Chapter: Tactical Checklist Subject: Structure Fire Code: Date: 2003 Revised (03-20-1990 Original) Goal: To provide a guideline for decision making in response to structure fires. Checklist: A) The checklist is a start point for making decisions in response to structure fires. Additional information can (and should) be obtained from the following. 1) Strategic Guidelines. a) Residential (3-8-1) b) Commercial – Common Attic (3-8-2) c) Center Hallway Occupancy (3-8-3) d) Large Area Buildings (3-8-4) e) Public Assembly (3-8-5) f) High Rise (3-8-6) 2) Pre-Fire Plans 3) Map Book 4) Visual Factors 5) Reconnaissance information B) A copy of the checklist is located within the tactical folder found within the cab of each vehicle.
DRAFT STRUCTURE FIRE TACTICAL GUIDELINES DURING RESPONSE CHECK MAP BOOK – HYDRANTS, ACCESS, TANKER FILL-SITES, ECT. USE TACTICAL WORKSHEET UPON ARRIVAL MAKE INITIAL SIZE-UP GIVE ON-SCENE REPORT – TAKE COMMAND - building size – small, medium, large - building height - occupancy - fire/smoke conditions – nothing showing, smoke showing, fire showing, working fire, fully involved CONSIDER UPGRADING ASSIGNMENT – LEVEL II STAGING REPORT COMMAND POST LOCATION DETERMINE NATURE & EXTENT OF EMERGENCY - Fire Ground Factors - What is most likely to happen? FORMULATE ACTION PLAN - Prioritize needs - Consider your options - Address needs INITIAL ACTION MAKE INITIAL ASSIGNMENTS – MAKE OBJECTIVES KNOWN: - Type of attack – offensive/defensive - Cut-off points - Early ventilation PERSONAL SAFETY DETERMINE RESOURCES NEEDED OUTSIDE ASSISTANCE – traffic/crowed control, EMS, heavy equipment, ect.
ADDITIONAL ACTION BACK-UP INITIAL ATTACK PUMPED WATER SUPPLY PROGRESS REPORTS UPDATE PLAN EARLY SALVAGE – LIGHTING - REHAB
DRAFT Chapter: Tactical Checklist Subject: Chimney Fires Code: Date: 2003 Revised (03-20-1990 Original) Goal: To provide a guideline for response to chimney fires. Chimney fires: Any fire that is confined to the chimney, vents or connectors of heating appliance. A) A response of one Engine and a Squad is assigned to a chimney fire. B) When fire is suspected of, or does extend out of the chimney, vents or connectors, request a STRUCTURE FIRE response. Equipment for Chimney Fires: A) Chimney Fire Kit. 1) Metal bucket 2) Chimney Chain 3) Mirror 4) Insulated gloves. 5) Safety goggles B) Bulk dry chemical 1) Apply to source of fire in stove or fireplace 2) Placed in plastic bags and dropped down chimney. C) Salvage Covers and floor runners D) Blowers and fans Size-up: A) Smoke 1) Color – black indicates possible burning of creosote within chimney. 2) Amount – is smoke exiting chimney in amounts greater than expected from fire in stove or fireplace? 3) Location – is smoke exiting only from the chimney, or is building filled with smoke? B) Are sparks and flames showing at top of chimney? C) Examine building interior for entire length of the chimney. 1) Do wall surfaces feel hot? Is the paint discolored? 2) Are there any visible cracks or separations found on the chimney?
DRAFT Occupant Safety: A) If occupants have exited building before arrival, restrict re-entry until interior survey finds that building is safe. B) If occupants have remained in the building. 1) Request that they leave the building until fire is controlled. 2) Protect in place – monitor their location – be prepared to remove them from the building if necessary. C) Check conditions of occupants. 1) Effects of smoke or carbon monoxide exposure. 2) Burns from attempts to control fire. 3) Effects of excitement. 4) Provide emergency care and request EMS response as needed. Suppression: A) Spread salvage covers and floor runners before starting fire control (fire is confined to chimney, vents or connectors) B) Extinguish fire in stove or fireplace. 1) Open damper. 2) Apply bulk dry chemical on burning fuel. 3) Close oxygen supply 4) Provide standby with pump can or portable extinguisher while crews control fire in chimney. C) Control fire in chimney. 1) If fire is small and contained – let it burn itself out. 2) If fire spread danger exists. a) Drop bulk dry chemical in plastic bags into chimney. b) Apply small amounts of water to hot fuel in stove or fireplace to produce steam. (With the damper open, the steam should rise up the chimney cooling the fire.) c) Use chimney chain to dislodge burning waste in chimney. d) Pour small amounts of water down center of the chimney. Incident Clean-up and Occupant Information A) Remove burned fuel from stove or fireplace. 1) Use metal containers 2) Dispose burned fuel outside of structure in a safe location.
DRAFT B) Recheck roof and structural areas next to chimney, vents or connectors. C) Vent building of residual smoke using blowers. D) Inform occupants of need for inspection, cleaning and repair of chimney before further use.*
Safety. A) Laddering 1) Use roof ladders 2) Special call Ladder Company if chimney position or height is beyond Engine Company ladders. B) Use eye protection C) Atmosphere in building can contain products of combustion (carbon monoxide). Whenever in doubt, use SCBA.
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Fire department use of a chimney chain is a fire control action. This action is not chimney cleaning. Chimney cleaning is best completed by a professional chimney sweep that will clean and inspect the chimney. Direct the resident’s attention to the telephone directory where a listing of available chimney sweeps can be found.
DRAFT Chapter: Tactical Checklist Subject: Fire Protection Systems Code: Date: 2003 Revised (04-04-1990 Original) Goal: To provide information concerning fire protection systems to help make accurate decisions and take proper action. Fire Protection Systems A) Private fire protection includes various devices and equipment installed or located within or about a property to deal with the out-break of fire. B) These devices can either manually or automatically operated. C) The purpose of private fire protection is to provide a means by which fires may be detected or attacked in their incipient phase and controlled until public fire protection can arrive. D) There are many types of private fire protection systems. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)
Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems Standpipe Systems Carbon Dioxide Systems Halogenated Agent Systems Dry Chemical Systems Foam Systems Fire Detection and Alarm Systems.
Auto Fire Sprinkler Systems A) Description. Automatic sprinkler protection consists of a series of devices so arranged that the system will automatically distribute water to either extinguish a fire or hold it in check until firefighters arrive. Water is supplied to the sprinkler heads through a system of piping. B) FD Operations and Sprinkler Systems. Fire response to buildings equipped with automatic sprinklers should include the following actions. 1) One of the first due Engine Companies will pump into the sprinkler system fire department connection. 2) The Engine Company will REVERSE LAY two hose lines from the FD connection to the water source.
DRAFT 3)
Refer to Evolutions 4-5-2 SUPPORT OF SPRINKLER SYSTEM
3) Assign a firefighter to check the control valves to be sure they are wide open. Where a fire pump is used, check to be sure it is operating and valves are open. Open any closed valves. The firefighter will report conditions found to Command. 4) The pump operator will slowly develop 150 psi at the pump and maintain this pressure if possible. 5) Fire operations will follow Tactical Priorities. 6) Support the sprinkler system within exposed buildings 7) Protect unprotected areas where sprinkler distribution might be blocked. 8) Do not rob the sprinkler system of the water supply by overtaxing the water system with other Engine Companies 9) Avoid premature shutoff of a sprinkler system which has been in operation. 10) Keep Engine Company and hose lines attached to sprinkler system during overhaul and station a firefighter at the valve to reopen if necessary. 11) See that the sprinkler system is properly restored.*
* It is the responsibility of the owner to restore an activated sprinkler system to ready status. This action, including the replacement of sprinkler heads, is normally carried out by maintenance personnel or a sprinkler contractor.
DRAFT Standpipe Systems A) Description. Properly installed standpipe system provide a quick and convenient means for operating fire streams on the various floors of buildings. If the system is the type that permits fire department pumpers to supply the indoor network of pipe, the various hose stations function similar to discharge ports from a pumper. B) Classes of Standpipe Systems 1) Class I. For use by fire department personnel and those trained in handling heavy fire streams (2 ½ inch hose). 2) Class II. For use primarily by the building occupants until the arrival of the fire department (1 ½ inch hose) 3) Class III. For use by fire department personnel and those trained in handling heavy streams or by the building occupants (1 ½ inch hose with connectors for 2 ½ inch hose). C) FD Operations and Standpipe Systems 1) One of the first-due Engine Companies will pump into the standpipe system fire department connection. 2) The Engine Company will REVERSE LAY two hose lines from the FD connection to the water source. 3) Pump discharge pressure will be dependent on: a) Friction loss in hose lay from pump to Siamese. b) Friction loss in hose used on the fire floor c) Nozzle pressure for the type of nozzle used d) Quantity of water flowing from the nozzle. e) Back pressure from elevation (ground to fire floor) f) Friction loss in the standpipe. 4) Engine Companies assigned to work from standpipes will take the following equipment into the building. a) b) c) d) e)
Standpipe hose pack (or 2 inch hose from crosslay) Nozzle Gated wye (or apartment line) Wrenches (spanner, pipe, crescent) Forcible entry tools.
5) Before the Engine Company leaves the building lobby, review the building floor plan.
DRAFT 6) Use stairways to go to the floor below the fire floor. (Do not use elevators.) Connect to the standpipe on this floor and stretch the line to the floor above the fire. (It is much easier to bring the hose down the stairs that up, especially after it has been charged. 7) One firefighter must remain at the outlet valve to charge the line after it has been moved into operating position. This firefighter should watch for fire or heat developing behind the attack team and warn them before their position becomes untenable. This person will not proceed to assist them on the hose line until certain they will not be entrapped. Carbon Dioxide (CO2 Systems) A) Description. Carbon dioxide is a very effective extinguishing agent. When liquid carbon dioxide is discharged from a container, it immediately flashes to a mixture of vapor and fine dry ice particles. Extinguishment by application of carbon dioxide is based on removing the oxygen from the fire. B) Advantages. 1) Effective for extinguishment of fires in open and closed tanks of flammable liquids. 2) Very effective for total flooding of areas containing electrical hazards or flammable liquids. 3) Halts active combustion of Class A fires 4) Non-conductor of electricity 5) Does not damage or leave residue on high-value contents such as records, or electrical machinery. C) Disadvantages 1) After the carbon dioxide dissipates, re-ignition can occur. 2) Generally, it will not extinguish a smoldering Class A fire 3) Accomplishes little cooling (about one-tenth as effective as water) 4) Reduction in oxygen content can cause asphyxiation 5) Discharge noise and limited visibility can cause panic D) FD Operations and Carbon Dioxide Systems 1) Firefighters entering areas protected by a CO2 system must be protected by SCBA. (It is assumed that the system has discharged before the arrival of the fire department.) 2) Operations will follow Tactical Priorities 3) If fire still exsists, it may have to be attacked with other extinguishing agents.
DRAFT 4) If the fire has been extinguished, it may be desirable to seal the area and allow the high concentration of carbon dioxide to remain. However, heavy smoke conditions may require immediate ventilation to reduce damage. 5) See that the system is properly restored.*
* carbon Dioxide Systems are restored to ready status by persons specifically trained for this work. The Department’s responsibility is to assure that the owner/operator has the system restored according to NFPA Standards by a qualified person.
DRAFT Dry Chemical Systems A) Description. A dry-chemical extinguishing agent is a mixture of fine powder which have been treated to be water repellent. They can be stored under pressure and discharged through piping or hose. Dry chemical is primarily intended to combat fires involving liquids, gases, grease and electrical equipment. Dry chemical systems can be designed for either manual of automatic actuation. B) FD Operations and Dry Chemical Systems 1) Use SCBA in areas where dry chemical is suspected in the air.* 2) Dry chemical suspended in the air may seriously reduce visibility in the area. 3) Operation will follow Tactical Priorities. 4) If fire still exits, it may have to be attacked with other extinguishing agents. 5) Guard against re-ignition. (Although dry chemicals are good extinguishing agents, their ability to “cool” the material is not significant.) 6) Damage to contents can occur when water and multi-purpose agents combine into a sticky mass that requires extensive cleanup. Powder residue can damage delicate electrical equipment. Assist owner/occupant within capabilities as part of Property Conservation. 7) See that the system is properly restored.**
* Dry chemical powders are generally thought to be non-toxic, but persons who breath in high concentrations may experience coughing and irritation of the respiratory tract. ** Persons specifically trained for this work restore dry chemical Systems to ready status. The Department’s responsibility is to assure that the owner/operator has the system restored according to NFPA Standards by a qualified person.
DRAFT Foam Systems A) Description. Fixed foam systems are permanently mounted extinguishing systems provided to protect a specific hazard. They may be complete, including automatic detection, activation and foam delivery, or simply be the piping for fire departments to attach foam equipment. B) FD Operations and Foam Systems. Most systems of this type are specifically designed for the hazard and location beig protected. As a result, specific actions taken to support these sytems can vary from site to site. However, the following guidelines will apply to our opertations 1) Contact person responsible for system operation. a) Plant supervisor, ect. b) Person trained in system operation. 2) Determine if system is operating as designed. a) Are water supply valves fully opened? b) Is supply of foam concentrate flowing as designed? 3) Verify that correct foam agent is being used 4) Verify that foam agent is being applied at the correct rate 5) Before a system is augmented with other systems or agents, the compatibility of the agents must be examined. 6) Care must be taken with burning liquids have been allowed a long pre-burn. If the liquid is hotter than 212 degrees F, the application of the foam may result in froth which increasing the volume and size of the fire without helping to control the fire. 7) See that the system is properly restored.*
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Persons specifically trained for this work restore foam Systems to ready status. The Department’s responsibility is to assure that the owner/operator has the system restored according to NFPA Standards by a qualified person.
DRAFT Fire Detection and Alarm Systems A) The purpose of a Fire Detection and Alarm system is to reduce loss of life and property. Where there is a need to automatically protect occupants of a building from fire, an alarm system may provide one or more of the following. 1) Provide an evacuation alarm for building occupants 2) Shutting down or reversing heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems for smoke control. 3) Closing smoke or fire-rated doors and dampers. 4) Pressurizing stairwell for evacuation purposes. 5) Overriding control of elevators to prevent stops on fire floors. 6) Automatically returning elevators to ground level for fire department use. 7) Activating special fire suppression systems to extinguish or control the spread of fire. 8) Notifying the public fire department of an emergency condition, and providing information concerning fire location through devices such as annunciator panels. B) FD Operations and Fire Detection/Alarm Systems. These systems are part of the notification process for the fire department. Therefore, fire department action primarily involves assuring that a system is restored to ready status following activation. 1) Attempt to determine the source of system activation (pull station, smoke detector, heat detector) before alarm system is reset. 2) Reset alarm system following the direction found at main panel. 3) If the alarm system will not reset, take the following actions: a) Attempt to notify responsible party for building or service b) Inform responsible party that the system requires repair service c) Inform responsible party that the building occupants must be notified (unless immediate repairs can be completed) 4) Fire Department personnel do not maintain or repair fire alarm systems 5) Report within incident report, the location of the detector or pullstation that caused the system activation. a) Indicate any problems observed with system (physically damaged parts, signs of corrosion, ect.)
DRAFT b) Fire Prevention personnel will conduct follow-up to determine system status based upon information included within incident report.
DRAFT Chapter: Tactical Checklist Subject: Brush Fire Code: Date: 2003 Revised (04-05-1990 Original)
Goal: To provide a guideline for decision making in response to brush fires. Checklist: A copy of the checklist (shown on next page) is located within the tactical folder found within the cab of each vehicle. A) The checklist is a starting point for making decisions in response to brush fires. B) Special problems associated with brush fires have been identified within Strategic Guideline 3-8-8 Brush. Ten Standard Firefighting Orders – Brush. Keep informed on fire / weather conditions and forecasts. Know what your fire is doing at all times Base all actions on current and expect fire behavior. Have escape routes for everyone and make them known Post a lookout when there is a possible danger Be alert, keep calm, think clearly, act decisively. Maintain communications with your crew, your boss, and adjoining crews Give clear instructions and be sure they are understood. Maintain control of your personnel at all times Fight fires aggressively, but provide safety first.
DRAFT BRUSH FIRE TACTICAL CHECKLIST DURING RESPONSE CHECK MAP BOOK – access, water supply, exposures USE TACTICAL WORKSHEET CONSIDER UPGRADING ASSIGNMENT CONSIDER WEATHER CONDITIONS – NWS through COMM CENTER UPON ARRIVAL GIVE ON-SCENE REPORT – take command (3 or more units) REPORT COMMAND POST LOCATION DETERMINE LIKELY DIRECTION OF SPREAD/EXTENT OF FIRE DEVELOP PLAN DETERMINE RESOURCES NEEDED - Upgrading assignments - Additional brush trucks, tankers - Helicopter (for observation) INITIAL ACTION MAKE INITIAL ASSIGNMENTS – STATE OBJECTIVES ASSIGN DIVISIONS / GROUPS EARLY ESTABLISH CUT-OFF POINTS ADDITIONAL ACTION PERSONNEL SAFETY - closely monitor condition of FFR’s - early REHAB UPDATE PLAN
DRAFT Chapter: Tactical Checklist Subject: Vehicle Fire Code: Date: 2003 Revised (04-09-1990 Original) Goal: To provide a guideline for response to vehicle fires. Vehicle Fires – General A) A response of one Engine and a Tanker is assigned to vehicle fires. B) When the incident involves the need for extrication, the Squad will respond before the Engine and the Tanker. C) If hazardous materials are involved, consider need to upgrade the response. D) If the vehicle is within or near a structure, consider need to upgrade the response. E) A search for victims must be made of all vehicle compartments. 1) Passenger areas 2) Cargo areas 3) Trunks of passenger vehicles. F) Chock the wheels of vehicles involved with fire to prevent movement. Hazards to Personnel A) Toxic fumes are generated by burning vehicles. Use SCBA. B) Hazardous materials 1) Cargo in trucks 2) Flammable/combustible liquids in fuel tanks 3) Compressed gas fuels (LP, Compressed Natural Gas) 4) Contents of passenger vehicles (gasoline can in trunk) C) Explosive action of vehicle parts (overpressure rupture) 1) Hydraulic shock absorbers and bumpers 2) Hydraulic systems 3) Brake systems 4) Drive shafts 5) Rear door cylinders on hatch-back autos D) Electrical shock (vehicle contacting downed power lines)
DRAFT Positioning Apparatus. A) If possible, park upwind and uphill at least 75 feet from burning vehicle. B) Angle the Engine to protect personnel from on-coming traffic. C) Use traffic cones and flares to guide traffic away from fire area D) Coordinate traffic with police Vehicle Fire with Trapped Victims A) Goal is to cut off the fire from victim (s). B) If spilled fuel is under vehicle, direct narrow fog pattern under vehicle. This action will sweep fuel from under the vehicle. C) Direct wide fog pattern into window to cool the vehicle interior D) Provide protection and cooling as rescuers remove victims from the vehicle. Fire Involving Engine Compartment A) Hood Open 1) Attack with short bursts from a dry-chemical extinguisher from side of vehicle. 2) Dirrect narrow fog pattern from side of vehicle. B) Hood Closed 1) Do not open hood completely – the hood is limiting the oxygen supply to the fire. 2) Open hood a few inches and direct dry-chemical agent or water stream into compartment. 3) If hood will not open, direct agent or water stream through vehicle grill. CAUTION VEHICLE BUMPERS CAN REACT WITH EXPLOSIVE FORCE
DRAFT Fire Involving Passenger Compartment A) Position hoseline or extinguisher before opening closed vehicle B) Open door slowly – fire could flash C) Always search for victims D) Use narrow fog pattern Fire Involving Cargo Area or Trunk A) Attempt to identify material (s) carried within cargo areas. 1) Information from driver (statements, bill of lading,) 2) Markings on vehicle (placards, company name on vehicle). B) Position hoselines or extinguishers before opening closed compartment. CAUTION Truck cargo areas can have volume equal to some structures. The potential for backdraft or flashover exists! C) Always search for victims Leaking Fuel Tanks A) Attempt to stop leak by plugging hole B) Attempt to stop leaking fuel line by closing valve or crimping fuel line. C) Prevent ignition of fuel vapors by absorbing fuel with “oil dry” or by applying foam blanket on surface or spilled fuel. D) Prevent spilled fuels or liquids from entering storm or sanitary sewers. If quantity of spilled fuel or other substance is greater than 25 gallons, contact DNR through Emergency Government (Telephone 266-3232). Overhaul A) Delay extensive overhaul until investigator of Officer in Charge had had opportunity to examine vehicle for origin and cause. B) Strip smoldering interior finishes and complete extinguishment using water.
DRAFT C) Dashboard fires may require removal of the unit to complete extinguishment. D) Disconnect or cut negative cable from vehicle battery. E) Avoid contamination of personnel when overhauling contents. Seek technical assistance if personnel are exposed to hazardous materials. F) Contain water run-off if it contains flammable liquids or other contaminants. Terminating the Incident A) Obtain information for incident report 1) Vehicle license number and year 2) Make, model and year of manufacture 3) Vehicle identification number 4) Owner name, street address, city, state, zip code and telephone number 5) Operator at time of fire (name, ect.) B) Officer assistance to owner/operator in obtaining towing service C) Officer assistance to police to restore roadway to normal traffic conditions D) Thoroughly clean equipment (especially protective clothing), which may have contacted flammable liquids or other substances.
DRAFT Chapter: Tactical Checklist Subject: Confined Space Operations Code: Date: 2003 Revised (03-20-1990 Original) Goal: Provide guidelines for confined space operations. Confined Space Operations. Incidents, which require personnel to enter confined spaces, present a serious problem. Safe operations require special precautions and strict supervision. A) Confined spaces include tunnels, pipes, tanks, and any other location where ventilation and access are restricted by the configuration of the space. B) Confined spaces may include basement areas of buildings. C) Confined space incidents may involve injures persons, persons asphyxiated or overcome by toxic substances, cave-ins or fires occurring within the space. Guideline A) Operations within confined spaces must be approached with extreme caution. B) Operations must avoid premature commitment to unknown risks. C) Determine nature of emergency (find a responsible witness) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
Number of victims Time of collapse Depth , width and length of collapse/space Potential of further collapse Are other hazards present
D) Evaluate atmosphere of confined space 1) Assume an unsafe atmosphere until tests show it is safe 2) Use test instruments to determine: a) Oxygen concentration b) Flammability c) Toxicity 3) Request test assistance a) MFD – Hazardous Incident Response Team b) Utilities
DRAFT E) Develop action plan 1) Provide scene control a) Establish hazard area 1) Mark with tape 2) Notify personnel of area b) Lobby Control 1) Control access at entrance/exit point 2) Record names, assignments, entry times, SCBA pressure of entry teams 3) Prevent overcrowding at entrance to confined space c) Traffic control 1) Stop traffic within 300-foot radius (cave-ins) 2) Coordinate with law enforcement d) Reduce vibration (possible cause of cave-in) 1) Turn off all running machinery 2) Including FD vehicles 3) Restrict walking near confined space e) Safety Officer 1) Evaluate risks 2) Enforce safety requirements 3) Judge safety of operations 2) Provide adequate support a) Provide 2:1 ratio of personnel outside of space to support entry teams b) Standby rescue team with 1:1 ratio to entry team c) Treatment group with ALS capability 3) Ventilation a) When possible, provide fresh air using positive pressure ventilation b) Equipment taken inside confined space MUST BE EXPLOSION PROFF. c) When venting area containing flammable vapors, consider concentration in relation to flammable limits. 4) Entry Teams a) Personnel entering a confined space must not travel beyond point that provides sufficient air reserve to return and exit safely (within at least 5 minute safety margin) b) Time available for operations is based on air supply c) Time is monitored by Lobby Control d) When possible, lifelines will be used by entry teams
DRAFT F) Additional Action 1) Monitor progress and re-evaluate plan 2) Consider need for decontaminating 3) Provide medical screening
DRAFT Chapter: Tactical Checklist Subject: Trench Rescue Code: Date: 2003 Revised (03-26-1990 Original)
Goal: Provide guidelines for the safe management of trench rescue operations. Trench Rescue Operations: Trench rescue operations present significant dangers to personnel. Management of these incidents may involve complex actions involving shoring, hand tools earth moving equipment and other special resources. A) General. 1) Cave-ins and collapse generally occur because unstable soil conditions combine with improper or inadequate shoring. 2) Most fatal trench accidents occur in trenches less than 12 feet deep and 6 feet wide 3) The potential for additional collapse is a primary hazard to personnel. 4) Actions taken must consider both rescue potential and risk to rescue personnel. B) Types of Trenches 1) Hand dug for irrigation pipe 2) Machine dug for sewer, water pipe 3) Situation which require trench rescue techniques, but do not involve earth trench (gravel/sand piles, grain) C) Shoring/Sheeting Equipment 1) Plywood sheeting (1 ¼” thickness) 2) Timber shoring 3) Screw jacks 4) Hydraulic shoring (best when walls are vertical) D) Power Tools and Miscellaneous Supplies 1) Chain saw 2) Shovels 3) Pry bars, wrecking bars 4) Sledge hammers 5) Measuring tapes and rope 6) Salvage covers 7) Flood lights (illumination & heat) 8) Ventilation blowers
DRAFT Guideline: A) Scene Management 1) What has collapsed 2) Where has cave-in occurred 3) Haw many people are trapped 4) When did it happen? How long have they been trapped? 5) Are other hazards present B) Develop action plan 1) Provide scene control a) Establish hazard area 1) Mark with tape 2) Notify personnel of area b) Lobby Control 1) Control access 2) Maintain count of personnel in hazard zone 3) Prevent overcrowding at entrance to trench c) Traffic control 1) Stop traffic within 300-foot radius (cave-in) 2) Vehicles not needed at the site are to park at least 100 feet away from trench 3) Coordinate with law enforcement d) Reduce vibration (possible cause of cave-in) 1) Turn off all running machinery 2) Including FD vehicles 3) Restrict walking near confined space 2) Safety Officer a) Evaluate risks b) Enforce safety requirements c) Judge safety of operation 3) Extrication Officer a) Responsible for digging and shoring operations b) Takes advantage of qualified technical assistance when available (example: on-scene contractors) c) Determine resources needed 1) Shoring materials 2) Earth moving equipment 4) Provide adequate support a) Provide 2:1 ratio of personnel outside each trench to support extrication teams b) Standby rescue team with 1:1 ratio to extrication team c) Treatment group with ALS capability
DRAFT d) Materials, shoring, jacks and rescue equipment e) Sump or mud pumps as necessary (local contractors) f) Lifting equipment, cranes, aerial apparatus, ect. 5) Access a) Soil near edge of trench may be unstable b) Ladder to provide access into and out of trench to be placed on both sides, at not more than 6 foot intervals 6) Extrication teams a) Protect personnel with appropriate shoring b) Limit number of personnel to thise who can operate safely within the trench c) Use “pipe striping” method or construction prints to locate trapped persons who is not visible d) Digging must serve a purpose. Random earth movement can lead to further collapse. e) Trench rescue is exhausting. Rotate personnel at first sign of fatigue. 7) Ventilation a) When possible, provide fresh air using positive pressure ventilation b) Equipment taken inside trench (confined space) MUST BE EXPLOSION PROFF. c) Consider need for heat within trench (flood lights) 8) Victim Removal a) Locate victim and secure airway b) Use shoring and sheet to protect victim c) Prevent secondary cave-ins d) Package victim for removal (cervical collar, backboard, KED) e) Stokes basket or rope sling with backboard. C) Additional Action 1) Monitor progress and re-evaluate plan 2) Assemble reserve personnel in Resource Area 3) Provide Rehab & medical screening, Debriefing 4) Provide need for decontamination (sewers) 5) Safe removal of shoring and other support equipment
DRAFT Chapter: Tactical Checklist Subject: Vehicle Rescue Code: Date: 2003 Revised (03-26-1990 Original) Goal: Provide guideline for vehicle rescue operations Guideline A) Command Considerations 1) Inner and Outer Circle Surveys a) Identify hazards b) Locate all patients and those affected by the incident c) Determine the extent of the patient’s entrapment. d) Triage e) Develop mental picture of how the incident occurred f) Anticipate any needs and prove for them 2) Take Action a) Call for resources b) Develop an action plan c) Clearly inform team members how the patient (s) will be extricated d) Assign tasks 3) While Working a) Keep the action circle clear b) Provide adequate lighting c) Re-evaluate resources d) Plan ahead e) Maintain simultaneous functions f) Keep planning ahead B) Extrication Problem Solving 1) Command must categorize problems, determine their severity and develop solutions 2) Develop alternative solutions to each of the above 3) Be prepared to move to another tactic if actions fail C) Vehicle Up-Right 1) Head-on a) While vehicles may be up right, they may have separated, creating “two” individual incidents. b) It may be necessary to “split” the tools
DRAFT c) Perform staggered, yet simultaneous functions until additional resource arrive d) Organize incident site as necessary 2) T-Bone a) Also known as a “broadside” accident b) Especially difficult if a larger vehicle hits a smaller vehicle folding the wreckage down onto the patient. c) Solutions may include pulling the wreckage off the patient. (Remember to secure the vehicle to keep it from sliding when pulling begins.) d) Other solutions include: 1) Third-door conversion 2) Dash lift 3) Complete removal of the side of the vehicle 3) Vehicle vs. Immovable Object a) Vehicles may end up in any position b) Stabilization may not be necessary or may be very difficult c) Remember the hazards of power lines 4) Vehicle Under rides a) When a small vehicle ends up underneath a larger one b) Benchmarks include: 1) Identify the load 2) Stabilize the vehicle 3) Access the patient 4) Consider lowering the smaller vehicle 5) Lift the larger vehicle – crib as you go 6) Separate the vehicles 7) Extricate the patient D) Vehicle on their Side 1) Stabilization a) Build a cradle for the car to rest on b) Lock the cradle in place c) Continute to monitor stabilization efforts d) Stay low. Don’t climb on the car. Maintain a low center of gravity. e) Fuel will probably leak. ALWAYS have charged handline in position
DRAFT 2) Vehicle Nose Down a) Roof is intact and the car is usually leaning forward towards the engine compartment. b) Solution usually involves cribbing the high side with access/removal through the doors. 3) “Pancake” a) Roof is crushed leaving little access to the patient b) Stabilization needed. Door removal used in most cases. c) Cutting hole in floor is ineffective – especially with smaller cars. Hole can be used for inspection of problem d) If the vehicle has to be lifted, lift from the most substantial point possible, preferably the firewall. E) Multi-Vehicle Accidents 1) Key to success is planning and use of Command System 2) Call for resources prior to needing them 3) Consider need for supplies/equipment a) Lifting equipment b) Multi-casualty supplies 4) Staging a) 1 or 2 blocks from the scene (parking lot, roadway) b) Assign staging supervisor c) Maintain status of staged equipment F) Hazardous Materials 1) Identify BEFORE entering scene if possible a) Use field glasses b) Review manifest c) Review bill of lading d) Interview driver 2) Take action based on hazards presented by product
DRAFT Chapter: Tactical Checklist Subject: School Bus Rescue Code: Date: 2003 Revised (03-20-1990 Original) Goal: Provide guidelines for school bus rescue operations. Guideline: A) Command. 1) Expect distractions 2) Incident will require large number of resources 3) Size-up a) Inner-circle survey b) Outer-circle survey c) Interior survey and PATIENT COUNT 4) Organize the scene, assign supervision 5) Plan for many patients. Call adequate resources 6) Begin triage immediately 7) Search for walk-off patients 8) Consider need for Command Staff a) Public Information b) Safety c) Liaison B) Scene Safety 1) Electrical System a) Shut off master switch b) Shut off ignition switch c) Access batteries 1) Outside battery compartment 2) Under hood 3) Disconnect negative side first. Isolate cable 2) Fuel System a) Determine type of fuel b) Locate tanks and check for leaks c) Control spilled fuel as needed 3) Fire Protection a) Position hand-lines b) Control vapors from spilled fuel
DRAFT 4) Traffic Control a) Coordinate with law enforcement b) Use vehicle as barrier between traffic and work area C) Stabilization 1) Initial Stabilization. Chock wheels while making circle surveys. Use 4 x 4’s 2) Sustain Stabilization a) Place box cribs in at least three locations, near front and rear b) DO NOT FLATTEN TIRES c) Use wedges to tighten box cribs d) Bus on side must be stabilized e) Tie off bus where appropriate D) Initial Access 1) Front Service Door a) Mechanical Arm 1) Try hand operation 2) Break glass and open with pike pole b) Pneumatic Door 1) Emergency release located above door 2) Main control at instrument panel c) Latched Door 1) Small latch at center of door 2) Break glass and open door d) Glass in Door. Designed for rescuer access 2) Rear or side door a) Single point latch 1) Try normal operations 2) Break glass & try inside 3) Pry with hydraulics 4) Remove with cutting tool b) Three point latch (same steps as above) 3) Glass a) b) c) d)
Tempered side and rear Laminated front Rubber mounted gasket Clean out all glass
DRAFT E) Disentanglement 1) The concept is to “dig a tunnel” 2) Established a “flow” route for tools and resources to enter and patients to exit. 3) Enlarge existing openings, or create new openings 4) Enlarge Doors a) Front Door. Front door is not big enough to remove a patient on a long board. 1) Cut away panels 2) Cut away rivets and remove 3) Tape sharp edges b) Rear Door 1) Open rear door with hydraulic spreader a) Remove all adjacent glass b) Start low and roll latch out 2) Remove rear door a) Pry off with spreader b) Cut away hinge with air chisel 5) Enlarge Rear Door Opening a) Cut out all window posts b) Cut each window opening (low and outside) c) Pry out rub rails (cut with hydraulic shears) d) Remove reflectors and tail lights e) Use sawzall to cut away panel 6) Enlarging Window Openings. a) Remove glass and frame from two windows b) Cut post between windows c) Avoid using tools which 7) Opening the Side Wall a) Sidewall contains both rub-rails and collision beams. b) Remove adjacent seats 1) Spread up and away with hydraulic spreader 2) Cut away with hydraulic shears or sawzall 3) Break away bolts with wrench 4) Cover or remove debris
DRAFT c) Make side wall opening (Folded Down) 1) Cut top of center post 2) Make relief cut to center frame member at floor level. 3) Make side wall cuts and fold panel down d) Make side wall opening (Removed) 1. Cut away top of center post and then cut away panel as desired. (Consider stopping at seat level to avoid collision beam) 2. Cover all sharp edges 8) Bus on its side a) Use windshield and rear doors as initial access and egress points when possible b) A “sunroof” type of opening is possible F) Patient Care/Removal 1) Start with patient closest to the point of impact when possible 2) Interior rescuers must inform Command of number and condition of patients 3) Prioritize patients – TRIAGE
DRAFT Chapter: Tactical Checklist Subject: Haz-Mat - DECONTAMINATION Code: Date: 2003 Revised (04-09-1990 Original)
Goal: To prevent or reduce the transfer of contaminants by people or equipment following to hazardous substances. Decontamination – General A) Decontamination is a critical part of managing a hazardous material incident B) Unless otherwise demonstrated, everything leaving a restricted zone is considered contaminated. 1) Personnel 2) Protective equipment 3) Monitoring equipment 4) Tools and other equipment C) On-site decontamination consists of rinsing with large amounts of water and detergent and water solutions. Specific detergent and solvents can be used after the contaminants have been identified. Initial Decontamination Steps A) Identify the material B) Isolate the area C) Deny entry Secondary Decontamination Steps A) B) C) D) E)
Assign Decon Officer Establish Decon Group Correct protective clothing Coordinate with medical control Assure persons leaving hot (restricted) zone have been cleared.
Decontamination Methods A) Dilution 1) Reduces construction 2) Water is best 3) Control run-off
DRAFT B) Chemical Neutralization or Degradation 1) Chemical structure is altered 2) Reduces the chemical harm 3) Bleach, baking soda, T.S.P. 4) Seek technical assistance C) Absorption 1) Picking up the material 2) Soil, clay, or oil dry 3) Does not change hazards D) Isolation and Disposal (For equipment only) 1) Equipment that cannot be decontaminated 2) Removal for later disposal Use of Decontamination Solutions A) Decontaminated solutions are designed to react with and neutralize specific contaminants. B) Contact the chemical manufactuer or Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry (404-488-4100) for specific decontamination instructions. C) Unless advised by ATSDR, solutions should be used for equipment only.
DRAFT Guidelines for Preparing Decontamination Solutions WARNING – Decon solutions A though D should be used only for equipment unless otherwise advised by the Agency for Toxic Disease Registry (ATSDR)
DECON SOLUTION A - A solution containing 5% sodium carbonate (NaCO3) and 5% trisodium phosphate (Na3PO4) (sodium lime and four pound of commercial grade Na3PO4 with each 10 gallons of water. These chemicals are available in most hardware stores.
DECON SOLUTION B – A solution containing 10% calcium hypochlorite (Ca(Clo)2) with each 10 gallons of water. Calcium hypochlorite is available from swimming pool supply stores. DECON SOLUTION C – A general-purpose rinse solution for decons solutions A and B is a 5% solution of trisodium phosphate. TO prepare the rinse, mix four pounds of Na3PO4 with each 10 gallons of water. Stir until evenly mixed
DECON SOLUTION D – A dilute solution of hydrochloric acid (HC1). Mix one pint of concentrated HC1 into 10 gallons of water. Stir with wooden or plastic utensil until evenly mixed.
DECON SOLUTION E – A concentrated solution of Tide or other detergent and water. Mix into paste and scrub with a brush. Rinse with water.
DRAFT USE OF DECONTAMINATION SOLUTIONS CAUTION: The decontaminated solutions listed below are recommended for the ten general classes of hazardous materials. ALWAYS contact expert assistance from manufactures, poison control centers, medical specialists ect., to determine the best solution to use. CHEMICAL COMPOUND RECOMMENDED DECON SOLUTION 1. Inorganic acids, metal processing wastes, and A polychlorinated byphenyls. 2. Heavy metals: mercury, lead, cadmium, ect. A 3. Pesticides, fungicides, chlorinated phenols, PCP, and dioxins 4. Cyanides, ammonia, and other non-acidsic inorganic wastes 5. Solvants and organic compounds such as trichlorethylene, chloroform, and toluene 6. PBBs and PCBs 7. Oily, greasy unspecified wastes not suspected to be contaminated with pesticides 8. Inorganic bases, alkali, and caustic wastes 9. Radioactive materials 10. Etiologic materials
B B C or A C or A C D E A and B
Layout of a Personnel Decontamination Station. When the line marking the exclusion area boundary is set, a personnel decontamination station should be set up. This station consists of four basic stages. The degree of decontamination will depend on several factors, such as material involved, extent of contamination, ect. Adjustments in the degree of contamination can be made AFTER reviewing the properties of the chemical (s) involved and AFTER obtaining expert assistance.
DRAFT DECON LINE – STAGE ONE (solo) - Tool drop - Primary decon - Full outer wash
DECON LINE – STAGE TWO - wash - rinse - remove - tape - bands - outer boots - gloves
DECON LINE – STAGE THREE - wash - rinse - remove - suite - inner gloves - SCBA
DECONE LINE – STAGE FOUR - full body wash - dry and dress - medical exam - exposure - heat stress - hydration - records
DRAFT A) Minimum Layout of Personnel Decontamination Station
STAGE 1
Equipment Drop
-- Hot Line -
Decon Outer Garments Remove Boot Covers & Outer Gloves
Plastic Sheet
Decon Solution Water 10-Gallon Can
SCBA Cylinder Change-Over Point
STAGE 2
Remove Boots/Gloves and Outer Garments (for disposal and Off-Site Decontamination)
32-Gallon Can
Plastic Sheet STAGE 3
Remove SCBA
STAGE 4
Medical Treatment
Rehabilitation
DRAFT Maximum Layout of Personnel Decontamination Station
STAGE 1
Station A Equipment Drop Station B Decon Outer Garment
Plastic Sheet
Decon Solution A & B Rinse
.
--Hot Line--
Station C Remove Outer Boot Covers
Station D Decon Boots and Gloves Station E Rinse Boots and Outer Garments
STAGE 2
Station F Remove Boots and Outer Garments
10 Gallon Can
Decon Solution A & B
Rinse
32 Gallon Can
( Approximately 100-foot separation distance) STAGE 3
Station G Remove SCBA Station H Remove Inner Gloves, Socks and Cotton Cloths
STAGE 4 Station I Field Shower Station J Redress/Medical Treatment
To Rehabilitation
Plastic Sheet
32 Gallon Can
Waste Water Collection
DRAFT EQUIPMENT NEEDS MAXIMUM PERSONNEL DECONTAMINATION STATION Station A - plastic ground sheet on which field equipment is drooped by members of the work party. Station B -washtub filled with decon solution A - second washtub filled with rinse solution - third washtub filled with decon solution B - equip each washtub with a large sponge and brush Station C - bench or stool for sitting when removing boot covers - plastic lined 10 gallon pail for disposal of boot covers Station D - two 10 gallon buckets filled with decon solution A and B Station E - 10 gallon bucket filled with rinse solution Station F - plastic lined 32 gallon trash can rubber items Station G - plastic sheet Station H - bench or stool for personnel - plastic lined 32 gallon trash can for cloth items Station I - field shower set-up Station J - redressing and medical treatment station. This station defines the boundary between the contamination control area and clean area
.
DRAFT Protection for Decontamination Workers. A) The level of protection worn by decontamination workers is determined by. 1) Expected or visible contamination on members working in restricted (hot) zone. 2) Type of material involved and associated respiratory and skin hazards. 3) Vapor/gas concentration in the decon area 4) Particulates and inorganic or organic vapors in the decon area 5) Results of swipe tests. B) Decon workers will normally wear protective clothing that is one level below that worn by entry teams. C) Decon workers will wear SCBA’s. D) The best protection for decon workers is to avoid direct contact with contaminant. Special Decontamination Considerations. A) Instruct persons going through decon to give special attention to cleaning skin folds, hair, fingernails, hands and feet. B) Products that are not water soluble must be removed before washing with water. C) Solid or particle products may be brushed off before washing- but do not inhale particles. D) When cleaning eyes, remove contact lenses and thoroughly irrigate. E) Contain run-off from decon pools F) If possible, use warm water for rinses and showers. Decon Termination A) Account for and properly dispose of all Decon solutions and contaminated rinse water. B) Prepare equipment that cannot be decontaminated for proper disposal. C) Seek technical advise on disposal methods through DNR or EPA representatives.
DRAFT Chapter: Tactical Checklist Subject: Haz-Mat - EXPLOSIVES Code: Date: 2003 Revised (02-05-1990 Original)
Goal: Provide information to help in identifying explosive emergencies, making accurate decisions, and taking proper action. Explosives – Defined. Any chemical compound or mixture, or device containing such a compound or mixture, designed to explode. The result is a release of gas, heat, and pressure.* IF THE STORAGE AREA OR CARGO COMPARTMENT FOR EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS IS INVOLVED IN A FIRE, DIRECTLY OR INDEIRECTLY, IMMEDIATELY EVACUATE THE AREA. Hazard Identification A) Preplanning. Identify where explosives are stored and used. Plan for water supply, evacuation and life hazard. B) Incident Location. Should indicate type of explosive, amount of explosive, and container involved. C) Marking or Identification. Placards, 704M markings, container shapes, and shipping papers. D) Smells. Can indicate if an explosion has occurred. Remember, if one explosion has occurred, another is likely. E) Assess Conditions. 1) Incident Location a) Building b) Open Field c) Highway d) Trailer e) Fixed site facility 2) Location of Explosive Material 3) Cause of Incident a) Traffic accident b) Fire c) Railway accident 4) Injuries a) number b) severity _____________________________________________________________________ • U.S. Department of Transportation
DRAFT Action Plan A) If NO FIRE is involved, take action to: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
Control ignition sources Prevent product contamination Control additional movement of the product Establish a 500 foot evacuation corridor Transfer and dispose of the load Obtain assistance if necessary
If the incident becomes unstable (fire, leak or product contamination), start large-scale evacuation to a distance of 2,500 feet in all directions. This area becomes the restricted zone.
NEVER use mobile radio transmitters near electrical blasting caps as accidental ignition can occur
B) If Fire does not involve the product, take action to: 1) Protect the exposed cargo 2) Extinguish the fire 3) Consider large scale evacuation C) If FIRE involves the product/cargo area, take action to: 1) Immediately withdraw response personnel. 2) Evacuation a distance of 2,500 feet in all directions (restricted area). 3) Let the product burn, AN EXPLOSION IS LIKELY Zoning A) Base safety zone distances on: 1) Amount of explosives 2) Location of emergency 3) Available evacuation time
DRAFT B) Law enforcement if lead agency for securing scene and evacuation 1) Provide zone distance recommendation 2) Track evacuation using maps and aerial photographs Managing the Incident A) If plan is to extinguishing fire not in cargo area, consider: 1) Need for additional fire companies, water supply, police and EMS support. 2) Initiating and evacuation zone of 500 feet, extend to 2,500 feet if necessary 3) Establish safety zones and command post 4) Develop secondary plans if fire is not rapidly controlled B) If a no attack plan is undertaken, consider: 1) Need for additional fire companies, water supply, police and EMS support 2) Initiating a restricted zone of 2,500 feet C) If an explosion has occurred prior to arrival: 1) Expect a second explosion 2) Consider need for additional fire companies, water supply, police and EMS support 3) Initiate a restricted zone of 2,500 feet 4) Develop secondary action plans 5) Expect rescue of multiple trauma victims. D) Rescue Considerations 1) Where did the explosion occur? 2) What was the type of explosion? (The type will determine what kind of injuries likely occur) 3) Is there a chance of another explosion? Have gas lines been ruptured? Have other chemicals become involved? Could another explosion be set or activated? 4) Is the building, vehicle or area safe?
DRAFT E) General Treatment for Explosive Material Exposure. 1) Common Names. TNT, picric acid, dynamite 2) Description. From clear oily liquid to light yellow powder formed into flakes or slabs 3) Container Types. Bottles, cloth or paper bags, boxes, wooden kegs 4) Life Hazard. Highly toxic to irritant on skin and inhalation. Ingestion is rare but toxic. Look for shrapnel injuries. 5) Basic Life Support. Remove from contaminated area, remove clothing, decontaminate with soap and water, and give oxygen at six liters per minute. If ingested, administer ipecac and treat for shock. 6) Advance Life Support. Monitor for cardiac arryhythmias. 7) Special Considerations. A minimum safe didtances from explosive materials is 2,500 feet. Be prepared to treat multiple trauma injuries in event of secondary explosion. Assistance A) Dane County Sheriff Bomb Squad 1) Request through Comm Center 2) Consider reflex time B) City of Madison Fire Department – Hazardous Incident Response Team NEVER TOUCH ANY SUSPECTED EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL UNLESS DIRECTED BY AN ORDNANCE SPECIALIST. Termination A) Decontamination. Decontaminating victims varies with each explosive incident. Decontaminating specific bodily injury sites is the usual procedure, as opposed to total body decontamination. B) Rehabilitation and Medical Screening 1) Determine if responders can be reassigned to other duties. 2) Consider complete medical screening, including injury evaluation. 3) Take vital signs upon arrival at REHAB. Retake prior to leaving.
DRAFT C) Critical Incident Debriefing. An initial incident debriefing can indicate if response shows signs of post-incident stress. If those signs are present, request a formal critical incident debriefing. D) Post-Incident Analysis 1) Include representatives from all involved agencies 2) Identify problems, lesions learned 3) Alter response guidelines as necessary.
DRAFT Chapter: Tactical Checklist Subject: Haz-Mat – COMPRESSES GASES Code: Date: 2003 Revised (02-05-1990 Original)
Goal: Provide information to help in identifying COMPRESSED GAS emergencies, making accurate decisions, and taking proper action. Compressed Gases. Compressed gases can be flammables, nonflammables, corrosives, oxidizers, poisons, radioactive, and ORMS (other regulated material). The majority of compressed gas emergencies involve cylinders used for small industrial processes, by consumers, and for medical applications.
IDENTIFY THE PRODUCT BEFORE TAKING ACTION Hazard Identification A) Determine Type of Product 1) Compressed gas cylinders are not placarded unless product exceeds DOT 1,000 pound limit, or if it contains a poisonous gas. 2) Many products have a label or product name stenciled directly on the cylinders 3) Many cylinders can be identified by their shape 4) Use hazard identification method. a) Location of incident b) Marking or identification on cylinder c) Sounds d) Odor (sweet smell, irritating to nose & eyes) e) Visual (vapor cloud, heat waves) B) Follow Product Identification – Evaluate Possible Hazards 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)
Location of leak or fire Cause of the incident Injuries (number, severity) Hazards of gases Chemical properties Cylinder position (sudden release can turn the cylinder into missile) Fire Hazard.
DRAFT Action Plan A) If there is a LEAK but no FIRE 1) Determine number of leaking cylinders 2) Determine what is leaking. If more than one product is leaking, will mixture create new problems 3) Monitor the atmosphere with detection equipment to determine if the gas if flammable or has other hazards. 4) Secure the cylinders. If they cannot be secured, determine where cylinder will travel if the valve breaks. 5) Try to locate where gas is moving. Consider shut-down of heating/air conditioning units. Control sources of ignition if material if a flammable or an oxidizer. 6) Locate the leaking cylinders 7) Determine why cylinders are leaking 8) Determine if evacuation is needed 9) Always use SCBA and full protective clothing. Gases may be toxic, act as an asphyxiant, or as an anesthetic. SCBA’s will protect in case of ignition. B) If FIRE is involved in the product area 1) Water may be needed to cool the cylinder or protect exposed cylinders. 2) Control gas flow if fire is extinguished. Escaping gas could re-ignite or explode 3) Determine the position of cylinders 4) Determine if safety or pressure relief devices are operating. Do not rely on entirely on these devices since they may not operate properly. If the devices are buried or damaged, excessive pressure may build causing tank to rupture or BLEVE. 5) Determine if the cylinders are secure. If the cylinders are not secured, they can be easily knocked over by a hose stream. 6) Runoff may need to be contained. This is especially true if the materials are poisonous or corrosive. Zoning A) Establish an initial 250 foot Restrictive Zone. (gain control) B) Remove people from within restricted zone C) Use atmosphere meters to determine safe zones 1) DO NOT rely on human nose as a gas detector 2) Many gases are colorless, odorless and tasteless D) Expand Restricted Zone as needed E) Set up Limited Access and Support zones as needed.
DRAFT Managing the Incident A) General 1) Personnel safety if primary concern 2) If incident if a loser, no involvement may be the best plan 3) Determine level of incident, establish safety zones, and set up command structure 4) Call for help early 5) Have adequate water supply 6) Anticipate additional resources which may be needed.
B) Rescue Considerations 1) Fragmentation injuries can occur if a cylinder explodes 2) Blunt trauma injuries will occur from spinning or projected cylinders 3) Chemical burns may occur. Inhaling corrosive fumes can cause chemical pneumonia. 4) Respiratory distress is possible after inhaling toxic and nonflammable materials 5) Leaking gases can be very cold, causing thermal burns 6) Thermal burns may occur if a flammable gas ignites 7) Asphyxiation can occur from displacement of oxygen 8) Products can be toxic by absorption or inhalation C) General Treatment – Compressed Gases 1) DOT Hazard Class – Poison Gases a) Common Names. Phosgene, cyanide vapors, phosphine, flourines b) Containers. Compressed gas cylinders and tank cars c) Life Hazard. Extremely toxic. Can kill seconds after inhalation. Strong lung irritant. May be absorbed through skin, mucus membranes, and eyes. May damage heart, lungs, kidney and brain. d) Signs and Symptoms. May be immediate or delayed for days. Signs and symptoms include central nervous system (CNS) depression, coughing, choking, bloody sputum, difficulty breathing, and irritation to eyes, nose, and skin. Also, seizures, coma, unconsciousness, and death may occur from respiratory arrest or cardiovascular collapse. e) Basic Life Support. Remove victim from contaminated area. Remove clothing and decontaminate with soap and large amount of water. Give oxygen at six to ten liters per minute. For eye burns, wash with normal saline water solution for 30
DRAFT to 60 minutes. Maintain open airway and note any changes in patient condition. f) Advance Life Support. Start IV D5W TKO. Watch for and treat pulmonary edema. Monitor for shock and cardiac arrhythmia. g) Special Considerations. Surviving cyanide poisoning is rare. Do not jeopardize yourself by giving mouth-to-mouth to a poison victim. If you use a bag mask on a victim, do not use the mask elsewhere until it is cleaned. Do not give these patients respiratory depressants for pain. 2) DOT Hazardous Class – Flammable Gases. a) Common Names. Propane, butane, methyl mercaptan, methyl ethers. b) Containers. Compressed gas cylinders, tank trucks, and tank cars c) Life Hazard. Liquified form may cause frostbite. Gases may act as asphyxiants at large concentrations. May cause dizziness or suffocation. Some attack of the CNS causing muscular weakness, unconsciousness, and respiratory paralysis. d) Signs and Symptoms. Irritant to eyes, skin, and mucus membranes. Drowsiness, blurred vision, dizziness, occasionally seizures, respiratory arrest, coma, and fever may occur. e) Basic Life Support. Remove victim from contaminated area. Administer oxygen at six to ten liters per minute. If frostbite occurs, warm gradually in water bath at 104 to 106 degrees F. Expect respiratory arrest if exposed for very long. f) Advance Life Support Start IV D5W TKO. Monitor for shock and cardiac arrhythmia. Watch for pulmonary edema. g) Special Considerations. Keep out of vapor cloud in case of ignition and fire. Prepare for treatment of burns. 3) DOT Hazard Class – Nonflammable Gases a) Common Names. Chlorine, ammonia, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide b) Containers. Compressed gas cylinders, tank trucks, tank cars. c) Life Hazard. Acts as asphyxiants in large concentrations. Sometimes toxic and irritating to skin, eyes, and mucus membranes. May burn the skin when mixed with water or perspiration. Lung damage may cause pulmonary edema and respiratory arrest.
DRAFT d) Signs and Symptoms. Symptoms include burning or stinging to eyes, nose and throat, lacrimation, coughing, pulmonary edema, suffocation, and dyspnea. Skin may burn on contact with product. e) Basic Life Support. Remove victim from contaminated area. Remove all clothing and decontaminate with soap and water. Flush eyes for 15 minutes and administer oxygen at six to ten liters per minute. If ingested dilute with water. Monitor closely for pulmonary edema. f) Advance Life Support. Start IV D5W TKO. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if needed. Use Valium for seizures. Use topical anesthetic for eyes to make irrigation easier and reduce pain. Watch for cardiac arrhythmia. g) Special Considerations. Do not include vomiting. Do not neutralize chlorine to avoid increased stomach gas production. Assistance A) Use multiple references to determine product hazards. B) Call available technical advisors for additional information (begin with shipper or local distributor) C) Madison Fire Department – Hazardous Incident Response Team 1) Atmospheric monitoring equipment 2) Technical advise 3) Control equipment and personal protective clothing. D) Department of Natural Resources 1) Environmental exposure 2) Clean-up assistance Termination A) Decontamination 1) Methods will depend upon material involved 2) All clothing to be removed if exposure is significant 3) Decontaminate individuals with plenty of soap and water 4) Special care needed in decontaminating protective clothing 5) Contain decontamination solution to aid in determining degree of contamination (especially with poisons and corrosive materials) B) Medical Screening 1) Inhalation of gas is perhaps the greatest risk to responders 2) Vital signs should be taken after the decontamination process and before personnel are released from scene. 3) Evaluation over extended period of time may be needed because of delayed effect of some gases.
DRAFT C) Incident Debriefing. Evaluate stress and emotional level of personnel D) Post Incident Analysis. 1) Include representatives from all involved agencies 2) Identify problems, lesions learned 3) Alter response guidelines as needed.
DRAFT Chapter: Tactical Checklist Subject: Haz-Mat – LIQUIDFIED GASES Code: Date: 2003 Revised (02-10-1990 Original) Goal. Provide information to help in identifying LIQUIDFIED GAS emergencies, making accurate decisions, and taking proper action Liquefied Gases. Many liquefied gases are used in the United States, but the threee most widely used are propane, butane, and anhydrous ammonia. While response must vary according to the gas involved, the key points of this checklist are applicable to most liquefied gases. IDENTIFY THE PRODUCT BEFORE TAKING ACTION Hazard identification A) Determine Type of Product 1) Location of the incident to access the type and amount of product involved. 2) Note markings or identification such as placards, labels, tank shapes, and company names. 3) Listen for any hissing or unusual noises upon arrival. 4) Notice smells any irritation to the nose and eyes 5) Note if there is a vapor cloud 6) Note the color of the smoke B) Following Product Identification – Evaluation Possible Hazards 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)
Identify any leaks or fire Determine the cause of the incident Check for injuries Determine the cylinder’s position Determine if the container is impinged by or exposed to fire Determine the physical and chemical properties. Think Expansion Ratio! This can be their greatest hazard potential
Action Plan A) If there is NO LEAK OR FIRE during a liquefied compressed gas accident. 1) Determine the size of the container to aid in decisions concerning evacuation and resources.
DRAFT 2) Determine the damage to the cylinder. Although the cylinders are soundly constructed, excessive movement of the tank can cause rupture. 3) Determine the level of the tank. The quantity will determine the necessary resources and evacuation methods. (obtain information from the drive, shipper, or by checking the magnetic or liquid level gauge if available) 4) Order an immediate evacuation if the product may release. 5) Move the cylinder if it can be done safely. The tank is often too damaged to be moved. If so, the cylinder must be off-loaded to another tank, or bled off, before being moved. 6) Determine the tank’s position. It may be in a position that would hinder the operation of its relief valve. B) If there is a LEAK, but NO FIRE 1) Evacuate everyone from the area, especially those down hill and down wind. 2) Control all ignition sources, including response apparatus, pilot lights, cigarettes, utilities and vehicles. Remember the explosive limits for these materials. 3) Identify the product 4) Monitor the atmosphere with detection devices 5) If rescue is necessary, determine if it can be done safely. 6) Control streets and crowds 7) Remember that many materials are heavier than air and will seek low lying areas. 8) Be sure a water supply is available if a fog stream is used to dispense the cloud. Unmanned streams should be considered 9) Determine if the product is water-soluble and whether runoff control is needed. 10) Locate the leak and determine its volume 11) Check if securing a valve will stop the leak. 12) Consider wind direction C) If there is a LEAK and FIRE 1) Evacuate everyone to at least 2,500 feet 2) Remember do not extinguish the fire unless the supply of gas can be stopped. 3) Determine the extent and location of the fire. Remember that flame and heat on the tank’s vapor space can cause metal fatigue metal fatigue and BLEVE 4) Determine for how long the relief valve has operated and with how much intensity.
DRAFT 5) Locate the source of the accident. Calculate damage in case of a BLEVE. Make cautious judgments. Many of these incidents will be loser and should not be attacked aggressively if al all. 6) Know how long since the accident was reported 7) Record how long it took to respond 8) Find out how long the tank has been of fire 9) If you try to cool the tanks, remember the following a) Use unmanned streams to reduce danger to personnel b) Provide long term water supply c) A 500-gpm minimum is needed to sufficiently cool tanks. Maintain a film of water over the entire tank d) Water should roll over the metal to effectively cool the tank. Cool all sides of the tank 10) Constantly monitor conditions. There is no sign that indicates a definite BLEVE. A BLEVE can be anticipated by noting changes, which include: a) Activation of the relief valve. This indicated that the tank pressure is increasing. If the relief valve has already activated, notice whether the flame is growing. Look for signs of growing pressure, such as flame moving farther from the top of the tank or the relief valve is getting louder. A BLEVE can still occur, regardless of a properly activated relief valve, if the internal pressure exceeds the tank’s limits. b) Metal discoloring, bubbling or bulging which indicates a softening from the heat c) Tank has burned a long time and the liquid level is now the vapor level. Time is the key word. Allow the time needed to put lines in service and set up a water supply. If time is not on your side, TAKE NO ACTION. Remember, property can be rebuilt, people cannot. Zoning A) Establish and initial 500-foot Restricted Zone for small leaks. (gain control) B) Remove people from within restricted zone C) Use atmospheric meters to determine safe zones. 1) DO NOT rely on human nose as a gas detector! 2) Many gases are colorless, odorless, and tasteless. D) Expand Restricted Zone as needed E) Set up Limited Access and Support zones as needed.
DRAFT Managing the Incident A) General 1) Personnel safety is primary concern 2) If incident is a loser, no involvement may be the best plan. 3) Determine level of incident, establish safety zones, and set up command structure 4) Call for help early 5) Have adequate water supply 6) Anticipate additional resources, which may be needed. B) Rescue Considerations 1) Review general treatment for compressed gas injuries 2) Expect the following types of injuries a) Thermal Burns. Released liquefied gases quickly expand and cool the surrounding air causing thermal burns. Pressurized gases cool drastically when released and heat when compressed. Thermal burns may be the biggest worries if flammable are involved. Burns may range from first degree, suffered while attempting to shut a valve, to third degree suffered during a flash fire or BLEVE. b) Chemical Burns. Exposed to most liquefied gases will cause chemical burns to the skin, eyes and mucous membranes. Gases often cause more serious burns than liquids and are more easily absorbed by some tissue. Chemical and thermal burns are similar, however, the manner of injury is different. c) Internal Injuries/Trauma. Shock waves from an explosion can injure anyone in the area. Personnel may be struck by flying parts, causing trauma injuries. Pressure waves can hurl rocks, dirt, and small objects. d) Asphyxiation. People in the immediate area may be injured or killed by leaking products that displaces the oxygen. e) Toxicity. Many liquefied gases are toxic by inhalation and absorption. Rapid treatment of victims requires an understanding of toxicology. Assistance. A) Use multiple references to determine product hazards. B) Call available technical advisors for additional information (begin with shipper or local distributor). Obtain off-loading or technical information, even if vehicles are not locally owned.
DRAFT C) Madison Fire Department – Hazardous Incident Response Team. 1) Atmospheric monitoring equipment 2) Technical advise 3) Control equipment and personal protective clothing D) Department of Natural Resources 1) Environmental exposure 2) Clean-up assistance Termination A) Decontamination 1) Methods will depend upon materials involved 2) All clothing to be removed if exposure is significant 3) Decontaminate individuals with plenty of soap and water 4) Special care needed in decontamination protective clothing 5) Contain decontamination solution to aid in determining degree of contamination (especially with poisons and corrosives materials). B) Medical Screening 1) Inhalation of gas is perhaps the greatest risk to responders. 2) Vital signs should be taken after the decontamination process and before personnel are released from scene. 3) Evaluation over extended period of time may be needed because of delayed effect of some gases. C) Incident Debriefing. Evacuation stress and emotional level of personnel. D) Post Incident Analysis 1) Include representatives from all involved agencies 2) Identify problems, lessons learned 3) Alter response guidelines as needed.
DRAFT Chapter: Tactical Checklist Subject: Haz-Mat –CRYOGENICS Code: Date: 2003 Revised (03-23-1990 Original) Goal: Provide information to help in identifying CRYOGENIC emergencies, making accurate decisions, and taking proper action. Cryogenic Materials: Cryogenics are found in research labs, medical centers, educational facilities, ect. in containers of various sizes. Cryogenic materials are –150 degrees C or colder. These materials are kept in low-pressure cylinders designed similar to large Thermos bottles. Uses range from removing warts in the local doctor’s office to freezing foods in large distribution centers.
IDENTIFY THE PRODUCT BEFORE TAKING ACTION Hazard Identification A) Determine the location of the incident B) Note markings or identification C) Note noises and smells D) Look for tank frosting E) Note presence of a vapor cloud F) Locate the leak and/or fire G) Determine the cause of the incident H) Determine if anyone is injured I) Note position of the container J) Note the color of the smoke
DRAFT Action Plan A) General 1) Determine the type and size of the cylinder. (Expansion ratio for these products can be higher than 900/1. 2) Locate the cylinder 3) Determine the hazards. Use metering device to monitor the atmosphere 4) Determine if insulation is torn from the cylinder. If so, applying water to the cylinder may raise the liquids temperature. B) If NO FIRE is involved in the incident. 1) Control all ignition sources 2) Locate the vapor spread with metering devices 3) Determine life hazards. If necessary evacuate building or control access with outside accident. Use the DOT guidebook for initial evacuation distances. 4) Locate air intakes to building. Restrict the product from these areas if it can be done safely. 5) Contact distributor for assistance. C) If FIRE is involved 1) Immediately evacuate the area to the minimum distance specified by the DOT handbook 2) Protect exposures and cool tank if possible 3) REMEMBER that cryogenic cylinders can BLEVE 4) Prevent or identify contamination. Some materials, such as liquid oxygen in contact with hydrocarbons, can be shock sensitive.
NOTE: Nomex and Asphalt are hydrocarbons.
Zoning. A) Establish an initial 500 foot restricted zone B) Distance will depend on conditions and the product involved C) Use atmospheric metering devices to determine safe zones
DRAFT Managing the Incident A) Rescue Consideration. Common injuries involving cryogenics. 1) Thermal Burns. Cryogenic liquids will do severe damage to tissue. Direct contact is not necessary to be injured. Exposure to gas can severely damage eyes. Use of SCBA and full protection when handling these incidents. 2) Asphyxiation. A cryogenic leak can force oxygen from a confined space. Use caution when entering an area of a suspected leak. Be prepared to rescue individuals. 3) Toxicity. Carbon Monoxide, a common cryogenic, is highly toxic. Other cryogenics are also toxic. Assistance. A) Use multiple references to determine product hazards. 1) Flammability 2) Specific gravity 3) Water solubility 4) Toxicity B) Call available technical advisors for additional information (begin with shipper or local distributor) C) Madison Fire Department – Hazardous Incident Response Team. 1) Atmospheric monitoring equipment 2) Technical advice D) Department of Natural Resources 1) Environmental exposure 2) Clean-up assistance Termination. Cryogenic materials are similar to compressed and liquefied gases. Refer to termination techniques for these products. A) B) C) D) E)
Decontamination Rehabilitation Medical screening Exposure reporting Post-incident analysis
DRAFT Chapter: Tactical Checklist Subject: Haz-Mat –FLAMMABLE & COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS Code: Date: 2003 Revised (03-23-1990 Original) Goal: Provide information to help in identifying FLAMMABLE & COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID emergencies, making accurate decisions, and taking proper action. Flammable & Combustible Liquids: Over 50% of this country’s hazardous materials responses involve flammable and combustible liquids. Motor fuels fall into this category, which brings the possibility of an incident to every community. Flammable and combustible liquids are hauled by truck, train, or barge for storage, distribution, and processing. They are also piped many miles to terminals or industrial complexes for manufacture. While some are stable products, many presents new stability or reactive problems.
IDENTIFY THE PRODUCT BEFORE TAKING ACTION Hazard Identification A) Determine Type of Product 1) Location of the incident to access the type and amount of product involved. 2) Note markings or identification such as placards, labels, tank shapes, and company names. 3) Noises, such as pinging or hissing from pressure relief devices, warn of potential hazards. 4) Smells can help identify a product during a leak or spill. 5) Note if there is a vapor cloud. B) Following Product Identification –- Evaluate Possible Hazards. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
Locate the leak or fire Determine the cause of the incident Check for injuries Determine the position of the involved container (s) Find out how long the container has been exposed to fire Assess if there if an environment hazard
DRAFT Action Plan A) Goal: To control the hazards of flammable/combustible liquids 1) Fire and vapor control 2) Environment contamination from run-off or spillage B) Fire and Vapor Control 1) Removing the Oxygen Supply a) b) c) d)
Excludes air from the flammable vapors Prevents vapor release from the fuel surface Separates the flames from the fuel surface Cools by absorbing heat from the fuel surface and adjacent metal surfaces.
Refer to Foam Operations Evolution 2) Break the Chain Reaction (Dry Chemical) 3) Controlling the Fuel Supply a) b) c) d) e)
Close the appropriate valve Flush the burning liquid to a safer location Patch or plug leaks Float product on the water – above leak. Float water on top of product
4) Water Application a) Use water to reduce heat output when: 1) Personnel are closing valves or working close to the fire 2) Tank surfaces or exposures are exposed to radiant heat or direct flame impingement. 3) Vapors from the surface of heavy oils can be reduced. b) Water can be used to disperse the product when it: 1) It used to move the product to a safer location 2) Will move a product so access to control leak is possible 3) May prevent the liquid from igniting.
DRAFT c) Water can displace a product when it: 1) Floats the liquid above the leak, interrupting the flow of the product from the leak. 2) Is pumped into a fuel supply line to stop a line or valve leak. d) Water may be used to dilute a product when it causes a physical change in a water soluble product and: 1) Raises the flash point enough that flammable vapors are no longer produced. 2) Raises the flash point enough that there is no fire.
The most effective use of water on large fires is exposure cooling, NOT extinguishment. C) Environmental Contamination 1) Sewers and Storm Drains a) b) c) d)
Attempt to stop flow of product into sewers Notify utilities Determine direction of flow within sewer systems Vapors can (and have) ignite within sewers causing damage sewers and roadways. e) Coordinate any flushing of product with utility and/or DNR representative.
2) Water Contamination a) What are the physical and chemical properties of the liquid? b) How much product has already been released into the waterway? c) What is the rate of release? d) Can the leak be stopped and how long will it take? e) How fast is the water moving? f) How long will it take to set up the containment operation? Request response by DNR whenever water contamination is found or suspected.
DRAFT D) Action Plan Question 1) Accident with NO leak or fire. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h)
Determine if a rescue is needed. Protect exposures. Eliminate ignition sources Determine the size of the container. (The size will dictate what resources are needed and the extent of evacuation. Determine that damage to the container. Will the container fail or develop leaks. Determine the liquid level in the container Establish appropriate safety zones if a leak is possible. Consider evacuation needs.
2) If there is a LEAK and no fire a) Evacuate everyone from the area, especially those downhill and downwind. Establish safety zones. b) Control all ignition sources around the incident. (This includes apparatus, pilot lights, cigarettes, utilities) c) Determine explosive limits for these materials by using combustible metering devices. d) IDENTIFY THE PRODUCT e) Determine if a rescue can be performed SAFETLY. f) Control streets and request crowd control. g) Determine if the product is water-soluble. Control runoff if the environment if endangered. h) If the product has entered a storm sewer or waterway, minimize the environmental damage and notify DNR. i) If the product has entered the sanitary sewers or underground electrical vaults, notify the utilities. j) Determine how to transfer the product to another tank. k) Apply foam or other agents as needed. 3) If there is a LEAK and FIRE a) Order immediate evacuation according to the type and amount of material involved. b) Control the flow of fuel if possible c) Keep personnel and apparatus uphill and upwind of the fire if possible. d) Coordinate attack, backup and protection hose streams. Attack lines must be backed up. Personnel working in hazardous locations should be covered with fog streams e) Protect all exposures.
DRAFT f) Burning liquids must be flushed from under tanks and unprotected steel supports cooled to prevent collapse and rupture. g) Apply foam or other agents as needed. h) Tanks must be cooled at points of flame impingement and above the liquid level. Direct streams along the upper side of tanks. i) When the fire has gained considerable headway in the structure of a hazardous occupancy – change to defensive operation. j) Keep apparatus headed away from the fire so it can be moved quickly. k) Use unmanned streams to avoid endangering personnel. l) Use a retreat signal. Provide a retreat path. Light the path at night. m) Listen for sounds from the tank vents. A whistling sound, with growing intensity, means pressure is building because of inadequate cooling.
PREPARE TO RETREAT n) Flames which suddenly get brighter and higher signal a possible boil-over.
RETREAT TO SAFER POSITIONS o) Tank vent fires that burn with a snapping blue-red, nearly smokeless flame indicate that the fuel-air mixture may be explosive. NEVER COOL TANKS BURNING IN THIS MANNER p) Avoid approaching tanks from each side. q) Be prepared for back flash until entire area and liquids are cooled. r) Aerial apparatus can be used for cooling tanks
s) Tanks that have rolled or moved from their original position may have blocked relief valves. The relief valves may either be obstructed by the liquid or damaged by the shifting of the tank. The tank may overpressure or discharge liquid from the relief valve.
DRAFT t) There may be a vapor problem after the fire is extinguished. Maintain hose lines to dissipate vapors or apply additional foam for vapor control. u) After the fire is out, consider the environmental problem. Anticipate clean-up operations. Zoning. A) B) C) D)
Establish a 500 foot restricted zone on large leaks and fires. Use combustible gas meters to determine appropriate zones Use law enforcement personnel to maintain safety zones Expand zones if needed.
Managing the Incident A) Tactical Considerations. 1) Rescue 2) Protect exposures 3) Confinement should include controlling spills and cooling tanks and support. 4) Stop the fuel flow that supplies the fire. 5) Extinguish or allow the fire to burn out. 6) Cool any possible re-ignition sources. 7) Maintain standby crews and lines. 8) Use gas detection equipment to check for vapors in the surrounding area 9) Establish environmental control measures 10) Decontaminate. B) Rescue Size-Up 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
Rescue must be considered first Transportation incidents usually involve rescue Rescue those in exposed areas Rescue those in exposed areas Determine the extent and method of evacuation.
C) Exposure Assessment 1) What is the construction, distance, occupancy, and location of adjacent exposures? 2) Are other vehicles, tanks, equipment, or buildings in the complex exposed? 3) Determine which vehicles or structures are exposed during transportation incidents.
DRAFT 4) Are other vehicles, tanks, equipment, or buildings outside the fire area exposed? 5) Are overhead communication or power transmission lines exposed? 6) Are people and property exposed to downwind vapors? 7) Are people and property exposed to liquids flowing downhill? 8) Are weeds and grass exposed? 9) Are streams or sewers exposed? D) On Site Equipment and Location 1) Note shutoffs for electrical power to site including overhead lines. 2) Note shutoffs for natural gas lines to buildings 3) Locate fuel supply valves from tanks, loading racks, pumps, or pipelines. 4) Check for remote control shut off valve in pump house 5) Check for water and extinguishing system control valves 6) Determine piping layout, internal exposure, and color code of piping E) Fuels 1) What types of flammable/combustible liquids are involved? 2) How much if involved? 3) Consider the physical and chemical properties of these materials when developing overall strategy. F) Rescue Considerations 1) Vapor exposure can cause shortness of breath, headaches, nausea, vomiting, narcotic like effects, slurred speech, and other problems. 2) Exposure to some liquids can cause severe chemical burns. 3) Absorbing properties of some chemicals can create acute medical problems. G) General Treatment – Flammable & Combustible Liquid Exposure 1) Common Names. Gasoline, kerosene, methanol, isopropyl alcohol. 2) Containers. Cans, drums, tank trucks, tank cars, bulk storage tanks. 3) Life Hazards. Central nervous system depressant poison through ingestion and inhalation, irritating to mucus membranes. May cause death due to respiratory failure. Ingestion of amounts from 10 to 250 milliliters may cause death. 4) Signs and Symptoms. a) Inhalation. Burning of chest, tinnitus, weakness, lack of coordination, seizures, respiratory arrest, and coma. b) Ingestion. Burning sensation around mouth, diarrhea with bloody feces, gastritis, hypotension, and cardiac arrthymias.
DRAFT 5) Basic Life Support. Remove from contaminated area. Decontaminate with soap and water. Administer oxygen at six to ten liters per minute. If ingested, dilute and give activated charcoal (60 to 100 milligrams). Monitor for shock. 6) Advance Life Support. Start IV D5W TKO (except isopropyl alcohol, give NS for dehydration signs). Monitor for central nervous system depression and cardiac arrhythmias. 7) Special Considerations. Do not give emetics to induce vomiting. Avoid epinephrine or alcohols that will hasten absorption. Exception is wood alcohol and ethyl alcohol. Assistance A) Dispatcher can provide coordination and gather technical information, and needed resources. B) Police can assist in scene control and evacuation C) Use multiple references to determine product hazards. D) Madison Fire Department – Hazardous Incident Response Team. 1) Atmospheric monitoring equipment 2) Technical advise 3) Control equipment and personnel protective clothing E) Department of Natural Resources 1) Environmental protection 2) Clean-up assistance F) On-site Technical Expert 1) Product information 2) Suppression system information 3) Control and containment information G) Clean-up Teams H) Utility Representatives Termination A) Decontamination 1) Personnel, protective clothing and equipment 2) Mild soap and water is an adequate decontamination solution for many products 3) Consult reference materials for specific de-con instructions.
DRAFT B) Rehabilitation & Medical Screening 1) Large incidents can be physically demanding and emotionally draining. 2) Evaluate personnel to decide if they are able to continue with current duties or be reassigned. 3) Evaluation should include: a) Rest period b) Medical evaluation c) Exposure report d) Initial incident debriefing C) Post Incident Analysis 1) Include representatives from all involved agencies 2) Identify problems, lessons learned 3) Alter response guidelines as needed.
DRAFT Chapter: Tactical Checklist Subject: Tornado/Windstorm Code: Date: 2003 Revised (02-16-1990 Original) Goal: Provide guidelines for operations during and after tornados or severe windstorms. Guideline: This guideline will outline the tasks completed during the four stages of this type of emergency; Preparatory Period, Tornado Watch Period, Tornado Alert and Tornado Strike Period. Note: Tornado warning periods are usually short duration (3-15 minutes), therefore, preparation should begin prior to tornado seasons. A) Preparatory Period. 1) Review and update disaster plans with other local, county and state agencies. 2) Review mutual aid agreements to determine available resources, updating as needed. 3) Review these guidelines as part of the department training program 4) Inventory resources and their locations. Example: Regular and auxiliary manpower, public and private equipment, supplies and replacement parts (especially vehicle tires because of damage resulting in broken glass) 5) Review sites used by Tornado Spotters. Post primary and secondary sites for Tornado Spotters. B) Tornado Watch Period 1) Department personnel will be notified of any tornado or severe thunderstorm “watch” by an announcement made over the department paging system. 2) All units on assignment (inspection, training, ect) at the time of the “watch” announcement are to be notified and advised to return to quarters. 3) Prepare for water, food, and electrical shortages. 4) Check emergency electrical generation systems 5) Prepare for possible breakdown of communications 6) Be sure fuel requirements will be met. a) Vehicle fuel tanks full b) Portable gasoline-powered equipment tanks full c) Check operation of chain and circular saws. 7) Assign Spotters to selected sites within city. (See Item E for details.)
DRAFT C) Tornado Alert (Tornado Warning) 1) Department personnel will be notified of any tornado or severe thunderstorm “warning” by announcement over the department paging system 2) Response to Alert: a) If at home – make preparations for family to take shelter. Respond to station if present weather conditions permit safe travel. b) If at station – be prepared to take shelter. D) Tornado Strike Period 1) Department personnel will take shelter and remain in that location until danger had passed. 2) Department personnel will respond to quarters if conditions permit safe travel. 3) Department personnel will report damage to equipment and injuries to the OIC. 4) Fire department units will respond to incidents requiring search, rescue, and fire operations as assigned by the OIC 5) All units will report damaged areas and extent of damage to the OIC or designed command post 6) Personnel are to watch for looters and report incidents to police. 7) Assist in shutting off utilities and clearing roads (form tree-clearing task force groups: clear priority roads first) 8) Supply food to personnel as needed 9) Supply food to fire department units as needed 10) Continue operations until all hazards are under control and all areas have been searched for victims 11) Establish duty crews to rotate personnel from on-scene work to rest areas 12) Take inventory of department equipment to determine damaged or missing items 13) Report losses to Mayor and City Council. E) Skywarn Spotters 1) Assign spotters if conditions or information (NWS, TV) indicate a threat to the city. 2) Assign spotters to primary and secondary locations as manpower permits. Use Car 2, Brush 7 and Tanker 8 for transportation. 3) Use Public Works frequency for routine communications with base. 4) Report severe weather directly to COMM CENTER using County Fire Frequency.
DRAFT 5) What to report. a) Funnel cloud, Tornado, Hail, Destructive winds b) Position of storm c) Direction of movement 6) Be prepared to take shelter.
DRAFT Chapter: Tactical Checklist Subject: Winter Stroms/Blizzrds Code: Date: 2003 Revised (2-16-1990 Original) Goal: Provide guidelines for fire department operations during winter storms or blizzards. Guideline: This guideline will outline the tasks completed during the four stages of this type of emergency: Pre-Storm Season Preparation; Storm Warning Period; Strom Period and Thawing Period. A) Pre-Storm Season Preparation 1) Provide local media with winter storm fire safety tips, winter automobile travel considerations, ect. 2) Determine availability of equipment such as four-wheel drive vehicles, snowmobiles, ect. Sources include other local agencies and private citizens. Obtain written agreement for the emergency use of this equipment. 3) Inventory snow tires, chains, shovels, anti-freeze, oil and gasoline, and stock as necessary. 4) Check telephone numbers and addresses of persons included in the number 2 above 5) Check with Fitch-Rona EMS concerning the operation of snowemergency rescue and medical teams 6) Check with Fitchburg Water Utility concerning maintenance and snow removal plans for hydrants. B) Storm Warning Period. Implement the following actions as needed. 1) Chief or senior officer in the City is to contact the police chief (Emergency Management Director) to determine if a “snow emergency” will be declared. 2) Review signs and symptoms of frostbite and exposure with department personnel. 3) Encourage plenty of rest 4) Have personnel prepare their personal affairs (make sure family had heating oil, gas, food that is stocked, automobiles winterized) 5) Place sand, snow shovels, extra de-icing fluid on apparatus 6) Check all marking and warning lights of apparatus 7) Add moisture evaporate to mixture in fuel tanks 8) Check air brake systems to detect any moisture buildup and eliminate as needed. 9) Arrange for sleeping accommodations for Fire and EMS personnel 10) Arrange for the feeding of personnel in quarters.
DRAFT C) Strom Period 1) Upon declaration of a snow-emergency, notify department personnel 2) Obtain official information on highway and street closings, and pass information on to the personnel. 3) Rotate personnel from emergency scenes to lesson fatigue, tension and flare-ups of tempers 4) Obtain four-wheel drive vehicles and snowmobiles as needed. 5) Arrange for snowplow response to all scenes. Verify radio communications capacity 6) Consider assigning an engine company to respond to any EMS request within the City 7) Staff stations with personnel if needed, use minimum response requirements as a guideline. Establish rotating shifts for the period of the snow emergency. 8) Issue public assistance requests for clearing hydrants 9) Place sleds/toboggans on apparatus or other vehicles for use with stokes litter 10) Obtain police approval for use of snowmobiles on streets 11) Be alert for excess snow accumulation and possible collapse of roofs. Caution citizens of hazards associated with clearing roofs 12) Department vehicles will be driven with headlights on at all times 13) Check for drifts against exit doors. Pay particular attention to residential occupancies, commercial locations and other places of public assembly that remain in operation 14) Check for blocked fire lanes, plowed-over post indicator valves, and stand-pipe connections 15) Check tire pressure (tire pressure decreases with cold weather) 16) Drain condensation from air brake system at beginning of cold weather and check periodically. D) Thawing Period 1) Check availability of portable pumps (City Dept’s; private) 2) Review procedures and precautions involving flooding, water rescue and ice rescue 3) Determine decontamination procedures for equipment and personnel used for pumping.
