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Char ac t er i s t i c soft heRomant i cAge&Romant i cLi t er at ur e 1.I ndi v i dual i t y / Democ r ac y/ Per s onal Fr eedom 2.Spi r i t ual / Super nat ur al El ement s 3 .Na t u r easaT ea c he r 4.I nt er es ti nPas tHi s t or y / Anc i entGr eekandRomanEl ement s 5.Cel ebr at i onoft heSi mpl eLi f e 6.I nt er es ti nt heRus t i c / Pas t or al Li f e 7.I nt er es ti nFol kT r adi t i ons 8.UseofComm mmonLan guage 9.UseofComm mmonSubj ect s 1 0.On eSi d ed / Op i n i o na t e d 1 1.I d ea l i z e dWo me me n 12.Fr equentUs eofPer s oni fi c at i on 13.Ex ami nat i onoft hePoe t ' sI nnerFeel i ngs
Background Romanticism is the name given to a dominant movement in literature and the other arts – particularly Romanticism is music and painting – in the the period from the 1770s to the mid-nineteenth century: • •
It is regarded as having transformed artistic styles and practices Like many other terms applied to movements in the arts the !ord covers a wide and varied range of range of artists and practices
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It is a retrospective term term applied "y later literary art and musical historians# $one of the artists !e refer to as Romantics !ould have so descri"ed themselves
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It !as a European European phenomenon phenomenon particularly po!erful in Britain %rance and &ermany "ut also affecting countries such as Italy 'pain and (oland# )here !as also to some e*tent an +merican version of the movement#
Reaction to earlier age Like many other literary movements it developed in reaction to the dominant style of the preceding period: •
)he eighteenth century is often descri"ed "y literary historians as the Augustan Age "ecause it
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sought to emulate the culture of the reign of the Roman ,mperor +ugustus.7 B/, – 1 /, Classical standards of order harmony proportion and o"2ectivity !ere preferred – the period sa! a revival of interest in classical architecture for instance
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In literature Greek and Roman authors were taken as models and many eighteenth century !riters either translated or produced imitations of poetry in classical forms
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In its early years Romanticism !as associated !ith radical and revolutionary political ideologies again in reaction against the generally conservative mood of ,uropean society#
3ain features Central features of Romanticism include: • •
+n emphasis on emotional and imaginative spontaneity )he importance of self-expression and individual feeling. Romantic poetry is one of the heart and the emotions e*ploring the 4truth of the imagination5 rather than scientific truth# )he 4I5 voice is central6 it is the poet5s perceptions and feelings that matter#
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+n almost religious response to nature. )hey !ere concerned that $ature should not 2ust "e seen scientifically "ut as a living force either made "y a /reator or as in some !ay divine to "e neglected at humankind5s peril# 'ome of them !ere no longer /hristian in their "eliefs# 'helley !as an atheist and for a !hile ords!orth !as a pantheist the "elief that god is in everything# 3uch of their poetry cele"rated the "eauty of nature or protested the ugliness of the gro!ing industriali8ation of the century: the machines factories slum conditions pollution and so on#
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+ capacity for wonder and conse9uently a reverence for the freshness and innocence of the vision of childhood.
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,mphasis on the imagination as a positive and creative faculty +n interest in ‘primitive forms of art – for instance in the !ork of early poets "ards in ancient "allads and folksongs# 'ome of the Romantics turned "ack to past times to find inspiration either to the medieval period or to &reek and Roman mythology#
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+n interest in and concern for the outcasts of society: tramps "eggars o"sessive characters and the poor and disregarded are especially evident in Romantic poetry
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+n idea of the poet as a visionary figure !ith an important role to play as prophet in "oth political and religious terms#
Who were the Romantics? 'ome authors have "een regarded as pre-Romantic!
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illiam Blake 177-1;.7 a visionary poet !ho !as also an artist and engraver !ith a particular
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interest in childhood and a strong hatred of mechanical reason and industriali8ation6 Ro"ert Burns 17<-17<= !ho !orked as a ploughman and farm la"ourer "ut !ho had received a good education and !as interested in early 'cots "allads and folk-song6
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alter 'cott 1771-1;>. another 'cot !ho developed his interest in old tales of the Border and early ,uropean poetry into a career as poet and novelist#
)he first generation of Romantics is also kno!n as the "ake #oets "ecause of their attachment to the Lake ?istrict in the north-!est of ,ngland: •
illiam ords!orth 1770-1;0 !ho came from the Lake ?istrict and !as the leading poet of
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the group !hose !ork !as especially associated !ith the centrality of the self and the love of nature6 'amuel )aylor /oleridge 177.-1;> !as ords!orth5s closest colleague and colla"orator a po!erful intellectual !hose !ork !as often influenced "y contemporary ideas a"out science and philosophy6
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Ro"ert 'outhey 177-1;> a prolific !riter of poetry and prose !ho settled in the Lake ?istrict and "ecame (oet Laureate in 1;1>6 his !ork !as later mocked "y Byron6
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/harles Lam" 177-1;> !as a poet "ut is "est-kno!n for his essays and literary criticism6 a Londoner he !as especially close to /oleridge6
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)homas de @uincey 17;-1;< the youngest mem"er of the group "est kno!n as an essayist and critic !ho !rote a series of memories of the Lake (oets#
$he second generation of Romantic poets included :
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&eorge &ordon Lord Byron 17;;-1;.6 (ercy Bysshe 'helley 17<.-1;.. !as one of the leading poets6
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Aohn eats 17<-1;.1 !as a London poet especially kno!n for his odes and sonnets and for
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his letters !hich contain many reflections on poetry a nd the !ork of the imagination# )he poets named so far are those !ho for many years dominated the Romantic canon – that group of !riters !hose !orks !ere most commonly repu"lished read anthologised !ritten a"out and taught in schools colleges and universities# 3ore recently ho!ever a revised Romantic canon has "egun to emerge !hich lays more emphasis on women% working-class and politically radical !riters of the period: •
ork "y these !riters can "e found in t!o anthologies "oth !ith useful introductions discussing the 2ustification for e*tending the canon in this !ay: ?uncan u# Romanticism: an Anthology # >rd edition# C*ford: Black!ell .006 o o
Aerome A# 3c&ann# The New Oxford Book of Romantic Period Verse# C*ford: C*ford Dniversity (ress 1<<>#