Prej Prej
reli reli
ic
ca te cr ed tr e, th city city
all ro
av
tere terest st is
cces cces ju
in
re
ec terter- ro
sf
egra egrati ti
ti
ia
is lead lead to re ar
ar ch al li es lict lict
such such soci societ etie ies, s, no
in eres erest. t.
er
cial cial stru stru tu al an
soci societ et abou abou bein bein part part of th soci societ ety. y. ecau ecause se soci social al tens tensio ions ns prej prej dice dice an
th
re ti ty
rc
er
ic
is
flic flic
aria aria le
ensi ensi
hy soci social al inte integr grat atio ion? n? ey ar
ac an
in at re
iden identi tity ty amon amon memb member er of
co
Nation?
iety iety
co flic flicts ts ar
an er io snes snes
titu tituti ti
ek
iety iety
crea create te soci social al pr blem blems. s. larg larg
-fee -feeli li
soci social al er
th
call call fr tern tern ty
ow ca this this comm common on iden identi tity ty an comm common on co scio scious usne ness ss lead lead to soci social al inte integr grat atio ion? n?
asic asical ally ly
Appl Applie ie
20Sj_
Psyc Psycho holo logt gt
'alien'.
2.
3.
tax collector
4.
6. 7.
am
If
reat reat
ocia ocia
en io
j_
io onta onta grou grou
it
outout-gr gr up
be om stro stro g.
iy
eopl eopl
crea crease ses. s.
ejud ejudic ic
hi sm ll grou grou
so that that th gr up beco beco
bout bout
infl infl
nc
209
ut
othe othe
Non-n Non-nati ationa ona identi identity ty as mani manife fest st iden identit tit
stro strong ng nd look look
Group Group forma formation tion base base this this id ntit ntit "Ben "Benga gali li ar self selfis is an mean mean beco become me deep deeply ly ingr ingrai aine ne beliefs. ex st
of inte interr- ro
ig
tens tensio io
In-gro In-group up favour favouritis itis
not contro controlle lled, d,
if
in
ta
Prejudice stereotypes abau abau outout-gr grou oups ps
te
thi hypoth hypotheti etical cal case.Once case.Once confli conflictbr ctbreak eak out the manif manifest est om
nity nity lw ys seem seem
to be
grou grou
ithi ithi th larg larg
te
ic
IR inf
in tity tity
ju
in
ttit ttit
ll
igio igion. n.
ti
th
le
e s it titu titu
- B
is
te
in i~
ttit ttit
d B
in to
je ts ts
lu
p.6) p.6) Prej Prejud udic ices es ar negR negRtiv tive_ e_sQ sQci cial al~t ~ttit titud udes es Bu mind mind it, just just as attit attitud ude, e, prej prejud udic ic is an indi indivi vidu dual al leve leve ph no
on Th
ho
oe pr ju i<;_ i<;_
expl explai ains ns that that when when indi indivi vidu dual al atti attitu tude de
l?_e l?_ec£ c£me metr tron ongl gl
inte interr-co cond ndit itio ione ne
by coll collec ecti tive ve cont contac acts ts
Coll Collec ecti tiveatt veattit itud udes es i.e. i.e. simi simila la pred predis ispo posi siti tion on of disf disfav avou ou in many many peop people le turn turn ou to be "gro "group up prej prejud udic ices es that that usua usuall ll psyc psycho holo logi gica ca prob proble le rega regard rdin in
of grou grou
an ut grou grou
gnit gnitiv ivec ec
affe affect ct on or th othe othe aspe aspect ct of inte interg rgro roup up rela relati tion on in
po
prej prejud udic ices es aris arises es
he
soci societ ety. y. Th soci social al
many many peop people le have have simi simila la pred predis ispo posi siti tion on
(ibi (ibid, d, .7
nt
prej prejud udic ic is st reot reotyp ype. e.
tere tere type type
re xagg xagg rate rate
elie eliefs fs
ou
Appl Applie ie al
tu
in th
asic asical ally ly
ener eneral aliz iz
tili tility ty toug toug co
te st fe
ti
th t"
inst instan ance ce
im ib
it ou suff suffic icie ie
ts
ll
li
evid eviden ence ce This This lead lead
il
Psyc Psycho holo lo tj ti
to ster stereo eoty ty es
itiv itiv
to chan change ge affe affect ctiv iv comp compon onen ents ts onen onent) t)
ro ides ides
em tion tion to ar te
in
th
th
ic
ti atio atio
to ac agai agai st
ut-g ut-gro ro p.
inal inally ly th acti acti
ifes ifesta tati ti
in
io
re
to
ices ices
in
id ly
ie
th in
ista ista ce
acti acti
in
enig enigra rati ti
to
te in
roup roup
if tati tati talk talk
io
ti
le
th
jo es etc. etc.
rs
th
egat egativ iv
to im
stil stil talk talk verb verbal al
to just justif if
ent) ent) to ar
54
in
This This refe refers rs to
idan idan
(beh (behav avio io ra co
ll
t-
th tilo tilocu cuti ti
roup roup Ster Stereo eoty ty es func functi ti
ia In
tilo tilocu cuti ti
as
ly in li ti
ar
th
,mof
idel idel is id
was institut institution ionaliz alized. ed. It aw
fr
in it
th th
in ta
iv fr
.ha
so
ta le
is imin imin ti
is
to
ti
ie
in th ly
'e
to
to
li iU
si
in
agai agai st
ihar iharis is
en
lo
ihar ihar st de ts co
to
's
lity lity id th loca locali lity ty
ttit ttit
.!
in
ajin ajin er
ic
agar agar to re ar
fo civi civi serv servic ices es they they
(It lo ased ased ic
empi empiri rica ca evid eviden ence ces) s) tt
in lu es ll ty es
ri ts
iole iole
in
lits lits
io rtic rticip ip
ts
tu ll il
th
is
ta conflicts.
ic ativ ativ
ly th
ti is
eeli eeli
inst inst
th
iv
ia
is
in
titu tituti ti t-
tc
to
Psyc1lOloglJ Psyc1lOloglJ Applied Applied
liti liti
l,
sa
Socioo-Ec Econ onom omic ic to Soci
ial, ial,
ic
to
ia
sy
Prob Proble lems ms
_L211
lo ic
flic flicts ts ro
se
io sy
In this this se ti lo ic
il in
sp
ti
ti
te
st
tain tain
in
in
all
li t.
ju ic
il
tr te
is
it
th
incr increa easi sing ngly ly come come unde unde
ss
ie
sp
su icie icie ti
itio itio
in
th
fo
ia
li t.
reju reju ic
this this se ti so ia
li t.
crit critic icis ism. m.
Person Personali ality ty factor factor io is it
ssib ssible le th
1940 1940s.T s.The he used used tech techni niqu qu ttit ttit
th
il
io sl scio scio
th ir
ly
tili tility ty
id
b a si si c t rraa iitt s th
th re re so
in it
in rity rity
in le ible ible
(t fi
th
is
lv
inio inio
th ir
th
io
lati lati
s.
th
th it ri
to am.. am..igui~. Th
ro
to in
lg
nd hild hildho hood od expe experi rien ence ces) s)
ll
50)co 50 )co
th
th
0!9!~
th
ou poli politi tica ca vi
Je is i_
le to to
like like inle inlerv rvie ie
is
lu
th
tile tile to scio scio so
stil stilit it
lity lity
to
subm submit it to auth author orit it
th ir
th
th
roje roje
le
re
(a resu result lt of onsc onscio ious us ic
cons consid ider erin in fu
ti
heal health th
s.
ethn ethnic ic viol violen ence ce in si
ll
ia
th
th
pers person on succ succ ssfu ssfull ll inte integr grat at
id
th he go
th
to in
li
lfil lfil so
self self
sy
lf
lo ic lo ic ll
nd ba selv selv s. (I te
tate tate
titi titi
ll
in
If
th
issi issist stic ic
so
lity lity
ss
ethn ethnic ic or reli religi giou ou comm commun unit ity. y. in th
proc proces es
of soci social aliz iz ti n,
Applied
part partit itio io
of Indi Indi in
47ha pene pene
re pons ponsib ible le fo part partit itio io
av
be au
om un
poli politi tics cs
ur pare pare ts ve told told ou
nd
o.
he
ay Ji na
have have kill kill
er
PsycllOloglJ
as ol ly inor inorit it
re terror orga organi niza zati tion on
that that
riot riot rs av done done da tard tardly ly
kill
ct (lik (lik rape rape pr gn nt
en burn burn chil childr dren en to eath eath is no focu focu ed
re id ol gi s, so al
rata rata
an
betw betwee ee
peop people le
er
it
rati ration on l,
ba
oder oder
poli politi tica ca
re
ttit ttitud udes es
ut duri duri
trug trug le afte afte all, all, et
ocia ociali li atio ation, n,
en th
re taug taught ht
re ds of olit olitic ical al lite lites. s.
indu indu Rana"
Conscious
Unconscious
akar akar reas reason on that that 'Hin 'Hindu du 'are 'are regu regula larl rl mind mind Th
usli usli
by
usli usli
de on is th trad tradit itio iona na cont contai aine ne of Hind Hind
hile hile unde unde it infl influe uenc nce, e,
ho tc ming ming
poss posses esse se
th
Hind Hind
bhuias
nd thes thes
slim slim bhuias
conf confli lict ct over over aggr aggres essi sive ve impu impuls lses es
ay well well tran transg sgre ress ss deep deeply ly held held tabo taboos os rega regard rdin in
viol violen ence ce (see (see
theo theori ries es
Toda Today, y, th psyc psycho hoan anal alyt ytic ic scho school ol does doesn' n' find find many many adhe adhere rent nts. s. It most most obje object ctio iona nabl bl prop propos osit itio io is that that it co si er th indi indivi vidu dual al as th caus caus of grou grou
reju reju ic
urin urin
onfl onflic icts ts even even th
os
lO
li
-E
om
ti
le
__l213
itis itis
it
it
th
ll th
in
Furt Furthe her, r, th auth author orita itari rian an pers person onal ality ity expl explai ains ns aggr aggres essi sion on by in it
er
in
ik
th
th
te
ay ro
',
ydi
memb member er towa toward rd
th case case
ik terr terr rism rism
th t,
this ea in
majo majori rity ty grou grou
in ta ce ta
in
~rindus
inco inco rect rect chil chil
th
ecif ecific ic
th
lity lity
erat eratio io
in it
ik
aj rity rity
ro
el
ik
th
stil stilit it
to ar
ad
rs
th
an
aj rity rity
Hindus. cc rdin rdin to in
im
utni utni
(2
4),g 4),gro roup up
lain lainin in
ynam ynamic ic is till till
beca becaus us they they expl explai ai indi indivi vidu dual al
uc
or impo import rtan an than than pers person onal alit it
im
th
iffe iffere re ce in reju rejudi dice ce an conf confli lict ct
ithi ithi
gr up
ow
il
turn turn ou atte attent ntio io
to U1 frus frustr trat atio ionn-ag aggr gres essi sion on theo theory ry that that find find caus causal ality ity in envi enviro ronm nmen enta ta fact factor or
(rat (rat er than than th
er
ro
2. Frust Frustrat ration ion-A -Agg ggres ressio sio
et
sy
le
anal anal ti
ch
in
lain lainin in
it theo theo
.-:J=
ypot ypothe hesi si
prod produc uces es aggr aggres essi sion on Frus Frustr trat atio io ic ll
th
Theo Theory ry
Th frus frustr trat atio io -a gres gressi sion on is
ll
is
of Doll Dollar ar
et al (193 (1939)s 9)sug ugge gest st
that that fr stra strati ti
nec~ nec~ss ssar ar an suff suffic icie ient nt cond conditi ition on fo aggr aggres essi sion on If
il
tr
to th
ch
to issi issi te
essi essi
te ag ress ressio io
to
ay
is
en rg
te
it
th
ay
at arsi arsi
th
cast cast
ir
fr
trat tratio io
fr
trat tratio io
r-ca r-ca te
in
ency ency to fi
is alid alidat ates es th theo theo 's stan stan ea er targ targ ts
ry
elat elativ iv
epri epri ed stat state, e,
isti isti
(1
)an
rc iv
elat elativ iv
alis alisti ti
ig
cast cast
sp rt is
at"s at"sca ca infe inferi ri
io
irls irls of
t]
is
od
rust rustra rati ti
aya. aya. Sh th
er
aste aste
eo le
aren aren't 't th
lo er
is la
th ir
au
ased ased
ep ivat ivatio io
eopl eopl ar
ti
)hav )hav fo
th
en
at er it is
ex
ctat ctatio io
ls
rcei rcei that that
se
ic
ep ivat ivatio io
Frat Frater erna nalis listic tic rela relativ tiv depr depriv ivat atio io de riva rivati ti n.
ea er an
ri
ic
rela relati ti ri atio atio
rela relati ti
40coll 40colleg eg
aj rity rity
ci an (1
je ti
lt
er ar tw ty
ts ar
la in
ri atio atio 't
io
ca eg
th
rust rustra rati ti
la
liti liti al cien cienti ti ts li
at
reat reater er te
il
is lace lace ent, ent, th fr stra strati ti
tr io
irls irls ad
ar th
fo in ta ce
is lac~ lac~
test test th rele releva va ce of this this theo theory ry in Indi India, a, Sh kl (198 (198 )stu )studi died ed fo
socie society ty
th
an esca escala lati tion on of 12re 12re·£ ·£di dice ces. s. nvir nviron onme ment ntal al fact fact rs like like po erty erty prod prod ce fr stra strati tion on es ag essi essi
al ay
co ased ased
aris aris
self self aris aris
it in-g in-g
ther ther in ivid ivid als. als. it
th
ro
s.
expl explai ains ns vari variou ou cast cast an relig religio ious us tens tensio io in Indi India. a. Th proprouc
or pros prospe pero rous us than than
CjSC CjSCjS jS
grou groups ps stat statis isti tica call lly. y.
Ap lied lied
214l_
lati lati
ly
io
gove govern rnme ment nt intr introd oduc uced ed 33 ides ides ea
rote rotest sts. s.
rese reserv rvati ation on fo
is
as insp inspit it tone tone
comp comp nent nent of prej prejud udic ice) e) betw betwee ee la
ty tr amon amon
li
is te
real realis istic tic grou grou
is ic
arti articl cles es an
spee speech ches es ha
in crea create te
rese reserv rved ed cate catego gory ry stud studen ents ts
li ts
ia te
la io
io
ip
in
er
th
in
se ts
it ti
feel feelin ings gs of host hostil ilit it
gene genera ra an
(aff (affec ecti tive ve
li
th
iv ta
th
in term term of poli politi tica ca free freedo do
flic flic
eo
jo oppo opport rtun unit itie ie
et
en
in ivid ivid al is call called ed et
r-
p..-.
fa
er's er's ca
ex erim erim
midd middle le-a -age ged, d, prot protes esta tant nt chil childr dren en to ro
erif erif
entr entris is
ri an
su me camp camp They They
to
la
ence ence ther ther is
id
is co
tity tity
inte inte
te
th
that that int~ int~rr-gr grou ou
conf confli lict ct aris arises es as
er
er divi divide de id
ig
Sher Sherif if conc conclu lude de
t,
er ed that that er so
tw
ttle ttle
's assu assura ra ce that that th
ee
(",,~"'\j
to st
conf conflic lic theo theory ry
th
it in th
in
4- 5,th 5,ther er were were
show showed ed less lesser er host hostil il atti attitu tude des. s.
eali ealist stic ic
to th ir
an
ll
usli uslims ms feel feelin ings gs of rela relati tive ve depr depriv ivat atio io
rela relati tive ve depr depriv ivat atio io 4.
an
ly
emot emotio iona nall ll
is
BC in educ educati ation onal al inst institu itutio tions ns in
r.
't ideo ideolo logi gica ca an
Psyc Psyc1w 1wlo lo JJ
to
it
into into tw grou groups ps th el
in
io
ttle ttle
lo resu result lt of
(1
th
s.
agle agle th ll
in
to
conf confli lict ct of inte intere rest sts. s. C o
ol
Ol st
ie
an
im
soci soci lo ical ical st
ie
in In ia
la iv
vary vary from from coop cooper erat atio io to com_ com_Ee Eetit titio io on is
~1
However, this th 5.
eact eactio io
to
lace lace in th se itie itie
l,
ta
ti
cont contin inuu uum. m.
te
er
tw
or th comp competi etitio tion, n, more more is th inte interr-gr grou ou
tg
le
la
izat izatio io
erif erif's 's co te ti ta ly
that that ri ts !..a !..a
ic
ls
ia Iden Identi tity ty an
av fo
th
co
titi titi th
lead lead to inte interr-
flic flic an
itis itis
ly to ic
ej
i<:_ i<:_
Psyc11010g Psyc11010g Applied Applied
grou groups ps
to Soci Socioo-Ec Econ onom omic ic
foun foun
in-g in-gro ro
Prob Proble lems ms
pref prefer er nc
_L215
Positive self-image
even even
_in these these grou groups ps Social Identity lf im
tw
2.
roup roup identi identity ty
ts
tt inta intain in id
Personal Identity
Motiva Motivation tion to have have more more le try to
lf im
tt
id
tity tity
tity tity
ti
te
posit positive ive imag imag of grou grou
tt to ie
Highlight differences nd un er in
th
similarities to othe other, r,
from from othe othe groups
si ilar ilarit itie ies. s.
groups
High Higher er stat status us in in-gr in-grou ou
(1984) Intergroup prejudices
on affi affili liat atio io an th outg outgro roup up wa eval evalua uate te (1988) found that that
Fig:
indu indu have have nega negati tive ve dero deroga gato tory ry imag imag slim slim
in
th ir
si
li
ocia ocia iden identi tity ty dyna dyna ic th
th
iv
in
iola iolati ti
so
thin thin
so triv trivia ia
idde idde an
ripa ripath th (1992)
(sa Hindus Hindus Battr Battrib ib ti
in le
le
to this this th inte inte
viol viol nt grou grou
th eh viou viou
is
rm
's
io
ti
ti
id it inte inte ti resu result lts. s.
iola iolati ti
iola iolati ti
to A.
li
th
ll
Bby is
it
th
inturn turn
prov provok ok iola iolate te th
le
le .:
to
lain lain this this lt in
nega negati tive ve re ctio ctio ro
A.
Wheri'the Wheri'the situati-;;nescalate situati-;;nescalates, s,
Applied
ic
ll iola iolate te
norm norm
A is is p fG
in
(a
li
reju reju ic
jo
re ts
(b (d
reju reju ic
re ts
are:
(b
till
(A.K.
PSyc1lOlogtJ
">,
_j_217 co omic omic incl includ udin in
acto actors rs
econ econom omic ic comp compet etit itio ion, n, lead lead ...!. ...!. ...£ ...£_o _onf nfli lict ct iots iots in
ia
in ta
in
4) su
tsth tsth
so
tu
to iots iots
are:
Muslimsis econ econom omic ical ally ly-w -wel ell_ l_of offan fan appe appear ar to be pot~ pot~nt ntia ia econ econom omic ic co peti petito tors rs
t~ A.K. Sing Sing (198 (1988) 8)
th
slim slim
ic ll
li
th
--
iliz iliz
it
it
io
le
iv
ia li
to
ll
ll
th ir
s.
liti liti
inte inte st
Psychologists Psychologists explain this as 'A mome moment nt of soci soci:! :!al al cris crisis is othe otherw rwis is matu mature re an assu assure re
le der' der' (Pos (Post, t,
th ir
so
di
nsio nsions ns cast cast
li io
4,P. 19 ).Post ).Post call call th se le ders ders as "h te
itio itio
la
si
onfl onflic ict, t, reli religi giou ou tr
th
fo
ll
to
co flic flict, t, ling lingui uist stic ic onfl onflic ic it
id
tity tity
perceived
':!th ':!th
ia
ll
nd
onge ongeri ring ng
psyc psycho holo logi gica call ll
lead lead rs
le
lass lass conf confli lict ct
ho fulf fulfil il
ll
trie trie
asic asic ll
aste aste
te
l_
21
In
gone gone
aste aste ha
ti ct (a
ee th
st pers pers st nt form form of ocia ocia re atio ations ns in Indi Indi fo
re ic ed
an
scho schola lars rs), ), it ha
of blac blacks ksmi mith th cast cast coul coul beco become me ob
he
ra
onsi onside dere re
in ca te an
esir esir bl
hatr hatriy iy ca te
he pp
hatr hatriy iy
aste aste fo
lo er ca tes? tes?
aste aste al
upre upre ac
econ econdl dl
hang hang
it
hara hara te
it
priz prizes es to gues gues whic whic cast castes es perf perfor orme me er
ar kn
anct anctio ione ne
to perf perfor or
ad gr ater ater ontr ontrol ol ov
as ther ther cast cast conf confli lict ct in trad tradit itio iona na Indi India? a? nd
Psychology
Applied
nt ries ries
ch ngin ngin
ha
ou
ario arious us task task th
land land pr duct ductio io
ci ty
re
nd apit apit l.
Brah Brahmi mi cast castes es
onfl onflic ic betw betw en uppe uppe
here here ny ca te pr ju ic in tr diti diti na
im
th neat neat an valu valuab able le
an inst instan ance ce of conf confli lict ct betw betwee ee
n.
an
aste aste an
rpri rpri ingl ingl
ny
This expl exploi oita tati tive ve syst system em wher wher lowe lowe cast castes es have have been been disc discri rimi mina nate te they they ould ould 't us ho
ny publ public ic
enit enitie ie (lik (lik
ca ther ther be disc discri ri inat inatio io
onds onds
hool hool
agai agains nst. t. Espe Especi cial ally ly th unto untouc ucha habl bl
tc.) tc.) coul coul n' ow prop proper erty ty
itho ithout ut prej prejud udic ice? e? Di Disc scri ri inat inatio io
tc
is th beha behavi viou oura ra comp compon onen en
of prejud prejudice ice inst instit itut utio iona nali lize ze
prej prejud udic ice. e. Ther Ther
as
all
te oriz oriz d:
ra
in
hatr hatriy iya, a,
is
hudr hudr
av
om ou
vari variou ou
part part
ra
's
ir
by
fr tr di io al In ia er
is ollu ollute te
ocie ociety ty is it lf ou ar
impl impl
pr ju ic pr ju ic d.
discriminatioin. ea
to aste aste conf confli li t?
an
soci soci lo ists ists av
castes castes Why? Why? Becau Because se of cooper cooperati ation. on. cont contin inuu uum. m.
onfl onflic ic amo~ amo~ uppe uppe an
la ne
th
inte interr-
st
rela relati ti ns
re
yo reme rememb mber er Sher Sherif if's 's real realis isti ti grou groups ps conf confli lict ct theo theory ry yo lo er cast castes es wa lo
beca becaus us of coop cooper erat atio io
betw betwee ee
thes thes
to Soci Socioo-Ec Econ onom omic ic Prob Problem lem
Psycho Psycholog loglJ lJ Applie Applie
_i219
castes. betw betwee ee
vari variou ou cast castes es
(lan (lan
this this
cast castes es co
te
retu return rn fo
rati rati
an
li ca te (l as
rd
re
't il
in
er ca te
ed to
Jajm Jajman an
is an
th
te
rk fo [ajm [ajman an ca te
fo tere tere
agri agricu cu tura tura
ab
terter- epen epen
ce
ab
rers rers
er
ulin ulin cast castes es henc henc coop cooper erat atio ion, n, no
all
competition.
farn farn_U _Ung ng.I .I an lord lord
re
ec
an
ly
fire fire fr
la
it sh ru
am
at
ill. ill.
le
ed
ca te
le jo
re
tu ti in ar
in
stri stri
pene pene to al cast castes es Thou Though gh uppe uppe cast castes es bene benefi fite te most most fr
turn turnin in co
into into
titi titi
call call
ro
er aste aste et
et ti
er
ct
at s.
am le su
-t ad ti
al jo
er
le al
an
sp cial cial rt
itie itie
fe io
re
thes thes occu occupa pati tion ons, s, many many lo er cast cast
rn jo s, an
er ca te
sy em
co
etit etit
fo
ri
te
ig er
aste aste tatu tatu
ca
(bel (bel
in
lt ra la er
Sh
ra
ar a)
(2 as ts
shat shatri riya ya stat status us
as es
iy cast cast
ls
emin eminen en soci sociol olog ogis is er cast castes es
ti ie
at
is
atri atri
aste aste
in
th lo
to
lain lain
Srin Sriniv ivas as
is Sa skri skriti tiza zati ti at
fo
aj an
rn in
capi capita tali list st farm farmin ing, g,
sign signif ific ican an fo us in
id re
ps chol cholog ogic ical al stud stud
er ca te as
of conf confli lict ct
refe refere re ce ro
Beca Becaus us it show show
ou em late late Shah Shahru rukh kh
han, han,
all
Shahru Shahrukh kh Khan. Khan. xact xactlythe lythe sa fa
ra le
ex
e,
th
ca
id
as th situ situat atio io siti siti
ra
(1
th
id at
os posi positi tive ve self self-i -ima mage ge Simi Simila larl rly, y, th
at re
ti
of lo er cast castes es
th ir as fo
id
tity tity
rsta rsta
hich hich
ca te co flic flic in colo colo al
er sans sans riti ritizi zing ng
is al ated ated
ar ja ajee ajee an
re
ativ ativ
itiv itiv th he
er emul emulat atin in
re earc earc elfelf-im imag ag
rs
le
fi ra
in in
ad
hosh hosh (198 (1981)f 1)fou ound nd that that th sche sche uled uled cast castes es ri
an
ci lo
ts
re
rt
th
Applied
220j_
R.
embe embers rs have have beco become me pros prospe pero rous us
1.
1979).
1979).
Psyc1lOlogJJ
221
te
is
pers persis iste tent nt conf confli lict cts, s, feel feelin in
of bein bein
disc discri rimi mina nate te
agai agains ns
tc
Religion reli religi gion on
ne of th majo majo
an fund fundam amen enta tali lism sm
hall hallen enge ge to so ia inte integr gr tion tion in Indi Indi is th chal challe leng ng of om unal unalis is th
fact factor or behi behind nd co muna muna riot riots, s, on that that is especia especially lly prominen prominen
an
Muslims. id spre spre ll
pr ju ic
tw
te
in
pl
slim slim in
si
4)st
ie
ia ha
thno thno
ti
se
ti
th
th
tric tricit it
nd
test test
thni thni
judi judi
.and
th inte inte
iric iric ll
reju reju ic
ttit ttit
in
slim slim to
th
respectiv communities. communities. reju rejudi dice ce betw betwee ee
th tw co muni muniti ties es have have prac practi tica call ll
itie itie th
ho
ld su
ll
beco beco
reju reju ic
so
lo
ides idespr prea ea
in resp respec ecti tive ve
in or
lo
to
1. History
alse alse beli belief ef ar
impo import rtan an cogn cognit itiv iv comp compon onen en of prej prejud udic ice. e. ic
tw
fo
ji
je ting ting
ti
ho ta
th
lest lest
na Prat Pratap ap an Shiv Shivaj aji,wh i,whil il
poli politi tica ca stru strugg ggle les. s. ls
li ea la
re pick picked ed up
tt
hi te
nd fals fals beli belief ef
ttle ttle iv ji nd la
tw
indu indu
tU
in
indu indu foug fought ht fo
te st
in
io
-m th in
is
ul s. kbar kbar an
hese hese hero hero-m -myt yths hs help help ideo ideolo logu gues es to just justif if hi to
slim slims. s.
tili tility ty to
th
uran urangz gz b. Ul Ulti tima mate tely ly thes thes
er
thei thei ideo ideolo logy gy (A K. Singh Singh 1988 1988). ). t-
up
sych sychos osis is is
ik
ir
thei thei mind minds. s. Freq Freque uent nt riot riot furt furthe he rein reinfo forc rc th fear fears. s. Fear Fear is noth nothin in
bu
emot emotio ion. n. Such Such nega negati tive ve
emot emotio ions ns furt furthe he stre streng ngth then en prej prejud udic ices es te expl explan anat atio io fo this this is that that is
in
lati lati
uslim uslim ar rela relati tive vely ly poor poorer er econ econom omic ical ally ly than than Hind Hindus us Henc Hence, e, fert fertil ilit it th
im
Appl Applie ie
222j_
tu
ir
io
Psyc PsycJz Jzol olog og
l.
3. Rela Relati tive ve depr depriv ivat atio io As discus discussed sed ours ours lf ou
it
an earl earlie ie sect sectio io in this thisch chap apte ter, r, yo feel feel rela relati tive vely ly depr depriv ived ed
re re
slim slim
ft
grou grou
rc iv th
ompa ompare re thei thei
in Isla Isla ic nati nation ons, s,
c)
it
rese rese
th
fe nc
st tu
in
it
iric iric
in ti
th
co omic omic ll
th ir past past
unit unit
th
ro
he yo comp compar ar
isto istory ry
tu ie
ti
tt
of th
rule rule s, (b ve ls
slim slim nstr nstr te
th
iv
li ic
is rc iv
inju injust stic ic
imil imil ly th im
th coll collec ecti tive ve unco uncons nsci ciou ou of th surf surf ce in th
onsc onscio io snes snes
ri
usli uslims ms psyc psyche he
nd seve seve ly
fe
sjid sjid
in de olis olishe he
he prov provid ided ed appr approp opri riat at
th ju gm nt
of
ha se pe
into into
cues cues such such imag images es
ople ople
S. Econ Econom omic ic Motiv Motives es an scho schola lars rs have have iden identi tifi fied ed unde underl rlyi ying ng econ econom omic ic moti motive ve behi behind nd th ideo ideolo logi gica ca post postur urin in is argu argued ed that that ng
in us
he
fe
musl muslim im beco becomepro meprosp sper erou ous, s, it trig trigge gers rs irra irrati tion onal al jeal jealou ousy sy an envy envy
hi je lous lous
ha iden identi tifi fied ed cert certai ai
uels uels pr judi judi
co mo
se
nu
se st di s,
gine gine
1984 1984
char charac acte teri rist stic ic feat featur ures es of riot riots, s, like like
)R
(b
io
ic ly
(c)Co (c)Core re issu issu (d)R (d)Rio iots ts re ro
on re la
th se co
ll
ic or olit olitic ic l, trig trig
ed rath rath
th
lusi lusion ons, s,
iv
re
spon sponta ta
ay if
du
to
it
by om triv trivia ia in id nt
us th
hile hile
reju reju ic pl ys
ol in reli religi gi us onfl onflic ict, t,
le
in
Ta io
io
(Enayatu (Enayatullah, llah, 1984)
te
in
in
seem seem that that mino minori rity ty stat status us stre streng ngth then en grou grou
iden identi tity ty an ethn ethnoc ocen entr tris ism. m.
reju rejudi dice ce is nega negati tive vely ly corr correl elat ated ed to reli religi giou ou info inform rmat atio ion( n(Ha Hass ssan an 1981 1981). ). Less Lesser er th reli religi giou ou info inform rmat atio io reli reli io
more more is th prej prejud udic ice. e. ffil ffilia iati ti n,
4. Reli Religi giou ou prej prejud udic ic
st st tu is
prej prejud udic ices es to th chil child. d. ie
late late
ural ural urba urba
to so iali iali
hi prob proble le tg
ti
orig origin in ithi ithi
assa assan, n, 19 1)
on 's
roup roup
th reli reli io
id
tity tity
is cycl cyclicbe icbeca caus us reli religi giou ou prej prejud udic ices es have have beco become me it
soci social al
Psyc Psyclw lwlog logJJ JJ Applie Applie
Socioo-Ec Econ onon onti ti to Soci
Prob Proble lems ms
_j_223
Language Soci Social al inte intera ract ctio io
betw betwee ee
(Ven (Venka kata tasu subr brah ah an an beli believ eved ed that that
vari variou ou ling lingui uist stic ic grou groups ps ar ).In
arre arre
by ster ster ot pe
grad gradua uati tion on days days (I used used to stud stud
enga engali li ar narc narcis issi sist sts, s, sa
in
like like "Ben "Benga gali li
coll colleg eg in
hara haragp gpur ur
thei thei cult cultur ur as th best best nd them themse selv lves es th cent centre re of th
orld orld Such Such st reot reot pe stud studen ents ts surp surpri risi sing ngly ly tend tend to gene genera rali lize ze abou abou al
enga engali lis, s, irre irresp spec ecti tive ve of
individu individual al differe differences nces
In th cour course se of prep prepar ar tion tion of Indi Indian an
onst onstit itut utio ion, n, it
as nvis nvisio ione ne
that that
indi indi shou should ld beco beco
th Ling Lingua ua Indi Indica ca in th cour course se of ti e. hi impl implie ie that that sout southe hern rn stat states es (fol (follo lo in if ousl ousl
pp se
th impo imposi siti ti
of
in
elug elugu, u,
amil amil
th
ilo in
bl
pe ki le
pl
s,
st dent dent
il
tati tati ns nd
in
he re
ll ge in
's
to in
pref prefer eren enti tial al orde orde (i.e (i.e., ., stud studen ents ts spot spot
hi ty
up
se
judi judi on la
st
ante ante
se
it
usin usin
in
ia
u. In
of
gard gard
ista istanc nc
to
axim aximum um soci social al dist distan an
pl
aint aintai ai tw
riya riyas, s,
indi indi id
outh outh ne
hile hile choo choosi sing ng
th
id
,th
ia Di ta ld
inta intain in
from from th
in
th nd Da (1 57 57)s )stu tu ie
Oriy Oriyas as towa toward rd Beng Bengal alis is Biha Bihari ris, s, Andh Andhra ras, s, Punj Punjab abis is Adiv Adivas asis is an subj subjec ects ts chos chos favo favour urab able le tr it fo
il
ut th so ia
st no just just
ua
fi
).
tw ttit ttitud ud
it amil amil
\1 st
indu indu
Hari Harija jans ns
larg larg nu be of dero deroga gato tory ry attr attrib ibut ut
for out-grou out-groups. ps. 1950 1950s,gr s,grou ou
iden identi tity ty of peop people le foll follow owin in vari variou ou lang langua uage ge have have stre streng ngth then en d. ByTajf ByTajfel el's 's Soci Social al
stereo stereoty type pe abou abou lingui linguisti sti out-gr out-group oups. s. noth nother er
ajor ajor reas reason on is poli politi tica cal. l. Lang Langua uage ge is ofte ofte intr intrin insi sica call ll rela relate te
to on 's uniq unique ue cult cultur ur
ppli pplied ed
224l_
le
il
ahar aharas asht htra ra
se ti
th ir la
avni avnirm rman an Sena Sena have have us
Disc Di scri ri in tion tion nd viol violen en to
ta
obil obiliz izat atio io
gain gainst st
is is
th "Mar "Marat athi hi indi indi-s -spe peak akin in
se
anoo anoos" s" as
sych sych lo
liti liti
tool tool fo poli politi tica ca
le
rs
obil obiliz izat atio ion. n.
immi immigr gran ants ts have have been been late lately ly obse observ rved ed owin owin
by poli politi tica ca lead leader ers. s.
f'I\
in
ia
lt
ic
of reli reli ·on,c ·on,cas aste te cree creed, d, tr16 tr16e,e e,eth thni nici city ty ra
an
an othe othe fact factor ors. s.
poss possib ible le to obli oblite tera rate te th line line of cast caste, e, trib trib or reli religi gion on th
th ir is
siti siti
reti reti
be ro
th
eric erican an so iety iety
la
le
itiz itiz
in
so iety iety
im
Befo Before re disc discus ussi sing ng th .psy .psych chol olo~ o~ci cill ll
ll
ra ti
so
ll
su je ti te th
si
lc
it
ic
---th
ompa ompari ring ng
in
ti
eali ealist stic ical ally ly spea speaki king ng it is no
im tati tati
lite lite ti
le
iate iately ly th
:t
reli reli io
si le
le
ies. ies.
to
th
form form of gove govern rn ent. ent. Fo exam exampl ple, e, th
it is
je ti
titi titi
li
la
si
lo
li t. th
le
tr
is
iv ti
liti liti
la
is
im
ha
hine hinese se gove govern rn en is onte onte pl ting ting
in
se
tota totali lita tari ri
poli policy cy to give give na es
be impl implem emen ente te
in Iibe Iibera ral. l.d_ d_:m :moc ocra rati ti coun countr trie ie
su
ssfu ssful. l.
viol violen en resi resist stan ance ce from from
si il ti ib tans tans an
usli usli
ic co
unit unit
like like Indi Indi th ic
esid esides es th
hine hinese se
in itie itie into into th
vern vern en j~ it
hasn hasn't 't is
in
mino minori riti ti s.
ta
leve levels ls to redu redu
prej prejud udic ic
an
conf confli lict ct Le us ev lu te vari variou ou psyc psycho holo logi gica ca theo theori ri
in th light light of pres presen en disc discus ussi sion on Th pS 5hoa 5hoan~ n~ly lyti ti scho school ol_p _put ut exce excess ss emph emphas asis is on chil chil rear rearin in prac practi tice ce (C P).Pr P).Prej ejud udic ic ca be redu reduce ce 't in
ts to sh titi titi
.r
by follo followi wing ng appr approp opri riat at
fi it la in
it
ti it
!e in te
RP Bu ho th
ls
ie li rati rati ta
fa is it prac practi tica cal? l? th
list listic ic ho tili tili
225
th
te
is
id
ty
conf confli lict ct In th pris prison oner ers' s' dile dile ma expe experi ri ent; ent; vari variou ou part partie ie trie trie to find find ou lose lose Bu psyc psycho holo logi gist st asse assert rt that that by_n by_neg egot otia iati tion on ow le us an
poss possib ible le
in-w in-win in
poss possib ible le solu soluti tion on to conf confli lict ct an be foun foun
ou
ov on to spec specif ific ic inte interv rven enti tion on stra strate tegi gies es to prev preven ent, t, redu reduce ce an reso resolv lv prej prejud udic ices es
conf confli lict cts. s.
Interventions
panc pancha haya yati ti gr
sabh sabh or othe othe civi civi soci soci ty grou groups ps to intr introd oduc uc inte interv rven enti tion ons) s)
targ target et grou groups ps fo shor shortt-te term rm an pr
ss is nd
pr judi judi
ri id
scho school ols. s. 1.
fe
smal smalll-sc scal al inte interv rven enti tion on ar youn youn
th
stil stil
ft
-9
't fo
igid igid ttit ttit inte inte
chil childr dren en Thei Thei soci social aliz izat atio io
s. ti
owev owever er th best best
ll
A.
in
shou should ld
Singh Singh (1985) (1985)
or
st in prim prim
majo majo inte interv rven enti tion on stra strate tegi gies es re
ta onta ontact ct ha been been advo advoca cate te
contact contact help in real realit it
test testin ing. g.
by
eans eansto to redu reduce ce ster stereo eoty type pes. s. Th logi logi is that
llpo llport rt (195 (1954) 4)as as
resu result lt ou nega negati tive ve atti attihl hlde des. s. ster stereo eotY tYl2 l2es es nd fals fals
~s
g-e
falsified. Negative Stereotypes
Falsification of stereoty stereotypes pes
st
ie
have have
on tr te
th
ti
owev owever er cont contac ac as an inte interv rven enti tion on stra strate tegy gy ca fail fail if so
ss
nt
in
re
ti
ju ic
ondi onditi tion on ar no ther there. e. or exam exampl ple, e,
Appl Applie ie
22Sj_
to
as s)
co ld 't
ra
ea iz
re
Psyc Psycho holo logy gy
th
ia in hi
Thes Thes are: are: co
titi titi
inte intera ract ctio io
ra io
betw betwee ee
an
it
co
(s
er rdin rdin e)
ls
memb member er of vari variou ou grou groups ps
thes thes agen agents ts ar no enth enthus usia iast stic ic ct sn't sn't
twee twee
tatu tatu
st ac
an
st
te
elie elie
major major factor factor is th freq freque uenc ncy, y, dura durati tion on an
.pre .preju judi dice ce rath rather er ma Stra Strate te ie base base Di
on ab ve ro co
in rity rity co re
ri
ct
they they ri inat inated ed ro
te
in
ls
coll colleg eges es
Ud
re t~ ld en
ad is io
sery sery
area area fo
ac
ri
rt
have have obse observ rved ed that that
rs
rain rained ed to
re iu
to
in le
re
an
em er of ario ario
pr ject jects, s, they they sh ul si gl
keep keep so
ousi ousing ng soci societ et
chil chil re
ta em
fr mdiff mdiff re
la es co muni muniti ties es
stbe stbe
citi cities es that that have have been to ther ther ar cert certai ai area area (g etto etto ?)wher ?)wher
co unit unitie ies. s. In .-------
au
hilo hiloso soph phie ie are: are:
er io
om on resi reside dent ntia ia
ew ho si
fa le
ea in fuln fulnes es of cont contac act. t.
ty lo er
et
ra io
incr increa ease se prej prejud udic ices es
rsit rsit ag
th
fo
ncou ncoura ra e_d. e_d.In In al th
slim slim live live in grea grea
perc percen enta tage ge rese reserv rved ed fo
ajor ajorit ity. y.
ario arious us ethn ethnic ic
ther ther is op ortu ortuni nity ty fo heal health th
in rity rity
co tact tact
ls peop people le
arsh arsh ey (2
3)st 3)stud udie ie
ethnocentrism. ivil ivil Soci Societ etie ie must must so
citi cities es that that
ro oted oted in citi cities es
er equa equall ll
ther ther
olit olitic ical al scie scient ntis is
rone rone to riot riots. s. ri
fo nd that that so that that ri
ro ps beca beca se they they ac as co tact tact betw betwee ee from from go er ro an
fo chil chil re
citi cities es ex erie erienc nced ed fa
re lo
citi citi
ario arious us co muni muniti ties es
th tr
or ri ts
ci
et
ere, ere, inst instit it tion tional al su port port
en to pr mote mote civi civi soci societ et is esse essent ntia ial. l. te
al
Sett Settin in of supe supero rord rdin inat at Aron Aronso so
shut shut sh
goal goal ha show show posi positi tive ve resu result lt as an inte interv rven enti tion on stra strate tegy gy in scho school ols. s.
hi cowo cowork rker ers' s'(1 (199 99 ls to
rk
jigs jigsaw aw method ever ever to
e. lv th
ro le
ro ided ided ia skil skills ls
ro le ac
tu
Psyc Psycho holo logy gy Appl Applied ied to Socio Socio-E -Eco cono nomi mi
th
roup roup ee
to
ppli ppli d.
Prob Proble lems ms
st de
to ards ards fulf fulfil il en of supe supero rord rdin inat at
~227
be good good
goal goals. s.
di
bu
ot good good
he th stud studen ents ts part partic icip ipat atin in
ri irigpr irigpr
is
in th acti activi vity ty ar from from
diver diverse se backgr backgroun ound, d, prejud prejudice ice reduce reduce In orga organi niza zati tion ons, s, dive divers rsit it supe supero rord rdin inat at
anag anagem emen en stra strate tegi gies es shou should ld incl includ ud
busi busine ness ss ga es that that crea create te
goal goals. s. Simi Simila larl rly, y, panc pancha haya yats ts shou should ld be comp compos osed ed of wome wome
from from SC an
ST back backgr grou ound nd
om unit unit
acti activi viti ties es shou should ld incl includ ud
embe embers rs an
thes thes
embe embers rs
me bers bers oope oopera rati tion on
fosters fosters understa understanding nding 3. Cate Catego gori riza zati tion on tech techni niqu ques es roup roup conf confli lict ct an Henc Hence, e,
grou grou
prej prejud udic ices es deve develo lo
logi logica ca stra strate tegy gy is to rest restru ruct ctur ur
ar thre thre
ai
beca becaus us of cate catego gori riza zati tion on of peop people le into into grou groups ps
enta entalr lrep epre rese sent ntat atio ions ns rega regard rdin in
cate catego gori riza zati tion on~T ~The here re
stra strate tegi gies es to tack tackle le cate catego gori riza zati tion on
ecat ecateg egor oriz izat atio io seek seek to deve develo lo dist distin inct ct iden identi titi ties es tw grou groups ps an
he exis existe tenc nc of
c~ mo iden identi tity ty (for (for exam exampl ple, e, "Ind "India ian" n"), ), rath rather er than than shar shared ed iden identi ti
high highli ligh ghts ts th co
an
decr decrea ease se th sali salien ence ce of diff differ eren ence ce betw betwee ee
onal onalit itie ies. s. In deca decate tego gori riza zati tion on inte interv rven enti tion on
tr
to elim elimin inat at
all
ou
imil imil
embe embe of robl robl
.Th
grc~ grc~up up it
re
acto actors rs like like c~st c~st an foun foun
te oriz oriz ti reli religi gion on
in Indi Indi
is th
~..£ ~..£or or nt
thni thni
di
en
sign signif ific ic
nd sali sali
t.
arts arts of th self self:c :con once ce !..? !..?fa_ fa_pe pers rson on.Dec .Decat ateg egor oriz izat atio io
to be espe especi cial ally ly frui fruitf tful ul in Indi Indian an cont contex ex is cros crosss-ca cate teg~ g~ti tion on
'C ss ateg ateg ri (Hut (Hutni nik, k,
ti
te oriz oriz tion tion re
to th
si ulta ulta
lo
ousl ousl
os in of on di to
ot
grou grou
ot
us
or in
to
4).F 4).For or exam exampl ple, e, grou groups ps ar form formed ed by cate catego gori riza zati tion on So an
peop people le into into tw cate catego gori ries es
ri
an nonnon- rj a. hi is
te
ri
ti
se on ri
(A/B (A/B tego tegori ri
by ti
'.
ay cate catego gori rize ze al
dich dichot otom omou ou cate catego gori riza zati tion on In cros crosse se
cate catego gori riza zati tion on yo crea create te anot anothe he dich dichot otom omou ou cate catego gori riza zati tion on say, say, Indi Indi
cros crosse sedd- cate catego gori riza zati tion on nonnon-Or Oriy iy Indi Indian an aren aren't 't an out: out:gr grQu Qu
an
nonnon-In Indi dian an No
Henc Hence, e, th nega negati tive ve ster stereo eoty type pe
Applied
228
Psyc1lOlogtJ
-
Th effe effect ctiv iven enes es of cros crosss-ca cate tego goriz rizat atio io
ha been been demo demons nstra trate te
empi empiric rical ally ly in India India cond conditi ition ons. s. (1984) stud studie ie
0ye
th
li
il
iv
tw
(1985) ngal ngal
slim slim su je ts in In ia
as cr ss
it
reli religi gion on
gl
on lusi lusi
sh
ie
is stud stud
re ls
th atti attitu tude de
ju ic
is si
nc ur
in
in
ific ific nt
ause ause
Inte Inte grou grou
er lang langua ua
diff diff re ti ti
Indian
Ex.
In-group
arathi arathi
Non-Bengali
Bengali Ex. Banglade Bangladeshi shi
Ex. America America
Non-Indian Fig. Fig.
enta enta repr repres esen enta tati tion on
of
ross rossed ed-c -cat ateg egor oriz izat atio ions ns
4. Prop Propag agan anda da Hassan (1981) iden identi titi ti s, an
th
it
in inte interp rp rson rson
in lu ia
id
nd inte interg rg ou
re
th .plu .plu
in
itie itie
tity tity
tr
ti
il ople ople
ia
in a; 's it h' id ntit ntitie ies. s.
iety iety
il
atur atur ll
in
th
5. SelfSelf-Co Coun unter tercon conditi ditioni oning ng roup roup
urin urin
soci social aliz izat atio io
tech tech iq
to
ndle ndle su
ondi onditi tion onin in
is self-counterconditioning,
li
ci
em
_j_229
-
cult cultur ur
of outout-gr grou oups ps
(b
o'
n~
(c)i~s
so
)S
think tribal
6.
odel odelli ling ng
Infl Influe uenc nc
follow (1973)
medals), (b
is
)T outgroups.
is
23
l_
Appl Applie ie
!b
r_
-
ty
--
2. Integration:
i~l.
im~ sp akin akin
po ulat ulatio io
in
Psyc Psycho holo logt gt
Psyc Psyc1l 1lOl Olog ogrj rjAp Appl plie ie
Pers Persia ia
to Soci Socioo- cono conomi mi
et Sans Sanskr krit itic ic lang langua uage ges. s.
l_
Prob Proble lems ms
here here have have been been grea grea
an
cult cultur ural al inte intera ract ctio io
betw betwee ee
231
indu indu
a_ in
tr ba lt re margin alized. to
lt ra
isto istort rtio io
(w ic ha
ol
olat olatjo jon) n)
en
th trib trib ls
an
-
Th best best stra strate tegy gy to brin brin
abou abou soci social al inte integr grat atio io
is to resp respec ec dive divers rsit it
an
cher cheris is
co
onal onalit itie ie
.Th nTa
e, im
rt
rinc rincip iple le
ia in gr io
re
identities es the p_lural identiti co rage rage
ultu ultura ral. l. nter nterac acti tion on
nd rsta rsta ding ding
equi!y and fair fair
ss in re
ur
ll
ti
to vari vari
co
ni ie
ta li
00000
in
indu indu tr
is la in