Communications The Radio Frequency Spectrum Band name
ABBR
Extremely low frequency Super low frequency Ultra low frequency Very low frequency Low frequency Medium frequency High frequency Very high frequency Ultra high frequency Super high frequency Extremely high frequency Tremendously high frequency
ELF SLF ULF VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF THF
ITU band
frequency
wavelength
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
< 3 Hz 3–30 Hz 30–300 Hz 300–3000 Hz 3–30 kHz 30–300 kHz 300–3000 kHz 3–30 MHz 30–300 MHz 300–3000 MHz 3–30 GHz 30–300 GHz 300 GHz 3000GHZ
> 100,000 km 100,000 km – 10,000 km 10,000 km – 1000 km 1000 km – 100 km 100 km – 10 km 10 km – 1 km 1 km – 100 m 100 m – 10 m 10 m – 1 m 1 m – 100 mm 100 mm – 10 mm 10 mm – 1 mm < 1 mm
propagation mode Ground Wave Ground Wave Ground Wave Sky Wave Space Wave Space Wave Space Wave Space Wave
Satellites Orbit Height Orbital velocity Orbital time (period) Satellite Availability Operating Frequency
Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
100 - 300 mi 17,500 mph 1.5 hours 15 min per orbit 1.0 GHz to 2.5 GHz
6,000 - 12,000 mi 9580 mph 5-12 mph 2 - 4 hours per orbit 1.2 GHz - 1.66 GHz
Motorola's Iridium Satellite system (66satellite constellation for mobile phone system)
GPS, NAVSTAR
Satellite classification to size Size Large Satellite Small Satellite Mini Satellite Micro Satellite Nano Satellite
Mass > 1,000 kg 500 - 1,000 kg 100 - 500 kg 10 - 100 kg < 10 kg
Loudness level Cost > $ 100 M $ 50 - 100 M $ 5 - 20 M $2-3M <$1M
Microwave frequency bands Band L S C X Ku K Ka Millimeter Sub-millimeter
Geostationary / Geosynchronous (GEO) 22,300 mi 6879 mph 24 hours 24 hours per orbit 2 GHz - 18 GHz
Frequency in GHz 1-2 2-4 4-8 8-12 12-18 18-27 27-40 40-300 >300
0 - 15 dB 15 - 30 dB 30 - 60 dB 60 - 80 dB 80 - 130 dB 130 dB
very faint faint moderate loud very loud deafening
10 Octaves of human hearing 1st octave 2nd octave 3rd octave 4th octave 5th octave 6th octave 7th octave 8th octave 9th octave
20 - 40 Hz
80 - 160 Hz 160 - 320 Hz 320 - 640 Hz 640 - 1280 Hz 1280 - 2560 Hz 2560 - 5120 Hz 5120 - 10240 Hz
10th octave
10240 - 20480 Hz
40 - 80 Hz
Lower Bass Upper Base Lower Midrange Upper midrange Treble
Optimum volume per person for various types of hall Optimum Volume /person (m3) 7.1
Type of Hall concert halls Italian-type opera houses churches cinemas Rooms for speech
4.2 - 5.2 7.1 - 9.9 3.1 2.8
Optimum reverberation (@500 to 1kHz) Room Function Recording and broadcasting studios Elementary classrooms Playhouses, intimate drama production Lecture and conference rooms Cinema small theaters High school auditoriums General purpose auditoriums Churches
Sound Pressure Levels Source faintest audible sound whisper Quiet residence Soft stereo in residence Speech range cafeteria Pneumatic jack hammer Loud crowd noise Accelerating motorcycle Rock concert Jet Engine (75 feet away)
Super Group Carrier Frequency L600 Mastergroup
Reverberation time (s) 0.45 - 0.55 0.6 - 0.8
-
U600 Mastergroup
Supergroup
Carrier frequency (kHz)
Supergroup
Carrier frequency (kHz)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
612 Direct 1116 1364 1612 1860 2108 2356 2724 3100
13 14 15 16 17 18 D25 D26 D27 D28
1116 1364 1612 1860 2108 2356 2652 2900 3148 3396
0.9 - 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.2 1.5
SPL (dB) 0 20 30 40 50-70 90 90 100 100 120 140
1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6
1.5 - 1.6 1.4 - 3.4
AT&T’s FDM Hierarchy Group supergroup mastergroup Jumbogroup Superjumbogroup
VB channels 12 60 600 3600 10800
Groups 5 50 300 900
supergroups 10 60 180
mastergroups 6 18
jumbogroups 3
CCITT’s FDM Hierarchy Group supergroup mastergroup Jumbogroup
VB channels 12 60 300 900
Groups 5 25 75
supergroups 5 15
mastergroups 3
Digital Multiplexing Hierarchy (North American)
T1
Digital Signal DS0 DS1
Bit rate (Mbps) 64Kbps 1.544
Channel Capacity 1/24 of T-1 24
T1C
DS1c
3.152
T2
DS2
T3 T4M
Line Type
# of T1
Services Offered
1
VB telephone
48
2
VB telephone
6.312
96
4
DS3
44.736
672
28
VB tel, picture phone VB tel, picture phone, TV
DS4
274.176
4032
168
same as T3 but more capacity
Medium twisted pair twisted pair twisted pair, microwave Coax, microware Coax, fiber optics fiber optics
TV channel Frequency allocation
Japanese Multiplexing Hierarchy Level 1 2 3 4 5
Data Rate (Mbps) 1.544 6.312 32.064 97.728 565.148
channel # 2 3 4 5 6
Channel Capacity 24 92 480 1140 7680
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14-83
European standard Level
Data Rate (Mbps)
E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5
2.048 8.448 34.368 139.264 565.992
Channel Capacity 30 120 480 1920 7680
time slots 32 128 512 2048 8192
ELECTRONICS Summary for all 2-input gates Inputs A B 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
Frequency band (MHz) 54 - 60 60 - 66 66 - 72 76 - 82 82 - 88 88 - 108 174 - 180 180 - 186 186 - 192 192 - 198 198 - 204 204 - 210 210 - 216 470-890
Low VHF Channels
FM band
High Band VHF Channels
UHF
Resonant – Circuit Feedback Oscillators Oscillator Type Hartley Colpitts Clapp Pierce Crystal
Output of each gate AND
NAND
OR
NOR
EX-OR
EX-NOR
0 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
X1 L C C C
X2 L C C C
X3 C L Series LC (net L) Crystal (net L)
Typical Characteristics of IC Logic Families IC Logic Family
Fan Out
Power Dissipation (mW)
Propagation Delay (ns)
Noise margin (V)
Standard TTL Schottky TTL Low power Schottky TTL ECL CMOS
10 10 20 25 50
10 22 2 25 0.1
10 3 10 2 25
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 3
Motors
Level of Integration Level Of Integration Small Scale Integration (SSI) Medium Scale Integration (MSI) Large Scale Integration (LSI) Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI)
No. of gates per chip less than 12 12-99 100-9,999 10,000-99,999 100,000 or more
Motor class
Amplifier Amplifier class
efficiency
A AB B C
50% 51-99% 78% 85%
conduction angle 360° 181° to 359° 180° 0° to 179°
input signal used 100% > 50% < 100% 50% 50%
Electron Capacity = 2n2 Velocity of Sound Water Steel Wood
5000 ft/sec 5150 m/s 3300 m/s
A B F H
max temperature (0C) 105 130 155 180
Mode identification for Multivibrator CN1 Resistor Resistor Capacitor
CN2 Resistor Capacitor Capacitor
Mode Bistable Monostable Astable
Distress Frequency aeronautical Maritime (radiotelegraphy) CB (40 channels, 8Km)
121.5 MHz 2182 kHz 26.965-27.475 MHz
MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG
Energy Level
Shell Letter
Electron Capacity
1 2 3
K L M
2 8 18
(Principal Quantum Number)
4 N 5 O 6 P 7 Q Specifications 10BaseT 10Base2 10Base5 10BaseF 100BaseT 100BaseTX
Data rates
GPRS 170 kbps EDGE 384 kbps 32 3G 2 Mbps 18 Bluetooth 720 Kbps 8 Fiber 2 10 Gbps Optics Cable Type Max Length (m) Unshielded Twisted Pair 100 Thin Coax Cable 180 Thick Coax Cable 500 Fiber optic cable 2000 Unshielded Twisted Pair 100 Unshielded Twisted Pair 220
modulation technique QAM - PSK GFSK GMSK 8PSK BPSK ∏/4-DQPSK
(Precise & Standard Positioning Service) GPS PPS SPS horizontal 22 m 100 m vertical 27.7 m 156 m Time interval 200 nsec 340 nsec
Magnetic Field Intensity
Broadband wireless access for fixed, nomadic, mobile: (MHz) <1 450-470 -
1-2 1900-1910 1980-1990
2-3 2400-2483 2500-2700
3-5 3400-3600 -
IMT 2000 maximum data rate Slow moving vehicles? High speed vehicle?
Flicker noise Voltage 0.01 µV to 0.2µV 0.1µV to 2µV 0.05µV-3μV 0.02µV-0.2µV
Permalloy Hipernik Perminvar Constantan Nichrome
CATV
Cable TV: matching (RF) terminal isolation sound carrier isolator spurious radiation rejection cross modulation adjacent channel isolation audio signal level video SNR for modulator
16 dB 28 dB 40 dB 60 dB 80 dB -60 dB 1 dB 36 dB
N0N Un-Mod carrier, No info A1A Telegraphy C3F VSB Tx for TV signal F1B FSK F8E FM stereo Mux signal A3C AM Fax F3C FM Fax A3E AM Telephony, DSB 1 CD/internet F3E FM Telephony 2 (DCT) - DVD - SVCD ripper G3E PM Telephony 3 HDTV SSB FC 4 H3E DivX Multimedia content Interface SSB Description SC 7 J3E R3E SSB RC 21 Multimedia Framework
5-10 5150-5350 5470-5850
> 10 10150-10650 -
Equator North Pole
32,000 nT 64,000 nT
Monolithic IC (µm) transistor resistor diodes
20 x 12 6 x 30 10 x 15
Commonly magnetized alloys
384 kbps 144 kbps
Wire-wound resistor? Carbon-composition? carbon film metallic film (wire)
Application Digital Microwave (DECT)Cordless phone GPRS EDGE CDMA D-AMPS
Class I Class II Class III Class IV
22% iron and 78% nickel 40% Fe and 60% Ni Ni 43%, Iron 34%, Cobalt 23% 40-60% copper / thermocouples 15-20% chromium and has high electrical resistance TV Channel/Station-- off-the-air channels, DBS feeds
w/o auxiliary equipment – scrambling w/ auxiliary equipment provides signaling path CATV, PPV
Moore’s Law (bps) 2015 1 Billion
2050 500 Trillion
Curie temperature (0C) Cobalt Iron Nickel Gondolinium
1130 770 358 16
Mobile Phones (W) Class I Class II Class III
Analog 0.6 1.6 3
Digital 4 1.6 0.6
Names and Accomplishment Abraham Abesamis Neil Bhor Ernest Rutherford Christian Hulsmeyer Theodor Maiman Backham & KAO Marc Anderseen Norio Taniguchi Burell Smith Bob Khan & Vinton Cerf Ted Hoff Gilbert Hyatt Isaac Asimov Karel Čapek Tim Bernes-Lee Tomas Watson William Gibson Douglas Engelbart Bob Metcalfe Larry Robert John Barger Brattain and Bardeen John Pierce Vinton Cerf Jack st. Claire Kilby Ted Nelson Jack Raskin Seymour Roger Cray Bob Noyce & Gordon Moore Giovanni Caselli Antonio Meucci Vic Hayce Agusta Ada Bryon Steve Jobs, Steven Wozniak Edwin Armstron Mark Tilden Harry Nyquist Carl Beredicks Dr Carl Zener Dr Leo Esaki Randall and Boot Richard Feynman
secondary cell battery lead-acid nickel cadmium silver-zinc silver-cadmium
Chairman NTC Calculated the radius and velocity of electron Measure atomic radius Radar Developed LASER Clad glass fiber MOSAIC Nanotech MAC Mother Board Designed TCP/IP Designed Microprocessor Invented Microprocessor 3 law of “Robotics”, 1969 coined Robot, 1920
Brain waves: Δ – < 3 Hz θ – 4 to 8 Hz α – 8 to 12 Hz β – 13 to 30 Hz
Phosphor P1 P4 P22 P31
Green White RGB Green
Oscilloscope Monochrome colored Oscilloscope
designed HTTP IBM founder Cyberspace Mouse Ethernet Arpanet Web-log Inventor Transistor Coined "transistor" FTP/Father of internet IC Coined “Hyper text” Founder of Macintosh Super Computer Intel fair child Pantelegraph 1st Inventor of the telephone Father of Wi-Fi World 1st Computer Programmer Apple computer Superheterodyne (radio) Robosapien Negative Feedback Amplifier discovered germanium in 1915 development of zener diode invented tunnel diode Inventor of Magnetron
OP AMPS LM 101 LM 741C OP 177A
General purpose OP-Amp Industries Standard Ultra Precision Amp
Commercials (minutes) Program duration 60 30 15 5
MLA
OUT-MLA
15 7.5 3.5 15sec
17 8.5 4 1.5
subatomic to atom manipulation
AC (mA) at 60 Hz DC (mA) Perception 0 to 1 0 to 4 SUF for 3G (MHz/million): Blackout Surprise 1 to 4 4 to 15 Frequency paired unpaired IS-41 Roaming R1 Weak black out Reflex action 4 to 21 IC 15 to 80 5 MHz P105M P packaging 3M IC types IS-54 R2 mins D-AMPS Mascular inhibition 21 to 40 80 to 160 IS-95 CDMA One 5-10 8M 6M < µsec 1 hour TO Film 6000v in spike R3 Respiratory failureTDMA, North 40American to 100 Digital Cellphone 160 to 300 10-15 10Mhours 8MFlatpack R4 1-2 Hybrid surgeIS-136 110% Fatal Over 1600 300mA IS-136.2 roaming, ∏/4-DQPSK >15 80% 15M 12M R5 more than DIP Monolithic dip / sag - 85 % 2 hours
Packaging Level Level Level Level Level
0 1 2 3 4
Resistor, diodes (non repairable parts) Sub-modules attached to circuit cards circuit cards, mother boards etc. Drawers Cabinets
Types of Robots Semi-Autonomous Autonomous Tele-Operated Androids Cyborgs Automatons
ASIMO QRIO HUBO Robosapien Bang-bang Robot
Needs some human intervention Needs no human intervention Remote controlled Resemble humans Mixture of human and machine parts Automatically follow programmed instructions
-
GPS
GLONASS
24
21 (3 spare)
6 4 600 600 550 12 Hours 20,200 km
3 8 1200 450 64.80 11 Hours & 15mins 19,100 km
Satellites Orbital Planes Satellites / Planes Plane Separation Satellite Separation Inclination Orbital Period Altitude
Microphones Low Z dynamic carbon ribbon
High Z crystal condenser electret
Colpitts Hartley Armstrong Clapp V.32 V.34bis V.90
arm or joined- arm configuration
Spherical configurations
up, down, left, right, pivot at certain angle
Cylindrical configuration
360
Coax Twin lead Open wire
Cartesian or rectilinear SCARA (Selective Compliance
up/down/left/ right 4 axis robot with rotating elements that move in single plane
Proton Neutron
RFID frequency bands 13.553 MHz 918 MHz 2446 MHz
13.567 MHz 920 MHz 2454 MHz
SCR Diac Triac
NPN + PNP two 4-layer SCR two SCR back-to-back
Erlang B Erlang C Poisson
FAX Mins / page
Group 1 6
Group 2 3
scan lines / inch
90
100
Group 3 6-15 sec / page Standard
100
or
98
Fine
200
tapped inductor Magnetic Coupling series LC
9600 bps 33.6 kbps 56 kbps
Velocity Factor
Articulated
Assembly Robot Arm)
tapped capacitor
Medium Q High Q
Maxwell Bridge Hay Bridge
Mechanical Configurations of Industrial Robots
Honda Sony Korea toy like robot Limit stop
or
196
Superfine
400
or
392
0.66 / 0.6-0.8 0.8 0.9 2 up quarks 1 down quark 2 down quarks 1 up quark
do not reappear during test period Held in the system until satisfied satisfied or abandoned
IP version IPv4 IPv6
Bluetooth class class 1 class 2 class 3
Maximum Permitted dB Power (mW/dBm) 100 mW (20dBm) 2.5 mW (4dBm) 1 mW (0dBm)
Range ~100m ~10m ~1m
Turns Ratio of Transformer step up step down
less than unity greater than unity
Welding Type Carbon Arc Welding Electron Beam Welding Spot Welding MIG (metal inert gas) TIG (tungsten inert gas) Plasma arc Welding Pressure Welding Electric Resistance Seam Welding
Occurrence of blow holes Vacuum tube/ high velocity electrons applied in the materials a type of resistance welding high deposit rate/uses consumable wire electrodes Uses non-consumable wire electrodes wine glass / shielding gas atom-atom bond uses disc electrodes
Addresses 232 2128