros del proletariado Dpor e$emplo, durante la "uel-a del Colorado. Los e$2rcitos de los Estados capitalistas intentan a"ora sofocar la reolución proletaria en 5usia, 4un-r)a, olonia y los Estados balc!nicos para reprimir la subleación proletaria en todo el mundo. olic)aA en el Estado capitalista mantiene, adem!s del e$2rcito re-ular, un e$2rcito
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al obrero como bestia de car-a, a la /ue "ay /ue "acer traba, $ar7 pero con la precaución de ponerla en la imposibilidad de morder. morder. ara esto, no sólo se le encierra y mata cuando muerde, sino /ue se le domestica como en los serrallos, para lo cual el Esta Estado do capi capita tali list staa ed educ ucaa espe especi cial alis ista tass pa para ra el acre acreti tina nam mient ientoo y la do dom ma de dell proletariadoA maestros bur-ueses y profesores, curas y obispos, plum)feros y periodistas bur-ueses. Estos especialistas enseñan a los niños desde la primera infancia a obedecer al capital y odiar a los =rebeldes>. ;e les cuenta a los niños f!bulas sobre la reolución y los moimientos reolucionarios, y se -lorifica a los emperadores, los reyes, los industriales, etc. Los curas, desde el pulpito, predican /ue
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Estados capitalistas por el reparto de los mercados del mundo. &/u) tenemos el primer encuentro entre los ór-anos de la sociedad capitalista, el primer c"o/ue iolento. La primera ra8ón del caos capitalista est! en la anar/u)a de la producción, /ue tiene como manifestaciones las crisis, la competencia y la -uerra. La se-unda causa del estado caótico de la sociedad capitalista est! en su diisión en clases. En el fondo, la sociedad capitalista no es "omo-2neaA est! diidida en dos
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CA6I"ULO II Desen2ol2i'ien&o del orden social capi&alis&a 3 La luc:a en&re la la grande y pe@uea indus&ria (en&re la propiedad propiedad del @ue &ra
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traba$os diferentes Dcon el n+mero de obreros aumenta tambi2n el n+mero de los diersos traba$os7 "oras de traba$o empleados, @6 y minutos7 salario pa-ado, 6,9
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aun en el caso en /ue al-uien se lo conceda, es se-uro /ue le "ar! pa-ar intereses usurarios. or esto los pe/ueños empresarios terminan con facilidad en las -arras de
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Dsistema Dsistema de sudor, sudor, tan penosas penosas eran las condiciones. condiciones. En &lemania &lemania el n+mero n+mero de las pe/ueñas industrias disminuyó del 1 al 19< el , 100, el de las
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campesino no puede usar un arado de apor. ara /ue una m!/uina de esta clase sea coneniente se precisa una e3tensión de terreno muy superior al peda8o de tierra /ue
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En &m2rica, donde el capital "a alcan8ado su -rado m!s alto de desarrollo, "ay
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#a$o el reino del capital financiero, la e3portación del capital alcan8a proporciones inmensas. Como e$emplo amos a aducir al-unos datos, /ue "oy "an sido superados, pero /ue a+n pueden aportar al-una lu8. En 190 rancia pose)a @< mil millones de francos repartidos en Estados, la mitad ele ellos en empr2stitos de Estado. La mayor parte de estos empr2stitos "ab)a sido empleada en 5usia Ddie8 mil millones. DEl odió de la bur-ues)a francesa contra la 5usia de los ;oiets se e3plica con el "ec"o de /ue la 5usia de los ;oiets no reconoce las deudas del Pobierno 8arista y se nie-a a pa-ar a los usureros franceses. En 190< el total del capital e3portado lle-aba a cuarenta mil millones. La e3portación del capital es de una -ran importancia pol)tica. Las -randes potencias luc"an por la supremac)a en los pa)ses en los /ue se proponen colocar sus capitales. &/u) "ace falta tener en cuenta /ue los capitalistas /ue inierten sus capitales en un pa)s e3tran$ero ya no arries-an una partida de mercanc)as, sino cantidades enormes, /ue as. cienden a millones y miles de millones. Es, pues, natural /ue esto suscite en ellos el deseo de tener su$etos por completo a los pe/ueños pa)ses deudores, teniendo como sala?-uardia de sus capitales a los e$2rcitos. Los Estados acreedores tienden a ane3ionar estos pa)ses al propio oder estatal, a con/uistarlos. Los diersos -randes Estados de rapiña atacan a los pe/ueños pa)ses y es natural /ue all) c"o/uen los concurrentes, como "a sucedido. or tanto, tambi2n la e3portación de capitales conduce a la -uerra. Con el establecimiento de &duanas protectoras se reciu dece enormemente la luc"a por la posesión de los mercados. &l comen8ar el si-lo XX ya no e3ist)an pa)ses libres adonde e3portar mercanc)as o capitales. Los precios de las materias primas, como los metales, la lana, la madera, el carbón, el al-odón, etc., aumentaban. En los +ltimos años antes de la -uerra se "ab)a iniciado la ca8a de nueas fuentes de materias primas. Los capitalistas de todo el mundo se desi)an por encontrar nueas minas y nueos mercados para e3portar los productos propios y e3plotar a nueos consumidores. En otras 2pocas, los distintos pa)ses se "ac)an en un pa)s determinado la concurrencia =pac)ficamente>. Con el dominio de los #ancos y de los trusts las cosas "an cambiado de aspecto. ;upon-amos /ue se "an descubierto nueos yacimientos de cobre. Inmediatamente aparecer! una #anca o un trust /ue se apoderar! de esta nuea ri/ue8a y establecer! su dominio monopol)stico. & los capitalistas de otros pa)ses no les /ueda otro recurso /ue lamentarse con el ie$o proerbio rusoA =Lo /ue se cae del carro se pierde para siempre.> Lo mismo pasa no sólo para las materias primas, sino tambi2n para los mercados. ;upon-amos /ue penetre capital e3tran$ero en una colonia le$ana. En se-uida se or-ani8a la enta en
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/ue operar en -ran escala. Los buenos tiempos anti-uos ya "an pasado, y "oy las $uc"as son las de los bandidos monopolistas por la con/uista con/uista de los -randes mercados mundiales. El desarrollo del capital financiero deb)a necesariamente recrudecer la luc"a por la con/uista de los mercados y de las fuentes de materias primas y conducir a los conflictos m!s iolentos. En el +ltimo cuarto del si-lo XIX, los -randes Estados se apoderaron de muc"os pe/ueños pa)ses. e 16 a 191:, las llamadas =-randes potencias> se "an ane3ionado cerca de < millones de kilómetros cuadrados. La superficie de los territorios /ue robaron supera al doble de la e3tensión del Continente europeo. Los -randes bandidos se "an diidido el mundo entre s)7 "an transformado todos los pa)ses en colonias suyas, en pa)ses tributarios y esclai8ados. 4e a/ a/u) u) al-u al-uno noss e$em e$empl plos osAA In-l In-lat ater erra ra,, a pa part rtir ir de 1 160 60,, co con/ n/ui uist stóó en &sia &siaAA #eluc"ist!n, #irmania, C"ipre, #orneo septentrional y al-unos territorios cerca de 4on-?Oon-, a-randó sus =&raits ;ettlements>, ane3ionó la pen)nsula del ;ina), etc. ;u &ustralia &ustralia se apoderó de una serie de islas, de la parte oriental de Nuea Puinea, de -ran parte de la isla de ;alomón, de la de on-o, etc. En [frica e3tendió su dominio sobre E-ipto, el ;ud!n con G-anda, el [frica oriental, la ;omalia brit!nica, \an8)bar, emba, con/uistando adem!s las dos 5ep+blicas del ransaal, la 5"odesia, el [frica central brit!nica, etc. rancia, desde 160, so$u8-ó a &unis, con/uistó onkin, se ane3ionó Laos, +ne8, *ada*ada-as ascar car,, los los a ast stos os terr territ itor orio ioss del ;a"a ;a"ara ra,, el ;ud! ;ud!nn y la Pu Puin inea ea77 ad ad/u /uir irió ió territorios en la costa del *arfil, a?"omey, ;omalia francesa, etc. La superficie de las colonias francesas al principio del si-lo 33 e/uial)a a einte eces la de rancia. Las colonias in-lesas son cien eces mayores /ue la =madre patria>. &lemania participó desde 1: en todas las empresas de bandida$e, y lo-ró en este bree tiempo con/uistar astos territorios. ambi2n 5usia 8arista lleó una pol)tica de con/uistas, especialmente en &sia, /ue proocó un conflicto con el Japón. Los Estados Gnidos se adueñaron de numerosas islas en las cercan)as de la costa amer americ ican anaa pa para ra despu despu2s 2s e3 e3te tend nder er su po pol) l)ti tica ca de rapi rapiña ña sobr sobree la ierr ierraa irm irme. e. articularmente infame en su pol)tica en *23ico.
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este modo la centrali8ación del capital en la econom)a mundial. Los pe/ueños Estados se arruinaron o perdieron su independencia, mientras los -randes Estados bandoleros se enri/uecieron y aumentaron aumentaron su e3tensión y potencia. Gna e8 /ue terminaron de despo$ar al mundo entero, se acentuó la luc"a entre ellos. esde ese momento ten)a /ue enir una -ran luc"a por el reparto del mundo, una luc"a a ida o a muerte, en /ue sólo tomar)an parte las -randes potencias dueñas del mundo. La polic)a de con/uista, /ue conduce al capitalismo financiero en su luc"a por los mercados, por las fuentes de materias primas y de territorios donde pueda emplear el capital y sus reseras, se llama imperialismo. El imperialismo es "i$o del capital financiero. &s) como los ti-res no pueden nutrirse con yerba, del mismo modo el capital financiero1 no pod)a, ni puede, llear otra pol)tica /ue no sea la de la con/uista, la rapiña, la iolencia y la -uerra. Cada uno de los trusts capitalistas financieros pretende con/uistar todo el mundo, fundar un Imperio mundial en el /ue dominase un pe/ueño n+mero de capitalistas de la nación encedora. El imperialismo in-l2s sueña con =una In-latera m!s -rande>, /ue dominar)a el mundo entero y en la /ue los dueños de los trusts in-leses tendr)an ba$o su f2rula ne-ros y rusos, alemanes y c"inos, indios y armenios7 en una palabra, millones de esclaos blancos, ne-ros, amarillos y ro$os. In-laterra se puede decir /ue casi "a lle-ado a 2ste punto. Comiendo le crece el apetito. Lo mismo les pasa a los dem!s imperialistas. Los imperialistas imperialistas rusos sueñan con =una -ran 5usia>7 los alemanes, con =una -ran &lemania>, etc. Es cosa a3iom!tica /ue de este modo el dominio del capital financiero ten)a /ue lan8ar a la 4umanidad entera a -uerras san-rientas en proec"o de los ban/ueros y de los -randes trusts, -uerras /ue no se "ac)an en defensa del pa)s propio, sino por la con/uista de pa)ses e3traños, para so$u8-ar el mundo al capital financiero del pa)s encedor. encedor. Gna de estas -uerras fue la -uerra mundial de 191:?191.
.; El 'ili&aris'o El dominio del capital financero, de los ban/ueros y de los -randes trusts se manifiesta adem!s en otro fenómeno notabil)simoA en el aumento continuo de los -astos para armamentos para el E$2rcito y la *arina. Esto es bien comprensible. &nte &n tess ninnin-+n +n ba band ndid idoo "u "ubi bier eraa soña soñado do co conn un domin dominio io mund mundia ial. l. ero ero "o "oyy los los imperialistas esperan poder reali8ar su sueño y, por tanto, es muy natural /ue "a-an todos los esfuer8os para estar preparados para esta luc"a. Las -randes potencias roban
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camaradas en bandida$e. oda innoación /ue introduc)a introduc)a una potencia potencia en el campo militar militar suscitaba suscitaba en las dem!s el deseo de superarla para no llear la peor parte. e esta incitación rec)proca sur-ió la locura de los armamentos, /ue, a su e8, dio ori-en a Empresas -i-antescas y a trusts de ma-natarios de cañonesA los utilo, Orupp, &rmstron&rmstron- Yikers, Yikers, etc2tera. Estos trusts de los cañones, /ue obtienen -anancias enormes, est!n en )ntima relación con los Estados *ayores de los diersos pa)ses y buscan por todos los modos el ec"ar leña al fue-o para proocar siempre nueos conflictos, por/ue las -anancias de ellos dependen de la -uerra. Los trusts se rodearon de una sela de bayonetas. odo estaba preparado para la luc"a mundial. Los -astos para el e$2rcito y la flota aumentaban cada año m!s en los presupuestos de todos los Estados. En In-laterra, por e$emplo, los -astos para el e$2rcito y la flota constitu)an en 16< el @, por 100, o sea m!s de un tercio, y en el 1906?190, el :, por 100, o sea casi la mitad de los -astos -enerales. En los Estados Gnidos los -astos de. armamentos constitu)an el <,9 por 100. Lo mismo ocurr)a en los otros pa)ses. El =militarismo prusiano> florec)a en todos los -randes trusts estatales. Los ma-nates de los cañones incitaban a los rebaños, y todo el mundo iba elo8mente al encuentro de la m!s tremenda de todas las -uerras, a la carnicer)a mundial. Es particularmente interesante la luc"a de armamentos entre la bur-ues)a in-lesa y la alemana. In-laterra tomó el acuerdo en 191 de construir tres acora8ados por cada dos /ue construyese &lemania. &lemania. Los -astos para el E$2rcito y la *arina crecieron en los diersos Estados de la si-uiente maneraA ]En millones de rublos^ 6a5s 5usia rancia &lemania &ustria?4un-r)a Italia In-laterra Japón Estados Gnidos
Gas&o en ;;; 10 @00 10 100 6< 1<0 6 100
Gas&o en =>; :60 :1< :0< 00 10 0 90 00
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armamentos, y en 191: 6:0 millones de rublos. &lemania, en 190, -astó :6 millones d2 rublos, y en 191:, 9:@ millones de rublos, es decir, el doble en oc"o años. En una forma mayor a+n se armaba In-laterra. En 1900 -astó para armamentos :99 millones de rublos7 en 1910, 9: millones, y en 191:, 0: millones. En 191@ In-laterra sola -astó para su flota m!s /ue en 1 todos los Estados $untos. Los -astos militares de $ai 5usia 8arista ascend)an en 19 a 9@ millones de rublos7 en 190, a :1 millones7 en 190, a <9 millones, y en 191:, a 96< millones. Estos -astos absorb)an -ran parte de los impuestos. 5usia, por e$emplo, empleaba en su e$2rcito m!s de un tercio de su presupuesto. e cada 100 rublos se destinaban en la 5usia 8aristaA Concep&o uer8as &rmadas y cr2ditos Instrucción p+blica &-ricultura &dministración, Justicia, Comercio, Industria,...
6orcen&aje so
100,00_
Lo mismo emos en los dem!s Estados. omemos el e$emplo de la %democr!tica In-laterra'. En 190: se -astaron de cada 100 rublosA Concep&o uer8as &rmadas Cr2ditos y euda +blica ;ericios +blicos
"o&al
6orcen&aje so
.= La guerra i'perialis&a en los aos =3F=; La pol)tica imperialista de las -randes potencias deb)a tarde o temprano llear a un conflicto. conflicto. Es eidente /ue los or)-enes de la -uerra mundial mundial "ay /ue buscarlos en la pol)tica de bandida$e de todas las -randes potencias. ;ólo un loco puede toda)a creer /ue la -uerra -uerra se desencadenó desencadenó por/ue los serbios serbios mataron al pr)ncipe "eredero austr)aco o por/ue &lemania a-redió a #2l-ica. &l comien8o de las "ostilidades se discutió muc"o el problema de /ui2n tuo la culpa de
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desinteres desinteresado ado y -eneroso -eneroso por el "eroico "eroico pueblo bel-a, B &lemania &lemania y &ustria &ustria dec)an luc"ar por tener le$os de sus confines las "ordas de cosacos... odo esto no era m!s /ue una solemne mentira y un en-año a las masas traba$adoras. La bur-ues)a ten)a /ue recurrir a este en-año para empu$ar a sus soldados a la matan8a. No fue la primera e8 /ue la bur-ues)a se sirió de este medio. Ba "emos isto antes cómo los barones de los -randes trusts establec)an &duanas altas para poder llear, mediante la e3plotación de los propios connacionales, en condiciones condiciones de priile-io priile-io de luc"a por los mercados e3tran$eros. e3tran$eros. Las &duanas eran, por tanto, un medio ofensio. ero la bur-ues)a "ac)a protestas de defender a =la industria nacional>. Lo mismo pasó con la -uerra. La naturale8a de la -uerra imperialista, /ue serir)a para esclai8ar el mundo ba$o el dominio del capital financiero, consist)a precisamente en el "ec"o de /ue todos eran a-resores. 4oy estas cosas est!n ya fuera de duda. Los lacayos del 8ar afirmaban /ue estaban a la =defensia>. ero cuando la reolución de octubre abrió los ca$ones secretos de los *inisterios se pudo comprobar, con la base de documentos, /ue lo mismo el 8ar /ue el señor Oerenski "ac)an la -uerra, de acuerdo con los in-leses y franceses, para ane3ionarse Constantinopla, despeda8ar a ur/u)a y ersia y arrancar a &ustria la Palit8ia. Los imperialistas alemanes tambi2n "an sido desenmascarados. #asta recordar la pa8 de #rest?LitoVsk, las inasiones alemanes en olonia, en Gkrania, en Lituania y en inlandia. ambi2n la reolución alemana "a reelado documentos /ue muestran /uee &lem /u &leman ania ia "a "ab) b)aa en entr trad adoo en la -u -uer erra ra co conn inte intenc ncio ione ness an ane3 e3io ioni nist stas as,, co conn la esperan8a de poder con/uistar nueos territorios y nueas colonias. co lonias. KB nuestros -enerosos aliadosM ambi2n "an sido desenmascarados. espu2s de "aber estran-ulado a &lemania con la pa8 de Fersarles, despu2s de "aberle impuesto 1<.000 millones de indemni8ación, despu2s de "aberle /uitado toda la flota, todas las colonias, casi todas las locomotoras, nadie creer! ya en la -enerosidad de ellos. ambi2n "an e3poliado a 5usia del Norte y del ;ur. Kui2n duda "oy de /ue "an "ec"o una -uerra de rapiñaM
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Esta -uerra ten)a /ue conertirse en una -uerra mundialA Casi todo el mundo estaba diidido entre las -randes potencias, li-ados entre s) por una econom)a com+n. No tiene por esto nada de e3traño /ue la -uerra asolara casi todas las partes del mundo. In-lat In-laterr erra, a, ranci rancia, a, Itali Italia, a, #2l-ic #2l-ica, a, 5usia, 5usia, &leman &lemania, ia, &ustri &ustria?4 a?4unun-r)a r)a,, ;eria ;eria,, #ul-aria, 5umania, *ontene-ro, Japón, &m2rica, C"ina y una docena de otros pe/ueños Estados tomaron parte en la luc"a criminal. Los mil /uinientos millones de "ombr "ombres es /u /uee pue puebl blan an la tier tierra ra tui tuier eron on dire direct ctaa o indi indire rect ctam amen ente te /u /uee sufr sufrir ir las las dolorososas consecuencias de la -uerra, /ue un pe/ueño -rupo de delincuentes capitalistas les "ab)a impuesto. Jam!s "ab)a isto el mundo e$2rcitos tan -i-antescos como los /ue toman parte en los campos de batalla, ni armas tan destructoras. Los capitalistas in-leses y franceses no sólo obli-aron a los propios compatriotas a de$arse matar por sus intereses, sino tambi2n a los pueblos coloniales. Los criminales directores no sintieron nin-+n escr+pulo en emplear can)bales para sus fines de dominación y e3plotación. B todo esto iba enmascarado con las ideolo-)as m!s nobles. La -uerra de 191: tuo sus precedentes en las -uerras coloniales, como la campaña de las potencias =ciiles> contra la C"ina, la -uerra am2rico?española, la -uerra ruso? $aponesa de 190: Dpor la posesión de Corea, de uerto &rturo, de la *anc"uria, la -uerra italo?turca de 1911, la -uerra del ransaal al principio del si-lo 33, en la /ue la de demo mocr cr!t !tic icaa In-l In-lat ater erra ra estr estran an-u -uló ló do doss rep+ rep+bl blic icas as bo boer ers. s. 4u 4ubo bo un unaW aWse seri riee de situ situac acio ione ness inte intern rnac acio iona nale less /u /uee amen amena8 a8ar aron on en co con ner erti tirs rsee en un unaa -u -uer erra ra internacional. El reparto de [frica por poco no prooca una -uerra entre rancia e In-laterra Depisodio de ascioda, despu2s entre rancia y &lemania Dpor *arruecos. Ba al principio de la -uerra mundial se delinearon netamente las ant)tesis entre In-laterra y &lemania por la supremac)a en [frica, en &sia *enor y en los #alcanes. Las contin-encias pol)ticas determinaron, la alian8a de In-laterra y rancia, /ue pretend)a /uitar a &lemania la &lsacia y la Lorena, y con 5usia, cuyos intereses estaban en los #alcanes y en Palit8ia. El imperialismo alem!n encontró su aliado principal en &ustria?4un-r)a. El imperialismo americano interino sólo m!s tarde por/ue especulaba con la debilidad de las potencias europeas.
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un pr)ncipe alem!n con tal de proocar la -uerra.
0> El capi&alis'o de Es&ado y las clases El m2todo de -uerra imperialista no se distin-ue sólo por sus dimensiones y las destrucciones, sino tambi2n por el "ec"o de /ue la totalidad de la econom)a de los pa)ses beli-erantes /ueda subordinada a los intereses de -uerra. En otros tiempos bastaba tener dinero para poder "acer una -uerra. ero la -uerra mundial "a sido tan enorme y fue "ec"a por po r pa)ses tan adelantados, /ue el dinero solo no pod)a bastar. Esta -uerra e3i-)a /ue las f!bricas metal+r-icas construyeran +nicamente armas y municiones, y /ue todos los productos, metales, te$idos, pieles, sirieran sólo para las necesidades de los e$2rcitos. or eso es natural /ue esperarse tener la ictoria final a/uel trust capitalista?estatal, en el cual la industria y los medios de transporte estuieren me$or adaptados a las e3i-encias de la -uerra. KCómo era posible obtener estoM `nicamente con la centrali8ación de toda la producción. La producción deb)a desenolerse sin obst!culos, estar bien or-ani8ada y ba$o la dirección inmediata del *ando supremo. ara alcan8ar este fin la bur-ues)a empleó un medio muy sencilloA poner la producción priada y los ;indicatos y trusts priados a disposición del Estado de bandida$e bur-u2s. Esto Esto fue fue lo /u /uee suce sucedi dióó du dura rant ntee la -u -uer erra ra.. La indu indust stri riaa fue fue moi moili li8a 8ada da y militari8ada, o sea puesta a disposición del Estado y de la autoridad militar. KCómo, podr)a ob$etar cual/uiera, no pierde en tal caso la bur-ues)a sus -ananciasM KNo es esto una nacionali8ación de los medios de producciónM ;i toda la producción la toma el Estado en sus manos, K/u2 -ana entonces la bur-ues)aM ;in embar-o, la bur-ues)a aceptó de buen -rado las nueas condiciones7 cosa /ue no tiene /ue admirarnos, por/ue los ;indicatos priados entre-aron todo eso al propio Estado capitalista de ellos, no al Estado obrero. Kor /u2 se ten)a la bur-ues)a /ue asustar de esoM
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ictoria. or eso no "ay /ue sorprenderse de /ue durante la -uerra, en e8 de los ;indicatos priados, se desarrollara el capitalismo de Estado. E stado. &lemania, por e$emplo, no "ubiera podido conse-uir tantas ictorias y resistir tanto tiempo la presión de fuer8as preponderantes, si su bur-ues)a no "ubiera sabido or-ani8ar el capitalismo de Estado de modo casi -enial. El paso al capitalismo de Estado se erificó de arias formas. Las formas m!s frecuentes fueron los monopolios del Estado en la producción y en el comercio7 es decir, /ue la producción y el comercio en su totalidad pasó a manos del Estado. Htras eces este tr!nsito no se "i8o de un -olpe, sino -radualmente, por cuanto /ue el Estado ad/uirió sólo una parte de las acciones de un ;indicato o un trust. , Gna Empresa de este -2nero era mitad estatal y mitad priada, reali8ando en ella el Estado bur-u2s su pol)tica. & las Empresas /ue permanec)an propiedad priada el Estado les impon)a órdenes coercitias, obli-ando, por e$emplo, a determinadas Empresas a proeerse de tales abastecedores7 a 2stos a ender sólo determinadas cantidades y a determ determinad inados os precio precios7 s7 el Estado Estado prescr prescrib) ib)aa m2todos m2todos preest preestabl ableci ecidos dos de traba traba$o, $o, materiales materiales fi$os, y racionaba racionaba todos los productos productos m!s importante importantes. s. &s) se desarrolló desarrolló en lu-ar del capitalismo priado el estatal. #a$o el dominio del capitalismo de Estado las or-ani8aciones independienteM de la bur-ues)a fueron sustituidas por su or-ani8ación unitaria, el Estado. &ntes de la -uerra e3ist)an en los Estados capitalistas las or-ani8aciones estatales bur-uesas, e inde indepe pend ndie ient ntem emen ente te de ella ellass se or-a or-ani ni8a 8aba bann los los ;ind ;indic icat atos os,, los los trus trusts ts,, las las &sociaciones de empresarios y latifundistas, los partidos pol)ticos bur-ueses, las or-ani8aciones de periodistas, de cient)ficos, de artistas, las ;ociedades reli-iosas, las or-ani8aciones $ueniles bur-uesas, las oficinas de detecties priados, etc., etc. En el capitalismo de Estado todas esas or-ani8aciones independientes se funden con el Estado bur-u2s, se conierten en sucursales de 2l, si-uen sus planes y se subordinan a =su mando supremo>. En las f!bricas y en las minas se e$ecutan las órdenes del Estado *ayor7 los periódicos publican lo /ue /uiere el Estado *ayor7 en las i-lesias
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dictadura bur-uesa canta y celebra su triunfo. El capitalismo de Estado nació durante la -uerra en todos los pa)ses capitalistas. 4asta en la 5usia 8arista empe8aba a desarrollarse DComit2s de industria de -uerra, monopolios monopolios,, etc.. etc.. *!s tarde, tarde, ta bur-ues)a, bur-ues)a, intimidada intimidada por la reolución, reolución, comen8ó comen8ó a temer /ue, con el poder estatal, pudiera tambi2n la producción pasar a manos del proletariado. espu2s de la reolución de febrero impidió la or-ani8ación de la producción. Femos /ue el capitalismo de Estado, en e8 de eliminar la e3plotación, refuer8a e3traordinariamente el poder de la bur-ues)a. & pesar de esto, los ;c"eidemann en &lemania y los social?patriotas de los otros pa)ses tuieron la audacia de llamar a estos estos traba$ traba$os os for8ad for8ados os social socialism ismo. o. Cuando Cuando todos todos los medios medios de produc producció ciónn se encuentren en posesión del Estado el socialismo se "abr! reali8ado. No comprenden /ue se tiene /ue tratar de un Estado proletario, pero no de una or-ani8ación, en la /ue todo el aparato estatal se encuentra en manos de los enemi-os y los asesinos del proletariado. El capitalismo de Estado, /ue al unir y or-ani8ar a la bur-ues)a aumenta el poder de 2sta, por el contrario, debilita la fuer8a de la clase obrera. Los obreros, ba$o el capitalismo de Estado, se conirtieron en los esclaos del Estado opresor. ;e les prió del derec"o de "uel-a, se les moili8ó y militari8ó. El /ue se declaraba contrario a la -uerra era condenado por alta traición. En muc"os pa)ses los obreros perdieron el derec"o de libre elección de traba$o y del lu-ar de residencia. El =libre> proletario asalariado se conirtió en propiedad del Estado, se le obli-ó a de$arse matar en los campos de batalla, no por la propia causa, sino por la de sus enemi-os, o a e3tenuarse por el traba$o, no en su inter2s, sino en el de sus sus e3plotadores.
0 El derru'
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Naturalmente los mayores males los "a sufrido sufrido la clase obrera y campesina. En los -randes centros de los Estados beli-erantes se "an formado pe/ueñas colo co loni nias as de muti mutila lado doss de -u -uer erra ra,, do dond ndee esto estoss de dess-ra raci ciad ados os,, en -ran -ran pa part rtee "orriblemente deformados, son un testimonio iiente de la ciili8ación bur-uesa. ero al proletariado no se "a "ec"o )ctima sólo de esa infame carnicer)a. &"ora se pretende car-ar sobre las espaldas de los superiientes el peso enorme de las deudas de -uerra. *ientras los capitalistas -o8an tran/uilamente de las sobre-anancias, la clase obrera tiene /ue soportar los -raosos impuestos para cubrir los -astos de -uerra. El ministro de 4acienda franc2s declaró en la Conferencia de la pa8 en 1919 /ue los -astos de -uerra, comprendidos todos los Estados, ascend)an a unf trillan de francos. No todos pueden darse cuenta de la ma-nitud de esta cifra. En otros tiempos, con estas cifras se calculaban las distancias entre las estrellas7 "oy siren para calcular los -astos de la matan8a infame. Gn trillón est! formado por un millón de billones. ;e-+n otros c!lculos, los -astos de -uerra se fueron presentando del si-uiente modoA #illones de rublos 6 Ao rimer año de -uerra ;e-undo año de -uerra ercer año de -uerra rimera mitad del cuarto año de la
Can&idad en
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un triple del 191< al 191. el 191< al 1916 las -anancias subieron d2 9 millones de dólares a :6 millones. ;e lle-aron a cobrar diidendos al 00 por 100. En la misma medida fabulosa aumentaron las -anancias de los #ancos. urante la -uerra se produ$o ante todo cañones, proyectiles, naios de -uerra, aeroplanos, -ases asfi3iantes y otros +tiles "omicidas. En los Estados Gnidos, en torno a las f!bricas de e3plosios, sur-ieron ciudades enteras. Estas f!bricas fueron construidas a toda prisa y sin las indispensables -arant)as de se-uridad, lle-!ndose a producir e3plosiones catastróficas. Naturalmente /ue los propietarios de estas f!bricas obtuieron pin-Qes -anancias. ero la situación del pueblo empeoró cada e8 m!s, a consecuencia de /ue los -2neros de primera necesidad cada e8 eran m!s caros Con los cañones y los proyectiles se pod)a matar, pero no se pod)a alimentar y estir al pueblo. odas las ener-)as productias estaban entretenidas en la producción de m!/uinas y +tiles asesinos. La producción +til normal disminu)a erti-inosarmente. La mano de obra casi toda estaba absorbida en el e$2rcito, y la totalidad de la industria traba$aba para las necesidades de la -uerra. La escasa producción de mercanc)as +tiles determinó el "ambre y la carest)a. carest)a. Las consecuencias de la -uerra imperialista son la falta de carbón y de todos los -2neros de primera necesidad. ueden erse los e$emplos de arios pa)sesA En rancia la producción a-r)cola disminuyó en los primeros años de la -uerra con arre-lo al si-uiente cuadroA
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y en 1919, a+n menos. oda la industria mundial se encontró en la situación m!s desesperada por la falta de carbón. El principal proeedor de carbón en Europa era In-laterra. ues bienA la producción de carbón en In-laterra ya en 191< disminuyó el 1@ por 100. Las industrias m!s importantes para la ida económica en 1916 estaban casi desproistas de carbón7 las f!bricas de electricidad recib)an la se3ta parte de la cantidad de carbón necesario y la industria te3til la und2cima parte. urante el per)odo de la Conferencia de Fersalles casi todos los pa)ses atraesaban una crisis terrible de combustible7 las f!bricas ten)an /ue cerrarse y los transportes limitarse. En 5usia se erificó el mismo proceso. Ba Ba en 1916 la producción de carbón se reali8aba en p2simas condiciones. El distrito industrial de *osc+ necesitaba 1 millones de pud ai mes. El Pobierno de Oerenski prometió ase-urar seis millones al mes7 pero en realidad lo /ue "ubo fueA en enero, 1, millones de pud7 en febrero, 1,@ millones de pud, y en mar8o, 0,. La consecuencia natural de este estado de cosas fue la decadencia de la industria rusa. En 5usi 5u sia, a, có cóm mo en todo todo el mun undo do,, dio dio co com mien8 ien8oo el proc proces esoo de diso disolu luci ción ón de dell capitalismo. En 1916 DPobierno Oerenski tuo lu-ar la clausura de las si-uientes f!bricasA Mes de =8
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&un en la misma In-laterra aumentaron los precios m!s del doble, mientras los salarios aumentaron sólo el 1 por 100. or tanto, los precios de las mercanc)as aumentaron seis eces m!s aprisa /ue los salarios. En 5usia eran las condiciones particularmente desastrosas, pues la -uerra "ab)a deastado el pa)s. En la misma &m2rica, /ue tan poco "ab)a sufrido con la -uerra, los precios de los /uince -2neros m!s importantes subieron de 191@ a 191 el 10 por 100, mientras /ue los $ornales aumentaron sólo el 0,0 por 100.
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representantes del pueblo irland2s. El imperialismo alem!n se ensañó en su propio pa)s, y sus primeras )ctimas fueron los marinos. En rancia se fusiló a los soldados rusos /ue se ne-aron a defender las ca$as de caudales de los ban/ueros franceses. En &m2rica, la bur-ues)a linc"ó a los internacionalistas, y condenó a traba$os for8ados a los me$ores militantes de la clase obrera.> La sociedad capitalista empe8aba a cru$ir en todas sus partes. La anar/u)a de la producción "ab)a lleado a la -uerra, y 2sta, a-udi8ando los anta-onismos de clase, abocó en la reolución. El capitalismo comen8ó a dis-re-arse en dos direcciones principales D2ase 1@. El El per)odo del derrumbamiento del capitalismo /uedó abierto. E3aminemos a"ora m!s al detalle este proceso de descomposición de la sociedad capitalista. La sociedad capitalista estaba or-ani8ada en todas sus partes componentes se-+n un modelo +nico. La f!brica ten)a la misma estructura or-!nica /ue el re-imiento del e$2rcito bur-u2sA arriba, los ricos /ue mandan7 aba$o, los pobres, los obreros, los pe/ueños empleados /ue obedecen7 en medio, los in-enieros, los suboficiales, los altos empleados. e este e3amen se desprende /ue la sociedad capitalista sólo puede mantenerse, en tanto el obrero industrial obedece las órdenes del director, /ue percibe un sueldo fabuloso, o las del propietaro, /ue se embolsa la plusal)a. ero en el momento /ue las masas traba$adoras se empie8an a dar cuenta de /ue no son m!s /ue pies en las manos de sus enemi?-os, enemi?-os, comien8an tambi2n a romperse los "ilos "ilos /ue atan al soldado con el -eneral, al obrero con el patrono. Los obreros cesan de obedecer a sus patronos, los soldados a los oficiales y los empleados a sus superiores, dando
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clase. odo esto lo predi$o nuestro partido en 191:, cuando nadie pensaba en la reolución. Era eidente ya entonces /ue, por una parte, los enormes sacrificios impuestos a la clase obrera tendr)an /ue proocar la rebelión del proletariado, y /ue, por otra parte, la bur-ues)a no ser)a capa8 de borrar los diersos anta-onismos /ue diiden a los diersos -rupos nacionales y ase-urar una pa8 duradera. Nuestras profec)as est!n a"ora plenamente confirmadas. espu2s de los años terribles de matan8a y destrucción7 estalló la -uerra ciil contra los opresores. Esta -uerra ciil dio comien8o en la reolución rusa de febrero y octubre de 1916. La reolución finlandesa, "+n-ara, austr)aca y alemana fueron su continuación7 pero tambi2n los dem!s pa)ses "an entrado en un per)odo reolucionario. reolucionario. La bur-ues)a bur-ues)a se esfuer8a esfuer8a en ano a no po porr esta establ blec ecer er un unaa pa pa88 du dura rade dera ra.. La pa pa88 de Fersa ersall lles es se firm firmóó ap apen enas as transcurridos unos meses de la cesación de "ostilidades, y todos preen ya /ue no ser! de lar-a duración. espu2s de la firma de ella se "an peleado los italianos con los yu-oslaos, los polacos con los alemanes, los lituanos con los polacos, etc. B todos los Estados $untos atacan a la 5ep+blica de los ictoriosos ictoriosos obreros rusos... rusos... La im rial rialis is in la cii ciil, l, de la ldr! ldr! i io el
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En este pasa$e, Carlos *ar3 defiende abiertamente la supresión iolenta de las -uardias blancas durante la -uerra ciil. Como se e, los maestros del socialismo consideraron la reolución como una cosa muy seria. Ellos comprendieron claramente /ue el proletariado no pod)a encer a la bur-ues)a con las armas de la persuasión, sino /ue =le deb)a d eb)a imponer su oluntad en una luc"a ciil eleada con fusiles, bayonetas y cañones>. Las clases de la sociedad capitalista, diididas por anta-onismos económicos irreconciliables, marc"aban en la -uerra ciil armadas una contra la otra. El "ec"o de estar la sociedad sociedad capitalis capitalista ta diidida diidida en dos partes, /ue en sustancia sustancia representan representan dos soci socied edade ades, s, en tiem tiempos pos norma normale less pa pasa sa casi casi i-no i-nora rado do.. B po porr eso eso ob obede edece cenn sin sin murmurar los esclaos. ero en la -uerra ciil se acaba la resi-nación, y la parte oprimida de la sociedad se sublea contra la opresora. En tales condiciones, es una demencia pensar en una coniencia pa. c)fica de las clases. El e$2rcito se diide en -uardias blancas Dcompuestas por la aristocracia, la alta bur-ues)a, los intelectuales, los ricos, sus lacayos, etc. y -uardias ro$as Dcompuestas de obreros y campesinos. ca mpesinos.
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sólo el comien8o de la reolución mundial. En 5usia estalló primero la reolución por/ue fue donde se inició el proceso de descomposición del capitalismo. La bur-ues)a y los latifundistas rusos, /ue pretenden con/uistar Constantinopla y Palit8ia y /ue de acuerdo con sus aliados in-leses y franceses "ab)an proocado la -uerra, perecieron los primeros a causa de su debilidad y desor-ani8ación. La carest)a y el caos -eneral se produ$o en 5usia antes /ue en otros pa)ses. or esta ra8ón el proletariado ruso lo-ró ser el primero en aplastar a sus enemi-os e instaurar la dictadura proletaria. &"ora bien, de esto no se deduce /ue la reolución rusa sea la m!s perfecta del mundo ni /ue el comunismo sea tanto m!s f!cilmente reali8able cuanto menos desarrollado est! el capitalismo en un pa)s. ues se-+n este criterio, el comunismo deb)a reali8arse primero en C"ina, ersia, ur/u)a y otros pa)ses capital)sticamente atrasados, y en los /ue casi no e3iste clase proletaria. e ser erdad esto, toda la doctrina de *ar3 caer)a por tierra. El /ue de esta manera ra8one confunde el comien8o de la reolución con su reali8ación. La reolución apareció primero en 5usia a causa del d2bil desarrollo del
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Los Los -e -ene nera rale less ruso rusoss (e (est stos os -e -enu nuin inos os repr repres esen enta tant ntes es de dell r2-i r2-ime menn 8ari 8arist sta( a( ametrallaron y ametrallan toda)a a las masas obreras con el apoyo directo o indirecto de los los soci social altr trai aido dore res. s. u ura rant ntee el domin dominio io de los los soci social alrr rre eol oluc ucio iona nari rios os y los los menc menc"e "ei i/ue /ues, s, en 5u 5usi siaa las pris prisio ione ness y c!rc c!rcel eles es esta estaba bann repl replet etas as de ob obre rero ross y campesinos, y los -enerales die8maron re-imientos enteros por indisciplina. Los -enerales Orasno y enikin, /ue -o8an de la simpat)a y el apoyo de los aliados, "an "ec"o fusilar y prender decenas de miles de obreros, lle-ando para intimidar al pueblo "asta tener e3puestas en las "orcas " orcas tres d)as a las )ctimas. En los Grales y en el terr territ itor orio io del Fol-a, ol-a, las las -u -uar ardi dias as blan blanca cass c"eco c"ecoes eslo loa acas cas tort tortur urar aron on a los los prisioneros del modo modo m!s atro8, los arro$aron arro$aron al Fol-a Fol-a y enterraron ios a muc"os. muc"os. En ;iberia, los -enerales contrarreolucionarios fusilaron miles de comunistas y obreros. La bur-ues)a alemana y austr)aca y los socialtraidores "an demostrado suficientemente su naturale8a canibalesca en Gcrania, donde en "orcas de "ierro transportables a"orcaron a los prisioneros comunistas y a sus propios compatriotas, nuestros compañeros alemanes. En inlandia, el pa)s de la democracia bur-uesa, "an sido fusilados 1:.000 proletarios y m!s de 1<.000 atormentados en las c!rceles. En lsin lsin-f -f la di bl "ac) "a c) ed de $e ni
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proletario, del aparato entero del poder, y est! en una luc"a encarni8ada contra la propia bur-ues)a /ue busca, ali2ndose de con$uras y reueltas, arrancar el poder a la clase obrera. ero ero,, ad adem em!s !s,, el Esta Estado do prol prolet etar ario io est! est! ob obli li-a -ado do a co comb mbat atir ir co cont ntra ra Esta Estado doss bur-ueses e3tran$eros. La -uerra ciil toma entonces una nuea formaA la de una erdadera -uerra de clase, en la /ue emos al Estado proletario en luc"a contra los Estados bur-ueses. Los obreros no combaten ya solos a la bur-ues)a del propio pa)s, sino es el Estado proletario /uien conduce una erdadera -uerra contra los Estados capitalistas. Esta -uerra no se "ace con fines de con/uista y rapiñas, sino por la ictoria del comunismo, por la dictadura de la clase obrera. B as) "a sucedido. esde la reolución de octubre la 5usia de los ;oiets "a sido a-redida por todas partesA por &lemania, por rancia, por &m2rica y el Japón, etc. & medida /ue la reolución rusa incitaba con su e$emplo a los obreros de todos los pa)ses a la rebelión, el capital internacional se or-ani8aba cada e8 m!s contra la reolución y buscaba el lle-ar a una alian8a de todos los bandidos capitalistas contra el proletariado.
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misión de sofocar en todos pa)ses la reolución, fueron instituidas con el prete3to de tener una fuer8a armada desinada a casti-ar =toda iolación> de la pa8. En 1919, todos los imperialistas se conirtieron de un -olpe en ardientes pacifistas, y -ritaban "asta /uedarse sin o8 /ue los erdaderos imperialistas y enemi-os de la pa8 eran los bolc"ei/ues. El deseo de estran-ular ia reolución se ocultaba a/u) aba$o la bandera del =pacifismo> y de la =democracia>. e "ec"o, la ;ociedad de las Naciones ya "a dado pruebas de ser el -endarme de la reacción internacional. ;us a-entes "an a"o-ado la rep+blica soietista de #aiera y de 4un-r)a. articiparon en las tentatias de estran-ular al proletariado ruso. Los
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proletariado aumentan en esta luc"a, las de la bur-ues)a disminuyen. B la luc"a no podr! terminar m!s /ue con la ictoria del proletariado. proletariado. ero el triunfo de la dictadura proletaria no se obtiene sin sacrificios. La -uerra ciil, como toda -uerra, e3i-e sacrificios de idas "umanas y de bienes materiales. oda reolución a acompañada de tales sacrificios. or esto se puede preer /ue en las primeras fases de la -uerra ciil el proceso proceso de disolución disolución proocado proocado por la -uerra -uerra imperialis imperialista ta se acentuar! acentuar! a+n m!s. La producción industrial sufre sobre todo por el "ec"o de /ue millones de obreros sean moili8ados para defender el suelo de la 5ep+blica proletaria contra los e$2rcitos blancos de la contrarreolución. ero esto es ineitable en toda reolución. ambi ambi2n 2n du dura rant ntee la 5eo 5eolu luci ción ón fran france cesa sa de dell 16 169 9?1 ?169 69@@ la -u -uer erra ra cii ciill tra$ tra$oo
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capitalismo est! condena a priori al fracaso. La conciencia de las masas obreras "a alcan8ado un -rado tal de desarrollo, /ue ya no est!n dispuestas a traba$ar ni combatir por los intereses de los capitalistas, por la con/uista de tierras e3trañas y de pa)ses coloniales. or e$emplo, "oy ser)a imposible en &lemania reconstruir el e$2rcito de Puillermo. &s) como no es posible restablecer la disciplina imperialista en el e$2rcito y obli-ar a los soldados proletarios a obedecer al -eneral feudal, tampoco es posible restablecer la disciplina capitalista del traba$o y for8ar al obrero a traba$ar para el capitalista o para el latifundista. El nueo e$2rcito no puede ser sino obra del proletariado, y la nuea disciplina disciplina del traba$o tiene /ue llearla llearla a cabo la clase obrera.
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CA6I"ULO La Segunda y la "ercera "ercera in&ernaci@nal 04 El in&ernacionalis'o del 'o2i'ien&o o
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no se apoyaba toda)a sobre -randes n+cleos obreros y, por tanto, parec)a m!s bien unaa asoc un asocia iaci ción ón inte intern rnac acio iona nall para para la propa propa-a -and ndaa reol reoluc ucio iona nari ria. a. En 1 161 61 los los miembros de la I Internacional tomaron parte en la insurrección de los traba$adores parisienses DComuna de ar)s. En los años si-uientes comen8aron las persecuciones contra los -rupos ad"eridos a la Internacional. En 16: se disolió la I Internacional, despu2s de las luc"as intestinas entre los partidarios de *ar3 y los de #akunin. espu2s de la desaparición de la I Internacional, paralelamente con el desarrollo de la industria, comen8aron a sur-ir los partidos socialdemócratas. La necesidad de un apoyo mutuo se "i8o pronto sentir. En 19 se reunió un Con-reso internacional de los representantes de los partidos socialistas de los diersos pa)ses. &ll) sur-ió la II
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sois unos miserables cobardes, protestadU> La socialdemocracia alemana conocó numerosos m)tines de protesta. oda)a estaba reciente la decisión del Con-reso
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masas pe/ueño?bur-uesas.
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patria ba$o el dominio del capital. En este asunto, *ar3 se e3presó terminantemente en el =*anifiesto Comunista>A =Los obreros no tienen patria.> Kor /u2M or la
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acud)s a nosotrosM nosotrosM &ntes &ntes nos $u-asteis $u-asteis una mala pasada, pues a-uantaros a-uantaros a"ora>. &l no poder efectuarse una "uel-a com+n, la desunión de los obreros refuer8a la
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sus establecimientos traba$aban para la -uerra. &. ried, en su *anual del pacifismo DII olumen, p!-. 1:9, e la =fraternidad de los pueblos>, entre otras cosas, su
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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