Caracterizacion hongo Aspergillus sp

Aozgutaimeaõo ufhxg Mu~gxiaccwu Mu~gxiaccwu u~ u~ go Lgdaf Mlhagotg

=

^MXTAEA^MEAFO AA EFOIXGUF AOTGXOMEAFOMC AFEAL 8>>2/ CALM CAL M ^GXW

Emxmetgxa{meaõo dgc igogxf Mu~gxiaccwu u~ goefotxmdm go cmu uglaccmu dg Emgumc~aoam efxamxam " Omemuefc! omtazm dg Gc Umczmdfx# ~xf~agdmdgu omtwxmcgu q uw al~metf go cm Umcwd ^ûhcaem/

Emtgifxìm; ^XFQGETF DG AOZGUTAIMEAFO MLHAGOTMC Q L AEXFHAFCFIAEM

MOTFOAF ZMU]WG[ BADMCIF Laexfhaõcfif Ládaef Umcwhxautm Dfegotg Dg~tf dg Laexfhafcfiìm Jmewctmd dg Lgdaeaom Woazgxuadmd dg Gc Umczmdfx

Daxgeeaõo; jaomc 87 mz ofxtg eawdmd Woazgxuatmxam/ W oazgxuatmxam/ Umo Umczmdfx Tgc 8895,>99= f 8887,=7>> grt 484:


8

Xguwlgo Fhkgtazfu/ Emxmetgxa{mx gc iáogxf goefotxmdf go cmu uglaccmu dg omemuefc q Dgtgetmx umoixmlagotfu fewctfu go fxaom# bgegu q uw~gxjaeagu aomoalmdmu dg ugexgeafogu hafcõiaemu dgc ewgx~f bwlmof m ~mxtax dgc wuf dg laexfhaf~mxtaewcmu dg cm uglaccm dg Omemuefc/ Lgtfdfcfiìm/ Ug ~xfegdaõ go txgu jmugu; cm ^xalgxm jmug go cm xgefcgeeaõo dg cmu uglaccmu dg Omemuefc go dajgxgotgu {fomu dgc ~mìu# ~xaoea~mclgotg dg cm {fom ofxtg dg Ebmcmtgomoif q Lfxm{ío0 Ugiwodm jmug grtxmeeaõo q ~xg~mxmeaõo dgc tmoaof dg cm uglaccm q bfoif0 Tgxegxm jmug ~xwghmu dg cmhfxmtfxaf }wg efouautagxfo go uglhxmx gc aofewcf dgc bfoif ~xgugotg go cm uglaccm go twhfu dg mimx umhfwxfwd q grmlaomx ~fx laexfuef~am cm lwgutxm q uw xgcmeaõo efo aojgeeafogu ~wclfomxgu q mcáxiaemu go gc ugx bwlmof/ Xguwctmdfu/ Dg cmu uglaccmu dg Omemuefc ug goefotxõ wo bfoif dgc igogxf Mu~gxiaccwu u~# aozmufx }wg aoeadg go cmu aojgeeafogu xgu~axmtfxamu miwdmu dg cfu bmhatmotgu }wg lmoa~wcmo cm uglaccm dwxmotg gc tgýadf dg ~agcgu q zmuakmu# q ~fx godg uw al~metf go cm umcwd }wg cguafom cfu tgkadfu ~wclfomxgu/ Gotxg uwu ~xf~agdmdgu omtwxmcgu ug goefotxõ wo xmoif dg dgtgeeaõo m umoixmlagotfu gu dgudg >#=> bmutm =>> Bh&i dg bgegu# go fxaom uw dgtgeeaõo gu dgudg >/=> bmutm ==> Bh&lc# go uw~gxjaeagu uw dgtgeeaõo gu dg >/1> bmutm ==> Bh< 8/ Efoecwuafogu/ Gc al~metf mlhagotmc ~xfdweadf ~fx cmu gu~fxmu dgc bfoif Mu~gxiaccwu efotxahwqg m cm dauem~meatmeaõo cmhfxmc q imutf ~ûhcaef go umcwd go txmtmx cmu aojgeeafogu Xgu~axmtfxamu Miwdmu/ Ftxmu ~xf~agdmdgu dg cm ~cmotm omtwxmc gu cm dgtgeeaõo tgl~xmom dg umoixmlagotfu fewctfu dg fxaom# bgegu q uw~gxjaeagu aomoalmdmu/

^mcmhxmu ecmzg/ Mu~gxiaccwu u~# u~# Omemuefc# umoixmlagotfu fewctfu/


5

AOTXFDWEEAFO

Go owgutxf lgdaf mlhagotg cm Umcwd gu wo zmcfx mixgimdf mc em~atmc bwlmof# of ufcf efl~xgodg go adgotajaemx gc xaguif mlhagotmc# uaof tmlhaáo efotxahwax m xgufczgx cm ~xfhcglítaem goefotxmdm# }wg gu tmxgm dg tfdfu go efcmhfxmx m laoala{mx gc dmýf mc lgdaf mlhagotg/

Go gutm femuaõo ug aozgutaim ufhxg wom ~cmotm omtwxmc lwq efofeadm go owgutxf lgdaf m oazgc Omeafomc efofeadm eflf cm uglaccm dg Omemuefc f Omemuefcf# wtaca{mdm ml~camlgotg go cm mcjmxgxìm q ewxtadf dg ~agcgu go cm {fom ofxtg dgc ~mìu# efo gc fhkgtazf dg goefotxmx ~xf~agdmdgu omtwxmcgu of adgotajaemdmu/

Lmtgxamc q Látfdfu

Ug ~xfegdaõ go txgu jmugu; cm ^xalgxm

jmug go cm xgefcgeeaõo dg cmu uglaccmu dg

omemuefc go cmu dajgxgotgu {fomu dgc ~mìu dg cm {fom ofxtg dg Ebmcmtgomoif q Lfxm{ío /Ugiwodm jmug grtxmeeaõo q ~xg~mxmeaõo dgc tmoaof dg cm uglaccm q bfoif0 Tgxegxm jmug ~xwghmu dg cmhfxmtfxaf }wg efouautagxfo go uglhxmx gc aofewcf dgc bfoif ~xgugotg go mc uglaccm go twhfu dg mimx umhfwxfwd q grmlaomx ~fx laexfuef~am cm lwgutxm/

Xguwctmdfu

Dgc íxhfc dgoflaomdf OMEMUEFC ewqf oflhxg eagotìjaef gu Emgugc~aoam efxamxam# dg cm jmlacam Emgumc~oagmegmg# dgc igogxf Emgumc~aoam# Emgumc~aoam # ~cmotm cgiwlaofum efo tmccf dg dg 5 m == lgtxfu dg mctwxm# efo bfkmu go ~mxgu ~aoomu dg 7 m => el dg cmxif# emdm wom efo lmu dg => jfcafcfu dg 4 m 2 ll dg cmxif q 8 ll dg moebf# í~aeg xgdfodgmdf# uglaccmu


dg efcfx emjá dg mu~getf ogixf#

4

dgc ewmc exgeg wo bfoif ewqf ~mxgeadf gu dgc

Mu~gxiaccwu oaigx # efouadgxmdf eflf ~mtõigof f~fxtwoautm ~mxm gc ugx bwlmof# ewqm lfxjfcfiìm of gu aiwmc# q ewqmu gu~fxmu zmxìmo efo gc motgxafx# ~gxf go gutg emuf gutío dau~wgutmu go jfxlm dg gu~ìewcmu ug~mxmdmu go tfdm cm gu~fxm }wg ufo lûcta~cgu efmcguegotgu ~ailgotmdmu q ftxmu ecmxmu# dg daílgtxf ~g}wgýf# }wg ufo dg efcfx ogixf m emjá ugiûo ~ailgotmeaõo q of ufo ~cmomu q xwifumu eflf cm dg gu~geag oìigx / Mc ewctazmx go lgdaf gu~geamc ~xfdwego wom efcfxmeaõo ogixm efo ~xfdweeaõo dg ~ailgotf go gc twhf go cm xgiaõo ~futgxafx go cfu twhfu motgu dg cmu 84 bxu mc mixgimx mc lgdaf Mimx umhfxfwd lmu uwutmoeamu fradmotgu/ Dgc moícauau jatf}walaef ~xgcalaomx dgc íxhfc dg Emgugc~aoam efxamxam efotagog tmoaofu# txatgx~gofu# icaefuadfu q jcmzfofadgu/ Gc bfoif ug xg~xfdweg grecwuazmlgotg go cmu uglaccmu dgc íxhfc Omemuefc# dgc ewmc ug ~xg~mxm ~mxm cm grtxmeeaõo q ~xg~mxmeaõo dgc efcfxmotg q cwgif ewctazf ao Zatxf ~mxm cm ~xfdweeaõo dgc efcfxmotg/

Gc bfoif goefotxmdf go cmu uglaccmu ug dguexahg muì; Gutgxailmu/ Gutgxailmu/ Cm emhg{m dg cm efoadam gu ogixm# efoadafjfxf cauf cmxif dg = m 4 ll efo efoadamu f gu~fxmu aotgxomu lfdgxmdmu dg = m 5 laexmu# efcfxgmdmu dg efcfx emjá m ogixf/ Emxmetgxìutaemu Lmexfueõ~aemu; Lmexfueõ~aemu; efcfoam go Mimx umhfxmwd Jai/ = ,= Uglaccm dg Omemuefc

gu dg efcfx hcmoef cwgif emlham m zgxdg dg mu~getf xmdamdf q

dgu~wáu ug bmeg ogixf# gc xgzgxuf gu mlmxaccf f ~ailgotmdf dg efcfx ogixf ugiûo migotg fradmotg# mctwxm dgc laegcaf hmkf# mu~getf dg cm efcfoam gu ~fczfxagotm dg efcfx ogixf/ Emxmetgxìutaemu Laexfueõ~aemu; Laexfueõ~aemu; emhg{mu efoadamcgu caumu dg wom ~mxgd xgdfodm# dau~wgutm go jfxlm xmdamc# guta~gu dg ~mxgd dgcimdm caumu q ~xfowoeamdmu# efcfxgmdmu dg efcfx emjá m ogixf# of ug fhugxzm zguìewcm f efcwlgccm# bmq efoadamu mhwodmotgu dgu~xgodaáodfug dg cm emhg{m# tagog wom bacgxm dg jamcadgu/ Gc gu~fxmoiaf gu wom gutxwetwxm icfhfum ~gxadamc ual~cg# dgc gutgxailm gu dg efcfx ogixf/ Cmu efoadamu lmdwxmu dg efcfx emjá ufo gujáxaemu efo ~xfqgeeafogu go jfxlm dg ~aefu txamoiwcmxgu


7

go tfdm cm ~gxajgxam# mhwodmotgu q cmu egotxmcgu ufo guemumu jfxlmodf gu~aewcmu go owlgxf lmqfx dg =># cm efoadam tagog wo mu~getf gujáxaef gutxgccmdf efo gu~ìewcmu# }wg dg cfu grtxglfu glgxigo jacmlgotfu dau~wgutfu go jfxlm dg emdgomu caogmcgu }wg umcgo dg cmu ~xftwhgxmoeamu# tfdm cm gutxwetwxm jfxlm wom efxm{m uõcadm/ Cmu gu~fxmu aolmdwxmu mugrwmcgu ufo gujáxaemu dg ~mxgd dgcimdm aoefcfxm dg tmlmýf ixmodg# }wg cwgif ug ccgomo jfxlmodf lmumu aotgxomu dg efcfx emjá/ Gc efoafjfxf gu cmxif cauf efo gu~fxmu mhwodmotgu/ Bmq ftxmu efoadamu }wg ug dajgxgoeamu dg cm motgxafx ~fx}wg tagogo wom jfxlm dg oûecgf mc aotgxafx dg tmlmýf xgiwcmx m ixmodg dg efcfx egcgutg }wg mdf~tm dgc efcfxmotg efo hfxdg bamcaof dg ~mxgd ual~cg }wg ufo lmu ~g}wgýmu }wg cmu motgxafxgu# uao ~xftwhgxmoeamu dg mu~getf xwifuf ~cmof go owlgxf of lmqfx dg =># of jfxlmo gu~aewcmu/

Go igogxmc cm gu~fxm gu dg jfxlm gujáxaem# mug~tmdm# mlgxf~fxm# efcfxgmdm q fuewxm dgc ta~f jgfu~fxm# tmlmýf ixmodg# ewqf daílgtxf gu dg = m 5 laexmu cmu bajmu ufo ug~tmdmu efo laegcaf efotaowf/ Exgeg m tgl~gxmtwxm mlhagotg 59

f

E/

Go ewctazf dg Mimx umhfxmwd dg ~cmem q twhf; twhf; ug fhugxzmo efcfoamu mhwodmotgu dg efcfx hcmoef m zgxdg xmdamdf }wg emlham Jai=,8 Gu~fxmu Mu~gxiaccwu Mu~gxiaccwu u~/ 4> R

m efcfx ogixf# dau~wgutfu go jfxlm xmdamc dgc egotxf bmeam jwgxm# gc

xgzgxuf dg efcfx mlmxaccf m ~ailgotmdf ogixf ugiûo wuf dg fradmotgu/

Go cm Jai/ =, 4 ug fhugxzm jftf Almigo fhtgoadm efo Laexfjftfixmjìm gcgetxõoaem dg hmxxadf; zguìewcm q gu~fxmu dgc bfoif ":#7>> r!/ ^wgdg oftmxug ugiûo xg~fxtg dg EGOUMCWD –bfoif jacmlgotfuf# dfodg ufhxgumcgo dgc laegcaf cmu emhg{mu efoadamcgu# xgdfodgmdmu/ Gutmu emhg{mu gutío efl~wgutmu Jai/ =,4 Almigo fhtgoadm efo efo Laexfjftfixmjìm gcgetxõoaem dg hmxxadf; zguìewcm q gu~fxmu dgc bfoif " :#7>> r!/ "Efxtguìm dg

~fx wom zguìewcm xfdgmdm ~fx wom efxfom dg jamcadgu go jfxlm dg hftgccm# go ewqf grtxglf ug jakmo cmu gu~fxmu# go gutg emuf


:

ufcf ug m~xgeam wof of wom emdgogtm –/ Jgofta~aemlgotg efxxgu~fodg m ftxm gu~geag dgc igogxf Mu~gxiaccwu igogxf Mu~gxiaccwu//

^fx gutwdafu Igoftì~aefu ug goefotxõ }wg gu dgc igogxf Mu~gxiaccwu ~xgugotmodf cm uaiwagotg ugewgoeameaõo dg DOM/

Go cm Jai/ 5 Ug fhugxzm cm ugewgoeameaõo dgc DOM dgc igogxf Mu~gxiaccwu igogxf Mu~gxiaccwu u~# go cm }wg Igofta~aemlgotg cm ugewgoeamu dg hmugu

~wxaemu

q

~axadaladaemu

ug

dajgxgoeamo gotxg cmu dazgxumu gu~geagu dgc igogxf# tmc eflf ug zg go cm Jai/ 5 q 4/

Jai/ 8/ Ugewgoeameaõo dgc DOM dgc igogxf Mu~gxiaccwu u~ Jwgotg;

HXFMD

AOUTATWTG/

Mu~gxiaccwu

Efl~mxmtazg

Dmtmhmug/8>>9

Jai/ 4/ Efl~mxmeaõo dg gu~geagu dg Mu~gxiaccwu ~fx

Jai/5/ DOM exflfuflmc dgc igogxf Mu~gxiaccwu u~/ Jwgotg;HXFMD Jwgotg;HXFMD AOUTATWTG/Mu~gxiaccwu Efl~mxmtazg Dmtmhmug/8>>9/

ugewgoeameaõo exflfuflmc dg DOM;


9

Uao glhmxif m ~gumx dg cf ogimtazf }wg ~xgugotm gc bfoif go ~mxtaewcmx# ~xgugotm eagxtmu hfodmdgu q zgotmkmu go cm Aodwutxam dg Mcjmxgxìm q lmowjmetwxgxm lwq efofeadmu go owgutxf ~mìu# mdglíu dg efofegx cmu zmuakmu efcfoamcgu q cm taotfxgxìm dg ~agcgu go cm aodwutxam laexfgefoõlaem # ug cg bm dguewhagxtf ftxm ~xf~agdmd owgzm q gu gc Damiofutaef ~xgef{ q txmtmlagotf f~fxtwof go cm dgtgeeaõo tgl~xmom dg umoixg fewctm go bgegu# fxaom q uw~gxjaeagu aomoalmdmu wtaca{modf laexf,haf~mxtìewcmu dg Emgugc~aoam efxamxam "omemuefc! go ~meagotgu mlhwcmtfxafu/ Uw xmoif dg dgtgeeaõo gu dgudg >#=> bmutm =>> Bh&i dg bgegu# go fxaom uw dgtgeeaõo gu dgudg >/=> bmutm ==> bh&lc# go uw~gxjaeagu uw dgtgeeaõo gu dg >/== bmutm ==> bh< 8/ KWUTAJAEMEAFO/ Efouadgxmlfu }wg gu wo ~xfdwetf omtwxmc hafdgixmdmhcg m wo efutf hmkf efo wom ~xg~mxmeaõo dg cmhfxmtfxaf of dajaewctfum# }wg m uw zg{ ~wgdg ugx wtaca{mdm go cfu oazgcgu A dg mtgoeaõo go Umcwd/ Cm bglfxxmiam daigutazm gu uagl~xg wo ewmdxf dg mtgoeaõo aolgdamtm/ Go Gc Umczmdfx cm tmum dg aoeadgoeam dg eíoegx dg efcfo# iíutxaef q ftxfu gu mctm# xg~fxtmodf Twlfxgu lmcaiofu go dajgxgotgu uatafu momtõlaefu efo wom tmum dg lfxtmcadmd dg 9#87 '# few~modf gc ugiwodf cwimx ~fx lwgxtgu m twlfxgu lmcaiofu go cmu ~xalgxmu eaoef emwumu dg lfxtmcadmd dgc ~mìu =/ "JWGOTG/ Laoautgxaf Laoautgxa f dg Umcwd/ 8>>:!# mc of ugx txmtmdf ~fog go ~gcaixf cm zadm dgc gojgxlf/ Mc ugx ~fuatazm cm ~xwghm gu al~gxmtazf aoixgumx mc gojgxlf ~mxm bmegx uw damioõutaef# zmcfxmeaõo q txmtmlagotf f~fxtwof/ Ftxmu xm{fogu ~fx cmu }wg ug ~wgdg xgmca{mx gutg grmlgo ; Dgtgeeaõo tgl~xmom dg eíoegx dg efcfo# gzmcwmeaõo dg wom moglam/

^xgzaf m cm

gutgxaca{meaõo

~fx mwtfecmzg cmu uglaccmu# qm of ~xgugotmo

oaoiûo ~xfhcglm ~fx ~xwghmu ao Zatxf dg cmhfxmtfxaf of bmq exgealagotf/ Cfu xguwctmdfu ~fx ~xwghmu gr~gxalgotmcgu tagogo wom ugouahacadmd dgc 17 ~fx eagotf/ Go gc ixmjaef = ug fhugxzm }wg mc wtaca{mx cm ~cmotm eflf xgmetazf omtwxmc adgotajaem umoixmlagotfu fewctfu/

=

Laoautgxaf dg Umcwd q Muautgoeam Ufeamc dg Gc Umczmdfx/ Hfcgtìo Gutmdìutaemu dg Lfxtmcadmd/ 8>>:


2

Ixmjaef Ixmjaef =/ Xgu wctmdf dg dg ^xwghmu g otxg g c Xgmetazf Xgmetazf Omtwxmc q Xgmetazf ]wìlaef => u f d m t c w u g x

Ugxag=

Ugxag8

=

t f o m g u a g u x g e a e w e F a d B g x j f x ~ ^ U w ~xfdwetfu

Tmhcm A dg efotaoigoeam Xguwctmdf dg ~xwghmu wtaca{mdmu dg cm uglaccm q jcwadfu efx~fxmcgu go efl~mxmeaõo efo gc ixw~f efotxfc/ O< 7>/ Gogxf m Lm qf 8>>2/ Uglaccm

Fxaom

+ , Tftmc

+ 42 8 7>

Efotxfc bgegu , 47 + 7 + 7> 7>

+ 49 5 7>

Efotxfc Uw~gxjaeagu aomoalmdmu/ , + , 4: + 4> 42 4 + => 8 7> 7> 7> 7>

Efotxfc

+ + 7>

Go cm tmhcm A ug fhugxzm }wg mc wtaca{mx cm uglaccm dg Emgugc~aoam efxamxam q gc ixw~f efotxfc efo tgut dg cwlaofc# of bmq dauexg~moeam go gc oazgc dg uaioajaemoeam q of bmq dajgxgoeamu gutmdìutaemlgotg uaioajaemtazmu/ Cm ugouahacadmd ~mxm cm dgtgeeaõo tgl~xmom dg umoixmlagotf go lwgutxmu ~fuatazmu dg fxaom jwg dg 1: '# go bgegu 14 '# uw~gxjaeagu aomoalmdmu 2> '/ Ua ~mxm Fxaom tgoglfu ^gmxufo Qmtg)u Efxxgetafo Efxxgetafo

=/528>

~3 >/84>>#

>/:=44 ~ 3 >/455=/ ^mxm Bgegu ^gmxufo >/=74>~3 >/:17>## Qmtg)u

~ 3 >/>>>># ~mxm Uw~gxjaeagu aomoalmdmu ^gmxufo 8/:=>> ~3 >/=>:>#

Qmtg)u Efxxgetafo

=/1227 ~3 >/=727// Ua tgoglfu gc zmcfx dg R

8

gu 5/24 ~mxm 8 i c

gotfoegu xguwctm }wg of bmq dajgxgoeamu uaioajaemtazmu# uaioajaemtazmu# gotxg wtaca{mx gutg látfdf f mlhfu/

Go cm Jftfixmjìm 7 q 7/=/ Ug Fhugxzm jfxlmeaõo dg ixwlfu q emlhaf dg efcfx dg cm lwgutxm m efcfx ixau hcmoef dghadf m cm cauau dgc icõhwcf mwlgotmdfug dg zfcwlgo q


1

jfxlmodf wom gu~wlfuadmd go ~m~gc dg icaeaom q lmoebm go ~m~gc dg exflmtfixmjìm/ Ug Fhugxzm }wg mc wtaca{mx gc xgzgcmdfx# ua bmq xmutxfu dg umoixg fewctm q ug jfxlmo ixwlfu# ug zwgczg fuewxm dgkmodf wom lmoebm aodgcghcg go gc ~m~gc# cf }wg aodaem ~xwghm ~fuatazm/ Gutf aodaem }wg cm ~xwghm gu ~fuatazm# ~fx}wg bmq cahgxmeaõo dg > Jft/ 7/ ^xwghm ~fuatazm efo xgmetazf omtwxmc/ Fhugxzg Cm lmoebm mc xgmeeafomx efo gc xgzgcmdfx/ Go ~m~gc dg exflmtfixmjìm/

8

q B8># woaáodfug cmu ~mxtìewcmu

dgc ixw~f Bgl dg cm bglficfhaom efo gc tmoaof dg cm uglaccm# megcgxmodf cm xgmeeaõo ~fx gc ~gxfradf dg badxfigof ufhxg cmu ~mxtìewcmu dg bagxxf emwumodf fradmeaõo go uaogxiaulf efo gc ba~fecfxatf dg ufdaf# gc eatxmtf dg ufdaf wumdf eflf motaefmiwcmotg# ~mxm gzatmx cm jfxlmeaõo dg efmiwcf dg cm umoixg/

Jft/ 7/=/ ^xwghm ~fuatazm# fhugxzg cm jfxlmeaõo dg gu~wlm cwgif jfxlmeaõo dg lmoebm go ugiwodfu# go ~m~gc dg icaeaom/

Dauewuaõo

Al~metf go cm Umcwd

Gc efotmetf daxgetf dg cmu uglaccmu efo cm ~xgugoeam dgc bfoif efo gc bwlmof aolwofuw~xgufx# txmg efougewgoeamu dmýf m cm umcwd q gxfimeaõo dgc imutf ~whcaef go cm mtgoeaõo dg Aojgeeafogu Xgu~axmtfxamu Miwdmu# go cfu oazgcgu dg mtgoeaõo A# AA q AAA dg cm xgd dgc Laoautgxaf dg Umcwd/ Dg tmc jfxlm }wg ecmuajaemo go jfxlm igogxmc gc damiofutaef dg Aojgeeaõo Xgu~axmtfxam Miwdm uao gr~caemx cm emwum dg uw fxaigo/ Ug bm dgtgxlaomdf }wg cfu ~meagotgu }wg ~xgugotmo Mu~gxiacfuau hxfoef~wclfomx mcáxiaem uw migotg emwumc aoecwqgo dgc igogxf Mu~gxiaccwu gu~geagu dg jwlaimtwu# oaigx# tgxxgwu# jcmzwu# oadwcmou# fxa{mg q febxmegwu/ Go owgutxf lgdaf gu lmu jxgewgotg gc igogxf Mu~gxiaccwu igogxf Mu~gxiaccwu dg cm gu~geag oìigx / "=!


=>

Grautgo zmxamu jfxlmu dg mu~gxiacfuau }wg gojgxlmo mc ugx bwlmof# gotxg cmu lmu efofeadmu ufo; •

Mu~gxiacfuau ~wclfomx dg ta~f hxfoef ~wclfomx mcáxiaem ; gu dghadf m wom xgmeeaõo mcáxiaem mc bfoif ~fx mu~axmeaøo# go }wg ug dgumxxfccm efo mulm hxfo}wamc/

•

Mu~gxiacflm; gu wo twlfx }wg ug dgumxxfccm go wo cõhwcf ~wclfomx# eflf wom twhgxewcfuau twhgxewcfua u f mhueguf ~wclfomx /

•

Mu~gxiacfuau ~wclfomx aozmuazm ; gu wom aojgeeaõo ixmzg efo ogwlfoìm }wg ug dauglaom m ftxmu ~mxtgu dgc ewgx~f/ Cm aojgeeaõo fewxxg go ~gxufomu efo uautglmu aolwoatmxafu dghacatmdfu dghadf mc eíoegx# UADM# cgweglam# txmu~cmotg dg õximofu# }walaftgxm~am gotxg ftxfu/

"8#5#7!

Xgzaumodf cm catgxmtwxm# ug bm goefotxmdf }wg cfu mu~gxiacflmu ug jfxlmo ewmodf gc bfoif Mu~gxiaccwu bfoif Mu~gxiaccwu exgeg eflf wom lmum go emzadmdgu ~wclfomxgu "~wclõo! f ewmodf gc fximoaulf aozmdg tgkadf ~xgzamlgotg umof# emwumodf wo mhueguf / "4#:,1! Gc Mu~gxiaccwu# Mu~gxiaccwu # go mctmu efoegotxmeafogu ~wgdg ~xfdweax mu~gxiacfuau# cm gu~geag aozmufxm ~xfzfem mctgxmeafogu ~wclfomxgu/ Gutm gojgxlgdmd m~mxgeg efo líu jxgewgoeam go mixaewctfxgu# qm }wg aobmcmo gc ~fczf dgc bfoif efo líu jmeacadmd /

"4!

Cm jfxlm dg xg~xfdweeaõo dgc Mu~gxiaccwu ufo uwu gu~fxmu# }wg efo wo tmlmýf dg 8 m 5#7 el gotxmo jíeaclgotg m cmu zìmu máxgmu/ Mc igxlaomx gutmu gu~fxmu# g aotxfdweadmu go wo aodazadwf uwueg~tahcg "mulm mtì~aef# jahxfuau }wìutaem! jfxlm bajmu }wg efcfoa{mo cfu hxfo}wafu/ Cmu bajmu tagogo 5 m 9 el/ dg daílgtxf# q ug emxmetgxa{mo ~fx uwu xmlajaemeafogu go íoiwcf dg 47 ixmdfu/

"=>,=5#=!

Gc tmlmýf dgc aoõewcf gu zmxamhcg# gc oûlgxf dg gu~fxmu aobmcmdmu gu wo jmetfx al~fxtmotg go cm ~xfdweeaõo dg Mu~gxiacfuau/ Gc mulm "mtf~am!# jahxfuau }wìutaem# q mulm ufo dg cmu líu jxgewgotgu dg efouwctm grtgxom / "=4!


==

Go igogxmc gc Mu~gxiaccwu gu wo bfoif jacmlgotfuf dgc ixw~f Dgwtgxflqegtgu w Bfoifu al~gxjgetfu uw mu~getf laexfueõ~aef gu tì~aef q ug emxmetgxa{m ~fx womu gutxwetwxmu gu~fxìjgxmu f xg~xfdwetfxmu ccmlmdmu emhg{mu efoadamcgu/ Gutmu emhg{mu gutío efl~wgutmu ~fx wom zguìewcm xfdgmdm ~fx wom efxfom dg jaícadgu go jfxlm dg hftgccm# go ewqf grtxglf ug jfxlmo emdgomu dg gu~fxmu go jfxlm caogmc/

"=7#=>!

Xm~~gx q Jgoogcc cmu ecmuajaemo go =2 ixw~fu# hmuíodfug go uw mu~getf lmexfueõ~aef q go cmu emxmetgxìutaemu lfxjfcõiaemu dg cfu efoadaõjfxfu q jaícadgu0 dg gccmu# =8 ug xgcmeafomo efo gojgxlgdmd bwlmom# uagodf cmu líu al~fxtmotgu; Mu~gxiaccwu jwlaimtwu # M/ jcmzwu q M/ oaigx / oaigx / "=:# =2#8! Ftxfu mwtfxgu efouadgxmo }wg gc Mu~gxiaccwu gu wo iáogxf dg mcxgdgdfx dg 8>> bfoifu/ ^wgdg grautax go dfu jfxlmu híuaemu; cgzmdwxmu g bajmu/ Gc Mu~gxiaccwu gu jacmlgotfuf "efl~wgutf dg emdgomu dg eácwcmu# ccmlmdmu bajmu# gc ta~f dg bfoifu f~wgutf m cmu cgzmdwxmu# }wg ug efl~fogo dg wom ufcm eácwcm xgdfodm!/

"=2!

oaigx tagog gc laegcaf cmofuf dg efcfx hcmoef , mlmxaccgotf }wg emlham m Gc Mu~gxiaccwu Gc Mu~gxiaccwu oaigx tagog ogixf# gc xgzgxuf gu hcmoef mlmxaccgotf# efoadaõjfxfu cmxifu q caufu q jaícadgu haugxamdmu }wg ewhxgo efl~cgtmlgotg cm zguìewcm/

"=>!

Cfu Mu~gxiaccwu Cfu Mu~gxiaccwu ~wgdgo femuafomx lûcta~cgu ~xfegufu ~mtfcõiaefu/ Gotxg cfu jmetfxgu dg ~mtfigoaeadmd dg gutg bfoif ug goewgotxmo; ^fx uw ~g}wgýf tmlmýf dg uwu efoadamu ~gxlatg }wg ugmo mu~axmdmu# emwumodf aojgeeaõo go gc ~wclõo q go cfu ugofu ~mxmomumcgu0 uw em~meadmd dg exgegx xí~admlgotg m 59»E cf }wg cg bmeg adõogf ~mxm mjgetmx mc bwlmof0 uw em~meadmd dg mdbgxgoeam m uw~gxjaeagu g~atgcamcgu q ~fuahcglgotg godftgcamcgu q uw ixmo tgodgoeam m aozmdax cfu zmufu umoiwìogfu0 cm ~xfdweeaõo dg wo ixmo oûlgxf dg ~xfdwetfu grtxmegcwcmxgu tõraefu ~mxm cmu eácwcmu/

"1!

Go cmu ~gxufomu }wg tagogo efotmetf efo gc Mu~gxiaccwu# gutg ~fx uw omtwxmcg{m gu (~mtõigof f~fxtwoautm(# gu dgeax# uwgcg mjgetmx m ~meagotgu efo lgemoaulfu dg dgjgoum efl~xflgtadfu ~fx cf }wg uw cguaõo gu lwq ixmzg/


=8

Gotxg cfu uìotflmu ~xaoea~mcgu mc efotxmgx Mu~gxiacwu# áutfu ~wgdgo ugx; Dfcfx tfxíeaef# gr~getfxmeaõo efo umoixg "ug fhugxzm bmutm go wo 97' dg cfu ~meagotgu!# jaghxg# Aouwjaeagoeam xgu~axmtfxam# ~áxdadm dg ~guf# uahacmoeamu# tfu ugem / "=2! Gotxg cmu efl~caemeafogu líu xgcmeafomdmu# gutío; Dajaewctmd xgu~axmtfxam ~xfixguazm# bglfxxmiam ~wclfomx# dauglaomeaõo dg cm aojgeeaõo gotxg ftxfu/ Cm mu~gxiacfuau efoutatwqg cm aojgeeaõo laeõtaem f~fxtwoautm líu jxgewgotg dgc ~wclõo# ~meagotgu efo UADM gu jwclaomotg/

"7!

~fx cf }wg go

"=1!

Lgdaf mlhagotg Go cm Jai/ 7 Ug fhugxzm ~fx Xmdafixmjìm dg Tõxmr ual~cg dg tõxmr dg wo ~meagotg }wg ~xgugotm ~mtxfogu ofdwcmxgu emxmetgxìutaem dg cfu ~meagotgu }wg ug bmo efotmlaomdf efo gc bfoif Mu~gxiacwu u~# dmodf lmoajgutmeafogu ecìoaemu dg wom Mu~gxiacfuau ~wclfomx q go ftxfu emufu Mu~gxiacflm ~wclfomx/ Jai/ 7/ Xmdafixmjìm dg tõxmr / Ug fhugxzmo f~meadmdgu hacmtgxmcgu efo ~mtxõo ofdwcmx emxmetgxìutaemu dg mu~gxiacfuau ~wclfomx aozmufxm/ "8>!

Ug mecmxm }wg gutg damiofutaef m ~xafxa dm ualacatwdgu dg wom Hxfo}watau miwdm# ~gxf }wg ~fx dguefofealagotf

xgegtmo m cfu ~meagotgu dg cm {fom ofxtg ufo txmtmdfu efo motahaõtaefu# cf }wg xgmclgotg dghagxm ugx wo motalaeõtaef/ EFOECWUAFO; EFOECWUAFO; Cmu laexfhaf~mxtaewcmu dg cmu uglaccmu uaxzgo ~mxm damiofutaemx umoixmlagotfu fewctfu dg fxaom# bgegu q go uw~gxjaeagu aomoalmdmu go cfu xguwctmdfu ~xgcalaomxgu fhtgoadfu/ Cmu gu~fxmu dgc bfoif go ~meagotg aolwofuw~xgufx gu dg mctf xaguif go efotxmgx wom mu~gxiacfuau ~wclfomx/ Cm gu~fxm dgc bfoif gu efouadgxmdm eflf wom zmxamotg f gu~geag dajgxgotg/

Xgjgxgoeam Hahcafixíjaem


=/ 8/ 5/ 4/ 7/ :/ 9/

2/ 1/ =>/ ==/ =8/ =5/ =4/ =7/ =:/ =9/ =2/ =1/ 8>/ 8=/

=5

Xgzautm Ebacgom Gojgxlgdmdgu Xgu~axmtfxamu/ 8>>408>;5>,5: Mcmemcm C/ gt mc/ mc/ Mu~gxiaccwu Mu~gxiaccwu q mu~gxiacfuau/ mu~gxiacfuau/ Ugxzaeaf dg Laexfhafcfiam Ecaoaem/ Lmdxad/ Lmdxad/ =112 Xm~mgx @h gt mc/ mc/ Tbg igowu Mu~gxiaccwu/ Mu~gxiaccwu/ Txmtmdf dg Laefcfiam Lgdaem/ 5m gdae/ =112/ ~~ ::2,9>5 Umxxam E/ E/ gt mc, Mu~gxiacfuau/ Ugxzaeaf Ecaoaef Ecaoaef dg Lgdaeaom Aotgxom/ Aotgxom/ Lmdxad/ 8>>7/ 8>>7/ Imuuaft E/ gt mc/ Mu~gxiacfuau ~wclfomx; ~wclfomx; wo owgzf gojf}wg go cm xgglgxigoeam/ xgglgxigoeam/ Metm Lgdaem/ Lgdaem/ 8>>># 1"=,8!; :9,98 Hm`gx/ U/ Mu~gxiaccwu Oìigx igoflaeu; ~mut# ~xgugot ~xgugot mod aotf tbg jwtwxg/ Lgdaemc Laefcfiq Ug~tglhgx 8>>:#44#7=9,78=/ Efwxa# U/ gt mc/ mc/ Daiatmc Almig Almig ~xfeguuaoi m tffc tf lfoatfx haflmuuu haflmuuu ixfytb ao Mu~gxiaccwu oaigx 5TUH2 ufcad utmtg jgxlgotmtafo; ~xgcalaomxq xguwctu/ Kfwxomc fj Laexfuef~q zfc 884/ ~t Dgeglhgx 8>>:/ ~~ 81>,819/ Uebmhgxeatgx,Iwxtogx gt gt mc/ Lfcgewcmx Lfcgewcmx damiofuau fj Mu~gxiaccwu Mu~gxiaccwu mod Emodadm aojgetafou/ K/ ecaoae Laexfh/ 8>>:/Dfa; =>/==82&kel,>=544,>:/ @acaeb# L/ Adgotajaemtafo fj ecaoaemccq ecaoaemccq xgcgzmot Mu~gxiaccwu/ Lgdaemc Laefcfiq / Ug~tglhgx 8>>:#44#7=89,7=5=/ Woazgxuadmd dg Gc Umczmdfx/ Lmowmc dg Damiofutaef Laefcfiaef/ Dg~tf dg Laexfhafcfiam/ 8>>9/ Haccg# I/ gt mc/ Mu~gxiaccwu u~geagu aufcmtgd jxfl ecaoaemc u~gealgou; uwiigutgd ecaoaemc mod laexfhafcfiaemc exatgxam tf dgtgxlaog uaioajaemoeg/ Ecaoa/ Laexfhafcfiq Aojget/ =112#4;9>>,9=:/ Mtcmu Zaxtwmc dg Laefcfiam Lgdaem/ Dg~tf dg Laexfhafcfiìm/ Woazgxuadmd dg ^momlí/ 8>>9/ Tbg Mu~gxiaccwu Yghuatg/ Jwoiaemc Xgugem txwut/ 8>>9/ Mxgomu/ X/ Laefcfiam Ládaem Acwutxmdm/ 8>>5/ 8« gdaeaõo# Aotgxmlgxaemom/ Le Ixmy Bacc/ Láraef/ Xa~~fo/ KY/ Txmtmdf dg Laefcfiam Lgdaem/ =11>/ 5« gdaeaõo Aotgxmlgxaemom/ Le Ixmy Bacc Láraef/ Ogixfoa X/ Laefuau hxfoef~wclfomxgu dgc mdwctf q oaýf/ =12=/ 8« gdaeaõo/ Gdat/ Hgtm U/X/C/ Hwgofu Maxgu/ Ogixfoa X/ Laefuau ewtíogmu q Zauegxmcgu/ =124/ 2« gdaeaõo/ Cõ~g{ cahgxf Gdatfxgu U/X/C/ Hwgofu Maxgu/ Efomot# U/ gt mc/ Laefcfiìm/ =198/ 5« gdaeaõo/ Aotgxmlgxaemom/ Láraef/ Tfxxgu,Xfdxìiwg{ KL# Hxwogt LA/ Mu~gxiacfuau uautálaem/ Lfofixmjìm ecìoaem ecìoaem go Gojgxlgdmdgu Aojgeeafumu/ Laefuau uautálaemu/ Dfqlm/ =11=0 Em~/ 1; 71,:1/ Mxtgmim# G/ q ftxfu/ Mu~gxiacfuau ~wclfomx aozmufxm go gc uìodxflg d g aolwofdgjaeagoeam/ Xgz Ahgxfml Laefc =1110 =:; 8==,8=7/ HXFMD AOUTATWTG/Mu~gxiaccwu AOUTATWTG/Mu~gxiaccwu Efl~mxmtazg Dmtmhmug/8>>9

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