Presentación Como Presidente de la Asociación Nacional de Extruidores de Perfiles de Aluminio (ANEXPA) (ANEXPA) y en representación de las Empresas españolas que integramos esta asociación, me satisface presentarles esta publicación, dirigida principalmente al sector de la construcción, arquitectos, promotores, constructores, carpinteros de aluminio y fabricantes de herrajes, para informarles de las prestaciones que ofrecen los perfiles extruidos de aluminio, y las enormes ventajas de utilizarlos en la fabricación de cerramientos exteriores, ventanas, puertas, verandas, barandillas, fachadas ligeras, claraboyas, etc., así como para soluciones de interiores, en paredes de paneles móviles, mamparas para baños, armarios empotrados y demás aplicaciones. La ligereza del aluminio, su buena resistencia mecánica y excelente resistencia a la corrosión garantizan una realidad y un futuro prometedor para que este material siga construyendo este futuro. Desde principios del siglo XX, que se construyeron los primeros perfiles, hasta hoy, la tecnología de la extrusión ha experimentado un espectacular desarrollo. Si tan sólo hasta hace muy pocos años las secciones de los perfiles de aluminio que se obtenían por extrusión eran de geometría sencilla, hoy, hoy, salvo raras excepciones, es posible fabricar cualquier sección, solamente dependerá de la imaginación del profesional que necesite y diseñe esta sección. Las tolerancias dimensionales que se consiguen van haciéndose cada vez más estrechas, acercándonos incluso a las tolerancias propias de cualquier mecanizado estándar. estándar. Todo ello es debido a los avances que, día a día, se están consiguiendo, tanto en el diseño de las matrices de extrusión, como en las prensas y sus equipos auxiliares. Con una clara vocación a la calidad la industria española de la extrusión aluminio se está posicionando como una de las más competitivas a nivel euro peo. La mayoría de las empresas asociadas a ANEXPA ANEXPA disponen de una cercertificación ISO 9002 del Sistema de de Calidad. Calidad. Desde ANEXPA ANEXPA estamos seguros que este documento documento va a ser de gran utilidad, y otro paso adelante en el trabajo que estamos desarrollando para cumplir con nuestros objetivos, que se dirigen básicamente a promover el aluminio y la industria de la extrusión en España, con la colaboración de todas las empresas asociadas. Finalmente, agradecer su inestimable colaboraciòn para la realización de esta publicación a D. Ángel Jadraque Millán que ha puesto a disposición de ANEXPA sus conocimientos y su larga experiencia en el mundo del aluminio y su capacidad de sintetizar en un espacio breve todo un mundo que desborda. Marc Sansalvadó
Presidente Asociación 1
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índice Página ANEXPA .... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......
1
1.
Un met metal al con con voc vocac ació ión n de futu futurro .. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..
2
2.
Cómo Cóm o se obt obtien ienee el alu alumin minio io ........ ........... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ..
2-5
3.
Produ Pr oducci cción ón y con consum sumo o ..... ........ ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .....
5-6
4.
Aleaci Ale acione oness del alu alumin minio io y su suss apl aplica icacio ciones nes ... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...
7
4a. Aleac Aleaciones iones del Grupo 6000 ........... ............... ........ ........ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .....
7-9
4b. La aleació aleación n 6063 o AIMgSi0,5 AIMgSi0,5 ..... .......... ......... ......... ......... ........ ......... ......... ......... ......... ........ .... 1010-1 11 5.
La colada de tochos ..................... .................................. .......................... ........................... .................... ...... 11-12
6.
Homogeneiza Homoge neizado do .... ........ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ....... ...
7.
La Extrusión de un perfil .............. ........................... ........................... ........................... .................. ..... 13-15
8.
Anodizado Anodi zado y lacado lacado ......... ............. ......... ......... ........ ......... ......... ......... ......... ........ ......... ......... ......... ......... ...... .. 15-16
9.
Prin Pr inci cipa pale less merca mercados dos del del alum alumin inio io .... ...... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..
13
17
10. El aluminio aluminio en la Edificación Edificación .... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ....... ... 17-22 11. Si Siste stemas mas de Car Carpin pinter tería ía de Alu Alumin minio io ..... ........ ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ..
23
11a. Sistemas batientes ............................... ............................................ .......................... .......................... ............. 24-25 11b. Sist Sistemas emas desli deslizantes zantes .... ........ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .....
26
11c. Sistemas con Rotura Térmica ................................... ................................................ ................. .... 27-28 11d. Dón Dónde de debe deben n uti utiliz lizar arse se los Si Siste stemas mas con Rot Rotur uraa Térm Térmica ica .... ...... ..
28
12. Rehabi Rehabilitac litación ión de edific edificios ios .... ........ ........ ........ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ..... 28-29
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1. Un metal con vocación de futuro Resulta curioso que, siendo el Aluminio el tercer elemento más abundante en la corteza terrestre, después del oxígeno y el silicio, hasta el año 1821 nadie había reparado en él. Fue en este año cuando el científico francés Pierre Vertier, especialista en mineralogía, repara en una piedra terrosa y rojiza que bautizó con el nombre de «Bau xita», al haberla encontrado en las inmediaciones de la entonces pequeña aldea de Les Baux (Francia).
Fig. 1. Yacimiento de Bauxita
Cuatro años más tarde, de esta piedra, que no era otra cosa que óxido hidratado de aluminio, se consiguió por vez primera aislarlo en el laboratorio del resto de los elementos que contenía. Aquí daría comienzo la emocionante historia del Aluminio.
2. Cómo se obtiene el Aluminio Ya hemos visto que el aluminio, debido a su reactividad química, no se encuentra en estado puro como otros metales, sino que aparece combinado con el oxígeno, formando un óxido (Al2O3) llamado Alúmina. Este óxido de color blanquecino se encuentra, en mayor o menor cantidad, en más de cien compuestos de la corteza terrestre, lo que explica la abundancia del mismo. Sin embargo, es precisamente en esa piedra terrosa y rojiza, llamada bauxita, donde más concentración de alúmina aparece, situándose ésta en torno al 58%. Cuando la concentración en estas tierras arcillosas se aleja de este porcentaje, el coste de obtención de alúmina se dispara, por lo que ya no resulta rentable su explotación. Para que ésta lo sea, como mínimo, debe tener un 30% de alúmina, que el yacimiento esté a cielo abierto, como lo están la mayor parte de ellos, y que el acceso al mismo sea fácil.
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Aunque prácticamente se ha encontrado bauxita en todos los continentes, los principales y más rentables yacimientos se encuentran en los países tropicales y subtropicales, a pesar de que también existen en algunos países del Este de Europa y en algunos de los países que constituían la antigua URSS.
4 Kg. de bauxit bauxitaa solamente solamente se se obtiene obtiene 1 Kg. de aluminio. Otro dato muy significativo es que la energía necesaria para obtener 1 Kg. de aluminio era en los primeros años de 40 Kw./Kg. , actualmente, y debido a los avances técnicos alcanzados en el proceso de la electrólisis, se sitúa ya entre los 13 y 15 Kw./Kg. de aluminio.
EE.UU, Brasil, Jamaica, Australia, Indonesia, Nigeria y Guinea son algunos de los países con mayores reservas de bauxita en la actualidad. Estas reservas están estimadas en más 40.000 millones de Tons. y siguen apareciendo nuevos yacimientos, teniendo en cuenta que, como ya se ha dicho, por el momento solamente interesan los yacimientos a cielo abierto y con altos porcentajes de alúmina.
Con estos datos se comprende fácilmente que cuanto más cercano se encuentre el yacimiento de bauxita a la planta de obtención de alúmina y ésta a la de electrolisis el coste del trans t ransporte porte se reducirá nota blemente. Si además el país productor de aluminio dispone de una energía barata, contará con las mejores condiciones de competitividad con respecto a otros países productores.
En la Fig. 3 se representa un sencillo esquema del camino que recorre el aluminio hasta convertirse en un tocho o en una placa de aluminio 99,6%, o aleado intencionadamente con otros metales en el horno de fusión para alcanzar las características necesarias necesarias al uso comercial que vaya a ser destinado.
Hasta el año 1886, el aluminio que se obtenía salía prácticamente del laboratorio, por lo que su coste era elevadísimo y las cantidades producidas insignificantes. Ya a partir de este año, casualmente y de manera simultánea dos científicos por separado, uno francés y el otro americano, descubren un procedimiento de obtención por electrolisis. Este procedimiento fue desarrollado y mejorado espectacularmente por
Resulta interesante observar en dicho esquema que, aproximadamente, de cada
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el científico alemán Bayer, de manera que, si en un principio el coste de obtención de una libra de aluminio era de 545 dólares, ya en el año 1990 este coste pasó a ser de tan sólo 35 centavos de dólar.
3. Producción y Consumo
la industria mecánica, eléctrica y electrónica, del transporte terrestre, aéreo y marítimo, de la industria espacial y sobre todo de la industria de la construcción, en la que se emplea a nivel mundial en torno al 28% del consumo total. En los dos siguientes diagramas se repre-
Si nos remontamos tan solo al año 1950, la producción mundial de aluminio primario más aluminio secundario, llamado tam bién de segunda fusión, fue de 1,5 Millones de Tons., en el año 1970 ésta pasó a ser de 4,5 millones para alcanzar en el año 1998 los 25 millones de Tons. De estos datos se desprende el desarrollo imparable que está teniendo el aluminio, estando presente en todos los sectores de 30
26,5
sentan los últimos datos disponibles acerca de la producción y consumo de aluminio primario en el mundo, (fig. 6), y los mismos datos referidos a Europa, (fig. 7). En ambas gráficas están excluidos algunos países del Este de Europa, de la antigua URSS y de China, por no disponer de datos fiables de los mismos. Naturalmente a los datos reflejados en éstas dos gráficas se deben añadir los datos de producción de aluminio reciclado y que solamente en Europa alcanzó la cifra de
25
. s n o T e d s e n o l l i M
2,2 Millones de Tns. en el año 1999, como
20
se refleja en la gráfica de la fig. 8.
15 10
4,5
5
1,5 0
Año 1950
Año 1970
Año 2000
Fig. 5. Producción mundial de Aluminio primario y secundario
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En lo que se refiere al consumo de aluminio por habitante y año, ob viamente se observa que sigue una trayectoria paralela a los datos de producción. EE.UU, Japón y Europa Occidental son los países con mayor índice de consumo, a diferencia del resto del mundo, (Fig. 9)
2500 Producción
s 2000 a d a l e 1500 n o t e d 1000 s e l i M 500 0 199 992 2
1993 19 93
199 994 4
199 19 95
1996 19 96
199 997 7
199 19 98
Fig. 8. Mercado de Aluminio reciclado en Europa
45 40
1980 1990
35
1998
30 25
g K
20 15 10 5 0
Europa
USA
Fig. 9. Consumo de Aluminio por habitante
30 25 20
Japón
199 999 9
En Europa, los países que lideran este índice son Austria y Suiza con un consumo de 28,5 Kg. de aluminio por habitante y año. España, con 10,5 Kg., se encuentra todavía a la cola del grupo junto a países como Portugal y Turquía con 3,5 Kg. Cons Consecuent ecuentemente emente es lólógico pensar que España vaya incrementando este consumo hasta ponerse a la altura de la media europea, situada actualmente en 20,7 Kg/ hab./año, (Fig. 10).
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4. Aleaciones de aluminio y sus aplicaciones Todos sabemos que al alear unos metales con otros pueden conseguirse propiedades y características más apropiadas a los usos comerciales para los que vayan a ser destinados.
en ocho grupos, reflejados en la Tabla I de la fig. 13, en la que puede verse el metal aleado predominante de cada grupo, las características más relevantes y los usos comerciales más comunes.
Con respecto al aluminio podemos decir que las principales aleaciones se clasifican
Fig. 11. Algunas aplicaciones de las aleaciones de aluminio
4a. Aleaciones del Grupo 6000 Más del 80% de los perfiles extruidos que se producen en el mundo han sido fabricados en aleaciones pertenecientes a este grupo, siendo dentro del mismo la aleación 6063, conocida también como AlMgSi0,5 la más utilizada. Prácticamente el 100% de los perfiles destinados a la fabricación de carpintería de aluminio han sido fabricados con esta aleación.
En la Tabla II de la fig. 14 se reflejan los datos más significativos de las aleaciones de éste grupo. Unas de otras se diferencian en las cantidades mayores o menores de los elementos que intervienen en cada aleación. No obstante, obstante, los elementos preponpreponderantes de todas ellas siguen siendo el magnesio y el silicio.
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Grupo (Equiv. A.A.)
1000
2000
3000
4000
Principal metal aleado
Principales característica característicass
–Alta resistencia a la corrosión. –Alta conductividad eléctrica y térmica. Aluminio –Bajas propiedades mecánicas. 99,00% o –Excelente aptitud para el Anodizado y Lacado (99,8%). más –Excelente ductilidad y maleabilidad.
Cobre
–Tubos para antenas de TV. –Chapas lisas para zócalos, paneles y remates de fachadas. –Recubrimiento de mantas asfálticas. –Chapas plegadas para cubiertas. –Paneles sandwich de aislamiento con poliuretano para fachadas.
–Altas propiedades mecánicas. –Mecanizados de precisión. –Baja resistencia a la corrosión. –Fabricación de racores, tornillos, cas–Buena maquinabilidad y fragmenta- quillos. ción de viruta. –Bielas, frenos, elementos estructurales en aviación.
–Moderada resistencia mecánica. Mangane- –Fácil embutición. so
Sílice
Aplicaciones más comunes en productos extruídos (Perfiles) y laminados (Chapas) para Arquitectur Arquitecturaa
–Cubiertas en tejados y paredes. –Carroceríass en vehículos. –Carrocería –Utensilios de cocina. –Depósitos de combustible.
–Más bajo punto de fusión. –Paneles arquitectónicos arquitectónicos.. –Color gris obscuro después del anodi- –Pistones para automóviles. zado.
5000
–Según sea su estado y su composición química se pueden conseguir cargas de rotura que van desde los 120 a 435 N/mm2. –Excelente comportamiento a la solda Magnesio dura. –Excelente resistencia a la corrosión marina. –Buen comportamiento al anodizado y lacado.
–Recubrimientos de fachadas. –Carrocerías de vehículos. –Puertas de ferrocarril. –Cascos de barcos, veleros, mástiles, etc. –Plataformas de camiones, volquetes, etc. –Cuadros para bicicletas.
6000
–Por ser este grupo el más utilizado en –Por ser este grupo el más utilizado en la fabricación de perfiles extruídos, la fabricación de perfiles extruídos, Magnesio nos remitimos a la Tabla II de la nos remitimos a la Tabla II de la y Silicio Fig F ig 3. Fig F ig 3.
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Grupo 6000
6005
6060
Principal metal aleado
–Cargaa rot –Carg rotura ura –Límite elástico –Alar. A5,65% –Soldadura
26 Kg/ Kg/mm mm2 23 Kg/mm2 13 MB
–Mecan –Mec aniz izad adoo –Resist. corrosión –Anodizado –Lacado
R B B B
–Cargaa rot –Carg rotura ura –Límite elástico Silicio –Alar. A5,65% Magnesio –Soldadura
22 Kg/ Kg/mm mm2 18 Kg/mm2 13 B
–Mecan –Mec aniz izad adoo –Resist. corrosión –Anodizado –Lacado
R –Electrónica, Disipadores de calor, CarB casas de motores. MB –Elementos para maquinaria. MB –Remaches. –Carroceríass de camión. –Carrocería
–Cargaa rot –Carg rotura ura –Límite elástico –Alar. A5,65% –Soldadura
30 Kg/ Kg/mm mm2 26 Kg/mm2 14 B
–Mecan –Mec aniz izad adoo –Resist. corrosión –Anodizado –Lacado
M B R B
Silicio Magnesio
6061 T6
Silicio Magnesio
6063
Silicio Magnesio
6082
6101 T6
Aplicaciones más comunes en productos extruídos (Perfiles) y en productos laminados para Arquitectura
Principales característica característicass en estado T5
–Especial para perfiles que necesiten características super. a la 6003. –Postes eléctricos e Industrias eléctricas en general. –Estructuras –Estructur as de Ingeniería. –Estructuras –Estructur as de autobuses y vagones de ferrocarril.
–Fabricación de moldes, troqueles, pie–Fabricación zas para maquinaria. –Vagones de ferrocarril ferrocarril.. –Estructuras –Estructur as de camiones. –Piezas para bicicletas. –Aplicaciones aeroespa aeroespaciales. ciales. –Vehículos ultraligeros ultraligeros.. –Es la más utilizada en perfiles para Sistemas de Carpintería.
Ver en el apartado siguiente.
–Cargaa rot –Carg rotura ura –Límite elástico –Alar. A5,65% Silicio Magnesio –Soldadura
32 Kg/ Kg/mm mm2 27 Kg/mm2 11 B-MB
–Mecan –Mec aniz izad adoo –Resist. corrosión –Anodizado –Lacado
M B B B
–Estructura para automóviles. –Sistemas hidráulicos. –Tornillería, remaches. –Andamios y estructuras para carpas y pabellones. –Bicicletas.
–Cargaa rot –Carg rotura ura –Límite elástico Silicio Magnesio –Alar. A5,65% –Soldadura
32 Kg/ Kg/mm mm2 27 Kg/mm2 11 B-MB
–Mecan –Mec aniz izad adoo –Resist. corrosión –Anodizado –Lacado
M B B B
–Manguitos de unión de cables eléctricos y bridas. –Barras de conexión.
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4b. Aleación 6063 o AlMgSi0,5 Composición Composici ón química más generalizada : Máximo Mínimo
Fe
Si
Mg
Mn
Cu
Ti
Zn
Cr
Otros
Al
0,30 0,10
0,60 0,30
0,60 0,40
0,30 —
0,10 —
0,20 —
0,15 —
0,05 —
0,15 —
resto
Composición ideal para los perfiles de arquitectura: Máximo Mínimo
Fe
Si
Mg
Mn
Cu
Ti
Zn
Cr
Otros
Al
0,20 –
0,55 0,35
0,65 0,45
0,10 —
0,10 —
0,05 —
0,05 —
– —
0,15 —
resto
Principales características físicas en estado T5*: Módulo de de el elasticicidad Conductiv. termica a 20ºC Conduct. eléctrica % IACS Coef. dilat. lineal entre
6.800 Kg Kg/mm 2 Dureza Rockwel 209 W/m K Dureza Brinell 55,5 Carga de Rotura
68 70 22-23 Kg/mm2
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Esta capa puede ser total o parcialmente destruida si se le ataca con soluciones alcalinas o algunas soluciones ácidas. Tam bién podría deteriorarse si queda atrapada entre dos superficies planas agua de lluvia o de condensación, o por rozamiento fuerte entre ambas que llegue a producir erosión. El contacto con la superficie de otros metales podría asimismo causar una corrosión por el llamado efecto “par galvánico” ,aunque el aluminio es resistente cuando el metal en contacto es el hierro galvanizado. Los tratamientos de superficie como el anodizado o el lacado aumentan considerablemente la resistencia a la corrosión.
5. La colada de tochos En el esquema representado en la fig. 3, el aluminio obtenido en la cuba de electrolisis pasa al horno de fusión, donde se le añaden los elementos aleantes correspon-
Capa de óxido protectora entre 10 y 20x10-6 mm
Fig. 15. Capa protectora de óxido.
lingotes se les conoce como aleaciones madre. Antes de verter el metal líquido desde el horno de fusión al horno de colada, se tomarán diferentes probetas para verificar en el laboratorio si la composición obtenida es la deseada. Si no lo fuera, se añadirán nue vas cantidades de lingotes madre con los elementos deficitarios hasta conseguir la composición deseada.
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Fig. 17. Espectrógrafo y laboratorio de análisis.
Del horno de fusión pasa el metal líquido a una temperatura de 740ºC al horno de colada y de éste, a través de una canaleta y unos filtros insertados en la misma, pasa al distribuidor situado en la parte superior
del foso de colada. Para conseguir que el tamaño de grano sea lo más fino posible se aplica una pequeña aportación de titanio. Sobre unos moldes de sección circular y sobre unos falsos fondos situados en el extremo de un émbolo, comienza a depositarse el aluminio líquido según se representa en el esquema de la Fig. 16. A medida que el émbolo va descendiendo lentamente el aluminio se va solidificando. De esta manera se obtienen unas barras cilíndricas de aluminio de 3 a 8 metros de
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6. Homogeneizado de Tochos A las barras de aluminio ya coladas se les aplica un tratamiento posterior, llamado homogeneizado, en un horno a temperatura de 580ºC. Esto se hace para lograr una adecuada distribución de los elementos aleantes, mejorar la plasticidad en caliente durante la extrusión y, lo que es muy importante, permite mejorar las características mecánicas que alcanzarán posteriormente los perfiles. Después de enfriadas las barras se cortarán a los largos comerciales solicitados por los extrusores extrusores.. Generalmente se cortan entre 50 y 80 cm. de longitud. cuando la prensa dispone de horno de calentamiento de tochos por inducción, pero si este horno es de gas puede suministrarse hasta la barra completa. El homogeneizado será pues otro proceso que influirá en la calidad posterior del perfil.
Fig. 19. Esquema de la extrusión.
cando en uno de sus extremos una matriz con la sección del perfil que se vaya a obtener. Por el otro extremo se aplica una presión por medio de un émbolo que que hará fluir el metal a través del orificio de la matriz, obteniendo así el perfil deseado. Fue en el año 1810, 1810, cuando cuando todavía no se había descubierto el aluminio, el inglés Bramah desarrolló la primera prensa de extrusión, pensando en la obtención de tu berías de plomo. A partir de de esta fecha se fueron introduciendo nuevos sistemas y
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Fig. 21. Vista parcial de una prensa de extrusión.
temperatura son los parámetros de extrusión que también influirán en la calidad de los perfiles extruídos.
Así pues, los elementos básicos de la extrusión son el metal, la prensa con sus equipos auxiliares, los parámetros de extrusión y la matríz. Las prensas de extrusión son máquinas hidráulicas cuyo tamaño varía según sea la
Los perfiles ya enfriados sobre la mesa de salida y almacenamiento de la prensa, cu ya longitud suele variar entre los 48 y 55 metros, con una anchura de 4 a 5 metros, son sometidos a un pequeño estiramiento para enderezar las ligeras curvaturas que presentan las barras de perfil extruído. Una Fig. 22. Prensa de extrusión.
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9. Principales mercados del Aluminio Si miramos a nuestro alrededor resulta prácticamente imposible no encontrar algún objeto que no sea parcial o talmente de aluminio. Utensilios de cocina, electrodomésticos, elementos de decoración, bisutería, envolturas de alimentos, ventanales, etiquetas, tubos de pasta, automóviles, etc, etc. Efectivamente el aluminio ha entrado en nuestras vidas estando presente en cualquiera que sea el tipo de actividad o de mercado.
Esto viene a corroborar el enorme consumo mundial, tanto de aluminio primario, o de primera fusión, que se obtiene directamente de la alúmina en las cubas de electrolisis, como de aluminio secundario o de segunda fusión, que se obtiene de la recuperación o reciclaje de productos de aluminio desechados. La gráfica de la fig. 26 muestra los porcentajes de los perfiles de aluminio extruídos en Europa, destinados a los principales mercados.
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1600
s a d a l e n o t e d s e l i M
1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1960
1970
1980
1990
1995
1998
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La vida o duración del aluminio es casi ilimitada y sin apenas mantenimiento, mantenimiento , sólamente se recomienda una limpieza periódica con agua y jabón neutro. Ello es debido a la gran resistencia que este material presenta presenta a la corrosión. corrosión. Unos claros ejemplos los encontramos en la cúpula de la iglesia de San Gioacchino de Roma, finalizada en el año 1897 y en la que el aluminio que se empleó en la misma no tenía la misma pureza y calidad que la que se consigue actualmente. A pesar de todo sigue conservándose en buen estado. En el famoso rascacielos newyorkino Empire State Building, construido en 1935, se utilizó
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Decorativo debido a su aspecto natural brillante. Si además de ello es sometido a un tratamiento de anodizado en su color natural o en otros colores añadidos electrolíticamente y procedentes de sales metálicas totalmente estables, el aspecto de-
Lacado
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Minimiza el consumo de energía a través por ejemplo de paneles solares regulables colocado en lo alto de las fachadas de los edificios. Fácil mecanización reduciendo notable-
que intervenga el aluminio. El coste de una matriz de extrusión, en función del tamaño de la sección del perfil y de la dificultad del mismo para ser extruído , es generalmente menor que el de las matrices necesarias para la extrusión de otros materiales.
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11. Sistemas de Carpintería de aluminio Conocemos con el nombre de Sistema al conjunto de perfiles, herrajes, accesorios, utillajes y planos de mecanizado y monta je con los que se puede construir una variedad de soluciones y modelos de puertas,
del viento y en definitiva la Normativa vigente al respecto. Para ello se requiere, primero de un estudio Para y diseño concienzudo de las prestaciones que vaya ofrecer el sistema, sistema, y después, después, una estrecha colaboración con el fabricante de
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11a. Sistemas Batientes Los batientes son aquellos cuyos sistema de apertura describen un ángulo o giro giro sobre unos mecanismos llamados bisagras. Algunos de ellos, llamados oscilo-batien-
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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