CBLM Final1

Competency Based Learning Materials

Sector:

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS SECTOR

Qualification Title: ELECTRICAL AND INSTALLATION MAINTENANCE NC II Unit of Competency: Install Wiring Devices of Floor and Wall Mounted Outlets, Out lets, Lighting Fixtures/Switches, and Auxiliary Outlets Module Title: Installing Wiring Devices of Floor and Wall Mounted Outlets, Out lets, Lighting Fixtures/Switches, and Auxiliary Outlets UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION EDUCATION

Cagayan de Oro Campus, Lapasan, CDO City

ELECTRICAL AND INSTALLATION MAINTENANCE NC II

HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIALS Welcome to the module in “Installing Wiring Devices of Floor and Wall Mounted Outlets, Lighting Fixtures/Switches, and Auxiliary Outlets”. This module contains training materials and activities for you to complete. The unit of competency competency “Install Wiring Devices of Floor and Wall Mounted Outlets, Lighting Fixtures/Switches, and Auxiliary Outlets ” contains knowledge, skills and attitudes required for Electrical and Installation MaintenanceNC II. You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to complete each learning outcome of the module. In each learning outcome there are Information Sheets, Self-Checks, Task Sheet and Job Sheets . Follow these activities on your own. If you have questions, don’t hesitate to ask your facilitator for assistance. assistance. Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) You may already have some or most of the knowledge and skills covered in this learner’s guide because you have: □ been working for some time □ already completed training in this area. If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in a particular skill or skills, talk him/her about having them formally recognized so you don’t have to do the same training again. If you have a qualification certificate or Certificate of Competency from previous trainings, show it to your trainer. trainer. If the skills skills you you are acquired acquired are still current current and relevant to the unit/s of competency they may become part of the evidence you can present for RPL. If you are not sure about the currency of your skills discuss this with your trainer. trainer. This module was prepared to help you achieve the required competency, competency, in Electrical Installation and Maintenance NC II. This will be the source of information for to acquire knowledge and skills in this particular trade independently independently and at your own pace, with minimum supervision supervision or help from your instructor. instructor. Remember to: □ Talk to your trainer and agree on how you will both organize the Training of this unit. Read through the modules carefully. It is divided into sections, which cover all kind the skills and knowledge you need to successfully complete this module Electrical Installation and Maintenance NCII Install Wiring Devices of Floor and Wall Mounted Outlets, Lighting Fixtures/Switches, and Auxiliary Outlets

Date Developed: September 2017

Developed by: Victor S. Rosales Maniya B. Arong

CBLM 1 Issued by: USTP-CSTE Revision # 02

Page 2 of 115

□ Work through all information and complete the activities in each section. Read information sheets and complete the self-check. Suggested references are included to supplement the materials provided in this module. □ Most probably your trainer will also be your supervisor or manager. He/she is there to support you and show you the correct way to do things. □ Your trainer will tell you about the important things you need to consider when you are completing activities and it is important that you will listen and take notes. □ You will be given plenty of opportunities to ask questions and practice on the job. Make sure you practice your new skills during regular work shifts. This way you will improved both your speed and memory and also your confidence. □ Talk to more experience workmates and ask for their guidance. □ Used the self-check questions at the end of each section to test your own progress. □ When you are ready, ask your trainer to watch you perform the activities outlined in this module. □ As you work through the activities, ask for written feedback on your progress. Your trainer keeps feedback/ pre-assessment reports for this reason. When you have successfully completed each element, ask your trainer to mark on the reports that you are ready for assessment. □ When you have completed this module (or several modules), and feel confident that you have had sufficient practice, your trainer will arrange an appointment with registered assessor to assess you. The results of your assessment will be recorded in your Competency Achievement Record.

Electrical Installation and Maintenance NCII Install Wiring Devices of Floor and Wall Mounted Outlets, Lighting Fixtures/Switches, and Auxiliary Outlets




Page 3 of 115

Electrical and Installation MaintenanceNC II List of Competencies

No.

1.

2.

3.

Unit of Competency

Module Title

Perform roughing-in activities, wiring and cabling works for singlephase distribution, power, lighting and auxiliary systems Install electrical protective devices for distribution, power, lighting, auxiliary, lightning protection and grounding systems

Performing roughing-in activities, wiring and cabling works for singlephase distribution, power, lighting and auxiliary systems Installing electrical protective devices for distribution, power, lighting, auxiliary, lightning protection and grounding systems

Install wiring devices of floor and wall mounted outlets, lighting fixtures/ switches, and auxiliary outlets

Installing wiring devices of floor and wall mounted outlets, lighting fixtures/ switches, and auxiliary outlets




Code

ELC741301

ELC741302

ELC741303


Page 4 of 115

MODULE CONTENT UNIT OF COMPETENCY: Install Wiring Devices of Floor and Wall Mounted Outlets, Lighting Fixtures/Switches, and Auxiliary Outlets MODULE TITLE

: Installing Wiring Devices Devices of Floor and Wall Mounted Outlets, Lighting Fixtures/Switches, and Auxiliary Outlets

MODULE DESCRIPTOR: This module covers the knowledge, knowledge, skills and attitudes on selecting and installing wiring devices, installing lighting fixtures/switches and notifying completion of work of floor and wall mounted outlets and auxiliary outlets. NOMINAL DURATION:

60 hours

LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of this module you MUST be able to: 1.

Select wiring devices

2.

Install wiring devices

3.

Install lighting fixture/switches

4.

Notify completion completion of work

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA: 1. Drawings are read and interpreted to determine job requirements 2. Correct type and quantity of wiring devices and consumable items are identified in line with job requirements 3. Tools and equipment equipment are are selected selected in line with job job requirements requirements 4. Correct PPE are identified and selected in line with safety requirements 5. Safety procedures are followed based on safety regulations 6. Correct procedures for installation of wiring devices are performed in line with job requirements 7. Schedule of work is followed based on agreed time, quality standard and minimum wastage 8. Further instructions instruction s are sought if unplanned events or conditions occur





Page 5 of 115

9. On-going checking of quality of work is done in accordance with instructions and requirements. requirements. 10. Safety procedures are followed 11. Correct procedures for installation of lighting fixtures/switches are performed in line with job requirements 12. Schedule of work is followed to ensure work is completed in an agreed time, to a quality standard and with a minimum waste 13. Further instructions are sought from a supervisor if unplanned events or conditions occur 14. On-going checks of quality of work are undertaken in accordance with instructions and requirements 15. Final checks are made to ensure that work conforms with instructions and to requirements. requirements. 16. Supervisor Supervisor is notified upon completion of work 17. Tools, equipment and any surplus resources and materials are, where appropriate, cleaned, checked and returned to storage in accordance with established procedures 18. Work area is cleaned and made safe





Page 6 of 115

LEARNING OUTCOME SUMMARY Learning Outcome # 1: Select wiring devices CONTENTS: 1. Types and and uses of electrical electrical wiring devices 2. Classification of Wiring devices 3. Proper PPEs

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA: 1. Drawings are read and interpreted to determine determine job requirements requirements 2. Correct type and quantity of wiring devices and consumable items are identified in line with job requirements 3. Tools and equipment equipment are are selected selected in line with job job requirements requirements 4. Correct PPE are identified and selected in line with safety requirements CONDITIONS: Students/trainees must be provided with the following: •

•

Equipment Simulated work place or o actual work place o ladder Tools o Linesman’s pliers o Long nose pliers Diagonal cutting pliers o o Bar level o Screw drivers, Set of screw drivers o Chisel o

•

•

Supplies and Materials Wiring devices o Learning Materials Learning elements o Drawing plan o o Books, manuals, and catalogs Philippine Electrical Code o

METHODOLOGIES: 1. Demonstration 2. Discussion 3. Practical exercises 4. Laboratory exercises 5. Audio/Visual film showing ASSESSMENT METHODS: Electrical Installation and Maintenance NCII Install Wiring Devices of Floor and Wall Mounted Outlets, Lighting Fixtures/Switches, and Auxiliary Outlets




Page 7 of 115

1. Direct observation of application of tasks 2. Questions related to underpinning knowledge 3. Demonstration/Practical Demonstration/Practical activity 4. Written test





Page 8 of 115

Learning Experiences Learning Outcome # 1 : Select wiring devices Learning Activities

Special Instructions

Read Read Information Sheet 3.2-1 on Read and understand the Wiring Devices: Floor and GFCI information sheet and check yourself by answering the Self-check. You Outlets must answer all the questions correctly before proceeding to the next activity. Answer Self Check 3.2-1

If you score 100% upon comparing your answer to answer key of Self Check 3.2-1, you may proceed to Information Sheet 3.2-2, if not return to Info Sheet 3.2-1.

Read Information Read Information Sheet 3.2-2 on PEC Read and understand the information sheet and check yourself Provisions on Wiring Devices by answering the Self-check. You must answer all the questions correctly before proceeding to the next activity. Answer Self Check 3.2-2

If you score 100% upon comparing your answer to answer key of Self Check 3.2-2, you may proceed to Information Sheet 3.2-3, if not return to Info Sheet 3.2-2

Read Read Information Sheet 3.2-3on Read and understand the Procedures in Installing Wiring information sheet and check yourself by answering the Self-check. You Devices must answer all the questions correctly before proceeding to the next activity. Answer Self Check 3.2-3

If you score 100% upon comparing your answer to answer key of Self Check 3.2-3, you may proceed to Information Sheet 3.2-4, if not return to Info Sheet 3.2-3.

Perform Task Perform Task Sheet 3.2-3(a)

Task Sheet will help you practice your skill. skill.





Page 9 of 115

The Performance Criteria Checklist Checklist will guide and help you evaluate your work as you are practicing your skill. Evaluate your work using the Performance Criteria. When you are ready, present your work to your trainer for final evaluation and recording. If you have questions about the use of the matrix, please ask your trainer. Perform Task Perform Task Sheet 3.2-3(b)

Task Sheet will help you practice your skill. skill. The Performance Criteria Checklist Checklist will guide and help you evaluate your work as you are practicing your skill. Evaluate your work using the Performance Criteria. When you are ready, present your work to your trainer for final evaluation and recording. If you have questions about the use of the matrix, please ask your trainer.

Read Read Information Sheet 3.2-4 Safety Procedures in Wiring Devices

Answer Self Check 3.2-4

Read and understand the information sheet and check yourself by answering the Self-check. You must answer all the questions correctly before proceeding to the next activity. If you score 100% upon comparing your answer to answer key of Self Check 3.2-4, you may proceed to Information Sheet 3.2-5, if not return to Info Sheet 3.2-4.

Read Information Read Information Sheet 3.2-5 on GFCI Read and understand the information sheet and check yourself Outlets by answering the Self-check. You must answer all the questions correctly before proceeding to the next activity.





Page 10 of 115

Answer Self Check 3.2-4

If you score 100% upon comparing your answer to answer key of Self Check 3.2-5, if not return to Info Sheet 3.2-5. After doing all activities of this LO, you are ready to proceed to the next LO of this Competency.





Page 11 of 115

Information Sheet 3.1-1 Types of Wiring Devices Learning Objectives: After reading this Information Sheet, Sheet, you must be able to: 1. Define wiring device according to electrical code 2. Identify the types of wiring devices and its classification 3. Guidelines in selecting wiring devices Introduction

Wiring devices are defined as single discrete units of electrical distribution systems which are intended to carry but not utilize electric energy. Wiring devices are electrical devices used to control and to provide connection points for low voltage outlets, lighting systems and appliances (e.g., wall switches and receptacles). The Philippine Philippine Electrical Electrical Code (PEC) and National Electrical Electrical Code (NEC) defines device as a unit of an electrical system that is intended to carry or control but not utilize electric energy. energy. Types and Classification of Wiring Devices This covers covers a wide assortment assortment of system system components components that include, include, however not limited to the following: 1. Switches and Plates 2. Relays and Contactors 3. Receptacles and Plates 4. Conductors 5. Fuses and Circuit Breakers 6. Outlets (Floor Outlet, Grounding Type Convenience Outlet or otherwise known as Special Purpose Outlet or SPO) Further, the devises are classified in terms with their functions as path devices, control devices, fault devices and protective devices. Path Devices are devices which serves as path of electric current of the wiring system like wire (conductor) and all parts of the circuit that has a low resistance. Control Devices are devices which can regulate the flow of current. They can make or break the circuit. Lighting Switches are common examples of control devices Fault Devices are devices which can immediately detect any fault in the wiring system. system. GFCI and AFCI are common examples of fault devices. Electrical Installation and Maintenance NCII Install Wiring Devices of Floor and Wall Mounted Outlets, Lighting Fixtures/Switches, and Auxiliary Outlets




Page 12 of 115

Protective Devices are devices which is the weakest link of the circuit and will protect the circuit from overcurrent. Note: An information sheet about protective protective devices devices are explain explain in the previous previous competency. competency. Guidelines for wiring device application designs. Selecting and applying wiring devices. Receptacles, switches, plates, and others are available in a wide range of sizes, ratings, and styles with specific features and characteristics to meet most design/application requirements. Grades of wiring devices, manufacturer's catalogs use a variety of terms to indicate the quality or grade of wiring devices offered. For example, the term "economy," "competitive," "intermediate," or "residential" are sometimes used to indicate that the device is economically priced or designed for light-duty applications. Terms such as "specification" or "super-specification" would indicate devices that are of better quality, designed for greater reliability and usually higher priced. However, none of these terms has an official status with standardizing agencies such as Underwriters Laboratories (UL), Factory-Mutual (FM), Electrical Testing Laboratories (ETL), or the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). Presently, UL lists wiring devices for only two grades, standard and hospital grade. All devices, whether termed intermediate, economy, or specification must meet identical UL requirements (although as mentioned above, specification grade devices are of better quality construction). Above all, the Philippine Electrical Code must be the basis for the guidelines for wiring devices and application designs.

How to select wiring devices? Here the steps in selecting wiring devices: 1. Select a known industry manufacturer. 2. Look for a multi- year product warranty. 3. Make sure that there is an easy and clear way to contact the manufacturers manufacturers support. 4. Check for a connected equipment damage warranty. 5. Always ask for manufacturer’s manual. manual. 6. Select wiring devices which are well-made and durable. 7. Select materials that easy to use and install. 8. Select wiring devices according to the job requirements





Page 13 of 115

Self-Check 3.1-1





Page 14 of 115

Answer Key 3.1-1





Page 15 of 115

Information Sheet 3.1-2 Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter Learning Objectives: After reading this Information Sheet, Sheet, you must be able to: 1. Explain the theory of operation, connection and purpose of Ground Fault Circuit Interrupting (GFCI) Device 2. Compare and contrast the types of GFCI 3. Test a GFCI GFCI Introduction Ground-fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) have been in use for over 40 years, and have proven themselves to be invaluable in the protection of personnel from the hazard of electric shock. Other types of leakage current and ground fault protective devices have been introduced for various applications since the introduction of GFCIs. The use of some protective devices is specifically specifically required in the National Electrical Code (NEC) or in the Philippine Electrical Code. Others are a component of an appliance, as required by the UL standard covering that appliance. This information informatio n sheet will help to understand the purpose and operation of Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter WHAT IS A GFCI? In terms of function and appearance, a floor outlet can be helpful in many situations. In a conference room, an outlet in the floor under the conference table makes it much easier to plug in audio visual equipment without running extension cords to a wall outlet. In the home, the presence of a floor outlet in the living room aids in arranging the furnishings, since major seating areas do not have to remain near a wall in order to include the presence of accent lamps in the grouping. As with any type of electrical wiring project, it is recommended that the installation only be conducted by a properly certified electrician. A ground fault circuit interrupter, called a GFCI or GFI, is an inexpensive electrical device that can either be installed in your electrical system or built into a power cord to protect you from severe electrical shocks. shocks. GFCIs have played a key role in reducing electrocutions. Greater use of GFCIs could further reduce electrocutions and mitigate thousands of electrical burn and shock injuries still occurring occurring in and around the home each year. Ground fault protection is integrated into GFCI receptacles and GFCI circuit breakers for installation into your electrical system, especially for





Page 16 of 115

circuit outlets in particularly vulnerable areas such as where electrical equipment is near water. Portable GFCIs are also available to provide on-the-spot ground fault protection even if a GFCI is not installed on the circuit. The GFCI is designed to protect people from severe or fatal electric shocks but because a GFCI detects ground faults, it can also prevent some electrical fires and reduce the severity of other fires by interrupting the flow of electric current. According to the Philippine Electrical Code (PEC), Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) is a device intended intended for the protection of personnel that functions to de-energize a circuit or o r portion thereof within an established established period of time when a current to ground exceeds the values established for a Class A device (Class A ground-fault circuit interrupters interrupters trip when the current to ground has a value in the range of 4 mA to 6 mA. For further information, see UL 943, Standard for Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters. Another definition of a ground-fault circuit interrupter is found in Article 100 of the National Electrical Code (NEC) and is as follows: “A device intended for the protection of personnel that functions to de-energize a circuit or portion thereof within an established period of time when a current to ground exceeds the values established for a Class A device.” Following this definition, a Fine Print Note provides additional information on what constitutes a Class A GFCI device. It states that a Class A GFCI trips when the current to ground has a value in the range of 4 milliamps to 6 milliamps, and references UL 943, the Standard for Safety for Ground-Fault CircuitInterrupters. What Is A Ground Fault? A ground fault is an unintentional electrical path between a power source and a grounded surface. Ground faults most often occur when equipment is damaged or defective, such that live electrical parts are no longer adequately protected from unintended contact. If your body provides a path to the ground for this current, you could be burned, severely shocked or electrocuted.





Page 17 of 115

Below is an illustration of ground fault.

How Do They Work? A GFCI constantly monitors current flowing through a circuit. If the current flowing into the circuit differs by a very small amount (as little as 0.006 amperes) from the returning current, the GFCI interrupts power faster than a blink of an eye to prevent a lethal dose of electricity. electricity. GFCIs are designed to operate before the electricity can affect your heartbeat. A GFCI works even on two-slot receptacles. receptacles. Here's an example: A bare wire inside an appliance touches its metal case. The case is then charged with electricity. If you touch the appliance with one hand while another part of your body is touching a grounded metal object, such as a water faucet, you will get shocked. If the appliance is plugged into an outlet protected by a GFCI, the power will be shut off before a fatal shock can occur.

An illustration of how GFCI works Electrical Installation and Maintenance NCII Install Wiring Devices of Floor and Wall Mounted Outlets, Lighting Fixtures/Switches, and Auxiliary Outlets




Page 18 of 115

How to Install Circuit breaker and receptacle-type GFCIs may be installed in your home by a qualified and skilled electrician. Receptacle-type GFCIs may be installed by consumers with adequate knowledge and skills to conform to proper electrical wiring practices and the instructions accompanying the device. device. When in doubt about the proper procedure, contact a qualified electrician; electrician; do not attempt to install it yourself. A portable GFCI gets plugged into a receptacle just like any other cord-and-plug-connected device. How to Test Test every every GFCI: After installation. At least once a month. After a power failure. According According to the manufacturer’s instructions. instructions. • • • •

If you do not have the instructions follow this procedure: Plug a lamp into the outlet and turn the lamp on. Press the GFCI’s test button. Did the light go out? If not, the GFCI is not working or has not been correctly installed. installed. Contact a qualified electrician to correct the wiring and/or replace the defective defective GFCI. G FCI. Press the reset button. Did the light come back on? If not, replace the GFCI. • •

•

Types of GFCIs A. CIRCUIT BREAKER GFCI * A circuit breaker with a built-in GFCI may be installed in a panel box to add protection to the circuits it supplies. * Protects against both a ground fault and a circuit overload * Protects the wiring and every outlet, lighting fixture, or appliance on the branch circuit that it supplies.





Page 19 of 115





Page 20 of 115

B. RECEPTACLE GFCI * Used in place of the standard duplex receptacle. receptacle. * Fits into a standard outlet box and protects against ground-faults for whatever is plugged into the outlet and other electrical outlets further "down-stream" in the branch circuit. * Can even replace older ungrounded, two slot receptacles with new GFCI receptacles. Must use supplied label “NO EQUIPMENT GROUND GFCI PROTECTED” to identify that the receptacle is not grounded. * The Receptacle Type incorporates a GFCI device within one or more receptacle outlets. Such devices are becoming popular because of their low cost.

a. Receptacle Receptacle GFCI

b. Circuit Breaker GFCI





Page 21 of 115

Front View of a Receptacle Receptacle GFCI

Back View of a Receptacle GFCI Electrical Installation and Maintenance NCII Install Wiring Devices of Floor and Wall Mounted Outlets, Lighting Fixtures/Switches, and Auxiliary Outlets




Page 22 of 115

C. PORTABLE GFCI Used where installed GFCIs are not practical. One type contains the GFCI circuitry in a plastic enclosure with plug blades in the back and receptacle slots in the front. It can be plugged into a receptacle, then the electrical product is plugged into the GFCI. Another type of portable GFCI is an extension cord combined with a GFCI. It adds flexibility in using receptacles that are not protected by GFCIs. Portable Type GFCIs come in several styles, all designed for easy transport. Some are designed to plug into existing non-GFCI outlets, or connect with a cord and plug arrangement. The portable type also incorporates a no-voltage release device that will disconnect power to the outlets if any supply conductor is open. Units approved for outdoor use will be in enclosures suitable for the environment. If exposed to rain, they must be listed as waterproof. • •

•

•

A. The Cord-Connected Type of GFCI is an attachment plug incorporating the GFCI module. It protects the cord and any equipment attached to the cord.

B. Plug Type. The attachment plug has a non-standard appearance with test and reset buttons. Like the portable type, it incorporates a no-voltage release device that will disconnect power to the load if any supply conductor is open.





Page 23 of 115

Self-Check 3.1-2 Identification: Identify what is being described. Used the box below for your choices.

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter

Ground Fault

Circuit Breaker GFCI

Receptacle Receptacle GFCI

Portable GFCI

___________________ ___________________ 1. 1. It is an inexpensive inexpensive electrical electrical device that can either be installed in your electrical system or built into a power cord to protect you from severe electrical shocks. ___________________ ___________________ 2. It is an unintentional unintentional electrical electrical path between a power source and a grounded surface. ___________________ ___________________ 3. A GFCI that protects against both a ground fault and a circuit overload ___________________ ___________________ 4. 4. A GFCI that can be be used in place place of the standard standard duplex receptacle. ___________________ ___________________ 5. A GFCI that is to be used where installed installed GFCIs are not practical.





Page 24 of 115

Answer Key 3.1-2 1. Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter 2. Ground Fault 3. Circuit Breaker GFCI 4. Receptacle GFCI 5. Portable GFCI





Page 25 of 115

Information Sheet 3.1-3 FLOOR OUTLETS Learning Objectives: After reading this Information Sheet, Sheet, you must be able to: 1. Describe Describe a floor outlet 2. Identify the types of floor outlets This information information sheet sheet will describe describe and identify identify the types of floor outlets outlets FLOOR OUTLETS Floor outlets are electrical outlets that are installed into a floor area rather than into a wall. Often, a floor outlet will be equipped with a metal plate to protect the outlet and wiring, along with a cover that prevents dust and other material from collecting in the outlet when the device is not in use. Outlets of this type are usually found in dens and living rooms of homes, as well as in conference rooms or other larger gathering areas in offices and public buildings. As with any type of outlet, the floor outlet is intended to allow easy access to electrical current. curren t. Because the plug can be placed at any point along a long the floor, it is possible to strategically position position several outlets within a space, creating easy access to electricity even when a power source is needed somewhere other than along alon g a wall. When not in use, covers snap or slide into place in order to protect the outlets and also to allow the floor to retain a smooth surface. Beneath the surface of the floor, the configuration of the floor outlet is similar to that of a standard wall outlet. The plugs are housed in an outlet box and normally connected to a central junction box that helps regulate electric power flow. Wiring runs from the outlet box to the central junction in the same manner that electrical wiring runs through walls to a central power source. While it is possible to use plastic or porcelain plates with a floor outlet, the general recommendation is to utilize metal plates. Durable metal is much less likely to be damaged if the outlet ou tlet is stepped on when not in use. The metal covers can hold up well to a lot of weight, which will help help to keep the general appearance of the outlet simple and clean. When Whe n necessary, the metal plates can be outfitted with covers that are spring loaded to snap closed when the outlets are not in use.





Page 26 of 115

In terms of function and appearance, a floor outlet can be helpful in many situations. In a conference room, an outlet in the floor under the conference table makes it much easier to plug in audio visual equipment without running extension cords to a wall outlet. In the home, the presence of a floor outlet in the living room aids in arranging the furnishings, since major seating areas do not have to remain near a wall in order to include the presence of accent lamps in the grouping. Installing a floor outlet is very similar to the installation of a wall outlet. As with any type of electrical wiring project, it is recommended that the installation only be conducted by a properly certified electrician. EXAMPLES of FLOOR OUTLETS





Page 27 of 115

The National Electrical Electrical Code requires floor outlets to be a part of an approved assembly consisting consisting of a metal box, gasket seal, special receptacle and strong cover plate with a moisture-proof cover. You can't just mount a regular wall outlet in the floor. The first time someone stepped on it, it would break. Besides, mopping a floor around an outlet that doesn't have a moisture-proof moisture-proof cover could cause corroded connections, or worse, give you a lethal shock.





Page 28 of 115

Self-Check 3.1-3 True or False: False: Write the word TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the state is incorrect. Write your answer on the space before the number. ___________________ ___________________ 1. Floor outlets are electrical electrical outlets that are installed into a wall area rather than into a floor. ___________________ ___________________ 2. Floor outlets are usually found in dens and living rooms of homes. ___________________ ___________________ 3. As with any type of outlet, the floor outlet is intended to allow easy access to electrical current. ___________________ ___________________ 4. A floor outlet will be equipped with a metal plate to protect the outlet and wiring, along with a cover that prevents dust and other material from collecting in the outlet when the device is not in use ___________________ ___________________ 5. The configuration of the floor outlet is similar to that of a standard wall outlet. ___________________ ___________________ 6. While it is possible to use plastic or porcelain plates plates with a floor outlet, o utlet, the general recommendation recommendation is to utilize metal plates ___________________ ___________________ 7. In terms of function and appearance, appearance, a floor outlet outlet can be helpful in many situations. ___________________ ___________________ 8. Installing a floor outlet is very similar to the installation of a wall outlet. ___________________ ___________________ 9. The National Electrical Code requires floor outlets to be a part of an approved assembly consisting of a metal box, gasket seal, special receptacle receptacle and strong cover plate with a moisture-proof cover. ___________________ ___________________ 10. 10. It is recommended recommended that the installation installation only only be conducted by a properly certified electrician.





Page 29 of 115

Answer Key 3.1-3 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. True 6. True 7. True 8. True 9. True





Page 30 of 115

Information Sheet 3.1.4 CONTROL DEVICES/SWITCHES Learning Objectives: After reading this Information Sheet, Sheet, you must be able to: 1. Describe a control device or a switch 2. Differentiate the types of switches Introduction Circuit control devices have many different shapes and sizes, but most circuit control devices are either SWITCHES, SOLENOIDS, or RELAYS. In electrical installation, a SWITCH is a device, which can make or break an electrical circuit or we can say that switch is a controlling device, which interrupt the flow of current or direct the flow of current in another direction. Almost all the electrical wiring systems contain at least one switch, which is used to make the device ON or OFF. In addition, a switch is used to control the circuit operation and user may able to activate or deactivate the whole or certain parts of the connected connected circuit. When the contacts of a switch are closed, the switch creates the closed path for current flow and hence load consumes the power from source. When the contacts of a switch are open, no power will be consumed by the load as shown in below figure.

There are numerous switch applications applications found in wide variety fields such as home, automobiles, industrial, military, aerospace and so on. In some applications multi way switching is employed (like building wiring), in such cases two or more switches are interconnected to control an electrical load from more than one location. Electrical Installation and Maintenance NCII Install Wiring Devices of Floor and Wall Mounted Outlets, Lighting Fixtures/Switches, and Auxiliary Outlets




Page 31 of 115

Types of Switches Switches open and close electrical circuits, allowing power to flow through lights and appliances. At one time, they were pretty simple — simple — just a toggle you flipped on and off. But things have changed. As our needs for energy efficiency have evolved and technology has improved, light switches have undergone a renaissance. New switches offer a wide range of control, such as full-range dimming, a delayed fade from on to off, and dimmer switches that remember a range of preset settings. Some occupancy sensor switches automatically turn lights on when a person enters a room and then off when the person exits. Central lighting controls can be programmed to operate groups or banks of lights throughout the house as the needs for lighting in various areas change throughout the day. Lights, fans, and other electrical devices can be controlled with handheld, infrared, wireless remotes. And there are switches designed to control compact fluorescent, fluorescent and halogen lights. Some switches are operated with keys, timers, or photoelectric eyes that sense daylight. Other switches are paired up with electrical outlets (“combination” switches). You say it’s hard to find a switch in the dark? For that situation, you need a switch with a pilot light. Outdoor switches, mounted in a special waterproof electrical electrical box, are operated o perated with a lever that protects against shock. Switches can be of mechanical or electronic type: a. Mechanical switches must be activated activat ed physically, physical ly, by b y moving, moving , pressing, pressing, releasing, releasing, or touching its contacts. b. Electronic switches do switches do not require any physical contact in order to control a circuit. These are activated by semiconductor action. Mechanical Switches Mechanical switches can be classified into different types based on several factors such as method of actuation (manual, limit and process switches), number of contacts (single contact and multi contact switches), number of poles and throws (SPST, DPDT, SPDT, etc.), operation and construction (push button, toggle, rotary, joystick, etc), based on state (momentary and locked switches), etc.





Page 32 of 115

Based on the number of poles and throws, switches are classified into following types. The pole pole represents the number of individual power circuits that can be switched. Most of the switches are designed have one, two or three poles and are designated as single pole, double pole and triple pole. The number of throws represents the number of states to which current can pass through the switch. Most of the switches are designed to have either one or two throws which are designated as single throw and double throw switches.

Electronic Switches As opposed to mechanical switches which requires the user to make contact with the switch for activation, an electronic switch does not require pressure for activation. This can be especially helpful, when a client presents with limited movement and/or strength. The electronic switches switches are generally called as solid state switches because there are no physical moving parts and hence absence of physical contacts. Most of the appliances are controlled by semiconductor switches such as motor drives and HVAC equipment. There are different types of solid state switches are available in today market with different sizes and ratings. Electronic switches are faster in response than mechanical switches and can be switched automatically by an electronic circuit like microcontroller microcontr oller or microprocessor. They can also be categories on the basis of current and voltage rating like mechanical switches. The question arises arises here, why we need electronics electronics switch? The The answer of the question is that sometimes, it is necessary that circuit, which makes decision also turn OFF or ON certain devices based on the decision. If only





Page 33 of 115

mechanical switch is used, then there should be one person present there all the time to make the device ON and OFF after getting indication indicat ion message from the circuit. To eliminate this problem, electronics switches are used then. They are very much fast and accurate as compared to mechanical switches. Electronic switches are small in size and do not make noise while switching operation and they make sure the stability and reliability of the system, Bipolar Transistors A transistor either allows the current to pass or it blocks the current as similar to working of normal switch. In switching circuits, circuits, transistor operates in cut-off mode for OFF or current blocking condition and in saturation mode for ON condition. The active region of the transistor is not used for switching applications.

Both NPN and PNP transistors are operated or switched ON when a sufficient base current is supplied to it. When a small current flows though the base terminal supplied by a driving circuit (connected between the base and emitter), it causes to turns ON the collector-emitter collector-emitter path. And it is turned OFF when the base current is removed and base voltage is reduced to a slight negative value. Even though it utilizes small base current, it is capable to carry much higher currents through through the collectoremitter path. Electrical Installation and Maintenance NCII Install Wiring Devices of Floor and Wall Mounted Outlets, Lighting Fixtures/Switches, and Auxiliary Outlets




Page 34 of 115

Power Diode A diode can perform switching operations between its high and low state impedance states. Semiconductor materials like silicon and germanium are used for constructing the diodes. Usually, power diodes are constructed using silicon in order to operate the device at higher currents and higher junction temperatures. These are constructed by joining p and n type semiconductor materials together to form PN junction. It has two terminals namely anode and cathode.

When the anode is made positive with respect to cathode and by the application of voltage greater than the threshold level, PN junction is forward biased and starts conducting (like ON switch). When the cathode terminal is made positive with respect to anode, PN junction reverse biased and its blocks the current flow (like OFF switch). MOSFET Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET ) is a unipolar and high frequency switching device. It is a most commonly used switching device is power electronic applications. It has three terminals namely drain (output), source (common) and gate (input). It is a voltage controlled device, i.e., by controlling input (gate to source) voltage, resistance between the drain and source is controlled which further determines the ON and OFF state of the device.





Page 35 of 115

MOSFETs can be a P-channel or N-channel devices. The N-channel MOSFET is tuned ON by applying a positive VGS with respect to the source (provided that VGS should be greater than threshold voltage). P-channel MOSFET operates in a similar manner of N-channel MOSFET but it uses reverse polarity of voltages. Both VGS and VDD are negative with respect the source to switch ON the P- channel MOSFET. IGBT IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) combines the several advantages of bipolar junction power transistor and power MOSFET. Like a MOSFET, it is a voltage controlled device and has lower ON state voltage drop (less than that of MOSFET and closer to power transistor). It is a three terminal semiconductor high speed switching device. These terminals are emitter, collector and gate.





Page 36 of 115

Similar to the MOSFET, IGBT can be turned ON by applying a positive voltage (greater than the threshold voltage) between the gate and emitter. IGBT can be turned by reducing the voltage across the gate-emitter to zero. In most of the case it needs negative voltage to reduce turn OFF losses and safely turn OFF the IGBT. SCR A Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR SCR)) most widely used high speed switching device for power control applications. It is a unidirectional device as a diode, consisting of three terminals, namely anode, cathode and gate. An SCR is turned ON and OFF by controlling its gate input and biasing conditions of the anode and cathode terminals. SCR consists of four layers of alternate P and N layers such that boundaries of each layer forms junctions J1, J1, J2 and J3.





Page 37 of 115

TRIAC Triac (or TRIode AC) switch is a bidirectional switching device which is an equivalent circuit of two back to back SCRs connection with one gate terminal. Its capability to control AC power in both positive and negative peaks of the voltage waveform often makes these devices to be used in motor speed controllers, light dimmers, pressure control systems, motor drives and other AC control equipments.





Page 38 of 115

DIAC A DIAC (or DIode AC switch) is bidirectional switching device and it consists of two terminals which are not named as anode and cathode. It means that a DIAC can be operated o perated in either direction regardless regardless of the terminal identification. This indicates that the DIAC can be used in either direction.

When a voltage is applied across a DIAC, it either operates in forward blocking or reverse blocking mode unless the applied voltage is less than the breakover voltage. Once the voltage is increased more than breakover voltage, avalanche breakover occurs and device starts conducting.





Page 39 of 115

Gate Turn-Off Thyristor A GTO (Gate Turn off Thyristor) Thyristor) is a bipolar semiconductor switching device. It has three terminals as anode, cathode and gate. As the name implies, this switching device is capable to turn OFF through gate terminal. A GTO is turned ON by applying a small positive gate current triggers the conduction mode and turned OFF by a negative pulse to the gate. GTO symbol consists of double arrows on the gate terminal which represents the bidirectional flow of current through gate terminal.





Page 40 of 115

Self-Check 3.1-4





Page 41 of 115

Answer Key 3.1.4





Page 42 of 115

Information Sheet 3.1-5 Types of Mechanical Switches Learning Objectives: After reading this Information Sheet, Sheet, you must be able to: 1. Differentiate the types of mechanical switches 2. Determine the types of mechanical switch used for controlling lights

Single Pole Single Throw Switch (SPST) The simplest and most common light switch is actually referred referred to by hardware dealers and electricians as a “single-pole light switch .” With a single-pole light switch, flipping the lever up completes the circuit, turning lights or appliances on, and flipping flippi ng it down breaks the circuit, turning turnin g lights or receptacles off. This is a simple ON/OFF switch. switch. It is also called called as One-Way Switch (in the US, they called it Two-Way Switch). When a user presses the th e button of the switch, then the plates of the switch connect with each other and the current starts to flow and vice versa.

SPST (Single Pole Single Through) Switch

•

•

This is the basic ON and OFF switch switch consisting consisting of one input contact and and one output contact. It switches a single circuit and it can either make (ON) or break (OFF) the load. Electrical Installation and Maintenance NCII Install Wiring Devices of Floor and Wall Mounted Outlets, Lighting Fixtures/Switches, and Auxiliary Outlets




Page 43 of 115

The contacts of SPST can be either normally open or normally closed configurations .

•

A single-pole switch has two terminal screws on the side that receive the wires of the circuit. (The number of terminal screws identifies the type of switch.) Some single-pole switches also have a green grounding screw (not shown) that connects to the circuit’s ground wire. Different brands vary with the style and configuration and markings markings of a SPST. With a single-pole light switch, flipping the lever up completes the circuit, turning lights or appliances on, and flipping it down breaks the circuit, turning lights or receptacles off. A single-pole switch has two terminal screws on the side. Single Pole Double Throw Switch (SPDT) This switch has three three terminals, terminals, one is input input contact and remaining remaining two are output contacts. This means means it consist consist two ON positions positions and one OFF OFF position. In most of the circuits, these switches are used as changeover to conn ect the input between two choices of outputs. The contact which is connected connected to the input by default is referred as normally closed contact and contact which will be connected during ON operation is a normally open contact.

• •

•

•

This button has three pins in which, one pin is used as common and called a Two-Way Switch (in US, they called it Three-Way Switch). We can send two different signals to same pin by using this switch. Because of this functionality, this switch is also called selector switch.





Page 44 of 115

•

Other switches related to SPDT are SPCO (Single Pole Changeover) and SPTT (Single Pole Center Off or Single Pole Triple Throw)

SPDT (Single Pole Double Throw) Switch

Double Pole Single Throw Switch (DPST) This switch consists of four terminals, two input contacts and two output contacts. It behaves like a two separate SPST configurations, operating at the same time. It has only one ON position, but it can actuate the two contacts simultaneously, such that each input contact will be connected to its corresponding corresponding output contact. In OFF position both switches are at open state. •

•

•

•

This type of switches is used for controlling two different circuits at a time.





Page 45 of 115

•

•

Also, the contacts of this switch may be either normally open or normally closed configurations. configurations. This switch is basically two SPST switches in one package and can be operated by a single lever. This switch is mostly used, where we have to break both ground and lines at the same time.

DPST (Double Pole, Single Throw) Switch

Double Pole Double Throw Switch (DPDT) This switch switch is equivalent equivalent to two SPDT SPDT switches switches packaged packaged in one pack. This switch switch has two two common pins and four signal signal pins. Total four different combination of singles can be applied to the input pins of this switch. Another switch, switch, related to DPDT is DPCO (Double (Double Pole Changeover or Double Pole, Centre Off).

DPDT (Double Pole Double Throw) switch





Page 46 of 115

• •

•

•

This is a dual dual ON/OFF switch switch consisting consisting of two ON positions. It has six terminals, two are input contacts and remaining four are the output contacts. It behaves like a two separate SPDT configuration, operating at the same time. Two input contacts are connected connected to the one set of output contacts in one position and in another position, input contacts are connected to the other set of output contacts

Three Way Switch A three-way wall switch is a variation of the standard single-pole switch switch that makes it possible to control a ceiling light or other electrical fixture from two different locations in a room. In a hallway or large room, for example, installing installing three-way switches at both ends lets you turn the light fixture on or off from both locations. A light or lights can be controlled by more than one switch. The usual practice in home construction is to use 3-way switches. "3-way" is the electrician's designation for a single pole double throw (SPDT) switch.

A 3-way switch is shown below. Here is a typical circuit in its four possible states.: states.:

The switches switches must must create a complete complete circuit circuit for current current to flow and the bulb to light. When both switches are up, the circuit is complete (top right). When both switches are down, the circuit is complete (bottom right). If one





Page 47 of 115

switch is up and one is down, the current reaches a dead end, no current flows and the bulb is off (top left and bottom left). Note that the above color scheme does NOT reflect wire color. It is functional coloring intended to illustrate the voltage state of each wire segment. • • •

Red indicates a hot wire (120 volts ac). Red indicates Green indicates Green indicates a neutral wire at ground potential. Blue indicates a wire that is floating. "Floating" here means isolated Blue from hot and neutral by switches and/or light bulbs.

Typical Three Three Way Switch Switch Screw Terminals on Three-Way Switches If you examine a three-way switch, switch, you will notice several differences when compared to standard single-pole switches. First, the body of the switch will be thicker and bulkier than a single-pole switch. And the switch toggle lever will not have the ON-OFF markings found on a single-pole switch. The biggest difference, though, will be in the screw terminals on the switch. While standard single-pole switches have two screw terminals on one side of the switch, plus a third green grounding screw terminal connected to the metal strap, three-way switches come equipped with another screw terminal. If you look over the three-way switch, you will notice that this extra screw terminal is a darker color than the t he other two brass-colored terminals. This is known known as the the common connection of the switch. Depending on where the switch will be in the circuit layout, the purpose of this common connection is to either to deliver electrical current from the power source (the circuit-breaker box) to one of the switches or to deliver the current onward from the second switch to the light fixture. The other two screw screw termin terminals als on the the switc switch h body body will be brass-colore brass-colored. d. These These are used to connect the circuit wires that run between the two three-way Electrical Installation and Maintenance NCII Install Wiring Devices of Floor and Wall Mounted Outlets, Lighting Fixtures/Switches, and Auxiliary Outlets




Page 48 of 115

switches. These are known as the traveler terminals , and the wires running between the switches are known as traveler wires. In a circuit situation, normally these traveler wires will have black and red insulation. When the switches are installed, these traveler wires allow electrical current to pass between the switches — switches — or or they interrupt the circuit flow to turn the light fixture OFF. At any given moment when the light fixture is ON, the power may be flowing through either the black or the red traveler wire. This will vary depending what position the switch toggle levers are in. Some brands of a three-way switch terminals have labels 0, 1 and 3. Zero is the common while 2 and 3 are for travelers. Wire Connections Three-w Three-way ay switch switches es have have differe different nt methods methods of connecti connection, on, depend depending ing on the brand of the switch. The switch may also have several ways to make the wire connections. connections. All switches switches have screws on the side, but some also come with push-fitting holes or slots to slide the wire into. Still others come with a quick-mount, spring-loaded slot alongside the screw terminals that are designed to hold the wires in place. Although these push fittings or slot-fittings may be the quickest way to connect a switch, this method is not recommended, as it is generally less secure. Professional electricians who want to avoid callbacks always use the screw terminal connections which rarely come loose. Wiring Problems in Three-Way Switch Installations Three-w Three-way ay switches switches are tricky to install, install, especially especially for DIYers who are replacing a bad switch. One of the most common problems is improper wiring — connecting the circuit wires to the wrong screw terminals. It's very easy to mix up three-way switch wiring when replacing a threeway switch, especially because in older wiring systems the standard colorcoding of wires may look different than it does in newer installations. installations. The best way to prevent this is to take the time to mark the wires before you remove any wires from the old switch, The wire connected to the common screw terminal is is the most important to mark. It must always connect to the darkest-colored terminal screw. By placing a colored piece of tape or label on the wire, it will be easy to find when you connect the new switch. It's also a good idea remove and reconnect one wire at a time when replacing switches. By doing this one wire at a time, you can ensure you are connecting the new switch correctly. This can sometimes be difficult, though, if the circuit wires in the wall box are a re too short — in in this case, marking the wires is essential.





Page 49 of 115

Mechanical Problems with Three-Way Switches Problems with switches occur when wire connections come loose, or when the switch itself fails. Switches are mechanical devices that that can wear out after hundreds or thousands of clicks. If you suspect a loose wire connection, turn off the power to the circuit at the circuit breaker box before inspecting the wire connections connections on the switch. Make sure they are all tight. Also, check any wire nut connections on other circuit wires in the wall box. For example, there likely will be a neutral wire connection inside the box (usually these are white wires); make sure this wire nut connection is also secure. If you find that this neutral wire connection is made with electrical tape you should replace it with a wire nut. If a switch makes a sizzling or popping sound when you turn the switch ON, it means that the switch contacts are becoming worn and aren't making good contact. This switch should be changed immediately to avoid bigger electrical problems. By inspecting your switches periodically, you'll ensure safe and effective electrical connections.

A typical illustration of a three-way switch Electrical Installation and Maintenance NCII Install Wiring Devices of Floor and Wall Mounted Outlets, Lighting Fixtures/Switches, and Auxiliary Outlets




Page 50 of 115

Four-Way Switches Four-way switch configurations are used to control lights with three or more switches. A 3-way switch is used on each end with one or more 4-way switches in between the two 3-way switches. They do not have an on/off position like single pole switches. It is important to understand how these switches are wired before attempting to troubleshoot or replace.

A four-way switch Some brands of a four-way switch has terminal labels labels of 1, 2, 3 and 4. Always refer to the manufacturers manual before using a 4-way switch.

Conventional 4-Way Switch Wiring 4-way switches have four terminals each with two pairs of travelers (one set usually black and one set usually brass color). A four-switch configuration will have two 3-way switches, one on each end and two 4-way switches in the middle. In the diagrams below, the first switch (3-way) common terminal connects to 120 volts. The first switch (3-way) travelers (brass color) connect to one pair of the second switch (4-way) travelers travelers (black or brass color). The other pair of the second switch (4-way) travelers connect to one pair of the third switch (4-way) travelers. The other pair of the third third switch (4-way) travelers travelers connect to one pair of the fourth switch (3-way) travelers. The fourth switch switch (3-way) (3-way) common terminal terminal connects connects to the load load (lights). (lights).





Page 51 of 115





Page 52 of 115





Page 53 of 115





Page 54 of 115

Self-Check 3.1-5





Page 55 of 115

Answer Key 3.1-5





Page 56 of 115

Information Sheet 3.1-6 Electronic Operated Switches Learning Objectives: After reading this Information Sheet, Sheet, you must be able to: 1. Differentiate the types of electronic switches 2. Determine the types of electronic switch used for controlling lights Introduction: Due to the changing development of technology, there are variety of brands, types, configurations of electronic switch used for electrical wiring. Some of these is used for controlling lights and some of these are for security purpose. This information sheet is limited only to the types of electronic electronic switches applicable to the specialization. Photocells and Timers Photocells and timers are switches that turn on and off automatically. Photocells are commonly used to control lighting. Timers are used to control fans, water pumps, irrigation controls, etc. Photocells and timers have a wattage rating. Do not exceed the wattage rating for the load on these switches. Photocells/Photoswitch Photocells are a type of switch used to automatically turn on in the morning (sunrise) and turn off at night (sunset). They are most commonly used to control lighting. Photocells are better than time switches for lighting because of the variations in time of sunrise and sunset. Most new photocells are compatible with CFLs (check the package of the photocell for compatibility). Some CFLs are available with built-in photocells, photocells, but will not work in recessed (can) lights. Some photocells screw into a socket in a light fixture and a bulb screws into the photocell. A photoswitch, photoswitch, or photo-electric switch, switch, is a sensor that detects the presence in or change of light A switch that is activated by light. Photocell sensors are light-detecting light-detect ing devices that act as automatic switches to power electrically powered powered devices on or off in the presence of light. The photocells inside the switches switches usually work on the principal of changing resistance with light intensity. These are photo-resistive cells. Electrical Installation and Maintenance NCII Install Wiring Devices of Floor and Wall Mounted Outlets, Lighting Fixtures/Switches, and Auxiliary Outlets




Page 57 of 115

These photocells sense when it is day (light) and night (dark). When it is dark enough they switch on the light automatically. When light hits the tiny photocell, it produces a small amount of electricity electricity which is amplified to activate the switch inside the photoelectric switch. Photocells are available for most voltages and various watt or electrical circuit load requirements. Manufacturers construct semiconductors.

photocell

sensors

using

high-resistance

In the dark, the resistance resistance is high enough to prevent the flow of electricity. However, in the light, the resistance drops, allowing the power to flow. Manufacturers pair the dissimilar materials to produce the photocell with the characteristics the application requires. Uses of Photo Switch Photo switches are used for f or numerous numero us scientific scientif ic and manufacturing man ufacturing applications. Widely used for street, highway, factories, garden, ports, airports, farm, parks, schools, and other places a. One common use is in automatic lights or street lights that turn on at dusk and off at sunrise b. They are also commonly used in residential areas to turn lights on and off based on the time of day. c. It can fit into solar lamps and lanterns, electric cars and o ther power supply voltage of 220V AC lamps and lanterns or equipment. d. It can be installed on the wood, metal and concrete pole. e. It is also used by business signboards that lights up through the night. f. However due to it’s limited versatility, these kind of switches can never be used in industries where they need to time start certain machines or equipment. Disadvantages The user can can never specify specify the time. time. It all depends depends on the sun and the availability of light source.





Page 58 of 115

Because the cells are so light sensitive, the placement of these switches have to be taken into account when installing such a switch. If it is placed too near to the light and is able to absorb the rays from that light, the switch will not perform accordingly.

Internal Parts of a photo switch (parts may vary depending on the brand)





Page 59 of 115

Installation/Wiring of the Photo Switch





Page 60 of 115





Page 61 of 115

Dimmer Switches Dimmer switches are used to control lighting level and can save energy. Dimmers work by limiting the voltage that goes to a lighting load. Dimmers work very well with incandescent bulbs because of a wide dimming range. Dimmers, or dimmer switches, change the current going to the light source and adjust the brightness of the light depending on the user requirements, tasks or activities being performed. Lights can be dimmed manually or by remote control. Personal control of lighting has been shown to reduce lighting energy costs on a nearly 1:1 ratio while enhancing occupancy experience. Light sources use less energy when dimmed and can automatically save 4-9 percent in electricity usage over a standard toggle switch. Dimming also increases lamp life, which saves energy and reduces maintenance costs. It is important that you select a dimmer that is tested and UL listed for your specific lighting source, be it incandescent, halogen, magnetic low voltage, electronic electronic low voltage, neon/cold cathode, fluorescent or LED. For other types of bulbs including CFLs, halogen, and LEDs, check to see that they are “dimmable” on the bulb package. package. Dimmable CFLs are usually more expensive and have a limited dimming range, mostly at the dim end.

Dimmer Switch Usage •

Dining areas

Turning on certain lights lights at night night without being being blinded blinded (kitchen, (kitchen, bathrooms, and bedrooms) •

•

A 3-way dimmer can replace one of two 3-way switches Electrical Installation and Maintenance NCII Install Wiring Devices of Floor and Wall Mounted Outlets, Lighting Fixtures/Switches, and Auxiliary Outlets




Page 62 of 115

Do Dimmers Save Energy? While older rheostat type dimmers do not, modern dimmers do save energy when dimming lights. Dimming lights also extend the life of incandescent light bulbs. Dimmer Feels Very Warm It is normal for a dimmer to feel warm especially if the lighting load is close to the dimmer rating. A higher wattage dimmer may need to be installed if the following apply: •

•

If the lighting load is higher that the dimmer rating. The dimmer dimmer feels too hot.

Dimmer Functions There are 4 basic dimmer dimmer functions. •

•

• •

Adjustment: Adjustment: to adjust the intensity intensity of light. Done with a knob, slide, or touch pad. Presets: When you turn off the light, then turn it on, the dimmer remembers the intensity. This is is done with separate separate intensity intensity controls controls and an on/off on/off switch. Remote / 3-Way: These allow you to control lights from more than 1 location. Indicator Light: This makes it easy to locate in a dark room, or tell the difference difference between off and very dim. How Dimmers Work There is some confusion confusion concerning concerning how dimmers dimmers work, work, since early early dimmers worked differently than modern dimmers. dimmers. Dimmers for different types of light (incandescent, (incandescent, fluorescent) also work differently from each other. o ther.

•

•

•

•

Different light sources require different dimmers. Don't use a low voltage dimmer on a 120 volt fixture. Incandescent and halogen dimmers contain a switch called a "triac".The triac turns the lights on and off 120 times a second. The length of time the dimmer is on or off determines the brightness. brightness. Adjust the dimmer with the knob, slider, or rocker to set the on/off time. Older dimmers changed the resistance or voltage of the circuit. Modern dimmers do not.





Page 63 of 115

There are many many types of dimmers, all designed designed to be compatible compatible with certain certain light sources and lighting systems. When choosing a dimmer for your lights, here are the important factors you need to consider. Dimmer Type How many switches control your light fixture? That’s the first question you’ll need to ask yourself when choosing a dimmer. Here are the four basic types for your lights that you can choose from: Single-Pole Dimmer – Dimmer – The The single-pole dimmer is designed for light fixtures fix tures that are controlled by only one dimmer in your home. In other words, this dimmer is the only switch switch used to turn your lights on and off, as well as to dim. Three-way or Four-way Dimmer – Dimmer – These These dimmers are for light fixtures that are controlled by only one dimmer plus one or more on and off switches in other places in your home. Multi-location Dimmer – Dimmer – If If your light fixture uses multiple companion dimmers, you will need a multi-location dimmer. dimmer. Using multiple dimmers allows full dimming control from more than one location. Plug-In Dimmer – Dimmer – Plug-in Plug-in dimmers are used to dim the bulb in your table and floor lamps. Many of these lamp dimmers are compatible with incandescent, CFL, and LED bulbs.

Bulb Type Compatible for Dimmer Switches Incandescent/Halogen – If Incandescent/Halogen – If you are using standard incandescent or halogen lighting in your home, standard incandescent dimmers are what you’ll need to reduce the brightness. These dimmers work in a very interesting way. Many people might think that dimming involves reducing the electrical current, but actually, dimmers rapidly turn t urn the bulb’s circuit on and off at rates much faster than we can see (typically over 100 times per second). Compact Fluorescent and LED – LED – In In order to dim energy-efficient lights, you should first make sure that the lights themselves are capable of dimming. Because technology is advancing, dimmable LED and CFL technology is becoming much more reliable. Once you’ve got your dimmable bulbs, then you can focus on making making sure sure your dimmer is compatible. compatible. If you were to try Electrical Installation and Maintenance NCII Install Wiring Devices of Floor and Wall Mounted Outlets, Lighting Fixtures/Switches, and Auxiliary Outlets




Page 64 of 115

to use an incandescent dimmer with an LED or CFL, it would only cause your lights lights to not dim correctly correctly or malfunction malfunction completely. completely. Magnetic Low-Voltage (MLV) – (MLV) – Low-voltage Low-voltage lighting systems require the use of a transformer to regulate the line voltage. If a transformer used within a lighting system is magnetic, you will need a magnetic dimmer. dimmer. Magnetic dimmers are inductive and use symmetric forward phase-control in order to dim. Electronic Low-voltage (ELV) – (ELV) – Electronic Electronic transformers in low-voltage lighting systems require a compatible electronic dimmer. dimmer. Electronic dimmers are capacitive and use reverse phase-control for dimming. Wattage Once you know what kind of light source you're using, you have to be sure the wattage of your bulbs is compatible with your dimmer. That said, you also must take into consideration how many bulbs you are using on one dimmer. Some people assume that just because LEDs consume less wattage, the same incandescent dimmer can be operated with more LED bulb that consume a fraction of the wattage of an incandescent. Due to something called inrush current, or the maximum, instantaneous input current drawn by an electrical device when first turned on, using more LEDs than you would incandescents on a dimmer will only render the dimmer ineffective. For example, if dimmer can handle 300 watts of electricity and five 60-watt bulbs, that does not mean that it will be able to handle 30 or more LEDs at 8.5 watts. If a dimmer could only handle five incandescent bulbs, only use five LEDs. Control Style Once you’ve gotten past all of the technical elements and narrowed down your choices, choices, you can start start to focus on the more more superficial superficial stuff – stuff – like like how the dimmer looks. Dimmers come in many different colors and styles, so it’s all a matter of personal preference. The styles of the dimmer switches are varied and come in options as varied as toggles, rotaries, and even touchsensitive dimmers. dimmers . Types of dimmers As mentioned above, nowadays dimmers serve more than just a single purpose and there is a great scope of different type of dimmers Electrical Installation and Maintenance NCII Install Wiring Devices of Floor and Wall Mounted Outlets, Lighting Fixtures/Switches, and Auxiliary Outlets




Page 65 of 115

available serving available serving different situations and matching with different lamps. When purchasing your own light dimmer, keep in mind that not all light dimmers are designed to control all types of bulbs. bulbs . Universal Dimmer. Dimmer. Universal dimmers are designed to control ▪ incandescent, halogen, dimmable LED and dimmable CFL bulbs. They offer great dimming at full-range and it is very unlikely that you will experience flickering of lights if using an universal dimmer. The only thing that cannot be forgotten is to check (and double-check) if if your LED or CFL bulbs are actually dimmable ones. High Wattage Dimmers. Dimmers. Designed to control high wattage lighting and ▪ lamps that control numerous bulbs. ▪ Electronic Low Voltage Dimmer. Dimmer . ELV dimmers are used for controlling low voltage transformers and dimmable LED power supplies. Magnetic Low Voltage Dimmer. Dimmer. Great for work with recessed lights. ▪ ▪ Incandescent/Halogen Dimmer. Dimmer. Works for controlling the brightness of incandescent and halogen lights. Only these types of bulbs can be used together with this dimmer and at attempt to connect it to LED or CFL bulbs can cause a huge damage to your lamp and can be possibly dangerous. Fluorescent Dimmer. Dimmer. Designed for use with fluorescent lamps. ▪ Dimming Sensor. Sensor. These are the newest generation dimmers which ▪ combine adjusting the brightness with energy efficient control system and motion sensors (links). These are the smartest dimmers available in the market and they have gone as far as using software that analyses the controlled area and performs digital adjustments, adjustments, automatically changing the sensitivity and timer settings. Also the styles the styles of dimmers can be chosen according to the aesthetic and functional needs providing: needs providing: ▪ Tabletop dimmers; Lamp dimmers; ▪ ▪ Socket dimmers; ▪ Slide switches; Rotary switches; ▪ Digital dimmers; ▪ ▪ Toggle switches switches..





Page 66 of 115

Which types of light bulbs are dimmable?

Dimmable bulbs It is possible to find a dimmer switch for nearly every type of bulb but, if you want to stick to a simple and inexpensive inexpensive solution, it is advised not to choose any arc lighting bulbs e.g. bulbs e.g. mercury vapor, metal halide or sodium vapor,, as they require more specialized dimming equipment. vapor Also, ask the retailer which of the available products products have been tested for dimming by manufacturers. If the shop’s personnel do not have enough knowledge on these matters, check the manufacturer’s website or try contacting them via phone or e-mail. The most common bulbs that can be dimmed are: ▪

▪

▪

Fluorescent light bulbs. bulbs. Not all of the fluorescent light bulbs are made to be compatible with light dimmers (they need a special dimmable ballast for that) that) so so check the product’s description carefully prior purchasing a fluorescent bulb that you would like to dim. LED light bulbs. bulbs. Dimmable LED light bulbs can be dimmed with a normal resistive dimmer. They consume very low wattages and are extremely energy efficient. However, there are also non-dimmable LED lamps that won’t work with any of the dimmers and can be damaged if connected to any. Incandescent and halogen light bulbs. bulbs. Works with nearly every dimmer switch and can be dimmed completely. However the production and usage of the incandescent light bulb is slowly being decreased and stopped in Electrical Installation and Maintenance NCII Install Wiring Devices of Floor and Wall Mounted Outlets, Lighting Fixtures/Switches, and Auxiliary Outlets




Page 67 of 115

many countries as now there are more energy-efficient bulbs out there. Similarly as incandescent lamps, also halogen bulbs are easy to be controlled by a dimmer and they are compatible with several types of dimmers. Dimmers with or without On/Off Switches One of the most notable differences between dimmer types is whether they have an on/off switch or not. If the dimmer has an off/off switch, you can leave the dimmer pre-set to a specific level, then just toggle the switch on and off. That's ideal if you don't plan to adjust the dimness of your lighting very often and don't want to fuss with adjust it each time you turn on the lights.

In my own home, I generally have the lights either either on full blast or off. For that reason, I have dimmers without off/on switches - I just push the slider all the way up when I enter the room and all the way down when I leave. Then, on the rare occasion I choose to dim the lights, I slide it to the right spot.





Page 68 of 115

Dimmer Styles & Finishes

As you can see, there are a re a number of types of dimmers. Light dimmers come as rocker, slide, rotary and toggle. Choose the look and style that fits your home, or that that fits the type type of switch plate opening opening you are trying trying to fill. One thing to note is that not all styles are available in every color or finish. Here are the other options available for each finish: White Dimmers: All dimmer types are available in a white finish.





Page 69 of 115

Black Dimmer Switches: There are also a good variety variety of dimmers to choose from in black.

Brown Dimmer Styles: The only style you won't find in brown is is the slide slide dimmer without the on/off switch.





Page 70 of 115

Gray Dimmers: If you're looking for gray toggle dimmers, dimmers , you won't find any. But, you can get a gray rotary dimmer which fits the same opening as a toggle switch, or select a clear toggle dimmer as shown here:

Coordinating Switch Plates for Dimmers Dimmer switch plates are easy to find - rocker and slide dimmers fit decora fit decora rocker plate openings, and openings, and the rotary and toggle dimmers fit toggle fit toggle plates. These very very common plate openings can can be found in a variety of combination combination switch plates here. here .





Page 71 of 115

How Many Types of Dimmer Can You Choose? How many switches control your light fixture? That’s the first question you’ll need to ask yourself when choosing a dimmer. Here are the four basic types for your lights that you can choose from: Type 1. Single-Pole Dimmer Single-Pole Dimmer – Dimmer – The The single-pole dimmer is designed for light fixtures that are controlled by only one dimmer in your home. In other words, this dimmer is the only switch used to turn your lights on and off, as well as to dim.





Page 72 of 115

Type 2. Three-way or Four-way Dimmer Three-way Three-way or Four-way Dimmer – Dimmer – These These dimmers are for light fixtures that are controlled by only one dimmer plus one or more on and off switches in other places in your home. Type 3. Multi-location Dimmer Multi-location Dimmer – Dimmer – If If your light fixture uses multiple companion dimmers, you will need a multi-location dimmer. Using multiple dimmers allows full dimming control from more than one location. Type 4. Plug-In Dimmer Plug-In Dimmer – Dimmer – Plug-in Plug-in dimmers are used to dim the bulb in your table and floor lamps. Many of these lamp la mp dimmers are compatible with incandescent, CFL, and LED bulbs





Page 73 of 115

Mood lighting and ambience

Romantic dinners and soothing baths can become an everyday event with the mood lighting provided by a dimmer. There a few domestic dimmer dimmer switches switches available available for the homeowner. homeowner. The type you choose will depend on your energy requirements and lamp bulb type. It is important that you choose the right type or you will run the risk of reducing the life of your lamp. Dimmer switches are great, not only do they provide opportunity for mood lighting and ambiance, but also save money due to reduced power usage. Almost all the lights in your home could be on a dimmer switch, including the bedrooms, where it would actually serve a great purpose. Having the master bedroom lights on dimmers would prevent disturbing your significant other during mornings and the middle of the night — and and it will save our eyeballs the shock of bright light after hours of darkness darkness.. There are many styles to choose from, but the 5 most common types of dimmers: resistive (leading vs. trailing) , inductive, fluorescent-fittings, and LEDs, are the focus of this week’s tip. Technically speaking Mainstream dimmers use phase cutting technology that cuts off sections of voltage. The root mean square (RMS) of the voltage refers to the total spread. It is the RMS that phase cutting technology controls. Increasing or decreasing the RMS voltage brightens or darkens a bulb, respectively. The part of the sine wave that gets cut off depends on the version version of dimmer switch. Leading edge dimmers cut off the beginning of each half of the wave. Trailing edge dimmers dimmers cut the ends. ends. Resistive Dimmers This type type of dimmer is designed to control lamps with with filaments. filaments. Filaments Filaments emit heat and visible light and are a major component of most light bulbs. Resistive dimmers are rated by the maximum wattage recommended by the manufacturer. Using this type of dimmer as an inductive one or by overloading it will cause irreparable damage to the unit.





Page 74 of 115

Inductive Dimmers This type type of dimmer is designed for light sources sources using wire wire wound components, usually transformers. transformers. Inductive dimmers come de-rated to allow for the rush of the in-current. Because inductive inductive dimmers are used for light sources with low-lighting, these dimmers must raise the current and that requires specific properties. Fluorescent Dimmers Just as fluorescent fluorescent light light tubes need need a ballast for the lamp to operate, operate, the dimmer requires an analogue 1-10 volt ballast. This gives you smoother dimming control and reduces radio frequency interference (RFI). However, combining a dimming system with ballasted lamps is most often used for linear fluorescent set-ups. set-ups. Fluorescent lamps don’t use the same type of dimmer switch as other types of bulbs because the cathodes must maintain a minimum temperature in order to form and maintain the arc in the tube. A dimmer switch reduces current and, so, the temperature. Manufacturers Manufactu rers have created complete dimming systems for electronic ballasts. LED Dimmers Most dimmers, which were likely designed to work with incandescent light bulbs, work by cutting off the amount of electricity sent to the bulb. The less electricity the bulb draws, according to the experts, the dimmer the light. Remember, there is no direct correlation between LED brightness and energy drawn. ELECTRICIAN TRADE SECRETS: Because of their circuitry, LEDs are not always compatible with traditional dimming switches. In some cases, the switch must be replaced. Other times, you’ll pay a little mor e mor e for a compatible LED.

Motion Detectors and Occupancy Sensors Motion detectors and occupancy sensors can detect movement and then cause an event to happen. They are commonly used for security and saving energy. When the sensor in a security flood light detects movement, it tells the switch to close, and light(s) turn on. After a certain amount of time, the switch will open and light(s) will turn off. Some motion detectors and occupancy sensors have adjustments including how long light(s) stay on without detecting movement. Electrical Installation and Maintenance NCII Install Wiring Devices of Floor and Wall Mounted Outlets, Lighting Fixtures/Switches, and Auxiliary Outlets




Page 75 of 115

Occupancy Sensors Occupancy sensors are commonly used in offices and classrooms. They can also be used at home in closets if lights are usually left on. Occupancy sensors can replace light switches, or can be mounted in the ceiling. They detect motion in the room and control lighting automatically. If no motion is detected after a certain amount of time, lights turn off. When someone enters the room, the sensor detects motion, and the sensor’s switch is closed, turning on the lights. Lights can be turned on and off manually with a button or switch on the sensor. Some occupancy sensors have adjustments including how long light(s) stay on without detecting movement. Occupancy Sensor Wiring

Occupancy sensor sensor switch wires each have two black wires, (or one black and one red) and ground (green). One of the black line wires connects to 120 V from the panel, the other black (or red) load wire connects to the light(s). Each black wire can be a line or a load. Red is always the load wire. A typical occupancy sensor needs a good ground connection to operate properly. In a plastic electrical box, connect the sensor’s green ground wire to the ground wires inside the box. In a metal electrical box with no ground wires, connect the sensor’s ground wire wir e to the smaller threaded hole inside the box with a green ground screw. screw.





Page 76 of 115

Ceiling Mounted Occupancy Sensor

Wall Mounted Occupancy Sensor Occupancy Sensor Wiring Diagram





Page 77 of 115

Motion Detectors Motion detectors can be used for many different applications. When motion is detected, a light is turned on or an alarm is activated. They can be used for: •

Security flood lights

•

Alarm systems

•

Hallways

•

Supermarket Supermarket aisles

•

Warehouses (using LEDs with a high lumens rating)

Motion Sensor Light Switch – Switch – What What you need to know A Motion Sensor Light Switch is often also referred to as “Occupancy Light Switch” as well as “Vacancy Light Switch”. But there is a difference between the two. An Occupancy Light Switch automatically turns on the lights as soon as motion is detected in the sensor range and automatically turns the lights off when the motion is no longer detected in the range . With a Vacancy Light Switch you still need to manually turn on the lights but the switch will take care of turning the lights off when the motion sensor no longer detects any activity. Lutron and Leviton are renowned companies that are specialized in the area of occupancy and vacancy sensors in combination with light switches. The Lutron Maestro is basically the flagship of motion sensor light switches. But also Belkin’s WeMo portfolio now contains smart motion sensor switches to control lighting. Around this technology there even is new market evolving under the term “Smart Lighting” which refers to energy efficient and automated lighting systems. These systems should manage their own power cycles based on conditions like daylight times or occupancy. Not to mention the usual capabilities like programmable schedules, remote web interfaces or even smartphone apps.





Page 78 of 115

Occupancy sensor; What do they do? Occupancy sensor, Occ sensor, motion sensor. They have various names but they all do basically the same function. They monitor monitor a certain area area for activity, activity, if there's no activity activity they shut the lighting in that area off until needed. If no one is in the area, and lighting is not required, Occupancy sensors save you money. They shut shut the lights lights off automatically automatically saving you money.

Types of Occupancy Sensors: Old Technology-Single function Years ago when these sensors hit the market they were basically a single technology motion sensor, similar to a security light on the outside of your house. Todays sensors are huge improvements over the old design, incorporating both (PIR)infra-red, and ultra-sonic technologies. Infra-red Infra-red (PIR)sensors sense the difference in heat emitted by humans in motion from that of the background space. space.





Page 79 of 115

Ultra-sonic Ultra-sonic sensors detect occupancy through emitting an ultrasonic highfrequency signal throughout a space, sense the frequency of the reflected signal, and interpret change in frequency as motion in the space.

New Technology-Dual Function Dual technology sensors use both PIR and ultrasonic technologies. It only activates the lights only when both technologies detect the presence of people. This virtually virtually eliminates eliminates the possibility of false-on, and requiring requiring either either one of the two technologies to hold the lights on. This This significantly reduces the possibility possibility of false-off. Applications for occupancy Sensors: Occupancy sensors sensors have a broad range of applications; applications; ▪ ▪

They can be designed designed into new installations installations They can be added to existing existing installations installations to to capitalize on energy savings. They work great anywhere anywhere you have have any light light technology that utilizes instant on/off lamps. From large warehouses to smaller confined areas, occupancy sensors should be a part of any lighting system.

How Much Do They Save? The amount of savings you can expect from from an occupancy occupancy sensor depends depends on an estimate of how much the space is occupied. If the space is occupied 20% of the day, then you have the potential to save 80% of the energy consumption for that day. The results results of your savings savings will be determined determined by by the application application and by by individual individual location.





Page 80 of 115

Infrared: (PIR) or infrared sensors are activated by the movement of a persons body heat through a zone. The style commonly used mounts in a normal switch box and usually replaces replaces a standard light switch. This type type of sensor is best used in small small enclosed enclosed spaces such such as a private private office. Typically no extra wiring is needed. The down side of PIR sensors is they cannot see through windows, walls, or partitions. Occupants must be in direct site.

Ultrasonic: Ultrasonic sensors operate on a similar principle to radar. Low frequency sound patterns are sent out from the sensor into an area, moving objects altering the signal activate the sensor. These are best suited where there isn't isn't always a line of site site of the room occupants. A typical application application for this type of sensor is restrooms. The hard surfaces make minor motion detection much easier.

Dual Technology: Dual technology sensors use both types of technologies. This type of sensor virtually reduces any false triggering when no one is in the space. The minor drawback drawback to this this type of technology is that it does cost slightly slightly more.

Motion Sensors and Energy Efficiency: Motion sensors are a perfect perfect fit for energy efficiency efficiency applications. applications. It only makes sense to turn the lights off in an area that is not occupied at the time.

What are Motion Sensors and How Do They Work





Page 81 of 115

The first motion sensor was invent invented ed in the year 1950 by Samuel Bango named as a burglar alarm. He applied the basics of a radar to ultrasonic ult rasonic waves – a a frequency to notice fire or robber and that which human beings cannot listen to. The Samuel motion sensor is based on the principle of “Doppler Effect”. Currently, most of the motion sensors work on the principle of Samuel Bango’s detector. Microwave and infrared sensors used to detect motion by the changes in the frequencies they produce. To understand the working of motion sensor, you first need to know the working of a camera. The camera uses an image sensor and the lens direct light to – when when the light strikes the image sensor each pixel records how much light it’s getting. That outline of light and dark areas in the pixels becomes the entire video image. Motion sensors are applicable for security systems which are used in offices, banks, shopping malls, and also as intruder alarm at home. The existing motion detectors can stop serious accidents by detecting the persons who are closest to the sensor. We can monitor motion detectors in public places. The main part of the motion detector circuit is the dual IR reflective sensor. What is a Motion Sensor? A motion sensor is a device that notices moving objects, mainly people. A motion sensor is frequently incorporated as a component of a system that routinely performs a task or else alert a user of motion in a region. These sensors form a very important component of security, home control, energy efficiency, automated lighting control, and other helpful systems. The main principle of motion sensor is sensor is to sense a burglar and send an alert to your control panel, which gives an alert to your monitoring center. Motion sensors react to different situations like movement in your living room, doors, windows being unbolt or closed and also these sensors can





Page 82 of 115

• •

•

Motion Sensor Activate a doorbell when someone comes close to the front door. These sensors give you an alert whenever kids enter into some restricted areas in the home such as medicine cabinet, the basement or workout room. Conserve energy by using this sensor lighting in empty spaces.

Types of Motion Sensors There various kinds kinds of motion motion sensors are available available in the market, which which has their ups and downs. They are namely PIR, Ultrasonic, Microwave, Tomographic Tomographi c and combined combined types. types.

Types of Motion Sensors Sensors Electrical Installation and Maintenance NCII Install Wiring Devices of Floor and Wall Mounted Outlets, Lighting Fixtures/Switches, and Auxiliary Outlets




Page 83 of 115

Passive Infrared (PIR) Sensor All warm blooded animals produce IR radiation. Passive infrared sensors include a thin Pyroelectric film material, that responds to IR radiation by emitting electricity. This sensor will activate burglar alarm whenever this influx of electric electricity ity takes place. These place. These sensors are economical, economical, don’t use more energy and last forever. These sensors are commonly used in indoor alarms.

Passive Infrared Sensor Ultrasonic Sensor Ultrasonic sensor can be active (or) passive, where passive ones pay attention for particular sounds like metal on metal, glass breaking. These sensors are very sensitive, but they are frequently expensive and prone to fake alarms. Active ones generate ultrasonic wave (sound wave) pulses and then determine the reflection of these waves off a moving object. Animals like cats, dogs, fishes can hear this sound waves, so an active ultrasonic ultraso nic alarm might unsettle them.

Ultrasonic Sensor





Page 84 of 115

Microwave Sensor These sensors generate generate microwave pulses and then calculate their reflection reflection off of objects, in order to know whether objects are moving or not. Microwave sensors are very sensitive, but sometimes these can be seen in nonmetallic objects which can be detected moving objects on the outside of the target range. It consumes a lot of power, so these sensors are frequently designed designed to cycle ON & OFF. This makes it feasible to acquire past them, if you know the cycles.. Electronic guard dogs utilize microwave sensors. cycles

Microwave Sensor Tomographic Sensor These sensors generate radio waves and detect when those waves are troubled. They can notice through walls and objects, and are frequently placed in a way that makes a radio wave net that cover ups large areas. These sensors are expensive, so they are normally used in warehouses, storage units and also in other situations that need a commercial level of security.

Tomographic Tomographic Sensor





Page 85 of 115

Combined types of Motion Sensors Some types of motion detectors mix some sensors in order to decrease fake alarms. But, dual sensors are only activated when both kinds sense motion. sensor will start out on the passive For instance, a instance, a dual microwave or PIR sensor will infrared sensor setting, because that consumes less energy. When the passive infrared sensor is tripped, the microwave division will turn ON; then, if the remaining sensor also tripped, the alarm will generate sound. This combined type is great for neglecting fake alarms, but tuns the possibility of missing real ones.

Combined types of Motion Sensors Thus, this is all all about the different types of motion sensors which sensors which include Passive Infrared Sensor, Ultrasonic Sensor, Microwave Sensor, Tomographic Sensor and Combined types. We hope that you have got a better understanding of this concept. Furthermore, any queries regarding this concept or or to implement sensor based projects, please give your valuable suggestions by commenting in the comment section below. Here is a question for you, What are the applications of motion sensors?

Motion Sensors and Detectors with Applications The foremost intend intend of motion motion detection detection is to any heat emitting object’s movement in significantly used for security systems like security in banks, shopping malls, during loads operations in industries, and sensing absence of actual owner.


sense the presence presence of human or a particular particular region. This is intruder at the door, ensuring escalators’ movements, during the presence of human in the




Page 86 of 115

Types of Motion Detection Motion detection can be classified into two ways based on the way in which the motion is detected. Let us consider an input given to a mobile. When we mechanically press the buttons/letters of the keypad on a mobile, the letters get displayed on the mobile screen by detecting the mechanical motion given as the input. This is considered as Mechanical Motion Detection. Similarly, input given from the keyboard of a computer also comes under this category. There are electronic methods by which motion can be detected using the infrared light and acoustic. This can be termed as Electronic Method for motion detection. Motion Detector The device/sen device/sensor sor that detects the movement of objects especially human beings or objects emitting heat can be termed as Motion sensor detector. Motion detectors are classified into two types based o n their working strategy: • •

Active Motion Sensors Passive Motion Sensors

Active Motion Sensors Active motion sensors continuously emit energy in the form of infrared light or electrical field in a particular region or certain area. Whenever human beings or objects with heat or temperature pass through this area, they cause some disturbances in the temperature, which can be detected by the motion sensor. The active-motion sensors consist of both emitter and reflection detection circuits, but these consume more amount of energy than the passive motion detectors. Active motion detectors can be categorized into three types: microwave,, tomographic and ultrasonic motion sensors. microwave 1. Microwave Sensors





Page 87 of 115

Microwave Sensors The microwaves are emitted emitted from a sensor sensor and are reflected reflected back back after hitting a moving object or human being, and then detected by this type of sensor. The frequency at which the waves emitted will be differed if the waves get reflected from any moving object. The entries operation is then recorded for performing comparison. The working of this sensor is similar to the working of a Radar speed gun based on the Doppler Effect. Applications of Microwave Sensors • • •

To monitor the the motion of the conveyor conveyor belts belts in industries industries To investigate investigate the the flow of products in in pipelines pipelines To indicate indicate the presence presence of products on conveyor belts belts

2. Ultrasonic Sensors

Ultrasonic Sensors Similar to a microwave sensor, an ultrasonic sensor emits sound waves with high frequency which is comparable to an audible-frequenc audible-frequency y range, so these sound waves are inaudible to the human ear. Here also the entries are Electrical Installation and Maintenance NCII Install Wiring Devices of Floor and Wall Mounted Outlets, Lighting Fixtures/Switches, and Auxiliary Outlets




Page 88 of 115

recorded for later comparison. The frequency of waves are reflected to the sensor if any moving object is noticed, and due to this, an electric pulse is generated by a transducer which in turn activates the sensor circuit to sense the object’s movement. Applications of Ultrasonic Sensors • •

•

Ultrasonic sensors sensors are used as alarm system s ystem at home to guard safes. Ultrasonic sensors are used for triggering security camera at home and for wildlife photography. Ultrasonic sensors are used for detecting the type of material by absorbing sound measurement.

3. Tomographic sensors

Tomographic Sensor The tomographic sensors surround an area with the multiple nodes in that area communicating with each other with radio waves at a frequency of about 2.4GHz. The motion of an object can be detected by disturbances occurring on a mesh network. As these sensors don’t rely on the line of sight, they can be used for detecting motion even in hidden areas of up to 5000 square feet. If any disturbance is identified in a mesh network, then the sensor will activate the motion sensor alarm. Applications of Tomographic Sensor •

Tomographic sensors Tomographic sensors are used used for for automation automation and and security security in homes homes or for security intended places.





Page 89 of 115

•

•

Tomographic sensors are very much effective even in dirty and cluttered Tomographic environments also. Tomographic Tomographi c sensors are used to protect high value asset areas like banks where there there is a chance of failure of other motion sensors due to hidden motions.

Passive Motion Sensors The passive sensors don’t emit any radiation; instead, these sensors absorb energy for sensing the motion of the objects or human in their coverage area. Hence, these passive sensors consume less energy than the active sensors. 1. Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR) Every human or object having temperature emits infrared radiation. Whenever an object or human having temperature passes through the region covered by the PIR sensor, then the infrared radiations emitted by the object are absorbed by the sensor and certain electrical signal get generated to sense the motion and it is totally different from temperature from temperature sensor. sensor.

Passive Infrared (PIR) Sensor PIR sensor is a pyroelect pyroelectric ric sensor, and the sensor is divided into two halves such that whenever any moving object emits infrared radiation, each half cancels the other half if both the halves have the same IR radiation – then, then, the sensors do not sense, but if it finds any more or less IR radiation, then the PIR sensor senses. There are different PIR sensors available with different ranges of covering area. The only limitation is that it cannot detect stationary or very slow motion objects.





Page 90 of 115

Applications of PIR sensor Used mostly for indoor or outdoor lighting applications Used for security applications Used for counting of human/objects in a room 2. Dual-technology Motion Sensors

Dual-technology Motion Sensors Apart from the active and passive sensors, the advancement advancement in motion-sensor technology has developed the dual technology sensors, which are combinations of different motion sensing techniques to develop a Motion sensor and to reduce the false triggering of the sensor. The earlier motion sensors that have been discussed in this article may fail in some cases like the PIR sensor can be false triggered by heat and light change without the actual motion of the object. Similarly, the microwave sensors can also be false triggered if anything is making the motion to be sensed by the sensor to get activated. Therefore, to avoid such shortcomings, we can use a combination of sensors like PIR and Microwave sensors for better efficiency efficiency.. Here, by using both the sensors together, even the PIR sensor can be triggered because of the heat or light change without involving the motion of an object, but the microwave sensor does not get activated, and therefore, the motion sensor switch cannot be triggered. Similarly, even if the microwave sensor gets trigged by tree, but the PIR sensor does not get triggered, then the motion sensor switch cannot be triggered by a combined sensor. Applications of Dual technology sensors





Page 91 of 115

• • •

Used for bank security systems and very high security intended places. Used as outdoor motion detectors to trigger a motion sensor alarm. Used for border security regions and dangerous places where accurate motion detection is intended.

Practical examples of both the active and passive motion detector sensors are given below. Example 1: Liquid Level Controller using Ultrasonic Sensors The below figure shows how an ultrasonic sensor works for controlling the liquid levels in a tank by operating a motor by sensing predefined limits of the liquid. When the liquid in the tank reaches lower and upper limits, then the ultrasonic sensor detects this and sends the signals to the microcontroller. The Microcontroller is programmed in such a way that it operates relay for driving the motor pump based on the limit condition signals from the ultrasonic sensor.

Liquid Level Controller using Ultrasonic Sensors Example2: Automatic Door Opening System Using PIR sensor Similar to the above system, a PIR sensor detects the presence of humans to perform door operations, i.e., opening and closing. As we have discussed above, a PIR sensor detects the presence of humans alone and enables the microcontroller pins when motion is detected. Depending on the signals from the PIR sensor, the microcontroller operates the door by operating by operating the motor in forward and reverse rotation modes with the help of a driver IC.





Page 92 of 115

Automatic Door Opening System Using PIR sensor This is a brief brief description description regarding the motion sensors and their their applications with some practical examples of motion detectors. If you still intend to know more regarding these motion sensors or any other wireless sensor networks you networks you can post your your queries by commenting below.





Page 93 of 115

Self-Check 3.1-6





Page 94 of 115

Answer Key 3.1-6





Page 95 of 115

Information Sheet 3.1-7 Outlets and Receptacles Learning Objectives: After reading this Information Sheet, you must be able to: 1. Explain the purposes of outlets and receptacles 2. Differentiate Differentiate the types of outlets and receptacles Introduction: To the unobservant eye, all types of electrical outlets are identical. Rectangular shape, screw in the center, two faces with uneven eyes and a downturned mouth. Sound familiar? But if you take a look around, you’ll notice slight variations. There are several types of electrical outlets commonly seen in the country. Some are outdated, some have special purposes, and some have been adapted to include safety features. While you probably have been using electrical outlets safely all along, there’s no harm in learning a little more about the various types of electrical outlets. An outlet is a point in the wiring system at which current is taken to supply utilization equipment. In a simple term, an outlet is any point that supplies an electric load. An outlet usually consists of a small metal or nonmetal box into which a raceway and or cable ends. Different kinds of outlet 1. Convenience outlet or attachment cap. 2. Lighting outlet. 3. Receptacles outlet A Convenience outlet or attachment cap is a device that by insertion into a receptacle establishes connection between the conductor of the flexible cord and the conductors connected permanently to the receptacle. Wall Outlet. The common wall outlet is called convenience o utlet. And to call it wall plug is not correct. A Plug is another name for the attachment cap on the wire coming from a device such lamps or appliances. Lighting Outlet is an outlet intended for direct connection to a lamp holder, lighting fixture, or a pendant cord, terminating. in a lamp holder. Receptacle Outlet is an outlet where one or more receptacles are installed.





Page 96 of 115

Receptacle. A receptacle is a contact device installed at the outlet for the connection of an attachment plug. A single receptacle is a single contact device with no other contact device on the same yoke. A multiple receptacle is two or more contact devices on the same yoke.

Convenience Outlet or Receptacle A contact device installed at an outlet (the point on an electrical wiring system at which current is taken to supply utilization equipment) for the connection of a portable lamp or appliance by means of a plug and flexible cord. A duplex receptacle contains 2 convenience outlets and a triplex receptacle, receptacle, 3 outlets. A multiple outlet assembly may be either a surface raceway with builtin outlets at regular intervals or an ’'electrostrip,” a surfa ce raceway which permits connection of an appliance at any point. Special purpose receptacles include weatherproof outlets with protective caps; locking-type outlets to prevent plugs from becoming accidentally detached; and heavy-duty outlets designed to serve ranges, clothes dryers, power tools, etc. Types of Outlets





Page 97 of 115

The types of outlets can be determined by its style and the plug to be inserted on it. Commonly used outlets vary from country to country. There are almost 20 different socket outlets being used throughout the whole world today. This will explain why an imported electric product from a country that has a different standard socket outlet will not match your country’s standard socket outlet. In the Philippines, there are different types. By the end of this information sheet you will be acquainted with them so that next time, when you’re buying buying an imported imported electric electric appliance, appliance, you can discern discern whether whether or not the outlets in your house can welcome welcome them without the need for adaptors.

Universal. This Universal. This type of socket outlet will accept most kinds of plugs. It can accept Type A, or the most common one with two parallel blades, Type B, or the plug with two parallel blades with a circular ground a little above the middle of the two blades, and Type C, with two roundish, circular pins. Most adaptors have their receiving end with this type of socket because it accepts plenty of kinds of plugs. Having most of your electrical socket outlets as this is very convenient.

Parallel with ground. Also called the Type B electrical outlet, this type of socket outlet includes two blades with a ground in the middle. This is





Page 98 of 115

especially useful if you use a laptop charger. Although more common, this socket outlet is not as universal. You can only fit a Type B or a Type A plug.

Parallel flat blades. It’s also called Type A. This is the single most common socket outlet in this country, but unfortunately, it’s also the most exclusive. It’s for this reason that you buy adaptors – since Type A sockets can only accept one kind of plug.

Round to flat outlet. This outlet. This outlet is more common than the parallel with ground, but it’s less common than the parallel flat one. This outlet will accept Type A as well as Type Type C – two two round pins. This also offers quite a convenience since it accepts two types of plugs. That mea ns that you won’t need an adaptor.

Three-pin rectangular. Officially labeled as Type G, this is the kind of outlet that is usually needed by air conditioning units. This is very exclusive and is





Page 99 of 115

of British origin. However, most households or buildings that use air conditioning units in this country have that one outlet just for the air conditioner. Sometimes, not even adaptors can accept a Type G plug, that’s why a special socket is needed. Special purpose outlet is outlet is an outlet used for purposes other than ordinary lighting and power, usually fused separately. Most commonly used for rangers or clothes dryers.

GFCI outlets

A ground fault circuit interrupter, or GFCI for short, is meant to quickly shut off an outlet’s power when it detects de tects a short circuit or ground fault. Normal electrical flow happens when the current comes through the hot wire and returns back through the neutral wire, but if electricity flows beyond that, the GFCI outlet will trip. Basically, Basically, if you’re using a fault hair fault hair dryer, for example, and your feet are wet, a short circuit from the hair dryer can cause the current to pass through you, to your wet feet, and into the ground, electrocuting you. A GFCI outlet kills Electrical Installation and Maintenance NCII Install Wiring Devices of Floor and Wall Mounted Outlets, Lighting Fixtures/Switches, and Auxiliary Outlets




Page 100 of 115

power before the current can remotely escape the h air dryer. Understandably, Understandably, these outlets are pretty much guaranteed to be found in houses nearby water sources. GFCI outlets are typically more expensive than regular outlets, but are required to be installed in locations such as kitchens and bathrooms. AFCI outlets

Though it’s not as well-known well-known as a GFCI outlet, an AFCI outlet looks very similar. Short for “arc fault circuit interrupter,” it protects from arcs, which happen when electricity jumps from one wire to another, which can result in a fire. Any modern house built after 1999 should have AFCI circuit breakers installed at the circuit breaker box. If you live in an older house, you can install the outlets at the beginning of every circuit, which will protect all outlets following in that circuit. There are no requirements requirements to add AFCI protection to existing existing circuits circuits in older older homes, but if you plan on building an addition to your house and need more circuits, they must be AFCI protected and up to code.





Page 101 of 115

USB Outlets Finally, Finally, you may soon start to see standard outlets fitted with two extra holes — USB USB charging ports. These USB outlets allow homeowners to plug in items that are charged using a USB connector, like cell phones and MP3 players. They’re very convenient if you’re not near a computer, but they’re still quite rare.

Countries which are using the types of outlets





Page 102 of 115

Self-Check 3.1-7





Page 103 of 115

Answer Key 3.1-7





Page 104 of 115

Information Sheet 3.1-8 Safety Procedures in Wiring Devices Learning Objectives: After reading this Information Sheet, you must be able to: 1. Familiarize the safety procedures in wiring devices. 2. Select correct PPE in line with safety requirements. 3. Demonstrate the safety procedures in wiring devices. This section covers the safety procedures you need to observe when installing floor and GFCI outlets. The PPE is also included here.

What is Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)? PPE , includes a variety of ➢ Personal Protective Equipment, or PPE, devices and garments to protect trainees/workers from injuries. Personal Protective Equipment or PPE is/are designed to protect: * Eyes – Eyes – goggles goggles / face shields, safety glasses, * Face – Face – face face shield / protective shields / barriers, * Head – Head – hard hard hat / bump hat, * Ears – Ears – earplugs earplugs / earmuffs, * Feet – Feet – safety safety shoes / boots * Hands and arms – arms – gloves gloves / sleeve guards, and * Protective clothing – clothing – vests vests / safety suits / safety jackets. Electrical Installation and Maintenance NCII Install Wiring Devices of Floor and Wall Mounted Outlets, Lighting Fixtures/Switches, and Auxiliary Outlets




Page 105 of 115

* Body – Body – Shields Shields / barriers / restraints * Airways / lungs – lungs – Respiratory Respiratory devices. Why is/are PPE needed? 1. It is needed when the work environment presents a hazard or is likely to present a hazard to any part of their body; or 2. It is needed when the work processes present a hazard or are likely to present a hazard to any part of their bodies; or 3. It is needed during the work, when might come into contact with hazardous chemicals, radiation, or mechanical irritants; and 4. It is needed when you are unable to eliminate the exposure or potential exposure to the hazard by engineering, work practice, or administrative administrative control.

Types of Personal Protective Equipment 1. Eye and Face Protection : Eye and Face protection is required whenever there is danger of injury to the eyes or face from electric arcs or flashes or from flying objects resulting from electrical explosion. a. Safety Glasses /Goggles: This will protect your eyes from electric arcs/spark. Always wear safety goggles to protect your eyes in any activity involving chemicals, arc, sparks, flames or heating, or the possibility of broken glassware or flying b. Face Shields: This will protect your whole face for any electric arcs/sparks. Remember: If using face shield for arc flash protection be sure to check the standards

2. Hand Protection : Protection : Insulated Gloves will will protect your hand from any live exposure





Page 106 of 115

Protector gloves must be worn over insulating gloves, except for Class 0 gloves, under limiteduse conditions, where small equipment and parts manipulation necessitate unusually high finger dexterity

FAST FACT: FACT: Do not use leather protectors alone for protection against electric shock. Serious injury or death could result. Always use proper rubber insulating gloves.

Protection /Arc Arc Rated Coveralls: This Coveralls: This will 3. Body Protection / will protect the body from any harm cause by any electrical hazards.

4. Respiratory Protection : Protection : This will protect the respiratory system for any harmful gases 5. Hearing Protection : Protection : this will protect the ears for too much noise of any moving or working machines 6. Occupational Head Protection or the Helmet





Page 107 of 115

7. Protective Footwear/Foot Protection: Protection : Wear proper shoes, not sandals san dals or open toed shoes, in work areas where chemicals are used or stored. Perforated shoes, sandals or cloth sneakers should not be worn in areas where mechanical work is being done. Safety shoes are required for protection against injury from heavy falling objects (handling of objects weighing more than fifteen pounds which, if dropped, would likely result in a foot injury), against crushing by rolling objects (warehouse, loading docks, etc), and against laceration or penetration by sharp objects.

Electrical shock resistant (EH) footwear is manufactured with non-conductive electrical shock resistant soles and heels.

The primary primary methods for preventing preventing trainees/w trainees/workers orkers exposure to hazardous materials are engineering and administrative controls. Where these control methods are not appropriate or sufficient to control the hazard, personal protective equipment equipment (PPE) is required.

A work area assessment is required to determine the potential hazards hazards and select the appropriate PPE for adequate protection. Trainees/students must receive training which includes the proper PPE for their job, when this PPE must be worn, how to wear, adjust, maintain, and discard this equipment, equipment, and the limitations of the PPE. All training must be documented For each type of wiring devices in this learning outcome, you will be introduced to important information about the safety procedures in wiring devices in this section.





Page 108 of 115

Construction workers and particularly electricians do receive electric shocks, usually as a result of carelessness or unforeseen circumstances. As an electrician working on electrical equipment you must always make sure that the equipment is switched off or electrically isolated before commencing work. Every circuit must be provided with a means of isolation (IEE Regulation 132.15). When working on portable equipment or desk top units it is often simply a matter of unplugging the equipment from the adjacent supply. Electric shock occurs when a person becomes part of the electrical circuit. The level or intensity of the shock will depend upon many factors, such as age, fitness and the circumstances in which shock is received. The lethal level is approximately 50mA, above which muscles contract, the heart flutters and breathing stops. stops. A shock above the 50mA level is therefore lethal unless the person is quickly separated from the supply. Below 50mA only an unpleasant tingling sensation may be experienced or you may be thrown across a room or shocked enough to fall from a roof or ladder, but the resulting fall may lead to serious injury. Turn off the circuit breaker or unscrew unscrew the fuse that controls the circuit you've chosen. chosen. If your light fixture fixture box is like ours, just turn on the light and have a helper watch it as you switch off the circuit breakers one at a time until the light goes out. Leave this circuit breaker switched off. If the electrical junction box you've picked doesn't have a light fixture, you'll have to use a voltage tester to determine which circuit breaker or fuse to turn off. This process can be complex. If you don't have electrical electrical experience nor are unsure how to do this, don't hesitate to enlist the help of a licensed electrician. Some electrical boxes contain more than one circuit. Before doing any work in the box, test all the wires in a box with a simple neon voltage tester to make sure they're “dead.” Do not continue until you find and turn off the correct circuit breaker. A. FLOOR OUTLETS The National Electrical Electrical Code requires floor outlets to be a part of an approved assembly consisting consisting of a metal box, gasket seal, special receptacle and strong cover plate with a moisture-proof cover. You can't just mount a regular wall outlet in the floor. The first time someone stepped on it, it would woul d break. Besides, mopping a floor around an outlet that doesn't have a moisture-proof moisture-proof cover could cause corroded connections, or worse, give you a lethal shock. You can put a floor outlet anywhere, but getting the cable there can be tough. So keep routing problems in mind when you choose a location.





Page 109 of 115

The electrical electrical code requires requires two additional additional steps steps to ensure safety: 1. Determine if the circuit you want to use can handle the additional additio nal outlet without overloading. Do this by shutting off the circuit at the main panel. Then go through the house turning on lights and other electrical items. Add up the wattage for everything that doesn't go on, including things that are normally plugged in, such as stereos and televisions. Then add the wattage of the the lamp you'll be plugging plugging into the floor outlet. The National Electrical Electrical Code (NEC) allows a total of 1,800 watts for a 15-amp circuit; 2,400 for a 20-amp circuit. The amp rating of the circuit is printed on the circuit breaker or fuse. If the total wattage exceeds these amounts, you'll have to find a new circuit. Also, as a rule of thumb, don't use a circuit if it has any device drawing more than 7.5 amps either plugged in or directly wired to it. 2. To figure out if there's enough space in the box for fo r the minimum box size required by the NEC, add: 1 for fo r each hot and neutral wire entering the box, 1 for all the ground wires combined, 1 for all the clamps combined, and 2 for each device (switch or receptacle) installed in the box. Multiply this figure by 2 for 14-gauge wire and 2.25 for 12-gauge wire to get the minimum box volume in cubic inches. Plastic boxes have their volume stamped inside. Steel box capacities are listed in the electrical code. B. GFCI OUTLETS Testing Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupters Due to the complexity of a GFCI, it is necessary to test the device on a regular basis. For permanently wired devices, a monthly test is recommended. Portable type GFCI's should be tested each time before use. GFCI's have a built-in test circuit which imposes imposes an artificial ground fault on the load circuit to assure that the ground-fault protection is still functioning. Test and reset buttons are provided for testing. More of GFCI concepts are on the next information sheet.





Page 110 of 115

Self – Self – Check Check 3.1-8 Matching Type: Match Type: Match the PPE on Column A with that on the body parts on Column B which needs PPE. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided before the number. COLUMN A

COLUMN B

_____ 1. Goggles Goggles / face shields, shields, safety glasses

A. Eyes B. Face

_____ 2. Face Face shield / protective shields shields / barriers C. Head _____ 3. Hard hat / bump hat

D. Ears E. Feet

_____ 4. Earplugs Earplugs / earmuffs

F. Hands and arms

_____ 5. Safety Safety shoes / boots

G. Protective clothing

_____ 6. Gloves Gloves / sleeve sleeve guards

H. Body _____ 7. Protective clothing – vests / safety suits /safety jackets.

I. Airways

_____8. Shields Shields / barriers barriers / restraints _____9.Respiratory _____9.Respiratory devices devices





Page 111 of 115

Answer Key 3.1-8 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. E 6. F 7. G 8. H 9. I





Page 112 of 115

Answer Key 3.1-8 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T





Page 113 of 115

6. REFERENCES: Books • • •

• • •

OSHA Office of Training and Education, Subpart GFCI, Electrical OSHA General Industry Standards, Subpart S, Electrical Trevor Linsley , Subpart Subpart Application of Health and Safety and Electrical Principles, Basic Electrical Installation Work UL 943, National Electrical Code Article 2.10, Philippine Electrical Code Electrical Layout and Estimate by Fajardo

Websites •

•

•

•

•

• •

• •

• • • •

•

•

•

•

•

http://ecmweb.com/content/guidelines-wiring-device-applicationdesigns http://www.safeelectricity.org/information-center/library-ofarticles/55-home-safety/317-ground-fault-circuit-interrupters-gfcis http://www.diynetwork.com/how-to/skills-and-know-how/electricaland-wiring/install-a-gfci-outlet http://www.familyhandyman.com/electrical/wiring-outlets/how-toinstall-a-floor-outlet/view-all http://spyrkaelectric http://spyrkaelectric.com/floor-outlet-ins .com/floor-outlet-installation-flo tallation-floor-outletsor-outletshome/ http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/wiring+device http://electriciantraining.tpub.com/14175/css/Types-Of-CircuitControl-Devices-131.htm http://www.electronicshub.org/switches/ https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2014/11/types-of-switcheselectrical.html http://www.electrical101.com/switches.html https://www.thespruce.com/three-way-switches-1152391 https://www.graybar.com/applications/lighting/controls/types https://blog.1000bulbs.com/home/how-to-choose-a-dimmer-fourfactors-to-consider http://www.lutron.com/en-US/Education Training/Pages/L Training/Pages/LCE/Dimmin CE/DimmingBasics.as gBasics.aspx px http://www.ledwatcher.com/what-are-light-dimmers-and-which-typeof-light-bulbs-are-dimmable/ http://kyleswitchplates.blogspot.com/2016/01/guide-to-lightdimmers-dimmer-switch.html http://www.liteharbor.com/resources/light-knowledge/95_HowMany-Types-of-Dimmer-Can-You-Choose.html http://www.ebay.com/gds/How-To-Install-a-Photocell/10000000205668143/g.html





Page 114 of 115

•

•

•

•

•

http://www.electricalengineeringtoolbox.com/2017/01/how-toinstall-and-wire-photocell.html http://buildyoursmart http://buildyoursmarthome.co/home-automat home.co/home-automation/hardwa ion/hardware/motionre/motionsensor-light-switch/ http://www.hoveyelectric.com/hovey-electric-powerblog/bid/62067/How-to-Find-Energy-Efficiency-Savings-fromOccupancy-Sensors https://www.elprocus https://www.elprocus.com/workin .com/working-of-differen g-of-different-typest-types-of-motionof-motionsensors/ https://www.efxkits.co.uk/motion-sensors-detectors-withapplications/





Page 115 of 115

CBLM Final1

Recommend Documents