ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
A PROJECT REPORT ON ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD ANALYSIS MAN IFOLD OF MULTIMULTICYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS Submitted in p!ti" #u"#i""ment $# t%e !e&ui!em !e&ui!ement ent #$! t%e '!d $# t%e de(!ee $# Bachelor of Technology Technology in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING )* +, SIA SAN+AR
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Dept.of Mechanical Engg, GIT-GOOTY GIT-GOOTY Page 1
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ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING GATES INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY: GOOTY
CERTIFICATE
This This is to cert certif ify y tha that the the proje roject ct/s /sem emin inar ar rep report ort enti entitl tled ed
=ANALY =ANAL YSIS OF
EXHAUS EXH AUST T MAN MANIFO IFOLD LD OF MUL MULT TI-C I-CYLI YLINDE NDER R SI ENG ENGINE INE USI USING NG ANSY AN SYS> S> that that is bein being g subm submitt itted ed by
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S, )%! )%!(?i (?i N, Rme;%
in the partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING to the Gates Institute of Technology is a record of bonafide work
carried out by her/his/them under my m y guidance and supervision.
PROJ PR OJEC ECT T GU GUID IDE E D!, G, NAGAMALLES9A NAGAM ALLES9ARA RA RAO
HEAD HE AD OF THE DE DEP PARTME MEN NT M,Te8%,: P%,D,:
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ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD MAN IFOLD OF MULTIMULTICYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS A)STRACT-
In present century, spark ignition engines have become a nonseparable part of the society, and are used in many sectors of energy. energy. They act as backbone for transportation systems, but, as a bitter truth they behave like a major source of air pollution. There are basically three types types of emissions, emerged from a !I engine" e#haust emissions, evaporative emission, and crankcase emission , and the major pollutants emerged from these engines are $%, $%&, !%', (%'. )resent project work aims at reducing emissions. It is a wellestablished fact that smooth smooth combustion combustion minimi*es minimi*es the emissions, and e#haust process contributes contributes a lot in accomplishing smooth combustion process. In present project work, different designs of e#haus e#haustt manifol manifold d for a multi multi cylind cylinder er spark spark igniti ignition on engine engine are optimi optimi*ed *ed for reduci reducing ng emissio emissions, ns, by evalua evaluatin ting g back back pressu pressures res and e#haust e#haust velocit velocities ies.. +or this this purpos purposee four four different different designs, namely, namely, short bend centre e#it, short bend side e#it, long bend centre e#it with reducer, reducer, and long bend side e#it with reducer are considered, considered, and their performance performance is evaluated for different loading conditions. s a result performance scores of different models based on back pressure and e#haust velocity are evaluated, and on the basis of these scores, overall performance score is investigated. In ne#t step, on the basis of overall performance score, ranking of different models is carried out. The results show the suitability of short bend centre centre e#it e#it model model for the purpo purpose, se, as it scores scores better better rank in the analys analysis. is. The analysi analysiss is carried out on virtual models of manifolds. -odels of manifolds are developed on $TI v modelling software, and for the purpose of analysis (!! 0orkbench 0orkbench is used.
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ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
/,/ INTRODUCTION n inte intern rnal al comb combus ustio tion n engi engine ne 1I$23 1I$23 is a he heat at en engi gine ne where where the the combustion of a fuel fuel occurs occurs with an o#idi*er 1usually 1usually air3 in a combustion chamber that that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine the e#pansion of the high temperature and high high pressure pressure gases gases produc produced ed by combus combustio tion n apply apply direct direct force to some some component of the engine. The force is applied typically to pistons to pistons,, turbine blades, blades, or a no**le no**le.. This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into energy into useful mechanical energy. energy. The first commercially successful internal combustion engine was created by 2tienne 4enoir around around 567 and the first modern internal combustion engine was created in 5689 by !iegfried -arcus. -arcus. :iagram of a cylinder as found in 9stroke gasoline engines.; $ < crankshaft crankshaft.. 2 < 2#haust camshaft camshaft.. I < Inlet camshaft camshaft.. ) < )iston )iston.. = < $onnecting rod. rod. ! < !park plug. plug. > < >alves >alves red; red; e#haust, blue; intake. 0 < $ooling water jacket. jacket. gray structure < engine block . FIGURE / IC ENGINE
The term internal combustion engine usually engine usually refers to an engine in which combustion is intermittent, such as the more familiar stroke and twostroke twostroke piston piston engines, along with variants, such as the si#stroke si#stroke piston piston engine and the 0a 0ankel nkel rotary engine engine.. second class of intern internal al combus combustio tion n engine enginess use contin continuou uouss combus combustio tion; n; gas tur turbin bines es,, jet engines engines and and most rocket engines, engines, each of which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as previously described. +irearms are also a form of internal combustion engine. Intern Internal al combu combustio stion n engine enginess are ?uite ?uite differ different ent from e#tern e#ternal al combu combustion stion engin engines es,, such
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ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
by energydense fuels such as gasoline or diesel, li?uids derived from fossil fuels. fuels. 0hile there are many stationary applications, most I$2s are used in mobile applications and are the dominant power supply for vehicles vehicles such such as cars, aircraft, and boats. Typically an I$2 is fed with fossil fuels like natural gas or gas or petroleum petroleum products products such as gasoline gasoline,, diesel
fuel el or or ffuel
oil.
There@s
a
growing
usage
of renewable
fuels like fuels like biodiesel biodiesel for for compre compress ssio ion n igni igniti tion on engi engine ness and and biethanol for for spark spark igni igniti tion on engines. Aydrogen Aydrogen is is sometimes used, and can be made from either fossil fuels or renewable energy.
/,1CLASSIFICATION OF HEAT ENGINES
Fi(u!e 1 C";;i#i8ti$n $# Het En(ine;
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ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
Todays I$ engines can be classified in several ways. !ome of the ways of classification of Internal $ombustion 1I$3 engines is listed below; 5. Based on application • • • • •
utomobile 2ngine ircraft 2ngine 4ocomotive 2ngine -arine 2ngine !tationary 2ngine
&. Based on basic engine design •
=eciprocating; !ingle cylinder, -ulticylinder Inline, >, radial, opposed cylinder,
•
%pposed )iston. =otatory 2ngine; !ingle motor, -ulti motor
C. Based on operating cycle • • • • •
tkinson 1+or complete e#pansion !I 2ngine3 tkinson 1+or :iesel 1+or :iesel 1+or the Ideal :iesel 2ngine3 :ual 1+or the ctual :iesel 2ngine3 -iller 1+or 2arly/4ate Inlet valve closing type !I 2ngine3 %tto 1+or %tto 1+or the $onvectional !I 2ngine3
9. Based on working cycle • •
+our stroke cycle Two Two stroke cycle !cavenging" direct/crankcase/cross flow" back flow/loop" Dniflow. o o (aturally aspirated or turbocharged
. Based on >alve/port alve/port design and location
•
:esign of valve/port )oppet valve =otatory valve
•
4ocation of valve/port
• •
o
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ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
o
+head
o
4head
8. Based on +uel •
•
• •
$onvectional o $rude oil derivatives" )etrol, diesel o %ther sources" coal, biomass, tar stands, shale lternative )etroleum derived; $(G, 4)G o Biomass derived; alcohols, vegetable oils, producer gas, biogas and hydrogen o Blending Bifuel and dual fuel
E. Based on mi#ture preparation • •
$arburetion +uel injection
6. Based on ignition • •
!park ignition $ompression Ignition
7. Based on stratification of charge • •
Aomogeneous $harge !tratified charge o 0ith carburetion o 0ith fuel injection
5F. Based on cooling system • •
ircooling system 0atercooling 0a tercooling system
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ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
e#haust manifold in order to improve the working of the engine. $+: method reduces the cost of manufacturing and production time. 4iterature review shows that lots of e#haust manifold study have been done using the $+: techni?ue. !ome of the literature reviews are as follows. )4. !. -uthaiah 5H, Ae has analy*ed the e#haust manifold in order to reduce the backpressure and also to increase the particulate matter filtration. Ae has modified the different e#haust manifold by varying the si*e of the conical area of the e#haust manifold and varying the si*e of the grid wire mesh packed throughout the e#haust manifold. 0hen si*e of the the grid grid mesh mesh pack packed ed decr decreas eased ed the the back backpr press essur uree incre increase asess whic which h lead leadss to lowe lowerr the the performance of the engine due to more fuel consumption and hence low volumetric efficiency. 0hen si*e of the grid mesh packed increased the backpressure decreases the filtration of the particulate matter also reduces which will not satisfy the standards of the pollution control. $omputational fluid dynamics is used for the s tudy of the e#haust manifold and best possible design of the e#haust manifold with minimum backpressure and ma#imum particulate matter filtration efficiency is suggested. .!. Dmesh, >.. )ravin and . =ajagopal &H In this work eight different models of e#haust manifold were designed and analy*ed to improve the fuel efficiency by lowering the backpressure and also by changing the position of the outlet of the e#haust manifold and varying the bend length. The eight different modified models are short bend centre e#it 1!B$23, short bend side e#it 1!B!23, long bend centre e#it 14B$23, long bend side e#it 14B!23, short bend centre e#it with reducer 1 !B$2=3, short bend side e#it with reducer 1!B! 1!B!2= 2=3, 3, long long bend bend cent centre re e#it e#it with with redu reduce cerr 14B$ 14B$2= 2=3, 3, long long bend bend side side e#it e#it with with reducer14B!2=3.fter analysis they included that the e#haust manifold with long bend centre e#it with reducer 14B$2=3, gives the highest overall performance.
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ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
>ivekananda >ivekananda (avadagi and !iddaveer!angamad 9H they analy*ed the flow f low of e#haust gas from two different modified e#haust manifold with the help of $omputational fluid dynamics. To achieve the optimal geometry for the low back pressure they have analy*ed two different e#haust manifold, base geometry e#haust manifold and the modified geometry e#haust manifold. In the base model of the e#haust manifold the outlet is at side of the first inlet where as in the modified model of the e#haust manifold the outlet is at the centre of the e#haust manifold. nalysis nalysis has been done for the two different e#haust manifolds. The results were compared for the two models and it is found that the modified model gives low back pressure in comparison with other base model which ensures the improvement in the efficiency of the engine. The flow distribution in the e#haust manifold channels would be highly dependent on the header shape and the flow rate. Jafar - Aassan H had analy*ed analy*ed the performance performance of the manifolds manifolds with a tapered longitudin longitudinal al section. The length of the manifold for this study was 5&E 5&E cm whil whilee the the mani manifo fold ld diam diamete eterr was was 5F.5 5F.58 8 cm. cm. utho uthors rs had had used used the the nume numeric rical al simula simulatio tions ns 1$+:3 1$+:3 for this this researc research h work. work. The The flow flow condit condition ionss corresp correspond onding ing to =e K 5F#5F9 5F#5F9,, 5#5F9 5#5F9 and &F#5F9 &F#5F9 were consid considere ered. d. The The results results were analy*ed analy*ed in terms terms of uniformity coefficient. Based on their $+: simulation results, they had concluded that the tapered header configuration provides better flow distribution as compared to the header with circular crosssection. -.Dsan8H had applied a multidisciplinary optimi*ation approach for the e#haust system, e#haust manifold and catalytic converter, in highly integrated concurrent engineering software framework. They had considered fourcylinder 5.9 litre engine as a baseline model. The optimi*ation contained four major modules < Geometry, !tructural, $ost and +luid :ynamics :ynamics < and the relevant relevant software for each module was applied. applied. 5dimensional 5dimensional transient
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ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
the =(G kM turbulence model predictions were in close agreement with the e#perimental data. The design of e#haust manifold for a 9stroke high power medium
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ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
manifold were evaluated and the necessary design changes could be suggested. The cold start emissions emissions from the I$ engine engine could be reduced by preheating preheating the substrate to the optimum temperature. This could be achieved by placing the catalytic converter near the e#haust manifold. !imo !imon n -arti -artine ne**-art artin ine* e* 5&H 5&H had had perf perform ormed ed $+: $+: analy analysis sis to estim estimate ate the the performance of the e#haust manifold while placing the catalytic converter near to it 1$lose $oupled $atalytic $onverter3. They had considered three types of manifold < $ast manifold, 9&5 manifold, manifold, 4!haped manifold. manifold. The flow at the e#haust manifold was characteri*ed by 7F g/s mass flow with 7FF $ gas temperature. The manifolds performance was defined by the flow uniformity inde# and the overall pressure drop. ll three types of manifold had almost similar flow uniformity inde# 1F.783 though the flow losses 1total pressure drop3 were significantly different. The 4shaped manifold had the least flow losses while the 9&5 manifold flow losses were FP higher than the 4shaped manifold. In their research work, !. (. $h. :attu. > 5CH had performed thermal analysis for the tubular type I$ 2ngine e#haust manifold for various operating conditions. The authors had also considered four different manifolds < =adius 96 mm 2#haust >alve at 2#tremely 4eft, =adius 96 mm 2#haust >alve at $enter, =adius 5FF mm 2#haust >alve at 2#tremely 4eft, =adius 5FF mm 2#haust >alve at $enter. These configurations were carried out for two different material types < $ast Iron and luminium. Based on the results obtained from their simulations, the authors suggest aluminium as the material for the e#haust manifold due to their superior thermal performance. lso, the e#haust manifold of 96 mm radius with the e#haust valve at center Benny )aul 59H had conducted $+: simulations on manifold of direct injection diesel engine. They
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ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
pressure e#haust gas from the cylinder to the e#haust manifold, would have three pressure heads < high, medium and low. They They also note that Lscavenging effect would be decreased in case of manifolds with large tubes. lso, the smaller tubes offer higher flow resistance and thus the engine power will be needed to push the e#haust gases. -ohd!ajid hmed 58H had applied $+: methods to identify the optimum e#haust manifold manifold for a 9stroke 9 cylinder cylinder !I engine. engine. They had considered considered five variants variants of e#haust manifold, based on the manifold pipe geometry, convergent inlet pipe, divergentstraight convergent, reduced convergent length and increased divergent length, reduced divergent length and increased convergent length, identical convergent and divergent and reduced straight length. The $+: simulations were performed using (!! +4D2(T with un structured meshes. L-ass flow inlet boundary condition was applied to model the flow inlet. Based on their results, results, the authors authors suggested that the minimum minimum backpressure backpressure at the e#haust manifold outlet could be achieved by having reducers. The high temperature temperature e#haust e#haust gases will induce induce thermal stresses on the e#haust e#haust manifold surfaces. The design procedure for the manifold must account for such heat transfer effects.I.). andylas5EH had developed an e#haust system heat transfer model that included the steady state and transient heat conduction conduction as well as convection convection and radiation. radiation. They had studied for various manifold materials such as $ast Iron, -ild !teel, and !tainless !teel e.t.c.
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ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
Fi(u!e 0 En(ine .EBp"$ded ie'5 0,/,/, C*"inde! )"$8@
$ylinder block or $ylinder are main part of an engine. It is a part in which combustion of fuel takes place. ll other parts like piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, water jacket etc. are bolted
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ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
compresses the air fuel mi#ture and converts the fuel energy into mechanical energy. It transmits the power to the crankshaft. Generally piston is made by cast iron but sometime it is made by aluminium alloy. Dsually it is made by casting.
Fi(u!e 4 Pi;t$n 0,/,0 C*"inde! Hed
$ylinder head is fitted on the top of cylinder block and the function of the cylinder head is to seal the working end of cylinder and not to permit entry and e#it of gases on cover head valves of the engine. The valves, spark plug, camshaft etc are fitted on it. It should be light light in
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ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
The lower end of connecting rod is connected to the piston and the bigger is connected to the crank shaft. It should have high strength. !o it is made by alloy steel but in small engine it is made by aluminium to achieve lighter weight. It is made by forging.
Fi(u!e 7 C$nne8tin( R$d
0,/,4, C!n@ S%#t
It is located in the bottom end of cylinder block. It transmits the reciprocating motion of piston into rotary motion. This This rotary motion used to rotate wheels of the vehicle. It should have high tensile strength. !o the crankshaft made by high tensile steel or sometime by cast iron. It is usually made by forging.
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ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
It is bolted at the lower end of the cylinder block. ll the oil for lubricating the movable parts is placed in it.
Fi(u!e 3 Oi" Sump
0,/,7, Cm;%#t
It is fitted either in the cylinder head or at the bottom of the cylinder block. It is use to open or close valves at proper timing in multicylinder engine. It should have high tensile strength. !o the crankshaft made by high tensile steel or sometime by cast iron. It is usually made by forging.
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ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
pressure can go inside or outside of cylinder block. It is usually made by silicon chrome chrome steel with about CP carbon. It is made by forging. 2#haust valve discharge the e#haust gases. It is made by austenitic steal. It is also made by forging.
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ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
It is bolted on the cylinder head one each for intake and e#haust. Its function is to evenly distribute airfuel mi#ture for intake Q collects the e#haust gases from all cylinders.
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ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
0,/,/1, Pu;% R$d
It is used when the camshaft is situated in the bottom of the cylinder head. It regulates the timing of valves open and close through rocker arm and camshaft.
Fi(u!e /4 Pu;% R$d
0,/,/0, Pi;t$n Rin(;
It provides the good sealing fit and less friction resistance between piston and cylinder. It is
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ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
0,/,/4, Gud(e$n Pin .Pi;t$n Pin5
It is the parallel spindles fitted through the piston boss and connecting rod small end. It connects the piston to the connecting rod. )iston pin is made by hardened steel so it can support and allow to connecting rod to swivel. It is usually made by forging.
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ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
0,1 EXHAUST MANIFOLD In automo automotive tive engin engineering eering,, an e#ha e#haus ustt mani manifo fold ld coll collect ectss the the e#hau e#haust st gases gases from multiple cylinders into into one pipe. pipe. The word word manifold manifold comes from the %ld 2nglish word manigfeald 1from the nglo!a#on manig manyH and feald foldH3 and refers to the folding together of multiple inputs and outputs 1in contrast, an inlet or intake manifold supplies air to the cylinders3. 2#haust manifolds are generally simple cast iron or iron or stainless steel units which collect engine e#haust gas from multiple cylinders and deliver it to the e#haust pipe.
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ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
•
$eramic paint is sprayed or brushed onto the manifold and then cured in an oven. These are usually thin, so have little insulator properties" however, they reduce engine bay heating by lessening the heat output via radiation.
•
ceramic mi#ture is bonded to the manifold via thermal spraying to spraying to give a tough ceramic coating with very good thermal insulation. This is often used on performance production cars and trackonly racers.
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ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
0,1,1E##e8t; $# In8!e;ed )8@ P!e;;u!e
t increased back pressure levels, the engine has to compress the e#haust gases to a higher pressure which involves additional mechanical work and/or less energy e#tracted by the e#haust turbine which can affect intake manifold boost pressure. This can lead to an increase in fuel consumption, )- and $% emissions and e#haust temperature. The increased e#haust temperature can result in overheating of e#haust
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ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
2#haust system is designed to evacuate gases from the combustion chamber ?uickly and efficiently. 2#haust gases are not produced in a smooth stream" e#haust gases originate in pulses. 9cylinder motor will have 9 distinct pulses per complete engine cycle cycle a 8 cylinder has 8 pulses and so on. -ore the pulses produced, the more continuous the e#haust flow. Back pressure can be loosely defined as the resistance to positive flow in this case, the resistance to positive flow of the e#haust stream.
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ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
5. This work focuses upon study of pressure distribution and velocity distribution inside an e#haust manifold of different geometries and to conclude best possible geometry from emissions point of view. &. 0e have flaunted with symmetric s ymmetric and asymmetric designs and have flocked concepts of having either long or short bends 1inlet for e#haust manifold3. C. These calculations were carried out at loading condition i.e. &kg.
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ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
DESIGNING
)T$ creo !olid wo works $TI (!!
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ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
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users developing todays smart products and systems and comprises the following elements;
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ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE USING ANSYS
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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