Calculate Hydrogen Gas Emissions – Industrial Batteries
When designing a battery room, ventilation requirements need to be taken into consideration. Lead acid motive power batteries give off hydrogen gas and other fumes when recharging and for a period after the charge is complete. Proper ventilation in the battery charging area is extremely important.
• Calculating Hydrogen Concentration
• Calculating Room Volume
A hydrogeninair hydrogeninair mixture mixture of !" or greater greater substantially increases the risk of an explosion. #he concentration of hydrogen should be kept below $" to provide a safety factor. %ydrogen gas is colorless and odorless. &t is also lighter than air and will disperse to the top of a building.
• Determining Ventilation Requirement
• Determining Fan Requirement
• Do You Need Forced Ventilation
• Hydrogen Gas Detector (HGD!"
#he information below is provided for reference only. 'tate and local codes may apply that supersede these guidelines. #he following is for general understanding only, and () &ndustrial )attery takes no responsibility for these guidelines.
#te$ !% Calculating Hydrogen Concentration
A typical lead acid motive power battery will develop approximately .*$!+! cubic feet of hydrogen per cell at standard temperature and pressure. H & (C ' ' G ' )" * R !++ %- /olume of hydrogen produced during recharge. 0- 1umber of cells in battery. 2- Percentage of overcharge assumed during a recharge, use 3*". (- /olume of hydrogen produced by one ampere hour of charge. 4se .*$!+! to get cubic feet. A- 5hour rated capacity of the battery in ampere hours. 6- Assume gas is released during the last !- hours of an 7hour charge. E'am$le% 1umber cells per battery 3! Ampere si8e of battery !9* A.%. (H" & (,- ' ,+ ' .+!-/- ' -0+" * !++ % +.:9:5 cubic feet per battery per hour top
#te$ ,% Calculating Room Volume ;or a room with a flat roof volume is calculated W x L x % less the volume of chargers and other fixed ob
#te$ 4% Determining Ventilation Requirement Assume +9 batteries stored. +.:9:5 x +9 9:5.:+ cubic feet per h our +.:9:5 calculated in 'tep $)attery room $!!,*** cu. ft. from example in 'tep 3 / 6 x P > % x 5* minutes /- /entilation required 6- 6oom cu. ft. P- ?aximum percentage of hydrogen gas allowed %- #otal hydrogen produced per hour / $!!,*** x .*$" > 9:5.:+ x 5 * / $!!.+= or the air should be exchanged every $!!.+= minutes 3 hours 3! minutestop
#te$ -% Determining Fan Requirement ;an 'i8e 6 x 5* minutes > / 6- 6oom cu. ft. /- /entilation required $!!,*** x 5* > $!!.+= 9:@ 5:+.=5 cu. ft. per hour or ::9 0;?. #he ventilation system should be capable of extracting 9:,5:+.=5 cu.ft. per hour or ::9 0;?. top
#te$ 0% Do You Need Forced Ventilation &n theory the 9:5.:+ cu. ft.hr. only represents .**!" which is B $". #herefore forced ventilation would not be required for this example. %owever, the following should be considered before ruling out forced ventilationC &s the battery room closed in or openD &f closed in no natural ventilation may be possible. 'ince hydrogen gas rises are there areas in the ceiling where gas may collect in greater concentrations. #he above calculation represents worse case scenario assuming all batteries are gassing at the same time. #his is highly improbable. &f natural ventilation is sufficient in an open area forced ventilation should not be required. &f your calculations determine a percentage B$" hydrogen concentration, we recommend a %ydrogen (as Eetector for safe measure, part number HGD!.
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Hydrogen Gas Detector (HGD!" Operation 'hould the concentration of hydrogen gas in the air surrounding the sensor reach $" by volume, the F$" cautionF yellow LGE will light and the $" internal relay will close. 'hould the hydrogen gas concentration reach 3" by volume, the F3" warningF red LGE will flash and an 7* db alarm will soundH the $" relay will remain closed and, if a Eual6elay model, the 3" internal relay will close. Gither relay can activate a remote exhaust fan andor alarm.
Location %ydrogen, colorless and odorless, is the lightest of all gases and thus rises. #he detector, therefore, should be installed at the highest, draftfree location in the battery compartment or room where hydrogen gas would accumulate.
#he si8e of the area one detector will protect depends upon battery compartment room. #he detector measures the hydrogen gas in the air immediately surrounding the sensor. &f hydrogen gas might accumulate in several, unconnected areas in the compartment or room, individual detectors should be placed at each location. 2ptional AccessoriesC steel
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Compliments of: Industrial Battery and Charger, Inc. Charlotte, North Carolina
During the recharging process, a lead battery releases hydrogen and oxygen through the electrolysis of sulfuric acid. The beginning of gassing is determined by the battery voltage, but the amount of gas depends on the current that isn't absorbed by the battery
and is used in the electrolysis. As the battery reaches its full state of charge, the acceptance of current becomes less and the liberation of hydrogen is more. Four percent (4! concentration of hydrogen is dangerous and has a potential for an explosion. "enerally, the maximum allo#able concentration of hydrogen is $.%& of the room's cubic footage. To eep the hydrogen concentration belo# 4, adeuate ventilation must be provided. Rate of Hydrogen Release
$ Ampere x $ )our x $ *ell + &.&$ cubic feet - Ampere )our - *ell Battery Hydrogen Calculation
Ampere )our x Finish ate (percent! x /umber of *ells x &.&$ *ubic Feet - Ampere )our - *ell
Example: 0uantity + $& 1atteries Type + $232%3$ Ampere )our + Ampere )our per 5ositive x /umber of 5ositive 5lates Ampere )our + 2% Ampere )our 5late x $& 5ositive 5lates Ampere )our + 2%& Ampere )our Battery Hydrogen Calculation
2%& A) x &.&% x $2 *ells x &.&$ *ubic Feet - Ampere )our - *ell + $.4 *ubic Feet - )our - 1attery x $& 1atteries + 1.!" Cu#ic $eet % Hour Room Calculation
4&' 6ong x 7&' 8ide x $%' )igh + $2,&&& *ubic Feet $2,&&& *ubic Feet x &.&$% (9aximum Allo#able *oncentration! + &" Cu#ic $eet '(aximum) Rate of Concentration Calculation
:& *ubic Feet (9aximum Allo#able! ; $.4& *ubic Feet - )our + . Hours or 1* (inutes Rate of +ir olume Remo-al
$2,&&& *ubic Feet ; $7 9inutes + 1*.!" Cu#ic $eet % (inute
BATTERY TUTORIAL
Whi l et he r ea r ema n yb a t t e r yc h e mi s t r i e st o da y , a ndne wt y pe sb e c o mi ngc o mme r c i a l l y vi a bl eo v e rt i me , wede a lwi t ht hel e a da c i dt ype s ,floo de d,AGM, a ndt r ueGe l ,a st he y a r ewi de l yus e di nt hea ppl i c a t i onswes pe c i a l i z ei n. Le a da c i dba t t e r yt e c hnol ogyha s be e nus e dc omme r c i al l yf orove rac e nt ur y .Somear c he ol ogi c alfindsoft heappr opr i at e mat er i al si namanmadec onfigur at i ons ugges tt hepr i nc i pl ehasbeenknownandus ed muc hl onge rt ha nt ha t . The i rc o ns t r uc t i oni sofl e a da l l o ypl a t e s , a nda ne l e c t r ol yt eof s ul phur i ca c i da ndwa t e r . Ab at t e r yi sma deupofanumbe rofc e l l s , a ndt hel e a da c i d c he mi s t r ydi c t a t e saf ul l yc ha r g e dvol t a geofa bout2 . 1 2v ol t spe rc e l l . Thus , anomi na l6 vol tba t t e r yha st hr e ec e l l swi t haf ul lc ha r g evol t a geof6 . 3t o6 . 4vol t s , a nda1 2vol t bat t e r yhass i xc e l l s ,andaf ul lc har gevol t ageof12. 7vol t s . Hi ghqual i t y ,hi gh pe r f or ma nc el e a da c i dba t t e r i e sma yma ye x hi bi thi ghe rc e l lv ol t a ge . Thec e l lha st wopl a t et ype s , oneofl e a da ndoneofl e a ddi o xi de , bot hi nc o nt a c twi t h t hes ul f ur i ca c i de l e c t r o l yt ease i t he ral i qui d,a bs or b edi nama t , orage l .Thel e ad di o xi de( PbO2)pl a t er e a c t swi t ht hes ul f ur i cac i d( H2SO4)e l e ct r ol yt er e s ul t i ngi n h ydr o ge ni o nsa ndo x y ge ni o ns( whi c hma k ewa t e r )a ndl e a ds ul f a t e( Pb SO4)ont he pl a t e . Thel e adpl a t er e ac t swi t ht hee l e c t r o l yt e( s ul f ur i ca c i d)a ndl e ave sl e ads ul f a t e (PbSO4) , a ndaf r e ee l e c t r o n. Di s c ha r g eoft heba t t e r y( a l l owi nge l e c t r o nst ol e a vet he bat t e r y)r e s ul t si nt hebui l dupofl e ads ul f at eont hepl at e sandwat e rdi l ut i onoft he a c i d. Mor eons ul f a t i ona ndi t spr obl e msl a t e r .Thes pe c i ficgr a vi t yoft hee l e c t r ol yt eas me a s ur e dwi t hahydr ome t e ri nfloode dba t t e r i e s , i ndi c a t e si t sr e l a t i v ec ha r g e( s t r e ngt h) , orl e ve lofdi l ut i on( di s c har ge ) . Ther e ve r s i bi l i t yoft hi sr e a c t i ongi ve sust heus e f ul ne s s ofal e a da c i dba t t e r y . Thes e a l e dve r s i onsc o nt a i nt hewa t e r ,hydr oge n, e t c . unde r nor ma lus e , f orr e c o mbi na t i on, a nde l i mi na t et hema i nt e na nc eo fc he c k i ngwa t e rl e v e l s , a ndc o r r o s i ona r oundt het e r mi na l s .
Cha r g i ngt heba t t e r yi sr e v er s i ngt hepr oc e s sa bo ve ,a ndi nv ol ve ss ubj e c t i ngt heba t t e r y t ovol t a ge shi ghe rt ha ni t se xi s t i ngv ol t a ge .Thehi ghe rt hevol t a ge ,t hef a s t e rt hec ha r ge r a t e ,s ubj e c tt os omel i mi t a t i ons . The r ei saga s s i ngpoi ntt oc ons i de r , a ndt r uege l bat t e r i e sha veal owe rpe akc har gevol t age , be c aus ebubbl e sc anoc c uri nt hege lwhi c h don' tdi s s i pa t e ,a ndr e s ul ti nba t t e r yda ma ge .Mor eont hi si nt hec ha r g i ngt ut or i a l . Thee l e c t r ol yt ema ybea bs o r be di nt oama tt ypema t e r i a ls ot he r ei snof r e ee l e c t r ol yt e ( AGM ba t t e r y ) , orma ybei nage lf or ma twhi c ha l s os t a bi l i z e si t( t r ueGe lba t t e r y ) . Cur r e ntl e ada c i dba t t e r i e sa r eba s i c a l l ydi s t i ngui s he da sde ( r a t e di n e pc y c l e / s t or a ge a mpho ur s ) ,o ra ut o mo t i v eSLI t ype( S t a r t i ng/Li ght i ng/I gni t i on) ,r a t e di nc r a nki ng a mps . The r ea r ea l s oc ombi na t i ont ype s , r a t e df orbot hdut i e s , butt he s eus ua l l yha v ea l o we rc r a nki nga mpr a t i ngt ha nas t a r t i ngb at t e r yoft hes a megr oups i z e .
SLI Batteries ba t t e r i e sa r ede s i gne dt or e l e a s eahi ghbur s tofa mpsf oras hor tt i me( as t a r t i ng SLI s e q ue nc e ) , a ndt he nber e l a t i v e l yqui c k l yr e c h ar ge df r om t hee qui pme nt ' sc ha r gi ng s ys t e m( a l t e r na t or ) .T ypi c a l l y , as t a r t i ngs e que nc edi s c ha r g esl e s st ha n3 % oft heba t t e r y c a pa c i t y .SLIba t t e r i e sa r enotde s i gne df orr e pe at e dde e pdi s c ha r g e, a ndt he i rl i f ei s c o ns i de r a bl yr e duc e dwhe ns ubj e c t e dt ot hi s . The r ea r ewe t( floode d)a ndt o t a l l ys e a l e d, ma i nt e na nc ef r e eba t t e r i e s( AGM -a bs o r b e dgl a s sma t )i nt hi sc l a s s .The s eg e ne r a l l y ha veahi ghpl a t ec ount , a ndt hepl a t e sa r er e l a t i ve l yt hi n.The ya r er a t e di nCA, c r a nki nga mps( a t3 2de g r e e sF ) , a ndCCA,c o l dc r a nk i nga mps( a t0de g r e e sF ) .
Dee Cyc!e Batteries De e pc y c l eba t t e r i e sa r ede s i gne dwi t ht hi c ke rpl a t e s , t oha veac o ns t a ntdi s c ha r g er a t e , a ndt obede e pl ydi s c ha r g e da nds ub s e q ue nt l ya c c e ptr e c h ar gi ng.The yar ec a l l e dRV, ma r i ne ,de e pc y c l e ,s t or a ge ,a nds o me t i me sgol fc a r tba t t e r i e s ,a st he s ea r et het ypi c a l ma r ke t st he yappl yt o, a swe l la so t he r s . The r ei sn obe ne fitt ode e pl ydi s c ha r gi ngde e p c y c l eba t t e r i e sa sama i nt e n a nc ep r o c e dur e , a ndt he yha v enome mo r ye ffe c t . The ya r e t y pi c a l l yr a t e di na mpho ur s( a h) ,b utma yha v eaCAa ndCCAr a t i ng ,i ft he ya r edua l pur pos e , oroc c a s i ona l l yus e df ors t a r t i ngpur pos e s . De e pc y c l el e a da c i dba t t e r i e sa r ea v ai l a bl ei nt woc o nfigur a t i ons-we ta nds e a l e d.Awe t c e l lba t t e r yha sahi ghe rt ol e r a nc et oo ve r c ha r g i ng,howe v er , i twi l lr e l e a s ehydr oge nga s whe nc h a r gi ngt ha tmus tb epr o pe r l yv e nt e d, a ndt hewa t e rl e v e l smus tb ec he c k e d f r e q ue nt l y . S e a l e dl e a da c i dba t t e r i e sc a nbeo fAGM ( Abs o r be dGl a s sMa t )orGe l c o ns t r uc t i on,a ndbo t ha r es ome t i me sc a l l e dVRLA( v al v er e gul a t e dl e a da c i d)ba t t e r i e s .
Fr e que nt l yt het e r m" Ge l "i sus e dt or e f e rt oa nyt r ul ys e a l e d, ma i nt e na nc ef r e eba t t e r y , a ndt hi spr a c t i c ec a us e sc o nf us i ont oba t t e r yc ons ume r s ,a st heAGM a ndt r ueGe lha v e s omedi ffe r e ntc ha r a c t e r i s t i c s , pa r t i c ul a r l yi nt hec ha r gi ngr e qui r e me nt so ft het r ueGe l . Bot ht ype sa r ema i nt e na nc ef r e e ,ha v enol i qui dt os pi l la ndga s s i ngi smi ni ma l .Ot he r na me sf ort hes e a l e dt ype sa r es t a r ve de l e c t r ol yt e ,ma i nt e na nc e f r e e ,dr yc e l l , a nds pi l l pr o of . Mo s to ft he s ea r eDe pa r t me ntofTr a ns po r t a t i o n( DOT)a ppr o ve df o ra i r t r a ns por t ,a ndc l a s s i fie da sn onha z ar dous . TheGe li st hel e a s ta ffe c t e db yt e mpe r a t ur ee x t r e me s , s t or a gea tl o ws t a t eofc ha r g ea nd ha sal o we ri nt e r na ldi s c ha r g er a t e , butha spe a kc ha r g ev ol t a ger e q ui r e me nt st ha ta r e mea s ur abl yl owert hanafloodedorAGM bat t er y. AnAGM bat t er ywi l lhandl e o ve r c ha r gi ngs l i ght l ybe t t e rt ha nt heGe lCe l l . I nc l ude di nt heAGM c a t e gor ya r et he Opt i ma™ andt heOdyss ey™, aswel lass ever alot herhi ghper f or manc es eal ed bat t e r i e s .Thes mal l e rbat t e r i e syoufindi nhous eal ar ms ys t e ms , c omput e rUPS ( uni nt e r r upt i bl epowe rs uppl y)box es , e t c . , t hats a y" s e al e dl e adac i d" , " s pi l lpr o of " , or " ma i nt e na nc ef r e e " ,a r ea l mos ta l wa ysAGM t ypeba t t e r i e s . I fi tdoe s n' ts a y" ge l "oni t , or ha vea" G"i nt hepa r tnumbe r , i t ' snotage l .
High "er#or$ance Batteries Wement i onedt heOpt i ma™ andt heOdyss ey™ hi ghper f or mancebat t er i es .Ther ea r e o t he r ss uc ha st heRo c kRa c i ng ™a swe l l .The s eb at t e r i e sus epr e mi um ma t e r i a l sa n d c o ns t r uc t i ont e c hni que sa nda c hi e v ee x c e l l e ntr e s ul t s , whi c ht hepr i c et e ndst or e fle c t . TheOdys s e yuni t se x hi bi te x t r e me l yhi ghbur s ta mpsf ort hefir s t5s e c o nds , ac r i t i c a l f e a t ur ei ns t a r t i nghi ghdi s pl a c e me ntorhi ghc o mpr e s s i one ngi ne s . The ya l s oc a nbe t o t a l l ydi s c ha r g e da ndr e c h a r g e dma nyt i me s( r a t e da t4 0 0c y c l e sa t8 0 % de pt hof di s c ha r ge ) .F ordua lpur pos e , s t a r t i nga ndde e pc y c l e , t he s ea r eha r dt obe a t .Weke e pa n Odyss eyPC1500c har gedandr eadyi nt hes hopf oremer genc yj umpsorot her s i t ua t i ons , a ndt e s t i ng. Enoughs a i d.
Battery caacity Ba t t e r yc apa c i t yi same a s ur eoft hee ne r gyt heba t t e r yc a ns t or ea ndde l i ve rt oal oa d.I t i sd e t e r mi ne db yho w muc hc ur r e n taba t t e r yc a nde l i v e ro v e ra ni ndus t r ys t a nda r d pe r i odoft i me . Theuni tofme a s ur ei sc a l l e d" a mpe r ehour "( a h) .Theba t t e r yi ndus t r y s t a nda r di sa2 0hourr a t e ,i . e . ho w ma nya mpe r e so fc ur r e ntt heba t t e r yc a nde l i v e ro v er 2 0hour sa t8 0de gr e e sFunt i lt hevol t a gedr opst o1 0 . 5vol t sf ora12Vba t t e r ya nd2 1 v ol t sf ora24Vba t t e r y . Fore xa mpl e ,a10 0ahba t t e r ywi l lde l i v er5ampsf or2 0hour s .
Oc c a s i o na l l yac o mpa nyo rma r ke t e rwi l lus ea1 0ho urr a t eo rs o meo t he rr a t e , s obe s ur ewhi c hr at eyouar egi venwhencompar i ngbr andsandgr oups i zes . Ba t t e r yc a pa c i t yi sa l s oe xpr e s s e da sRe s e r v eCa pa c i t y( RC)i nmi nut e s . Re s e r v ec a pa c i t y i st het i mei nmi nut e saba t t e r yc a nde l i v e r2 5ampsa t8 0de gr e e sFunt i lt hevol t a ge dr opst o1 0. 5vol t sf ora1 2Vba t t e r yand2 1vol t sf ora24Vba t t e r y .Ar e l a t i ons hi p be t we e namphour s( ah)andr e s e r vec apac i t y( RC)c anbeappr oxi mat e dwi t ht hi s f o r mul a :a h=RCt i me s0 . 6
Tyica! %attery si&es
BCI'(ro)
Battery *o!tage+ *
Battery AH
,-
-.
-/0
1D
-.
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2D
-.
.10
5
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' Battery Co)nci! Internationa!
High %attery discharge rates Asdi s c ha r g er a t ei si nc r e a s e da bo vet hei ndus t r ys t a nda r d2 0hourr a t e ,t heus a b l e c a pa c i t yde c r e a s e s , duet ot he" Pe uke r tEffe c t " . Thede c r e a s ei sn otl i ne a r , a ndi ss hown i nt hec ha r tbe l o w.
Battery Caacity6Rate o# Discharge
Discharge Ho)rs
Usa%!e Caacity
./
-//7
-/
287
2
2,7
5
807
0
8/7
,
5/7
.
0/7
-
1/7
Thi smus tbet a ke ni nt oc o ns i de r a t i onwhe ns i z i ngaba t t e r yf orapa r t i c ul a ra ppl i c a t i on. I fi ti sahi ghc ur r e ntdr a w,ba t t e r yc a pa c i t ymus tbei nc r e a s e dov ert hes i mpl ec a l c ul a t e d amphourr equi r ement .
Battery !i#e and deth o# discharge 3DOD4 Ba t t e r yl i f ei ss hor t e ne dt hemor ede e pl yi ti sdi s c ha r g e di ne a c hc y c l e .I nc r e a s i nga bat t e r ybankc apac i t yove rmi ni mum r e qui r e me nt swi l li nc r e as et hel i f eoft hebank. T r u eGe lb a t t e r i e st e n dt oha v eahi g he rnumb e ro fc y c l e st ha nAGMswhe nc y c l e d de e pl y , he nc et he i rf r e que ntus ei ngol fc a r t sa ndwhe e l c ha i r s /s c oo t e r swhe ns e a l e d bat t e r i e sar eus e d, andde e pl ydi s c har ge ddai l y .
A9erage Li#e Cyc!e Chart
Deth o# Discharge 7 o# AH caacity
Cyc!e Li#e
Cyc!e Li#e
Cyc!e Li#e
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(ro) 2D
(ro) (C.
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580
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00/
Te$erat)re e:ects on %atteries Le a da c i dba t t e r i e sl os ec a pa c i t yi nl ow t e mpe r a t ur e s . At3 2de gr e e sF ,aba t t e r ywi l l de l i v e ra bout7 5 % ofi t sr a t e dc a pa c i t ya t8 0de gr e e sF .Thi sne e dst obec ons i de r e d whe ns i z i ngaba t t e r yba nko fr e q ui r e dc a pa c i t yf orc o l de re n vi r onme nt s . Ahe a t e do r i ns u l a t e dc o mpa r t me nti sa dvi s a b l ef orv e r yc o l dc l i ma t e s . Hi g ht e mpe r a t ur eke e ps bat t e r yc he mi s t r ymor eac t i ve ,andme as ur abl yde c r e as e sbat t e r yl i f e . Abat t e r yt hat ma yl a s t5y e ar si na6 0Ft o80Fe nvi r onme nt , ma yl a s tonl y2ye a r si nade s e r t envi r onment .
Interna! discharge Ba t t e r i e sar es ubj e c tt oa ni nt e r na ldi s c ha r ge ,a l s oc a l l e ds e l f di s c ha r ge .Thi sr a t ei s de t e r mi ne db yt heba t t e r yt ype ,a ndt heme t a l l ur gyoft hel e a dus e di ni t sc ons t r uc t i on. We tc e l l s , wi t ht hec a vi t i e si ns i def ore l e c t r o l yt e ,us eal e ada nt i monya l l oyt oi nc r e a s e me c ha ni c a ls t r e ngt h.Thea nt i monya l s oi nc r e a s e st hei nt e r na ldi s c ha r g er a t et obe t we e n 8 %a nd4 0 % pe rmo nt h. F ort hi sr e a s o n, we tc e l l ss h oul dno tbel e f tunma i nt a i ne dor unc h a r g e df o rl o ngpe r i o ds .Thel e a dus e di nGe la ndAGM b a t t e r yc o ns t r uc t i o ndo e s notr e qui r ehi ghme c ha ni c a ls t r e ngt hs i nc ei ti ss t a bi l i z e db yt hege lorma tma t e r i a l . Us ua l l yc a l c i um i sa l l o ye dwi t ht hel e a dt or e duc eg as s i nga ndt hei nt e r na ldi s c ha r ge r at e, whi c hi sonl y2% t o10% permont hf ort heAGM andGelbat t er i es . Anyba t t e r ydi s c ha r g e, i nc l udi ngi nt e r na ldi s c ha r ge , pr oduc e ss ul pha t i onont heba t t e r y pl a t e sa spa r toft hec he mi c a lc y c l e ,a ndgi v e ne nought i me , t hi ss ul pha t i onha r de ns , c a us i ngdi mi ni s he dba t t e r yc a pa c i t ya tbe s t ,ort ot a ll os so ff unc t i on.Rout i nec ha r g i ng a f t e rus e ,orus eofa" floa t i ng"c ha r ge rf orl ongpe r i odso fs t or a ge( boa tba t t e r i e s ,ATVs , e t c . )pr e ve nt st hi sdi mi ni s he dc a pa c i t ya ndma xi mi z e sba t t e r yl i f e .A l a r g epor t i on ( a ppr oa c hi ng5 0 %)o fl e a da c i dba t t e r i e sha v edi mi ni s he dc a pa c i t yo rb e c o meunus a bl e duet os ul pha t i on, a ndne v err e a c ht he i rr a t e dl i f e s pa n.The r ea r ee l e c t r oni cde vi c e s ( c ha r g e r sa nds t a nda l onede vi c e s )f orde a l i ngwi t hs ul pha t i on, butt hebe s tpr a c t i c ei s a v oi di ngt hes i t ua t i oni nt hefir s tpl a c ewi t hpr ope rba t t e r yma na ge me nt ,i nc l udi ngus e ofqual i t y' s ma r t ' c har ge r s .
S)$$ation on attaining $a;i$)$ %attery !i#e Fr om t hedi s c us s i ona bo ve ,i tc a nbes e e nt ha tt he r ea r es e v e r a li s s ue spe r t a i ni ngt o bat t e r yl i f e . Re c har gi ngi nat i me l yf as hi onaf t e rus e , a voi di ngt ot aldi s c har gei fpos s i bl e , r out i nema i nt e na nc ec ha r gi ngorus eo fa" floa t "c ha r g e ronba t t e r i e si ns t or a georo utof
s e a s o n( j e t s k i ,s no wmobi l e ,ATV, e t c . )a r ea l lt hi ngswhi c hc o nt r i but et ogoodba t t e r y l i f e .Av oi di nge x t r e met e mpe r a t ur e s , e s pe c i a l l yhe a t , whe npos s i bl e , a ndc he c k i ngwa t e r l e v el si nfloode dba t t e r i e sa r ee s s e nt i a la swe l l . The r ea r es o mea ppl i c a t i onswhi c ha r e mor el i ke l yt or e a c ht hee ndoft hec y c l el i f eofaba t t e r y ,a ndha v edi mi ni s hi ngc a pa c i t y a sar e s ul t . Whe e l c ha i r sa nds c oot e r sus e dda i l ya ndhe a vi l yf a l li nt ot hi sc a t e gor y . Ihavea ddedapagedeal i ngwi t b h at t e r ypr i c e s a ndt her e a s o nst he ya r er i s i nga nd pr oba bl ywi l lc o nt i nuet odos of orawhi l e .Thi ss i t ua t i onc ont r i but e st ot her e a s o nst o s e e kma x i mum b a t t e r yl i f e .
Series and ara!!e! connection o# %atteries Whe nt woormor eba t t e r i e sa r ec o nne c t e di ns e r i e s( pos i t i v et one ga t i vei nas t r i ng) , t he i rv ol t a ge sa ddupb utt he i rAH c a pa c i t yr e ma i nst hes a me . S o, t wo12V,1 0 0a h bat t e r i e sc onne c t e di ns e r i e sr e s ul ti na24V, 100ahpac k. Thene gat i veofonebat t e r y c o nne c t st ot hepos i t i v eofas e c o ndba t t e r y , a ndt her e ma i ni ngt e r mi na l sa r et hes y s t e m c o n n e c t i o n s . Whe nt woormor eba t t e r i e sa r ec o nne c t e di npa r a l l e l( pos i t i v et opos i t i v e,ne ga t i v et o ne g a t i v e ) , t he i rAH c a pa c i t y( a mpe r a ge )a ddsupbutt he i rv ol t a ger e ma i nst hes a me . S o, t wo1 2V,1 00a hba t t e r i e sc o nne c t e di npa r a l l e lr e s ul ti na12V, 2 00ahpa c k.
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