1
KONSEP DASAR BANTUAN HIDUP DASAR
PENDAHULUAN Terd Terdap apat at banya banyak k kead keadaa aan n yang yang akan akan menye menyeba babka bkan n kemat kematia ian n dalam waktu singkat, tetapi kesemuanya berakhir pada satu hasil akhir yaitu kegagalan oksigenasi sel terutama otak dan jantung. Usaha yang dilakukan untuk mempertahankan hidup pada saat penderita mengalami keadaan yang mengancam nyawa dikenal sebagai ”Bantuan Hidup Dasar” (Life Support). Support) . Bila bantun hidup ini tanpa memakai cairan intra vena, obat, maupun kejut listrik maka dikenal sebagai Bantuan Hidup Dasar (Basic Life Support), Support) , sebaliknya dikenal dengan Bantuan Hidup Lanjut (Advanced Life Support). Support) . Yang dikena enal sebagai bantuan hidup lanjut adalah ATLS (Advanced Trauma Life Support), Support) , ACLS (Advanced Cardiac Life Support) dan PALS (Ped Pediatric tric Advanc anced Life ife Support) ort).. Pelaksanaan advanced life support pada tingkat pra rumah sakit dikenal sebagai PHTLS dan PHCLS (Pre Hospital Trauma and Cardiac Life Support). Support) . Kema Kemati tian an akan akan timb timbul ul jika jika sel sel tida tidak k mend mendap apat atka kan n oksi oksige gen, n, jaringan vital yang akan rusak terlebih dahulu baru kemudian akan mengakibatkan kematian otak. Harus dibedakan antara mati klinis dan mati biologis : Mati klin klinis is : pend pender erit itaa diny dinyat atak akan an ma mati ti apab apabil ilaa berh berhen enti ti Mati bernapas dan jantung berhenti berdenyuta, kematian ini masih reversibel bila dilakukan BHD. Mati biologis : kerusakan sel otak dimulai 4-6 menit setelah berhen berhenti ti pern pernap apas asan an dan dan sirk sirkul ulas asi, i, sete setela lah h 10 meni menitt suda sudah h
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dinyatakan kematian biologis. Apabila BHD dilakukan cukup cepat, kematian mungkin dapat dihindari seperti tambak pada tabel tersebut ini. Keterlambatan 1 menit 4 menit 10 menit
Cata Catata tan n:
Kemungkinan berhasil 98 dari 100 50 dari 100 1 dari 100
bila ada bila ada tand tanda a kema kemati tian an past pastii sepe sepert rtii kaku kaku maya mayat t atau lebam mayat, sudah sia-sia untuk melakukan BHD
Yang harus diperhatikan pada BHD adalah : Airway (jalan napas) Breathing (pernapasan) Circulation (jantung dan pembuluh darah)
AIRWAY Gang Ganggu guan an oksi oksige genas nasii ot otak ak dan dan jari jaringa ngan n vita vitall lain lain merup merupak akan an pembunuh tercepat pada trauma. Pencegahan hipoksia membutuhkan suatu jalan napas yang bebas serta ventilasi yang cukup yang merupakan prioritas di atas segala perlukaan lainnya. Airway Airway harus harus diamank diamankan, an, oksige oksigenas nasii tam tambah bahan an diberi diberikan kan dan bantuan ventilasi dimana diperlukan. Tambahan oksigenasi harus diberikan pada semua kasus trauma. Kematian karena masalah airway pada trauma disebabkan oleh : Kegagalan dalam mengenal airway yang tersumbat sebagian dan dan at atau au keti ketida dakm kmam ampu puan an pend pender erit itaa untu untuk k berv berven enti tila lasi si
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ditemukan perlukaan yang tampaknya serius ; “ingat airway dan ventilasi tetap merupakan prioritas yang pertama.” Terlambatnya menjaga jalan napas Keterlambatan dalam menjaga ventilasi Adanya kesulitan tekhnis dalam menjaga jalan napas dan atau memb memban anttu vent ventil ilas asii ; in intu tuba basi si yang yang sal salah dan ma masu suk k ke esofagus akan memperburuk ventilasi dan dengan cepat dapat mengakibatkan kematian bila tidak dikenali secara dini Aspirasi isi gaster OBSTRUKSI JALAN NAPAS Obstruksi jalan napas merupakan pembunuh tercepat, lebih cepat diba diband ndin ingk gkan an gangg ganggua uan n brea breath thin ing g dan dan circu circula lati tion on.. Lagi Lagi pula pula perbaikan breathing tidak mungkin dilakukan bila tidak airway yang paten. Obstruksi jalan napas dapat total dan parsial Obstruksi total Pada Pada obst obstru ruks ksii to tota tall mungk mungkin in pende penderi rita ta ditem ditemuk ukan an ma masi sih h sadar atau dalam keadaan tidak sadar. Pada obstruksi total yang akaut biasanya disebabkan tertelannya benda asing yang lalu lalu meny menyan angk gkut ut dan dan meny menyum umba batt di pang pangka kall lari larink nk.. Bila Bila obstruksi total timbul perlahan (insidious) maka akan berawal dari obstruksi parsial yang kemudian menjadi total.
Bila penderita masih sadar, penderita akan memegang leher dalam dalam keadaan keadaan sangat sangat gelisah gelisah.. Sianos Sianosis is mungki mungkin n ditemu ditemukan kan dan mungkin ada kesan masih bernapas (walaupun tidak ada vent ventil ilas asi) i).. Dala Dalam m kead keadaa aan n in inii ha haru russ dila dilaku kuka kan n Heim Heimli lich ch manuver man uver (abdom (abdomina inall thrust thrust). ). Kontr Kontraa indika indikasi si dari dari Heimli Heimlich ch manu ma nuve verr adal adalah ah keha kehami mila lan n tua tua (h (har arus us dila dilaku kuka kan n ster sterna nall thrust) dan bayi (dilakukan abdominal thrust dan back thrust).
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Bila penderita ditemukan tidak sadar, tidak ada gejala apa pun, pun, mung mungki kin n ha hany nyaa sian sianos osis is saja saja.. Pada Pada saat saat mela melaku kuka kan n pernapasan pernapasan buatan buatan mungkin mungkin ditemukan ditemukan resistensi resistensi (tahanan) (tahanan) terh terhad adap ap vent ventil ilas asi. i. Dala Dalam m kead keadaa aan n in inii ha haru russ dite ditent ntuk ukan an dengan cepat adanya obstruksi total dengan sapuan jari (finger swee sweep) p) ke dala dalam m phar pharyn ynk k samp sampai ai di bela belaka kang ng epig epiglo loti tis. s. Apabila tidak berhasilmengeluarkan dengan finger sweep dan tida tidak k ada ada perl perlen engka gkapa pan n sesu sesuai ai (far (farin ingo gosk skop op at atau au fo fors rsep eps) s) maka maka terpak terpaksa sa dilaku dilakukan kan abdomi abdominal nal thrust thrust dalam dalam keadaan keadaan penderita berbaring.
Obstruks parsial Obstr Obstruk uksi si pars parsia iall dapa dapatt diseb disebab abka kan n berba berbaga gaii ha hal. l. Bias Biasan anya ya penderi penderita ta masih masih dapat dapat bernap bernapas as sehingga sehingga tim timbul bul berane beraneka ka ragam suara, tergantung penyebabnya. Cairan (darah, sekret, aspirasi lambung, dsb) : timbul suara ”gurgl ”gurgling ing”” suara suara bernapa bernapass bercamp bercampur ur suara suara cairan cairan.. Dalam Dalam keadaan ini harus dilakukan penghisapan (suksion) Lida Lidah h yang yang jatu jatuh h ke bela belaka kang ng : kead keadaa aan n in inii dapa dapatt kare karena na keadaan tidak sadar (koma) atau patah tulang rahang bilateral. Timbul suara mengorok (snoring) yang harus diatasi dengan perbaikan airway manual atau dengan alat. Penyempitan di larynk atau trakhea : dapat disebabkan edema karena berbagai hal (luka bakar, radang, dll) ataupun desakan neoplasma. Timbul suara ”crowing” atau stridor respiratoir. Keada Keadaan an in inii ha hany nyaa dapa dapatt diat diatas asii denga dengan n perba perbaik ikan an airw airway ay distal dari sumbatan misalnya dengan trakheostomi.
PENGELOLAAN JALAN NAPAS Bila Bila ada ada sumb sumbat atan an jala jalan n na napa pas, s, suda sudah h jela jelass bahw bahwaa sumb sumbat atan an te ebut ebut ha diat diat i. Wa Wala la demi demiki ki dala dala kead kead
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Penghisapan (suksion) Alat yang dipakai Suksio Suksion n dapat dapat dilaku dilakukan kan dengan dengan kateter kateter suksio suksion n (katet (kateter er lunak, soft/flexible tipped) atau alat suksion khusus seperti yang yang dipa dipakai kai di kamar kamar oper operas asii (rig (rigid id tip, tip, to tonsi nsill tip tip at atau au Yankauer tip). Untuk cairan (darah, sekret, dll) dapat dipakai soft tip, tetapi untuk materi yang kental (sisa makanan, dll) sebaiknya memakai tipe yang rigid. Soft Soft tip tip kate katete terr dapat dapat dipaka dipakaii untuk untuk melaku melakukan kan suksio suksion n daerah hidung atau naso pharynk serta dapat dimasukkan melalui tube endo trakheal. Rigid tip dapat menyebabkan timbulnya refleks muntah bila tersinggung dinding pharinks atau at au bahk bahkan an dapa dapatt meni menimb mbul ulkan kan perd perdar araha ahan. n. Wa Wala laup upun un demikian rigid tip lebih disukai karena manipulasi alat lebih mudah dan suksion lebih efisien. Cara melakukan suksion
Bila memakai rigid tip maka ujung tip harus selalu terlihat (jangan (jangan suksion suksion secara membabi buta), bila memakai soft tip boleh sampai masuk secara hati-hati ke belakang pangkal lidah. Bila memakai soft tip masuk ke arah naso pharynk harus selalu diukur, jangan sampai terlalu jauh. Pada fraktur basis crani niii alat yang dimasukkan lewa watt hidung ada kemungkinan masuk rongga tengkorak. Cata Ca tata tan n : bila bila pend pender erit itaa munt muntah ah dan dan na namp mpak akny nyaa suks suksio ion n tidak akan menolong, maka kepala harus dimiringkan, bila pend penderi erita ta trau trauma ma ma maka ka jang jangan an sekal sekalii-ka kali li memir memirin ingk gkan an kepa kepala la saja saja teta tetapi pi selu seluru ruh h pend pender erit itaa ha haru russ dimi dimiri ring ngka kan n dengan log roll.
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Prosedur suksion akan juga menghisap oksigen yang ada dalam jalan napas karena itu lamanya suksion maksimal 15 detik pada orang dewasa dan 5 detiak pada anak kecil Menjaga jalan napas secara manual Pada Pada oran orang g sada sadarr bias biasan anya ya jala jalan n na napa pass suda sudah h terj terjag agaa ol oleh eh penderita sendiri, walaupun mungkin terganggu karena sebab lain seperti sumbatan karena neoplasma dll. Bila penderita tidak sadar maka lidah dapat dihindarkan jatuh ke belakang dengan memakai : Head tilt chin lift manuver Prosedur ini tidak boleh dipakai bila ada kemungkinan patah tulang servikal !! Tangan kanan diletakkan pada dahi penderita, sedangkan tangan kiri pada ujung dagu mengait dagu dan menarik mandibula ke depan. Mulut tidak boleh terkatup. Bila perlu ujung dagu dijepit dan ditarik ke depan. Jangan meletakkan ibu jari dalam mulut penderita bila tidak ingin terluka. Jaw thrust
Petuga Petugass di bela belaka kang ng kepal kepalaa pend pender erit itaa dan dan deng dengan an kedua kedua tangan di belakang sudut rahang bawah mendorong rahang bawah ke anterior. Jalan napas sementara Dengan alat dimasukkan lewat hidung (nasopharingeal airway) atau lewat mulut (oro pharingeal airway) Oro pharingeal airway Alat ini lebih populer sebagai ”guedel” walaupun ada tipe yang lain seperti misalnya tipe mayo atau williams. Satu hal
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Pemak Pemaksa saan an pema pemasa sanga ngan n alat alat in inii akan akan meni menimbu mbulk lkan an ”gag ”gag refleks” atau muntah yang mungkin menyebabkan aspirasi. Ukuran panjang oropharingeal airway dihitung dari sudut mulut ke angulus mandibulae (sudut rahang bawah). Pema Pemasa sang ngan an alat alat ini bisa bisa deng dengan an 2 cara cara : yang yang pert pertam ama, a, mulu mulutt dibu dibuka ka lalu lalu dima dimasu sukk kkan an terb terbal alik ik dan dan bila bila suda sudah h mencapai palatum mole lalu dilakukan rotasi. Yang kedua, mulut mulut dibuka dibuka dengan dengan tongue tongue spatel spatel lalu lalu dengan dengan hati-h hati-hati ati dimasukkan ke belakang. Pada Pada an anak ak keci kecill seba sebaik ikny nyaa mema memaka kaii cara cara kedu keduaa kare karena na pros proses es rota rotasi si mung mungki kin n menye menyeba babk bkan an pata patahn hnya ya gigi gigi at atau au kerusakan pharynks. Naso pharingeal airway
Alat ini tidak boleh dipsang bila ada kemungkinan fraktur basis kranii anterior (keluar darah dari hidung atau mulut dan ada brill hematom), karena mungkin alat ini bisa masuk ke otak. Pada keadaan ini pemasangan hanya boleh dilakukan oleh dokter dengan memakai mandrin atau stylet. Panjang tube dapat dihitung dari pangkal cuping hidung sampai cuping telinga. Cara Ca ra pema pemasa sang ngan an : denga dengan n sela selalu lu mengu mengusa saha haka kan n ma masu suk k melalui lubang hidung sebelah kanan walaupun yang kiri
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Crico thyroidotomy Tracheostomy
BREATHING Bila Bila airw airway ay suda sudah h baik baik,, belu belum m tent tentu u pern pernap apas asan an akan akan baik baik sehingga sehingga perlu selalu dilakukan dilakukan pemeriksaan pemeriksaan apakah pernapasan pernapasan penderita sudah adekuat atau belum. Pernapasan normal Kecepatan bernapas manusia adalah : Dewasa : 12-20 kali/menit Anak : 15-30 kali/menit Bayi baru lahir : 30-50 kali/menit Pada orang dewasa, abnormal bila pernapasan >30 kali/menit atau <10 kali/menit. Pern Pernap apas asan an umum umumny nyaa th thor orac aco o abdo abdomi mina nal, l, pada pada pend pender erit itaa trauma yang tidak sadar akan dijumpai pernapasan abdominal, selalu dipikirkan kemungkinan cedera tulang belakang. Pada anak-anak pernapasan abdominal lebih dominan. Sesak napas
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Retraksi sternum Retraksi infra sternal
Pemeriksaan fisik pernapasan, juga diperiksa diperiksa Inspeksi : rate, ritme dan bentuk pernapasan, pera peranj njak akan an paru paru apak apakah ah sime simetr tris is at atau au tida tidak k dan dan dili diliha hatt adanya tanda apnea Auskultasi : bising napas vesikuler tanpa ronkhi, tempat pemer pemerik iksa saan an diba dibawah wah klav klavik ikul ulaa dan dan pada pada gari gariss aksi aksila lari riss anterior, bising napas harus simetris kanan dan kiri Perkusi : pada daerah paru selalu sonor, pada daerah jantung menjadi pekak dan di atas lambung menjadi tympani, juga perkusi harus simetris kanan dan kiri.
OKSIGENASI Oksi Oksige gena nasi si seba sebaik ikny nyaa dibe diberi rika kan n mela melalu luii suat suatu u ma mask sker er yang yang terpasang dengan baik dengan flow 10-12 liter per menit. Cara pemberian oksigen lain adalah dengan nasal kateter, kanul dan sebagainya juga dapat memberikan oksigenasi. Karena perubahan kadar oksigen darah dapat berubah dengan cepa cepatt dan dan tida tidak k mung mungki kin n dike dikena nali li seca secara ra klin klinis is ma maka ka ha haru russ
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brad bradik ikar ardi di dan dan bila bila lebi lebih h dari dari 10 1000 kali kali per per meni menitt dise disebu butt takikardi. Bradikardi sering ditemukan pada atlit yang terlatih. Pada Pada bayi bayi frekw frekwens ensii deny denyut ut jant jantun ung g 85 85-2 -200 00 kali kali per per menit menit sedan sedangka gkan n pada pada an anak ak-a -ana nak k 22-10 10 th adal adalah ah 60 60-1 -140 40 kali kali per menit. Pada Pada syok syok bila bila dite ditemu muka kan n brad bradik ikar ardi di meru merupa paka kan n ta tand ndaa prognosa yang buruk. Tekanan darah Tekanan darah sistolik dewasa adalah 90-140 mmHg. Pada Pada an anak ak-a -ana nak k dapa apat dipa dipaka kaii rumu rumuss : tekan ekanan an sist sistol olik ik minimal = 70 + (2 x usia (th)) Tekanan darah tidak dapat dipercaya sebagai indikator dini pada syok karena tekanan darah sistolik bisa tidak turun sampai kehilangan darah lenih dari 30% volume darah (baru akan turun jika sudah melebihi ini) pada penderita hipertensi tekanan darah mungkin turun tetapi masih dapat dianggap normal. Penentuan denyut nadi Pada orang dewasa dan anak anak denyut nadi diraba pada arteri karotis yaitu medial dari muskulus sterno kledomastoideus. Pada bayi meraba denyut nadi pada arteri brachialis yaitu pada sisi medial lengan atas.
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Berkurangnya urin (oliguria sampai anuria karena gangguan
perfusi ginjal) Gangguan kesadaran (gangguan perfusi otak) Turunnya tekanan darah (bukan merupakan gejala dini) Pengelo Pengelolaa laan n syok syok dituju ditujukan kan pada pada penyeba penyebabnya bnya,, misaln misalnya ya syok syok karena perdarahan maka perdarahannya harus dihentikan.
HENTI JANTUNG Geja Gejala la hent hentii jant jantun ung g adal dalah geja gejalla syok syok yang yang san anga gatt ber berat at.. Penderita mungkin masih akan berusaha menarik napas satu atau dua dua kali kali sete setela lah h itu itu akan akan berh berhen enti ti bern bernap apas as.. Pend Pender erit itaa akan akan ditemukan dalam keadaan tidak sadar. Pada saat perabaan nadi tidak ditemukan denyut arteri karotis. Bila Bila dite ditemu muka kan n hent hentii jant jantun ung g ma maka ka ha haru russ dila dilaku kuka kan n ma masa sase se jantung luar yang merupakan bagian dari resusitasi jantung paru (RJP / CPR). RJP RJ P ha hany nyaa mengha menghasi silk lkan an 25 25-3 -30% 0% dari dari cura curah h jant jantun ung g (car (cardi diac ac output) sehingga oksigen tambahan mutlak diperlukan.
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2
RESUSITASI JANTUNG PARU (RJP)
Langkah yang harus diambil sebelum memulai RJP (American Heart Association) Tentukan tingkat kesadaran (respons penderita) Dila Dilaku kuka kan n deng dengan an meng mengoy oyan ang g pend pender erit ita, a, bila bila pend pender erit itaa menj menjaw awab ab ma maka ka ABC ABC dala dalam m kead keadaa aan n baik baik,, bila bila tida tidak k ada ada
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Bila perna ernap pasan buatan kedu edua tidak berh erhasil (karena retensi/tahanan yang kuat) maka airway harus dibersihkan dari obstruksi (Heimlich maneuver, finger sweep, dll) Periksa pulsasi arteri karotis (5-10 detik) Bila Bila ada ada puls pulsas asii dan dan pend pender erit itaa bern bernap apas as,, dihen dihenti tika kan n napas napas buatan Bila Bila ada ada puls pulsas asii dan dan pend pender erit itaa tida tidak k berna bernapa pas, s, diter diterus uska kan n napas buatan Bila tidak ada pulsasi dilakukan RJP Tekhnik Resusitasi Jantung Paru RJP dapat dilakukan satu atau dua orang. Posisi penderita Penderita dalam keadaan telentang pada dasar keras (lantai, back board, short spine board). Jangan menunda RJP untuk mencari alas keras, bila perlu penderita dipindah ke lantai. Bila penderita terjepit dalam kendaraan, prinsip ekstrikasi dapat diabaikan kecuali proteksi servikal dengan segera menariknya
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Jari-jari kedua tangan dapat dirangkum, namun tidak boleh menyinggung dada penderita. Pada anak < 8 tahun cukup satu telapak tangan, satu jari di atas prosesus xyphoideus, pada bayi dengan 2 atau 3 jari pada garis yang menghubungkan kedua papila mammae.
Kompresi
Dilakukan dengan meluruskan siku, beban pada bahu bukan pada pada siku siku.. Komp Kompres resii dila dilaku kuka kan n seda sedala lam m 22-55 cm. Ca Cara ra lain lain untuk memeriksa efisiensi kompresi adalah dengan petugas lain lain memer memerik iksa sa puls pulsas asii arte arteri ri caro caroti tiss yang yang seha seharu rusn snya ya ada ada pada tiap kompresi. Dala Dalamn mnya ya komp kompre resi si pada pada bayi bayi dan dan an anak ak adal adalah ah 1/31/3-1/ 1/22 dalamnya dada (1-2 cm pada bayi, 2-3 cm pada anak < 8 tahun).
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bebe bebera rapa pa meni menitt dapa dapatt dihe dihent ntik ikan an RJ RJP P untu untuk k meme memeri riks ksaa apakah denyut jantung sudah kembali. Menghentikan RJP
Bila Bila RJP dila dilaku kukan kan deng dengan an efekt efektif if,, kema kemati tian an biol biolog ogis is akan akan tertunda. Saat menghentikan RJP merupakan keputusan yang sulit tergantung dari : Lamanya kematian klinis Prognosis penderita (ditinjau dari sebab henti jantung) Penyebab henti jantung (pada henti jantung karena listrik minimal 1 jam) ebaikn knya ya kepu keputtusan usan meng menghe hent ntiikan kan RJ RJP P diser iserah ahka kan n Sebai kepada dokter. Komplikasi RJP
Fraktur iga, sering terjadi pada orang tua, RJP diteruskan meskipun ada fraktur iga, fraktur iga mungkin terjadi bila
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ALUR PEMBERIAN BANTUAN HIDUP DASAR DANGER Pastikan tidak ada bahaya
Tidak Aman
Cari bahaya dan singkirkan bahaya yang ada
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RESUSITATE !!! Lakukan Resusitasi Jantung dan Paru 2 x napas PERHATIKAN 1. Bil Bila ti tidak dak yak yakin in menilai pernapasan, anggap TIDAK NORMAL 2. Ada napa napas s nor norma mal, l,
30 x
4 siklus
C E K !!! Life is ok
no life
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7. Pena Penang ngan anan an defi defini niti tiff
PERSIAPAN Fase pra rumah sakit Fokus Fokus pena penanga ngana nan n pend pender erit itaa yait yaitu u di lo loka kasi si kejad kejadia ian. n. Ada Ada koordinasi petugas lapangan dengan rumah sakit. Penanganan dititik beratkan pada : Jalan napas Nadi Kontrol perdarahan
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Triase juga mencakup pengertian mengatur rujukan sedemikian rupa sehingga penderita mendapatkan tempat perawatan yang selayaknya. Tindak Tindakan an triase triase dapat dapat dikerj dikerjaka akan n pada pada sekelo sekelompo mpok k penderi penderita, ta, misa mi sall pada pada kead keadaa aan n benc bencan anaa at atau au korb korban an ma mass ssal al at atau au pada pada penderita tunggal yang berarti menentukan diagnostik. Priori Prioritas tas utama utama adalah adalah pender penderita ita dengan dengan surviv survival al hidup hidup yang yang terbesar.
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Prioritas penanganan kegawatan dilakukan berdasarkan urutan di atas at as,, na namu mun n bila bila memu memung ngki kink nkan an dapa dapatt juga juga dila dilaku kuka kan n seca secara ra simultan. Prioritas penanganan untuk penderita usia muda maupun usia lanjut adalah sama, salah satu perbedaannya adalah bahwa pada usia muda ukuran organ relatif lebih kecil dan fungsinya belum bekerja maksimal Pada ibu hamil, prioritas tetap sama hanya pada proses persalinan membuat beberapa proses fisiologi berubah karena adanya janin Pada orangtua karena proses penuaan fungsi tubuh menjadi lebih
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Beberapa keadaan akut akibat trauma yang dapat menyebabkan gangguan pernafasan yang fatal adalah : tension pneumothoraks, flail chest yang disertai kontusio pulmonum, hemothoraks massive dan pneumothoraks terbuka. Kead Keadaa aan n ters terseb ebut ut meme memerrluka lukan n tind tindak akan an sege segera ra ber berupa upa pemasangan drain thoraks untuk tujuan dekompresi. Circulation and Hemorrhage control Penilaian fungsi sirkulasi secara cepat dapat dilakukan dengan
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Pemeriksaan neurologist secara cepat dapat dilakukan dengan metode AVPU ( Allert, Voice respons, Pain respons dan Uniresponsive). Uniresponsive). Pem ik
de
CGS CGS
iodi io di
da
t dila dilaku kuka ka
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Dimulai dengan anamnesa singkat yang meliputi AMPLE : Allergies, Allergies, edication, M edication, Past P ast illness,
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Terganggunya jalan napas dapat secara tiba-tiba dan komplit atau perlahan, parsial dan progresif atau rekuren. Taki Takipn pnea ea wa wala laup upun un dapa dapatt diseb disebab abka kan n karena karena nyer nyerii at atau au pun pun ketakutan namun harus selalu diingat kemungkinan gangguan jal jal dini dini Ka it nila ni laia ia jala jala ta
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Fraktur ramus mandibula terutama bilateral dapat menyebabkan lidah jatuh ke bel belakang dan gan ganggua guan napas pada posisi telentang. Penderita yang menolak berbaring mungkin ada gangguan jalan napas. Perlukaan daerah leher mungkin dapat terjadi gangguan
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Per Perhatikan kan tambahan LISTEN
juga
adanya nya
penggu ggunaan
otot
pern ernapasan
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