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Michael Chi AP US Histor Period 9/6/0
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Outline of Chapter 1: The Meeting of Cultures
America Before Columbus -at first, early settlers of America formed small nomadic groups, hunting and fishing to obtain food -gradually, stable civilizations were formed, many of substantial sizes and variety The Civilizations of the South -the greatest of these civilizations were in South America and in Mexico -these civilizations developed complex political systems and large n etworks of paved roads that unified the civilizationthe Incas in Peru -The Mayas created a written language, a numerical system, an accurate calendar, and an advanced agricultural system-they were eventually succeeded by the Aztecs, a nomadic warrior tribe from the North -The Aztecs formed elaborate administrative, educational, and medical systems-their religion required human sacrifice -the Aztec capital was Tenochtitlan, with one of the largest populations of any city durin the time, with impressive buildings The Civilizations of the North -civilizations in the North were not as elaborate as those in the South -societies were mainly based on fishing, gathering, fishing or a combination of the 3 -some communities were only agricultural -the most elaborate were in the Southwest, where irrigation systems were built-built pueblos -most tribes were agricultural -Historians disagree with each other mainly because they interpret the events that Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title occurred in the past differently Not useful -events in the present can influence how a historian analyzes history Useful Cancel anytime. -thereOnly is no truth; history is based on different interpretations of events Special offer for students: $4.99/month. -in the Northeastern tribes, land was exploited quickly and then left
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-Because women were often left alone while men went to battle, they controlled the social and economic organization of the settlements and played powerful roles within families Europe Looks Westward -most Europeans were unaware of the existence of the Americas before the 15th century -during the middle ages, Europe was not an adventurous nation Commerce and Nationalism -One reason Europeans began to look toward new lands was the huge population increas -rich people began to want to trade with more people, so advances in navigation and shipbuilding made long-distance sea travel more possible -Also, new governments arose and these monarchs became more eager to enhance the commercial growth of their nations -the first nation to attempt to travel to the east were the Portuguese-their success as a maritime power in the fifteenth century was due a lot to the work of Prince Henry the Navigator, who was interested in exploring the western coast of Africa to find gold Christopher Columbus -Christopher Columbus was born and raised in Italy and most of his sea experience was for the Portuguese -He believed that Asia could be reached by traveling east instead of going west -Portugal refused to fund his voyage, so he turned to Spain, the strongest monarchy of Europe, ruled by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella-agreed to the voyage in 1942 -Columbus commanded ninety men and three ships, the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria -left Spain in August 1492 and thought he was sailing straight to Japan-ten weeks later, he saw land and assumed he arrived there but in fact arrived somewhere in the Bahamas -When he got to Cuba, he assumed it was China and went back to Spain to tell of his success-a year later, he went back with a larger expedition, discovering more islands an formed a small but short-lived colony on the island Hispaniola -in 1498, he discovered the mainland and went down the coast of South America -he believed he had explored at least part of the Far East -despite his accomplishments, he was relatively unknown atFree h isvote death Read For 30this Days Sign up to on title -Columbus was a very religious man and believed b elieved his voyages were part of his destiny i Not useful Useful Cancel anytime. fulfilling a divine mission – many subsequent explorations were based on religious valu Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. -Spain began to devote greater resources and energy to exploration of Columbus -Vasco de Balboa went across the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 and saw across the Pacific
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-Spanish believed the epidemic was vindication v indication of their efforts and believed it was sent by God – “God saw fit to send the Indians smallpox.” -Cortes established a reputation as the most brutal conquistador because of his ruthless suppression of the surviving natives -the news that there were riches to be found in Mexico caused a wave of conquistadores to descend on the mainland in search of a fortune -Francisco Pizarro conquered Peru in 1538 where the Incas lived- his deputy Hernando de Soto was the first white man who went past the Mississippi River -Francisco Coronado traveled to what is now New Mexico in search of gold in 1540 -the Spanish warriors dealt with the natives with brutality and greed an d almost exterminated entire native populations – this made possible the creation of the vast Spanish empire in the New World Spanish America -The history of the Spanish empire in the New World had three different periods of discovery: the age of discovery and exploration starting from Columbus, the age of the conquistadores, and in the 1750’s, when the Ordinances of Discovery banned the most brutal military conquests -the Spanish became the richest nation on Earth because of the vast riches discovered in the New World -Unlike the conquistadores, most Spanish settlers who went to the New World wanted to created a profitable agricultural economy -Ferdinand and Isabella established the requirement that the religion of the new territorie must be Catholicism -One type of settlement was a mission, which would try to covert natives to Catholicism Presidios, military bases, would often be built next to missions to protect them from - Presidios, hostile natives -After the era of the conquistadores ended in 1540, the missionary impulse would be a key reason for emigration to the New World- Catholicism eventually spread to South an Central America, as well as Mexico and the South and Southwest of the present U.S. Northern Outposts fort St. -the first permanent European settlement in the present d ay U.S. was the Spanish Read Free For 30this Days Sign up to vote on title Augustine established in 1565 in Florida- served as a military outpost Not useful Useful CancelDon anytime. -A more substantial colonizing venture occurred in 1598 when Juan de Onate Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. claimed for Spain some of the lands of the Pueblo Indians encomiendas, which allowed settlers to exact labor and -Onate distributed encomiendas, an d tribute from
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The Empire at High Tide -By the end of the 16th century, the Spanish empire had become one of the largest in the history of the world -The monarchy controlled the colonies in the New World very strictly- established rigid and strict regulations -Many people in the Spanish colonies were not from Spain itself or from any other European country -the vast majority of the Spanish empire consisted of natives Biological and Cultural Exchanges -Exchanges between the European and Indian cultures increased Ex. Introduction of European diseases to the New World, caused millions to die; Europeans introducing important new crops to the New World, such as sugar and bananas, domestic livestock and the horse -The decimation of native populations popu lations was part of the conquistadores’ deliberate policy of subjugation and extermination- thought as natives a “savages” -By the 1540s, the Spanish had all but destroyed the empires of Mexico and South America and had largely limited native resistance to the Spanish -the Europeans also learned new agricultural techniques from the natives which suited th new land- also discovered new crops such as maize (corn) -Intermarriage between European settlers and Natives were frequent -Before long, the population of the colonies came to be dominated by mestizos, mestizos, or people of mixed race -A race hierarchy developed, with the Spanish on the top, the Natives on the bottom, and the mixed peoples in the middle -Native women might have intermarried because the Native men where so depleted by warfare or enslavement- another reason was be cause in many tribes, intermarriage was a symbol of alliance -Although the major labor source for the Europeans were the Indians, different labor systems emerged emerged Ex. Slavery, wage system -Because the native population could not meet all the colonists’ labor needs, in 1502, the began to import slaves from Africa Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title Africa and America Not useful Useful Cancel anytime.below the Sahara -most of the slaves were taken from Guinea, a region in West Africa Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. Desert -After the collapse of the ancient kingdom Ghana in 1100 A.D., Mali emerged, with
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-By 1700, slavery had begun to spread well beyond its original locations in the Caribbea and South America and into the English colonies to the north
The Arrival of the English -In 1497, John Cabot sailed to the Northeast coast of North America on an expedition sponsored by King Henry VII in search of a northwest passage through the New World t the Orient The Commercial Incentive -the English viewed the New World as an opportunity to start anew- where a perfect society could be created- found expression in Sir Thomas More’s Utopia -many farmers were evicted- Enclosure Movement -England was facing the serious problem of surplus population -Chartered companies were companies where merchants joined forces and operated based on a charter acquired from the monarch, giving the company a monopoly for trading in a specific region Ex. The Muscovy Company (1555), the Levant Company (1581), the Barbary Company (1585), and the East India Company (1600) Mercantilism- the nation as a whole is the principle actor in the economy, not the -Mercantilismindividuals within it; the goal of economic activity should be to increase the nation’s tota wealth; world’s wealth was finite; one person or nation could grow rich only at the expense of another; import more than you export -These principles guided the economic policies of almost all of the European nations na tions in th th the 16 and 17 centuries -This made acquiring colonies appealing, because it could become the source of goods that a country might otherwise have to buy from other nations -Richard Hakluyt argued that colonies would not only create new markets for English goods, but also help alleviate poverty p overty and unemployment by siphoning off the surplus population The Religious Incentive -Protestant Reformation began in Germany in 1517, when Martin challenged Read Free ForLuther 30this Days Sign up to vote on title was some of the basic practices of the Roman Catholic Church- had many followers but Not useful Useful Cancel anytime. eventually excommunicated him in 1520 Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. -John Calvin introduced the idea of predestination; that God “elected” some people to be saved and condemned others to damnation; each person’s destiny was determined
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-A few Puritans took genuinely radical positions - known as Separatists -Puritans were discontent because they wanted to reform the local clergy but were refused – discontent grew rapidly -In 1603, James I took the throne and felt no obligation to satisfy the Puritans’ needs
The English in Ireland -England’s first experience with colonization was with a nation separated from them by narrow sea: Ireland -England had long claimed the island as their own but it wasn’t until un til the second half of th the 16 century did serious efforts at large-scale colonization begin -Through the 1560s and 1570s, colonists moved through Ireland, capturing territory and attempting to subdue the native population -One of the assumptions that colonists made was that the native population of Ireland were all savages – they considered them barbaric when they fought back -Another assumption that the English made was that English settlements in distant lands must retain a rigid separation from the native populations The French and the Dutch in America -English settlers in North America encountered other European settlers who also wanted to establish economic outposts abroad -the Spanish made a little effort to colonize N orth America -England’s most formidable rival in the 16th century were the French, who founded their first permanent colony in America at Quebec in 1608 -the French forged close ties with native Indian tribes deep inside the continent -French missionaries were among the first to convert Indian societies bois- adventurous fur traders and trappers who went far into the wilderness -Coureurs de boisand developed an extensive trade -Successful partnerships between the Coureurs de bois and the Natives resulted in their ability to become a part of native n ative society, living among the Indians – created alliances with the Algonquins and others – enabled French to compete with the British -The Dutch were also establishing a presence in NorthRead America – Holland won its Free For 30this Days Sign up to vote on title th independence from Spain in the early 17 century Not useful Useful Cancel anytime. sailed up the river -In 1609, Henry Hudson, an English explorer in service to the Dutch, Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. that is now named after him in present-day New York -he assumed that he had found the water route through North No rth America to the Pacific
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king of Spain at the time, was w as determined to end England’s challenges to Spanish commercial supremacy -In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, a pioneer of English colonization, founded Newfoundland and took possession of it in the queen’s name – he kept going southward along the coast, but was lost at sea
Roanoke -In 1585, Sir Walter Raleigh hired his cousin, Sir Richard Grenville, to lead an expeditio to Roanoke to establish a colony -Grenville deposited the settlers on the island and remained long enough to raze an India village and returned to England -Sir Francis Drake arrived at Roanoke the following Spring and the colonists boarded hi ship and left -Raleigh tried again to colonize in 1587, sending another expedition to Roanoke; shortly after arriving, Virginia Dare was born to John White, the commander of the expedition; she was the first American-born child of English parents -White returned to England in search of o f supplies and more settlers; he did not return for three years – when he returned in 1590, he found the entire island deserted – Roanoke became known as the “lost colony” -This marked the end of Sir Walter Raleigh’s attempts at co lonization in America – was later imprisoned for a decade, accused of plotting against the king in 1603 – executed in 1618 -In 1606, James I issued a new charter, dividing America between a group of London merchants who Raleigh assigned his charter rights to and a rival group of merchants from Plymouth – the former got rights to colonize the South and the latter in the North Conclusion -Before the arrival of Europeans in America, it was the home to many people – among the most notable were the Incas in Peru, and the Mayas and Aztecs in Mexico -The North American natives weren’t as technologically advanced as their Southern counterparts but still created civilizations that thrived -Upon the arrival of Europeans, many catastrophes occurred tovote the natives Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to title -the North America Indians were relatively undisturbed until the arrival of the English, Useful Not useful Cancel anytime. French, and Dutch immigrants in the early 17th century
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