CKB 20104 Reaction Engineering UniKL MICET Experiment 3a: Effect of Residence Time on the Reaction in a PFR full lab report

CKB 20104-Reaction Enginee ring: Experiment 3a Eff ec t of Re side nc e Time on the Re a c ti on in a P R

1.0

P a ge

SUMMARY

!n this experiment " a saponification reaction #et$een %a&' and Et()c* in a PR can #e carried o+t, The reaction rate constant can #e determined, &ther than that" the effect of residence time on the conersion in a PR $as a.so determined,The highest conersion for 2/0 f.o$rate is 40, $hi.e the highest conersion for 100 f.o$rate is 4,34, The chemica. reactors are cr+cia. and important in a chemica. ind+stries, !t is the most important things as it is the p.ace for the reaction to happen, The tpe of reactor m+st #e s+ited $ith the reaction that $e see for, &ne of the examp.e of the reactors is P.+g .o$ Reactor(PR* The P.+g .o$ Reactor (PR* $as +sed for reaction in contin+o+s" f.o$ing sstems in a shape of c.inder, The The so.+tion that f.o$ in the reactor are descri#e as P.+gs, )n idea. p.+g f.o$ reactor has a fixed residence time: )n f.+id (p.+g* that enters the reactor at time t $i.. exit the reactor at time"" $here t is the residence time of the reactor, reactor, Residence time" is the aerage amo+nt of time that a partic.e spends in a partic+.ar sstem, The residence time" is a representation of ho$ .ong it taes for the concentration to significant. change in the sediment, !n this experiment" $e ad5+st the p+mp t$o a.+e a.+e of f.o$rate $hich is 2/0 67s and 100 67s, The f.o$ rate for each experiment is aria#.e #+t the reactor o.+me remain constant for eer experiment, Conersion is an improed $a of 8+antifing exact. ho$ far has the reaction moed" or ho$ man mo.es of prod+cts are formed for eer mo.e of %a&' has cons+med, Rate of reaction is defined as the rate of disappearance of reactants or the rate of formation of prod+cts, Rate of reaction can descri#e a#o+t ho$ fast a n+m#er of mo.es of one chemica. species reaction to form another species, There are a.so some errors o#tained #eca+se the res+.t for the cond+ctiit is not constant, This This is d+e to the $rong meas+ring of eth. acetate and sodi+m hdroxide, Besides that, The tan of the e8+ipment $as po..+ted, This is d+e to the resid+e .eft in the tan,

LABORATORY LABORATORY MANUAL (JAN 2016)

2.0 2.0

REACTION ENGINEERING (CKB 20104)

DATA AND RES RESULT ULTS

Reactor volume Temperature Temperature =

Time (min )

Tempera!r e ("C)

=

1.5 L

Flowrate

=

10 100_____ mL/min

_____ oC

#$%& #$%& rae %' rae %' NaO E(A+) #NAO #ET (mL*mi (mL*mi n) n)

T%a$ ,%& rae %' -%$!i%n- #0 (mL*min) . #NAO / #ET

Re-ien+ e ime 3 (min) (e$' +a$+!$ae)

In$e +%n!+i i5 (m*+m)

(e$' +a$+!$ae)

In$e +%n+enra i%n %' NaO CNaO (M)

O!$e C%n!+i i5

('r%m +a$irai%n +!re)

(m*+m)

O!$e +%n+enra i%n %' NaO CNaO (M) ('r%m +a$irai%n +!re)

C%ner-i %n 7 (8) (e$' +a$+!$ae)

In$e

O!$e 

0

29.9

29.4

100

101

201

0.0075

12.15

0.05!

12.29

0.0574

"1.05#$

5

#0.2

29.

110

10#

21#

0.007

11.90

0.055

!.7#

0.040!

2.2$

10

#0.4

29.7

110

90

200

0.0075

12.47

0.05!#

!.0!

0.0#7!

#5.1$

15

#0.4

29.9

10!

100

20!

0.0072

12.2#

0.0571

7.22

0.0##7

40.9!$

20

#0.

#0.1

10!

99

207

0.0072

11.2

0.054#

.72

0.0#14

42.17$

25

#0.7

#0.2

107

99

20

0.007#

11.1

0.054#

.25

0.0292

4.22$

#0

#0.!

#0.#

107

97

204

0.0074

11.59

0.0542

.00

0.02!

4!.#4$

#5

#1

#0.5

10

99

205

0.007#

11.57

0.0541

.00

0.02!

4!.24$

19



40

#1.2

#0.

10!

97

205

0.007#

11.5#

0.05#9

.05

0.02!#

47.5$

45

#1.4

#0.7

110

9!

20!

0.0072

11.20

0.052#

5.9!

0.0279

4.5$

50

#1.5

#0.9

109

97

20

0.007#

11.2#

0.0525

5.!7

0.0274

47.!1$

#0a9 = 205.7#

3a9 .0:00;<

%&T'( 1. &)tain t*e concentration o+ %a&, %a&, +or eac* o+ t*e reaction time +rom t*e mea-ure conuctivit value )a-e on t*e cali)ration curve ppeni 3. X =

!n.et concentration of %a&' − &+t.et concentration of %a&' !n.et concentration of %a&'

2. Formula Formula to to calculate calculate converconver-ion ion 6 REULT #OR E7=ERIMENT

20

× 1002



40

#1.2

#0.

10!

97

205

0.007#

11.5#

0.05#9

.05

0.02!#

47.5$

45

#1.4

#0.7

110

9!

20!

0.0072

11.20

0.052#

5.9!

0.0279

4.5$

50

#1.5

#0.9

109

97

20

0.007#

11.2#

0.0525

5.!7

0.0274

47.!1$

#0a9 = 205.7#

3a9 .0:00;<

%&T'( 1. &)tain t*e concentration o+ %a&, %a&, +or eac* o+ t*e reaction time +rom t*e mea-ure conuctivit value )a-e on t*e cali)ration curve ppeni 3. X =

!n.et concentration of %a&' − &+t.et concentration of %a&' !n.et concentration of %a&'

× 1002

2. Formula Formula to to calculate calculate converconver-ion ion 6 REULT #OR E7=ERIMENT

20




Time (min )

Tempera!r e ("C)

=

1.5 L

Flowrate

=

_250__ mL/min

_____ oC




In$e +%n!+i i5 (m*+m)

(e$' +a$+!$ae)


O!$e C%n!+i i5


(m*+m)

O!$e +%n+enra i%n %' NaO CNaO (M) ('r%m +a$irai%n +!re)

C%ner-i %n 7 (8) (e$' +a$+!$ae)

In$e

O!$e 

0

#1.5

#1.9

24.5

24.!

49.#

0.0#04

12.#

0.057!

!.4#

0.0#94

#1.!#$

5

#1.

#1.1

24.5

24.7

49.2

0.0#05

12.#9

0.0579

7.71

0.0#

#7.!2$

10

#1.7

#1.2

24.!

24.!

49.

0.0#02

12.4!

0.05!#

7.!

0.0#59

#!.42$

15

#1.!

#1.#

25.4

25.0

50.4

0.029!

12.77

0.0597

7.!

0.0#59

#9.!7$

21




Time (min )

Tempera!r e ("C)

=

1.5 L

Flowrate

=

_250__ mL/min

_____ oC




In$e +%n!+i i5 (m*+m)

(e$' +a$+!$ae)


O!$e C%n!+i i5


(m*+m)

O!$e +%n+enra i%n %' NaO

C%ner-i %n 7 (8)

CNaO (M) ('r%m +a$irai%n +!re)

(e$' +a$+!$ae)

In$e

O!$e 

0

#1.5

#1.9

24.5

24.!

49.#

0.0#04

12.#

0.057!

!.4#

0.0#94

#1.!#$

5

#1.

#1.1

24.5

24.7

49.2

0.0#05

12.#9

0.0579

7.71

0.0#

#7.!2$

10

#1.7

#1.2

24.!

24.!

49.

0.0#02

12.4!

0.05!#

7.!

0.0#59

#!.42$

15

#1.!

#1.#

25.4

25.0

50.4

0.029!

12.77

0.0597

7.!

0.0#59

#9.!7$

21



20

#1.!

#1.4

25.

25.1

50.7

0.029

12.4

0.0591

7.9

0.0#59

#9.2$

25

#1.!

#1.5

2.0

24.!

50.!

0.0295

12.5

0.0591

7.5

0.0#57

#9.59$

#0

#2.1

#1.!

2.4

24.9

51.#

0.0292

12.#

0.059

7.4!

0.0#5

40.!$

#5

#2.2

#1.!

25.!

24.0

49.!

0.0#01

12.41

0.05!

7.40

0.0#4

40.#4$

#0a9 = 50.14

3a9 .0:02>>

%&T'( 1. &)tain t*e concentration o+ %a&, %a&, +or eac* o+ t*e reaction time +rom t*e mea-ure conuctivit value )a-e on t*e cali)ration curve ppeni 3. X

=

!n.et concentrat ion of %a&' − &+t.et concentrat ion of %a&' !n.et concentrat ion of %a&'

2. Formula Formula to calcul calculate ate conver-io conver-ion n 6

22

× 1002



20

#1.!

#1.4

25.

25.1

50.7

0.029

12.4

0.0591

7.9

0.0#59

#9.2$

25

#1.!

#1.5

2.0

24.!

50.!

0.0295

12.5

0.0591

7.5

0.0#57

#9.59$

#0

#2.1

#1.!

2.4

24.9

51.#

0.0292

12.#

0.059

7.4!

0.0#5

40.!$

#5

#2.2

#1.!

25.!

24.0

49.!

0.0#01

12.41

0.05!

7.40

0.0#4

40.#4$

#0a9 = 50.14

3a9 .0:02>>

%&T'( 1. &)tain t*e concentration o+ %a&, %a&, +or eac* o+ t*e reaction time +rom t*e mea-ure conuctivit value )a-e on t*e cali)ration curve ppeni 3. X

=

!n.et concentrat ion of %a&' − &+t.et concentrat ion of %a&' !n.et concentrat ion of %a&'

2. Formula Formula to calcul calculate ate conver-io conver-ion n 6

22



19

× 1002



19



Conver-ion  6 v-. Reaction Time t 0

50

40

Conver-ion 6

#0

Flowrate 100 ml/min

20

10

0

0

5

10

15

20

25

#0

#5

40

45

50

Reaction Time t

#i9!re 1 Conver-ion6 ver-u- Reaction Timet +or 100 mL/min

20



Conver-ion  6 v-. Reaction Time t 0

50

40

Conver-ion 6

#0

Flowrate 100 ml/min

20

10

0

0

5

10

15

20

25

#0

#5

40

45

50

Reaction Time t


20



Conver-ion 6 v-. Reaction Time t 45 40 #5 #0 25

Conver-ion 6

Flowrate 250 ml/min 20 15 10 5 0

0

5

10

15

20

25

#0

#5

Reaction Time t


21



Conver-ion 6 v-. Reaction Time t 45 40 #5 #0 25

Conver-ion 6

Flowrate 250 ml/min 20 15 10 5 0

0

5

10

15

20

25

#0

#5

Reaction Time t


21



For 250 ml/min owrate

8 =

F 

Vpfr Vpfr Cao

205.73

=

( 1.5 )( 0.0568)

[− ] X 1 X

[−

0.4834

1

.0 .4834

]

= 2259.49 mol/L.min

"r = 8Ca2

2 "r A = (2259.49) (0.028)

-r A = 1.7714 22




8 =

F 

Vpfr Vpfr Cao

205.73

=

( 1.5 )( 0.0568)

[− ] X 1 X

[−

0.4834

1

.0 .4834

]

= 2259.49 mol/L.min

"r = 8Ca2

2 "r A = (2259.49) (0.028)

-r A = 1.7714 22




8 =

F 

Vpfr Vpfr Cao

50.14

=

( 1.5 )( 0.0568)

[− ] X 1 X

[−

0.4068

1

.0.4068

]

= "0.05!9 mol/L.min "r = 8Ca2

2 "r A = (-0.0589) (0.035)

-r A = -0.000072 2#




8 =

[− ] X 1 X

F 

Vpfr Vpfr Cao

50.14

=

[−

0.4068

( 1.5 )( 0.0568)

1

.0.4068

]

= "0.05!9 mol/L.min "r = 8Ca2

2 "r A = (-0.0589) (0.035)

-r A = -0.000072 2#

LABORATORY MANUAL (JAN 2016) REACTION ENGINEERING (CKB 20104)

3.0

ANALYSIS AND DI DISCUSSION

) saponification reaction #et$een %a&' and Et()c* $ere carried o+t +sing pi.ot P.+g .o$ Reactor Reactor (PR*, (PR*, The The main o#5ectie o#5ectie is to st+d st+d the effect effect of residence residence time"Ʈ on the conersion in a PR, )nother o#5ectie is to determine the reaction rate constant", The reaction #et$een %a&' and Et()c* is a..o$ed to occ+r and mixed in the tan of PR ca..ed 9R1, The f.o$ rates $ere set $ith constant f.o$ rates for #oth feed esse." B1 and B2 $hich is 100 m67min for initia. a.+e, The so.+tions $ere mixed +nti. it reached a stead state, The data $hich appeared on screen $ere taen to determine the concentration of %a&' in the reactor and extent of conersion, The step $as repeated # +sing different f.o$ rates of 2/0 m67min, rom the ca.c+.ation" the residence time for each f.o$ rates $as ca.c+.ated and ta#+.ated, The residence time $ere increasing inerse. $ith decreasing f.o$ rates, The res+.t sho$n that at f.o$ rate 100 m67min" the residence time is 0,003 min, The residence time is 0,02;; min at f.o$ rate of 2/0 m67min, The conersion for 100 m67min is 4,1 , The conersion $ere 40,34  for 2/0 m67min, The data co..ected is ta#+.ated,


3.0

ANALYSIS AND DI DISCUSSION

) saponification reaction #et$een %a&' and Et()c* $ere carried o+t +sing pi.ot P.+g .o$ Reactor Reactor (PR*, (PR*, The The main o#5ectie o#5ectie is to st+d st+d the effect effect of residence residence time"Ʈ on the conersion in a PR, )nother o#5ectie is to determine the reaction rate constant", The reaction #et$een %a&' and Et()c* is a..o$ed to occ+r and mixed in the tan of PR ca..ed 9R1, The f.o$ rates $ere set $ith constant f.o$ rates for #oth feed esse." B1 and B2 $hich is 100 m67min for initia. a.+e, The so.+tions $ere mixed +nti. it reached a stead state, The data $hich appeared on screen $ere taen to determine the concentration of %a&' in the reactor and extent of conersion, The step $as repeated # +sing different f.o$ rates of 2/0 m67min, rom the ca.c+.ation" the residence time for each f.o$ rates $as ca.c+.ated and ta#+.ated, The residence time $ere increasing inerse. $ith decreasing f.o$ rates, The res+.t sho$n that at f.o$ rate 100 m67min" the residence time is 0,003 min, The residence time is 0,02;; min at f.o$ rate of 2/0 m67min, The conersion for 100 m67min is 4,1 , The conersion $ere 40,34  for 2/0 m67min, The data co..ected is ta#+.ated, ) graph Conersion"< (in * ers+s Residence Res idence Time"t (in min* $as p.otted and sho$s that the conersion is direct. proportiona. to the residence time, The percentage of conersion decreases $ith increasing residence time, There might #e an error d+ring this experiment $as occ+rred $hich is the f.o$ rates is diffic+.t to maintain for #oth of f.o$ rates so that the f.o$ rates f.+ct+ated d+ring the experiment $hich ca+sed the residence time"t decrease d+ring experiment, , Theoretica.." the conersion"< $i.. increase $hen residence time"t increase, The f.o$ rate is a.so effect the conersion and the residence time, !f the f.o$rate increase the conersion can #e faster #eca+se the reaction #et$een %a&' and Et ()c* #ecame more faster and this $i.. increase the conersion of the process, Residence time is said to #e direct. proportiona. to sstem capacit #+t inerse. proportiona. proportiona. to the f.o$ rate of the s+#stance thro+gh the sstem,!f the si=e of the sstem is changed" the residence time of the sstem $i.. #e changed as $e.., The .arger .arger the sstem" the .arger the residence time" ass+ming the inf.o$ and o+tf.o$ o+tf.o$ rates rates are he.d constant, The sma..er the sstem" the shorter the residence time $i.. #e" again ass+ming stead-state conditions,rom this statement $e can conc.+de that the #igger the sstem the .o$er the a.+e of conersion for that reactor, reactor,

24


Rather than that" in this experiment the rate of reaction #et$een %a&' and Et()c* $ere a.so ca.c+.ated, The res+.t sho$n that the rate of reaction (mo.76,min* for 100 m67min f.o$ rate is -0,0/; mo.76,min, The rate of reaction for 2/0 m67min f.o$ rate is 22/;,4; mo.76,min, The rate of reaction $ere deacreasing respectie. $ith decreasing f.o$ rates, 'ence" it can #e conc.+de that the conersion is more efficient $hen the residence time is higher in the PR, !n the .onger the residence time $i.. mae the mixt+re in the reaction mix #etter, >ore prod+cts $i.. #e formed from the reaction, &n the other hand" the experiment $as fast reaction and the reading of #oth cond+ctiit are a .itt.e diffic+.t to get constant $hich is the reading #ecame f.+ct+ated, 9o" an trapped air in the pipe.ine need to #e #.eeds to get acc+rate res+.t,

25


This experiment is #eing cond+cted to st+d a#o+t p.+g f.o$ reactor $hen cond+cting saponi saponific ficatio ation n reactio reactionan nand d the effect effect of tempera temperat+r t+ree on rate rate of coner conersio sion n in PR, PR, The The chemica.s that #eing +sed are sodi+m hdroxide (%a&'* and eth. acetate, Both of the chemica.s $ere p+t in a tan and p+mp into PR" $ith a constant f.o$rate" 100m67min, The thermostat is then #eing set to 40"/0 and 0?c, The res+.ts $ere then co..ected" and ta#+.ated in ta#.e 1"2"3, Then" the conersion a.+e $as ca.c+.ated, rom this experiment of effect of residence time on the reaction in a PR" the main o#5ectie is to determine the effect of residence time on the conersion in a PR, !n order to start this experiment /06 9odi+m 'droxide 'droxide (0,1>* and /06 Eth. )cetate (0,1>* $as mixed in receiing esse. B3 to prepare the genera. so.+tions to start the experiment, The experiment then $as proceed to f+.fi.. the o#5ecties $hich to carr o+t a saponification reaction #et$een %a&' and Et()c* +sing P.+g .o$ .o$ Reactor to compare the reaction conersion #et$een this tpes of reactors (PR* and to determine the reaction rate constant, Residence time is said to #e direct. proportiona. to sstem capacit #+t inerse. proportiona. to the f.o$ rate of the s+#stance thro+gh the sstem,!f the si=e of the sstem is changed" the residence time of of the sstem $i.. #e changed changed as $e.., The The .arger the sstem" the .arger the residence time" ass+ming the inf.o$ and o+tf.o$ o+tf.o$ rates rates are he.d constant, The sma..er the sstem" the shorter the residence time $i.. #e" again ass+ming stead-state conditions,rom this statement $e can conc.+de that the #igger the sstem the .o$er the a.+e of conersion for that reactor, r eactor, )s )s can #een sho$n s ho$n from the experimenta. res+.t r es+.t $hich the PR has higher conersion compared to sing.e stage of C9TR,

2


rom the experiment that has #een cond+cted" the a.+e for the conersion" <  for each reactors hae #een identified, or sing.e stage C9TR reactor the conersion o#tained is 2,;34 at $hich the in.et and o+t.et cond+ctiit (m97cm* are at ,/3 and 4,;4,rom the ca.c+.ation that hae has #een done the residence time @ (min* o#tained is 0,011,or the 3 stage C9TRs the conersion" <  o#tained is ;;,;;;4; at $hich the in.et and o+t.et cond+ctiit is at ;,12 and 4,;2,The a.+e of residence time @ (min* ca.c+.ated is 0,00/,or reactor tpe of PR" the in.et and o+t.et cond+ctiit are ar e 11,4 and 0,0030 at $hich the conersion recorded is ;4,/0//,rom the PR reactor" the a.+e for residence time @ (min* o#tained is 0,00, Based from the res+.t" res+.t" 40?c has a higher conersion compared compared to 0?c, )ccordin )ccording g to theor" as temperat+re increase" the rate of reaction sho+.d a.so increase" hence the rate of conersion of %a&' and eth. acetate $i.. a.so increases, or reaction to occ+rs" it need to hae an effectie co..ision #et$een t$o partic.es, 9o" # adding more heat" the partic.es $i.. i#rate more igoro+s. and the co..ision fre8+enc $i.. increase, &nce the co..ison fre8+enc has increased" the effectie co..ision $i.. occ+rs more reg+.ar., reg+.ar., !n this experiment" 40?c has a higher conersion $hen compared to 0?c, 'igher conersion means higher rate of reaction, The res+.t is not according to theor, The res+.ts ma contain some error, 0?c sho+.d hae a higher higher conersion conersion compared compared to 40?c, The error ma occ+rs $hen setting the thermostat temperat+re, 9t+dents ma set the temperat+re higher or .o$er to the act+a. temperat+re,

27


Araph 1 sho$ed the graph of conersion"< against reaction time"t for different f.o$ rates, The graph sho$ed $hen the residence time increased" the conersion a.so increased, Araph 2 sho$ed the graph of conersion 9 residence time at 0?C $hich the graph initia.. sho$s that the conersion and time $as para..e., Araph 3 sho$ed the graph of conersion 9 resid residen ence ce time time at 0?C 0?C and and it gie gie the the decre decreasi asing ng res+ res+.t .t of con coner ersio sion n $hen $hen the the time time increased, This PR experiment $as done +nder stead state condition, !n the t+#+.ar reactor" the reactants are contin+a.. cons+med as it f.o$s do$n the .ength of the reactor, The p.+g f.o$ need to fix $ith the residence time as this residence time is +sed to characteri=e the mixing mixing and f.o$ f.o$ $ithin $ithin reacto reactors, rs, Theor Theoretic etica.. a.."" $hen $hen the reside residence nce time time distri# distri#+ti +tion on is increase" the conersion a.so increases, The f.o$ rate is a.so effect the conersion and the residence time, !f the f.o$rate increase the conersion can #e faster #eca+se the reaction #et$een %a&' and Et ()c* #ecame more faster and this $i.. increase the conersion of the process, hen reaction rate constant has #eing ca.c+.ated" graph .n  against 17T $as p.otted, The highest reaction rate constant is 203;,;0 at 40?c" $hi.e the.o$est is 2141/,4 at 0?c, The gradient for the graph is -0,44 and -int is 10,01, B no$ing the a.+e of gradient and -int" the a.+e of actiation energ and fre8+enc factor for this saponification energ is o#tain o#tained, ed, The The actiat actiation ion energ is 3, 3, D7mo., D7mo.,K K $hi.e $hi.e the a.+e a.+e for fre8+en fre8+enc c factor factor is −1

3

−1

2224,4 mol m s

,

rom rom this this res+.t" res+.t" it can #e said said that that incons inconsiste istenc nc of the f.o$ rate reading reading affected to its a.+e of reading, The f.o$ rate m+st #e constant at the rate of 100m67min and 2/0m67min, This f.o$ rate a.+e can #e contro..ed # +sing #oth  and  a.es, Both f.o$ rate need to #e constant and same, )s it is man+a.. contro..ed" to get exact reading of 100m67min and 200m67min is 8+ite impossi#.e so the a.+e is set approximate. to the a.+e, Th+s" the f.o$ rate m+st #e a.$as ad5+sted to get the same a.+e for #oth a.es to oercome the oershoot in the experiment, &n the other hand" the experiment $as fast reaction and the reading reading of #oth cond+ctii cond+ctiit t are a .itt.e diffic+.t diffic+.t to get constant $hich is the reading reading #ecame f.+ct+ated, 9o" an trapped air in the pipe.ine need to #e #.eeds to get acc+rate res+.t, the conersion in a reactor depends on the aerage reaction rate as $e.. as the residence time,) C9TR is $e.. mixed" and the aerage reaction rate $i.. #e that of the conditions of the #+. mixt+re, The The composition of the reactor prod+ct is a.so the same as that in the reactor,

2!


or most reactions (especia.. e8+i.i#ri+m reactions* the rate of reaction decreases $ith increasing concentrations of fina. prod+ct (and decreasing concentrations of reagent*,!n a p.+g f.o$ reactor" the rate is not constant, !n the first section of the reactor" the rates are high (high concentration of feed and .o$ concentration of prod+ct*, )s the materia. goes thro+gh the reactor the rates drop, The aerage rate is sti.. higher and hence the conersion for a gien reactor o.+me is a.so #etter, The idea. heat transfer conditions can #e achieed # aring the s+rface to o.+me ratio or the coo.ing7heating f.+x, Th+s stages $here process heat o+tp+t is er high either +se extreme heat B tac.ing the pro#.em as a series of stages" extreme coo.ing7heating conditions to #e emp.oed at the hot7co.d spots $itho+t s+ffering oerheating or oercoo.ing e.se$here, The significance of this is that .arger f.o$ channe.s can #e +sed, 6arger f.o$ channe.s are genera.. desira#.e as the permit higher rate" .o$er press+re drop and a red+ced tendenc to #.oc,

29


4.0 4.0

CONC CONCLU LUSI SION ONS S AND RECO RECOMM MMEN ENDA DAT TIONS IONS

)s a conc.+sion" conc.+sion" it can #e seen that the effect of RT RT on the reaction in a PR affect the saponi saponifica ficatio tion n reactio reaction n #et$ee #et$een n %a&' %a&' and Et()c*" Et()c*" residen residence ce time time on the extent extent of conersion and the reaction rate constant, Based from the res+.t o#tained" the higher the f.o$ rate the shorter the time taen for the reaction to occ+r +nti. it reached a constant cond+ctiit a.+e, a.+e, )t 20067m 20067min" in" the  a.+e a.+e is 0,32mo. 0,32mo.7dm 7dmF,m F,min, in, The coner conersio sion n is the highes highestt at 40067min" 1,; and .o$est at 20067min" 34,, The aerage residence time is highest at 20067m 20067min in compar compared ed to other other f.o$ f.o$ rates, rates, The The residen residence ce time time increas increasee as the coner conersio sion n increase, There are some recommendations that are needed for improement in order to increase the efficienc of the res+.t o#tained, +ring the experiment" mae s+re the so.+tion +sed is meas+red correct., The ees m+st #e perpendic+.ar to the meas+ring sca.e to aoid para..ax error, The The mixt+re of the reaction might not #e stirred een. as the reaction 5+st started at that time, 6ast." chec the f.o$ rate constant. as it needs to approximate. reach 200 67min for a #etter a.+e of cond+ctiit, >ae s+re the feed stoc is s+fficient so that the experiment can #e cond+ct +nti. the cond+ctiit is constant, constant,

#0


5.0

TUTORIAL A. Discuss the the ada!ta"es ada!ta"es a!d disada!ta"es disada!ta"es #$ usi!" usi!" %&R 'eact#'s 'eact#'s i! che(ica) 'eacti#!. 'eacti#!. Desc'i*e a! e+a(,)e #$ i!dust'ia) a,,)icati#!s that uti)i-ed %&R 'eact#'s i! its ,'#cess

)ns$er: There are seera. adantages and disadantages of +sing p.+g f.o$ reactors (PR*, The adantages of +sing PR are it is eas to maintain as there is no agitator or moing part in the reactor, reac tor, >oreoer" >oreoer" PR hae a high o.+metric +nit conersion per +nit of reactor of an of the f.o$ reactors, +rthermore" PR $as r+nning for .ong periods of time $itho+t maintenance and has .o$ press+re drop, %ext" PR t+#es are eas to c.ean and a nd it $as mechanica.. mechanica .. simp.e and +naring prod+ct 8+a.it, The .ast #+t not .east is heat transfer rate of PR can #e optimi=ed # +sing more" more" thinner" fe$er and thicer t+#es in para..e., !nstead of haing adantages" PR a.so hae theirs disadantages, The disadantages of PR are" it is diffic+.t to contro. the temperat+re $ithin the reactor and can ca+sed in +ndesira#.e temperat+re gradients, %ext" PR maintenance is a.so more expensie than C9TR maintenance and hot spots ma occ+r $ithin reactor $hen +sed for exothermic reactions, The examp.e of ind+stria. app.ication that +ti.i=ed PR reactors in its process is to design and prod+ce 1"01 metric tons7da of ammonia at a feed of /"/00 mo.7hr $hi.e maintaining the #est compromise #et$een prod+ction and p+rit, 9im+.ated in )9PE% )9PE% $ith an adia#atic Ai## reactor" optima. prod+ction is achieed at 100 #ar reactor press+re and a ,2/ p+rge stream" res+.ting in ;,; ;,; prod+ct stream p+rit, The sim+.ated process is compara#.e to conentiona. ammonia snthesis p.ants, +rther economic optimi=ation is foc+sed on compression costs and reactor efficienc, efficienc , ) ne$ r+theni+m #ased cata.st $ith higher actiit at .o$er tota. press+res can #e emp.oed ena#.ing the process to r+n at significant. .o$er press+res $hi.e maintaining high ammonia conersion, !nsta..ing this cata.st into a m+.ti-#ed radia. p.+g-f.o$ reactor res+.ts in an attractie com#ination of high prod+ction and red+ced costs that can #e c+stom made for expansion" retrofit" or grassroots pro5ects,

. /'ite a #!e,a'a"'a,h #!e,a'a"'a,h su((a' su((a' #$ a! a! #u'!a) a'tic)e that that studies che(ica) 'eacti#! 'eacti#! i! a %&R. The a'tic)e (ust hae *ee! ,u*)ished ithi! the )ast 5 ea's.

#1


E+,)ai! #! the %&R 'eact#' used i! the stud a!d its si"!i$ica!ce t# the stud d#!e. A!se' 9+mmar of 5o+rna.: This 5o+rna. proposes RT st+dies in p.+g f.o$ reactor

and comparison of non-idea. reactors +sing residence time distri#+tion f+nction, The mode. a.so gies a prediction of the n+m#er of idea. contin+o+s stirred tan reactors (C9TR* that co+.d represent the non-idea. p.+g f.o$ reactor (PR* in 8+estion, 9im+.ated res+.ts reea. that 10 n+m#ers of idea. stirred tans in series $o+.d represent the non-idea. p.+g f.o$ reactor +nder st+d, The graphica. res+.t of a.. fo+r reactors is generated direct. # po.math, >ost of the chemica. reactors in the ind+stries hae non-idea. regime, The non-idea. p.+g f.o$ reactor (PR* is one $hose attri#+tes deiate from that of the idea. p.+g f.o$ reactors, Therefore" in depth no$.edge of the residence time distri#+tion (RT* of components in the reactor is necessar for its ana.sis, The residence time distri#+tion indicates ho$ m+ch time each fraction of a charged materia. spends in the esse., The residence time distri#+tion of reactants or tracers in a f.o$ esse. is a e dat+m for determining reactor performance, The significant of the st+d done to get no$.edge of RT is direct. +sef+. in esse. design" improement in performance and for the first order inetics conersion ca.c+.ations, etai.ed no$.edge of residence time distri#+tion $ith the +nderstanding of the oera.. f.o$ pattern he.ps in dee.opment of a mode. of the sstem and this mode. can #e +sed for the hand.ing comp.icated inetic, >oreoer" mixed mode. approach has gained importance in RT RT +nderstanding, )ccording to this concept" a rea. reactor is considered as consisting of ario+s f.o$ regimes $ith no$n resistance time distri#+tion s+ch as p.+g f.o$ regions" perfect. mixed regions and ario+s tpes of f.o$, Research Do+rna. of Recent 9ciences" 2012*

6.0

RE&ERENCES

#2


1, P.+g .o$ .o$ Reactor Reactor >ode., >ode., (200/* (200/* iip iipedia, edia, G&n.ine G&n.ineH, H, G)ccessed G)ccessed 11 11th >arch" 201H, )ai.a#.e from or.d ide e#: https:77en,$iipedia,org7$ii7P.+gIf.o$IreactorImode. 2. 6ann ,9," The Engineering of Chemical Reactions, &xford Jniersit Press" %e$ or" or" 1;;, 3. P.+g .o$ Reactors, (2013* Encc.opedia &f Chemica. Engineering E8+ipment, G&n.ineH G)ccessed 11th >arch" 201H, )ai.a#.e from or.d ide e#: http:77encc.opedia,che,engin,+mich,ed+7Pages7Reactors7PR7PR,htm. 4. P.+g .o$ Reactors, (2000* Jniersit of >ichiganLs Ed+cation Porta., G&n.ineH G)ccessed 12th >arch" 201H, )ai.a#.e from or.d ide e#: http:77$$$,+mich,ed+7Me.ements7/e7as6earn7#its7pfrfina.7index,htm /,

7.0

A%%ENDICES

##

CKB 20104 Reaction Engineering UniKL MICET Experiment 3a: Effect of Residence Time on the Reaction in a PFR full lab report

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