Psychology Gender Glass Glass Ce:ilfn Ce:ilfng--e g--e--W --W vers vers
ge
nt
Prej Prejud udic ic is an extr extrem em atti attitu tude de ofte ofte nega negati tive ve iscr iscrim imin inat atio io is th beha behavi viou oura ra co pone ponent nt of prej prejud udic ice, e, th cogn cognit itiv iv co pone ponent nt bein bein ster stereo eoty type pe an th affe affect ctiv iv co pone ponent nt anif anifes esti ting ng itse itself lf in sexi sexism sm llpo llport rt (195 (1954)pr 4)prop opos osed ed that that th beha behavi viou oura ra co pone ponent nt of prej prejud udic ic vari varies es from from inor inor beha behavi viou oura ra disc discri ri inat inatio io
to
ajor ajor ones ones
1. 2.
3.
is im at on
sica atta attack ck 4. Ph sica
lu io
fr
uc io
iole iolenc nc agai agains ns
ion, hi n' 5. Ex er na ion, of gender gender discri discrimi mina natio tion. n.
nd
rk
omen omen
pp ic bl
Th issu issues es of gend gender er disc discri ri inat inatio io
ar
ulti ulti
FaSsill that that ther ther ar thre thre di ensi ension on of di crim crimin inat atio ion, n, figure:
of
il di cuss cuss issu issues es of di crim crimin inat atio io ov thre thre
Minor in term term
SUbtle
Psyc1101,ogtjApplied o()4iv Overt
to
Soci Socioo-Ec Econ onom omic ic
Prob Proble lems ms
243
t,.)
and
btle
~.n'9''''''-I
unarnbi
demoralization self-esteem
in
and decreased
omen omen
sexisrri
discrimination
In
External External-Inte -Internal rnal discrimi discriminati nation on
iI
observed
female.sexual this all this
itho ithout ut
inter interna naliz lizati ation on of ~ultl ~ultllra lra deva devalu luati ation on of wome women. n. This
is
put iI
as
Appl Applie ie
244j_
Psyc Psyclw lwlo logl gl
;i
In
this
n' ro
ff
in te
ip
Jo
re
,th in lead leadin ing. g.
ceil ceilin in It
re ri
ov
ic
om
ld 't rise rise
in
fo
to
lass lass
ilin ilin
PsycJl PsycJlOlo Ologtj gtj Applie Applie
Socioo-Ec Econ onom omic ic to Soci
Prob Proble le
_j_245
ex role role ster stereo eoty ty es ar form formed ed beca becaus us in ivid ivid al ostl ostl as
th
im
ther ther an
ci li ives ives
om
cult cultur ural al fact fact rs
ti
ia ls
la
an
ster stereo eoty ty es ar inte intern rnal aliz ized ed
role role in
ay chec chec th ad erti ertise se ents ents
tere tere l: tele tele isio ision. n.
ou
il find find that that
in Fo exam exampl ple, e,
agly agly et al(2 al(200 00 )hav fo nd fr
etaeta-an anal alys ysis is that that
omen omen
ex ibit ibit
re
is
Sund Sundst strom rom 1989 1989). ). lf-f lf-f lfil lfil ingp ingp ic
th
is lead lead to
rf rm -iobef -iobef icie icie tl re
rf rm
rein rein rc
en
th
ro
cy
se reju reju ce
Wome Wome experie experience nce lowered lowered self-eff self-efficac icac
ig
am cs
lf-f lf-f lf llin llin
ro
Ster Stereo eoty type pe also also lead lead to sexu sexual al disc discri rimi mina nati tion on in th jo re ru tm tr
ture ture
inte interv rv inte interv rvie ie
re
rs
ak
rc ia
in
orkp orkpla lace ce
io
il ca inte interv rvie ie
rs ar
anyany-aa-ti ti es idat idat te
ro
anag anager er don' don' ta In
is/h is/h le
re
li
ly
Appl Applie ie
246j_
develo developme pment. nt. Eve here male male em_plo em_ployee yee ar~refe ar~referre~ rre~
As
re
ge
th
tw
xpos xposur ur to
an geri geri
ti to gain gain
skil skills ls
rg
orga orga
un
anag anager eria ia ex erti ertise se an
sf os
in
(1989)
rg
lt
fe
'S
rl in
za io s: it is
on :_ n' an geri geri
Psyc Psycho holo logt gt
't
in re
iffi iffi
lt fo
expe experi rien ence ce ha to be~v be~val alua uate te
fo se
a£L..c..;:..1:C==
Ambi Ambigu guou ou role role expe expect ctat atio ions ns from from wome wome 'als 'alsored oreduc uc thei thei perf perfor orma manc nc at work work Fo inst instan ance ce orri orriso so et 1. (1987) re ft
rail rail th ir
rt
re r.
fr re
ir re
rc
~-
th
tr
icto ictory ry
tati tati
fr
to be
te
to expe expect ct equa equa ~eat ~eatme ment nt tr th ir
le su
In or orma ma
(2001)
rdin rdin te
ig
ffic ffic
-ord -ordin in
il fe
su
rvis rvis rs te
Netw Netw rk
rs na bo
IP
ir fe
ra
re form form
re
in th info inform rm
ffic ffic
rd st ti
tw rk
re su ll
ld
ir
to
le
ra
lh
networks.
Wo
so al
work workpl plac ace. e.
omen omen ar expe expect cted ed to bala balanc nc thei thei home home an work work life life This This crea create te !ol« !ol«:_ :_co conf nfli li Et nd 1976).
dispose
t<1wO_Ekinl:L_ wO_Ekinl:L_mothe mothers. rs. asan (1981)
pr fe to empl employ oy
~m
re
le
fr
st
ho have have no chil childr dren en Frei Freidm dman an (1988)
su ce de to brea brea th glas glas ceil ceilin in have have grea greate te psyc psycho holo logi gica ca conf confli lict ct an
ad
or pers person on
sacr sacrif ific ic
-t
nist nistra rato tors rs
rv
ha
nd have have ha
to expe experi rien ence ce
sh·e sh·ess ss
mino minori rity ty ethn ethnic ic co muni muniti ties es In this this sect sectio ion, n, we will will conc concen entr trat at on gend gender er
only =v=.only
Th bigge biggest st
Psyc1lOlogJJApplied
ly to psyc psyc th
li
io-Eco cono no ic to So io-E
th
th
Prob Proble le
-c li
is
lo ical ical acto actors rs thes thes ar
is to
se is
re tl
th
easi easily ly reco reco nize nize
is
ia es (Her (Herri riot ot
..l247
is im
is im
io
Once Once reco recogn gniz ized ed th
ti
is
tl
es
ay to ea
init initia iati ti
th
it ti
-
).
ette ette alternative
[D beha behavi viou ours rs Thro Throug ug
lect lectur ures es vide videos os role role play playin ing, g, an conf confro ront ntat atio iona na exer exerci cise ses, s, empl employ oyee ee ar
s. 2002, p. 180). 3.
ence ence step step li (2001) expe experi rien ence ce tr
es
ig
oten otenti tial al
li te th
of seni senior or
ri
omen omen ar ex
to.! to.!Jl Jl to
omen omen prof profes essi sion onal al
as role role
se to spec specia iall llea ea ers~ ers~ 3e el
ri odel odel
in entj entj
(1 er
in
cruc crucia ia fo th grow growth th of
omen omen empl employ oyee ees. s.
encour ur aged aged Assig Assignm nmen en of ment mentor or is be enco
hence, try to form formal aliz iz 5.
ed ci
le-C le-C
en's en's
flic flict: t:
et
rk
an
a~
ento entors rs ip
stan stanti tial al rese resear arch ch ha sh
ro ra
es
that that an effe effect ctiv iv
tter tter bala bala ce
signi signifi fica cant nt
r!._ r!._an an
ay to brea brea th a. lly_ lly_!e !e
lass lass
si ilit ilitie ies. s.
atern aternity ity leave leave flexi flexibl bl work work arran arrange geme ment nts.]tel s.]telec ecom ommu mutin tin an flex flexiti itime me are some some meas measur ures es th
. . -
rg
iz ti
re
ro -c
li
in
Woma Woma is ly iola iola if re tw _dif _diffe feJ:. J:.~c ~ce; e; gend gender er diff differe erenc nces es are cultivated actu actual al obie obiect ctiv iv diff differ eren ence ce betw betwee ee en an
.?.m .?.m omen omen No
.e
r,
th
th
is
onde onder, r, th soci social al cons constr truc ucti tion on of
tura tura omen omen
Appl Applie ie
248
all
i.
in-rei!llik
obedience'
Pativrata ideal.
(D.
this
(Kakar, 's
li
in
ts.
suppressed, that in yOti6class, tllefe
their
and
Psyc PsycJl JlOl Olog ogtj tj
PSyc PSycll llOl Olog ogJJ JJ Appl Applie ie
to Socio-Ecouotnic
Problems
_j_249
o n and competitiveness
traI traIts ts like like warlllth and affection were were pref prefer erre re -sp
il
jamil1{-related
?"
e f
they they ar
crea create te anxi anxiet et
woma woma
xpec xpecte te
Traditional Rol Stereo Stereotyp types es
Progressive expectations
Nurturent Loving Supportive Patient
a;ruIDg
Career-oriented intelligent outgoing
as inte intell llig igen ent, t, care care r-or r-orie ient nted ed an outg outgoi oing ng
like like bein bein nurt nurtur uran ant, t,_1 _1ov ovin ing, g, supJ supJ20 20rt rtiv iv an pati patien ent. t.
Surp Surpri risi sing ngly ly even even wome wome
(inc (inclu ludi ding ng care career er wome women) n)
Problems
(b
Appl Applie ie
250j_
cert certai ai jo
or rela relate te is ues. ues. arab arabad adka ka an ti fa ti
io
Them Themat atic ic Appe Apperc rcep epti tion on Test Test TAT)an TAT)an in en ra
er
adia adiall ll
(1
Psyc Psycho ho oglJ oglJ
5)ex 5)exam amin ined ed ac ie emen emen
ti atio atio
!ofe !ofe io jo desc descri ript ptio io
re ac ie emen emen orie orient nted ed than than
etho etho
en
in
resp respec ecti tive vely ly They They foun foun
en rofe rofess ssio io al
om
th
that that
en
re lo er
of en Fear Fear of
cces cces am ng
terms terms of prof profes essi sion onal al status status
Rega Regard rdin in
in
barr barrie iers rs an
ll
lo
in
ir
glas glasss-ce ceil ilin ings gs in th
re 't
l_
il
li
ie
in
600wo 600wo en in th
to
ia
il
orkork-pl plac ace, e, some some typi typica ca stud studie ie exis exist. t. Fo inst instan ance ce
is
in
barr barrie iers rs of prom promot otio ion. n. Howe Howeve ver, r, Pari Parikh kh an Shah Shah (199 (1994) 4)ha have ve he anal anal ze
to
co flic flictu tual al to thei thei trad tradit itio io al role role in thei thei cult cult re Fo exam exam le
WI
th
th
anag anagem emen en sect sect
th ad so
an fo
le
enco encour urag agin in
that that
is th reve revela lati tion ons. s.
anag anager er
ug
identity. io
io
.Sta .Stati tist stic ic fr tati tati ti
enta enta
ls
le
ls
ealt ealt
os ital ital te
lp fa ilit ilit te th
io
ho that that en re erre erre rese rese te ly to lu th le
in
enta enta
os ital ital
la )ar
io is isle isle in tr th is th n. os ital ital st tist tistic ic ly re ea th excl excl si ge hosp hospit ital aliz izat atio io faci facili lity ty prim prim ry
fe en
face face
ro os
ta
le th pati patien ents ts on't on't
ne bein bein fP
ro le
he frag frag enta entati ti of sych sych refe refers rs to th d i n c ti
't
inte inte
te
to
titu titu
alit alit
fe inin inin self self nd th
is
in ie
lf ig
as ulin ulin
el that that
fe in
lf ri
t,
Psyc Psycho holo logy gy Appl Applie ie
Socio-Eco Econo nomi mi to Socio-
j_ 251
Probl Problem em
_ _ M y . s .l. l :i: i n : L f a n i l ¥ - . he
pare parent nts_ s_!> !>
bein bein born
n te te Y
El ze
h e d eE eE !
at on of he
feminille.
----is
1'0
Across
to this
strain
infe inferi rior orit it
an
girls
hope hopele less ssne ness ss
of if
"" L~~~
Appl Appl ed
252_L
calls
saas-bahu-nanad
nmzad sans stit stit ti
Psyc Psycho holo logl gl
balm in
lize lize
Therocus
tried to
Rigid Rigid gender gender
role-
women
expectations
are:
Socialization Pare Parent ntin in Styl Styl
Internalization of notions of female
¥oI4~il~ii,l.'Luline
ci
_j_253
male.entitlement-are.strongly he is
(2007) (2002)
violence
impulse
.t
to be
1999). Mitra (2002)
alleged
failure
good good
~~
_c
is
includes~s
dressers;
rong rongly ly belie believe ve
. . -
better
baklas
Philippines, berdndzes
women
-=--
serrers in Africa.
254l__
Initiation glint
Typi Typica call ll each each gllru ar he line lineag age. e. Chelas
take take plac place. e. Em scul sculat atio io proc proces es iscalle iscalle artifi artificia cia vagina vagina
chelas; her chelas gUnL, wh
mana manage ge he ho seho sehold ld ften th chil childr dren en init init houses", ften
is th tota tota re oval oval ofp nis, nis, test teste~ e~ nd scro scrotu tum. m.
llirvt1lLn
Problems
Hijr Hijras as are: are:
"hij "hij
3.
fa ilie ilies" s" .Th se fami famili lies es stay stay
students. .Vi
PsyclLOlog PsyclLOlogtj tj Applie
Socioo-Ec Econ onom omic ic to Soci
Prob Proble lems ms
ij
_j_255
te
io
io
te th
th il
":--~-.,....-
th
to la
ls
ries ries ourc ource: e:
in
iv
al an fema female le ai
(2 09
7- 9)
0 0 0 0 0
th