Các hàm s hc
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
Chương 3
CÁC HÀM S HC Nguyn Đt Thông
[email protected]
B môn ng dng Tin hc Khoa Toán - Tin hc 2010
Đưng cong Ellipt Elliptic ic
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Các hàm s hc
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
Đưng cong Ellipt Elliptic ic
Hàm s hc Đnh nghĩa Hàm s hc là hàm xác đnh trên tp hp các s nguyên dương. f :
N
∗
n
−→ − →
N
∗
f ( f (n)
Đnh nghĩa Mt hàm s hc f đưc gi là nhân nhân tính nu vi mi m, n nguyên t f (mn) mn) = f ( f (m)f ( f (n). Trong trưng hp đng thc cùng nhau, ta có f ( đúng vi mi m, n, hàm f đưc gi là nhân nhân tính mnh.
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Các hàm s hc
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
Đưng cong Ellipt Elliptic ic
Phi hàm Euler Đnh nghĩa Phi hàm Euler φ(n) là hàm s hc có giá tr ti n, bng s các s không vưt quá n và nguyên t cùng nhau vi n.
Đnh nghĩa H thng dư thu gn modulo n là tp hp gm φ(n) s nguyên sao cho mi phn t ca tp hp nguyên t cùng nhau vi n, và không có hai phn t nào đng dư vi nhau modulo n.
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Các hàm s hc
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
Đưng cong Ellipt Elliptic ic
Đnh lý Euler Đnh lý (Euler) Nu n là s nguyên dương và a là s nguyên t cùng nhau vi n thì aφ(n)
≡1
mo d n
p) = p − 1. S p là nguyên t khi và ch khi φ( p)
Vi mi s nguyên t p, ta có φ( pk ) = p k − pk−1 . mn) = φ( φ (m)φ(n). Phi hàm Euler là hàm nhân tính. Nghĩa là φ(mn)
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Các hàm s hc
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
Ví d v phi hàm Euler φ(1) = 1 φ(2) = 1 φ(3) = 2 φ(4) = 2. φ(5) = 5 1 = 4 φ(7) = 7 1 = 6 φ(11) = 11 1 = 10.
− −
−
φ(6) = φ = φ(2) (2)φ φ(3) = 2 φ(10) = φ = φ(2) (2)φ φ(5) = 4
Đưng cong Ellipt Elliptic ic
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Các hàm s hc
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
Đưng cong Ellipt Elliptic ic
Đng dư ca lũy tha ln Các tính cht ca Phi hàm Euler đưc s dng đ tính đng dư ca nhng lũy tha rt ln. C th, ta cn tính an mod k, trong đó n là mt s nguyên ln. Gi s ta có k = p r1 pr2 ...prss . 1
r
φ(pi i )
Trong đó a
2
≡ 1 mod pri i , vi i = 1, 2,...,s.
Đt N là bi s chung nh nht ca các φ( pri i ) thì aN ≡ 1 mo d k. Nu n ≡ r mod N thì an ≡ ar mod k. 6
Mt ví d c th là tính 210 mod 77
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Các hàm s hc
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
Hàm τ và hàm σ Đnh nghĩa τ (n) có giá tr ti n, bng s các ưc dương ca n. Hàm τ ( Hàm σ (n) có giá tr ti n, bng tng các ưc dương ca n.
Đưng cong Ellipt Elliptic ic
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Các hàm s hc
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
Đưng cong Ellipt Elliptic ic
S hoàn ho Đnh nghĩa S nguyên dương n đưc gi là s s hoàn ho nu σ (n) = 2n. Đnh lý
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Các hàm s hc
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
Đưng cong Ellipt Elliptic ic
S hoàn ho Mi s hoàn ho có th biu din dưi dng tng các s t nhiên liên tip. 6= 1+2+3 28 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 496 = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 30 + 31
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Các hàm s hc
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
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S nguyên t Mersenne Đnh nghĩa Vi m là mt s nguyên dương, M m = 2m − 1 đưc gi là s Mersenne th m. Nu p là s nguyên t, và M p cũng là s nguyên t, thì M p đưc gi là s nguyên t Mersenne.
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Các hàm s hc
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
Đưng cong Ellipt Elliptic ic
Bc theo modulo n Đnh nghĩa Gi s a và n là các s nguyên dương nguyên t cùng nhau. Khi đó s nguyên dương nh nht x tha ax ≡ 1 mod n đưc gi là bc ca a theo modulo n. Ký hiu: x = ordn a.
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Các hàm s hc
Căn nguyên thy
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
Đưng cong Ellipt Elliptic ic
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Các hàm s hc
Đnh lý Lagrange
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
Đưng cong Ellipt Elliptic ic
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Các hàm s hc
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
S tn ti ca căn nguyên thy
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S tn ti ca căn nguyên thy
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Các hàm s hc
Câu hi
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
Đưng cong Ellipt Elliptic ic
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Các hàm s hc
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
Đưng cong Ellipt Elliptic ic
S gi nguyên t Fermat và s gi nguyên t Euler Đnh lý S n gi nguyên t Euler cơ s b là s gi nguyên t mnh Fermat cơ b = −1. s b nu n ≡ 3 mod 4, hoc
n
B đ Gi s n là mt s nguyên dương l không chính phương. Khi đó tn b gcd(b, n) = 1, sao cho = −1. ti ít nht mt s b vi 1 < b < n, gcd(b,
n
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Các hàm s hc
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
Đưng cong Ellipt Elliptic ic
Thut toán Solovay-Strassen Đnh lý Đi vi mi hp s l n, tn ti không quá φ(2n) s nguyên nguyên dương b nh hơn n, nguyên t cùng nhau vi n, sao cho n là s gi nguyên t Euler cơ s b.
Nu n là hp s l, chn b chn ngu nhiên trong các s 1, 2, ..., n − 1, thì xác sut đ n gi nguyên t Euler cơ s b s bé hơn 12 . Đnh lý (Thut toán Solovay - Strassen) Cho n là mt s nguyên dương. Chn ngu nhiên k s b1 , b2 ,...,bk t
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Các hàm s hc
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
Đưng cong Ellipt Elliptic ic
Thut toán Solovay-Strassen
Vi k đ ln và n tri qua đưc kim tra xác sut vi k cơ s ngu nhiên, thì hu như chc chn n là s nguyên t. Do mi s gi nguyên t mnh Fermat cơ s b đu là s gi nguyên t Euler cơ s b, nên s các s n tri qua đưc kim tra xác sut Rabin - Miller cũng s tri qua đưc kim tra xác sut Solovay - Strassen. Ví d s n tri qua đưc kim tra xác sut Solovay - Strassen vi k = 40 cơ s ngu nhiên khác nhau, thì xác sut đ n là hp s s
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Các hàm s hc
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
Đưng cong Ellipt Elliptic ic
Câu hi
Chng Chng minh rng 1105 là s gi nguyên nguyên t Euler cơ s 2 và và không gi nguyên t mnh Fermat cơ s 2. 2 Chng minh rng nu n là s gi nguyên t Euler cơ s a và b thì n cũng gi nguyên t Euler cơ s ab. 3 Chng minh rng nu n là s gi nguyên t Euler cơ s b thì n cũng là s gi nguyên t Euler cơ s n − b. 1
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Các hàm s hc
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
Đưng cong Ellipt Elliptic ic
Chương 5
ĐƯNG CONG ELLIPTIC Nguyn Đt Thông
[email protected]
B môn ng dng Tin hc
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Các hàm s hc
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
Đưng cong Ellipt Elliptic ic
Đưng cong Elliptic Đnh nghĩa Đưng cong Elliptic trên trưng K là tp hp các đim (x, y ) tha mãn phương trình
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Các hàm s hc
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
Đưng cong Ellipt Elliptic ic
Đưng cong Elliptic - Nhóm Abel Đnh lý Đưng cong Elliptic đưc trang b phép cng và tr thành nhóm Abel như sau: Phn t 0 là đim ti vô cùng O.
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Các hàm s hc
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
Đưng cong Elliptic - Dng Weierstrass Nu ta đt Y = 2y + a1 x + a3 a21 + 4a2 X = x + 12
thì ta có th đưa phương trình (1 (1) v dng
Đưng cong Ellipt Elliptic ic
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Các hàm s hc
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
Phép cng trên đưng cong Elliptic
Đưng cong Ellipt Elliptic ic
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Các hàm s hc
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
Đưng cong Ellipt Elliptic ic
Phép cng trên đưng cong Elliptic Vi đưng cong Elliptic dng Weierstrass y 2 = x 3 + ax + b, ta có các công thc tính như sau: = P + Q R = P
2
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Các hàm s hc
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
Đưng cong Elliptic và các h mã hóa
Đưng cong Ellipt Elliptic ic
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Các hàm s hc
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
Mt mã khóa công khai
Đưng cong Ellipt Elliptic ic
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Các hàm s hc
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
Mt mã tương t mũ
Đưng cong Ellipt Elliptic ic
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Các hàm s hc
Thng Th ng dư bìn bình h phư phương ơng
Ánh x s nguyên m thành đim P trên
Đưng cong Ellipt Elliptic ic