Clases de Turco

¡Lección 1: la gramática básica!! La NOTA: NOTA: Usted debe tener el apoyo de idioma turco para ver los carácteres correctamente en esta página...

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"ntroducci(n1Pronunciaci(n1 "ntroducci(n1Pronunciaci(n1 Las palabras duras1/edondeando las palabras suaves1 La llanura abierta y ad-etivos1 #l de las palabras 1 Las 2rases 1 los pronombres 1La regla genreal del cerrado posesivol

La introducción La gramática turca es bastante di2erente de a3u4llos de los otros idiomas europeos *omo el ingl4s&. /ealmente el turco no es un idioma "ndoeuropeo5 es un idioma de Uralo6Altaic. 7Todav0a la gramática turca es simple88 La gramática turca tiene sin embargo mucho en com9n con ingl4s... o no hablar4 mucho aprendemos el turco

El Alfabeto turco y pronunciación: El Alfabeto turco: A a ;ather #l padre padre&& < b els =e>els Las Las -oya -oyas& s& ? @ *hurch *hurch La La iglesia& iglesia&  d ay #l d0a& d0a& # e #nd #nd #l #l +n& +n& ; 2 ;oot oot #l #l pie& pie& B g Bo Caya&  *omo el 2ranc4s /& con las reglas de las vocalesvea las duras D E para las vocales& pero el duro duro y suave como como y en el yate con las las vocales.Nunca el suave va al principio de una palabra.. F h Fo> *(mo&  Birl sometimes like i in pit& La muchacha a veces como i en el "G hoyo& H i =eep -eep&  = - Pleasure el placer&

I k Iid *o> *o> #l niJo niJo la vaca vaca L l La> a ley& ,  ,onkey #l mono& m N n No O o ;or ;or para& K  *omo el eu 2ranc4s 2ranc4s P p Part La La parte& parte& / r /at /at La La rata rata&& ! s La !od !oda M  !ho !ho>s  T t T>o dos& U u Boose #l #l ganso& ganso&   *omo u 2ranc4s 2ranc4s o el el ue C v Coice La La voQ&   y ear #l aJo& R Q Roo #l #l Roolog Roologico ico&&

Difícilmente y las palabras suaves: obierne 1:

!e llaman AS"SOSU las vocales duras.

Palabras en 3ue la 9ltima vocal es dura es las palabras duras. #: can -a:nel alma&SGGkla luQ&Solsea&Sunsuroonsoorel luQ&Solsea&Sunsuroonsoorel elemento& obierne :

!e llaman #S"SKS las vocales. Las palabras suaves en 3ue la 9ltima vocal es suave son las palabras suaves. #: el el el la mano&Silimla ciencia&Sl,u4rase indispensable&Sstanteriormente&

"edondeado y las palabras llanas: obierne 1:

!e llaman OSUSKS estas vocales . Las palabras redondeadas en la 9ltima vocal son las palabras redondeadas. #:

olSunsurSlSst obierne :

!e llaman AS"S#S" estas vocales. !e llama la palabra llano en la 9ltima vocal canSGGkSilimSel Abra y las palabras cerradas: obierne 1:

!e llaman AS#SOSK se llaman vocales.Las palabras abiertas en 3ue la 9ltima vocal está abierta las palabras abiertas. #:

canSelSolSl obierne :

!e llaman "S"SUS 3ue vocales.Las palabras  cerrados en 3ue la 9ltima vocal está est á cerrada son las palabras cerradas. #:

GGkSilimSunsurSst

El resumen: La 9ltima vocal determina el tipo de la palabra.... 7Vsta es la regla a3u088888

#: can: es un piso duro la palabra abierta. GGk: es 3ue un piso duro cerr( cerr( la palabra. el: es un piso suave la palabra abierta. ilim: es 3ue un piso suave cerr( la palabra.

ol: es una palabra abierta redondeada dura. unsur: es una palabra cerrada redondeada dura. l: es una palabra abierta redondeada suave. st: es una palabra cerrada redondeada suave.

Las frases obierne 1#La frase$el asunto%el predicado& La 2rase turca debe tener un asunto y un asunto de predicado.#l debe ser un nouna el actually&5and de grupo nominal el predicado debe contener un verba el actually&Wsee de grupo verbal deba-o aprender los grupos casi nominales y verbalesX top "ule #nominal group& Nominal groupYs a group o2 >ords >hose nucleus is a noun. ;or eample: )cat) is a noun)theSa cats&) is a nominal group)aSthe pretty cats&) is still a nominl group. !o a nominal group is a noun and all >ords attached to it:like articlesaSthe& and ad-ectivespretty&. Note: Z6The relative clausesand many other clauses attached to describing& a noun are considered a part o2 the nominal group. [6 "n turkishthere are no articelsi.e. no aStheso all nouns are considered nominal groups even i2 >ith no ad-ectives. top "ule '#verbal group& A verbal group is a group o2 >ords that contains a con-ugated verbnot an in+nitive&. ;or eample: Z6)to be great) is not a verbal group in turkishbut )amSisSare great) is a verbal group. [6)\yinggerund&) is not a verbal group in turkishbut )\yS\ied) is a verbal group.

Note:  The )isSare) con-ugation o2 verb to be >ith the third pesonheSsheSitSthey& is usually ommitted as >e shall see5so >e say in turkish " am..ou are.. FeSshe ...]e are...oupl&are... They ... top

(ronouns (ersonal (ronouns singular english "

sing. turkish ben

you

sen

heSsheSit

o

plural english >e you 2or pluarl and 2ormal singualr& they

pl.turkis h biQ siQ onlar

top (ossessive ad)ectives sing eng

sing turk

pl eng

GmSimSumSm our Sm your2or plural your GnSinSunSnSn and 2ormal singular hisSherSi GSiSuSSsGSsiSsu their ts Ss my

pl turk GmGQSimiQSumuQSmQSmGQSmiQSm uQSmQ GnGQSiniQSunuQSnQSnGQSniQSnuQSn Q larGSleri

Note: Z6The possessive pronouns in turkish are added to the end o2 the noun not be2ore it.#.iltongue&'''ilim,y tongue& [6The noun and the possessive ad-ective >hen added they 2orm together one >ord8 not t>o separate >ords& ^6]e add hard su_es to hard >ordsand so2t su_es to so2t ones.see above to learn about so2t and hard >ords& $6]e add \at su_es to \at >ords and rounded su_es to rounded >ords.see above to learn about \at and rounded >ords&

`6]e add mSnSsi...SmiQ...SniQ...Sleri... to >ords ending in a vo>el.#:!evgilove&'''!evgimSsevginSsevgisiSsevgimiQSsev giniQSsevgileri E*amples: ben sen o biQ siQ

can kGl canGm kGlGm canGn kGlGn canG kGlG canGmG kGlGmG Q Q canGnG kGlGnGQ Q

yer Qil yerim Qilim yerin Qilin yeri Qili yerimi Qilimi Q Q yerini QiliniQ Q

kol pul kolum pulum kolun pulun kolu pulu kolumu pulum Q uQ kolunu pulunu Q Q

gQ gQm gQn gQ gQm Q gQn Q

tr trm trn tr trm Q trn Q

onla canlarG kGllarG yerleri Qilleri kollarG pullarG gQleri trleri r

top A eneral rule for adding a su+* to a stem or a ,ord:  There are many su_es used in turkish.!u_es or postpositions& may be a verbimek&a possessive pronounsu_ o2 con-ugation...etc. Usuallysu_es o2 a speci+c 2unction are not +ed.Possessives my& 2or eample is not +ed. GmSimSumSmSm& all mean my&but you canYt use all o2 them >ith any >ord.ou should use the appropriate su_ 2orm according to the type o2 the >ord. -ere are some .ints t.at may be of some .elp: 1/0se a .ard su+* ,it. a .ard stem,ord2 /0se a rounded su+* ,it. a rounded stem,ord2 '/3a4e care: some su+*es c.ange ,.en t.e stem ends in a vo,el2 5/0sually6 closed letters #7iu8& are t.e letters to be c.angedommited according to t.e type of ,ords2

LE99; :< (lease =ll in t.is form <  The 2orm 1 Cocabulary 1 Brammar 1 *ulture 1 Ob-ectives 1

L8tfen bu =>i doldurun! ?  please +ll in this 2orm 8

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@ocabulary: Note : " think youYve already deduced the meaning o2 some >ords 88  Tele2on  ;aks  #6posta  Adres ... yes  you are right . Tele2on  telephone  2aks  2a  e6posta  e6mail  adres  address . Ad name
rammar: "t is not so di_cult to say ) birth date ) in turkish . All that >e should do is put the turkish >ords in the same order as in english then add the appropriate closed su_ to the last >ord . # : Z& birth : doEum date : tarih ''' birth % date  doEum % tarih % the appropriate closed su_  >hich is i in this case & ''' doEum tarihi . [&]e add an 9 be2ore the closed su_  i2 the last >ord ends in a vo>el . telephone : tele2on

number : no ''' telephone % number  tele2on % no % s  )NO) ends in a vo>el & % u  )NO) is a rounded >ord & Note : there are other >ays to combine >ords . #ach has got its o>n use . ThisYll be discussed later .

ulture : Z6 <lent  !elim and *engiQoElu are turkish proper names . [6 Hstanbul is the old capital and the biggest city . ^6 Ankara is the present capital . $6 TurkeyYs Qip code is  . `6 "stanbulYs code is [Z[ . 6 Telephone numbers in "stanbul usually comprise  numbers . 6 http:SS>>>.yenibir.com is a cool turkish >ebsite that many turks use 2or e6mail accounts and other bene+ts . " recommend that you visit this >ebsite a2ter you +nish level Z .

B.at .ave ,e ac.eived in t.is lesson CC Z6 ou can +ll in a 2orm in turkish . [6 ou kno> about Z` basic >ords . ^6 ou can combine >ords like birth and date . $6 ou kno> three turkish personal nounsso you can deduce that someone is turkish 2rom their names . `6 ou kno> the Qip code o2 "stanbul . 6 ou may have your turkish e6mail account at >>>.yenibir.com

Lesson ': -o, are youC

Ahmet sa> /e2aat on his >ay home. Ahmet : ,erhaba 8 Ahmet : Fey 8 /e2at : ,erhaba 8 NasGlsGn /e2at : Fey 8 Fo> are you Ahmet : is your nasGl 2amily /e2at : Hyi8 Teekkrler8 /e2at : They are +ne 8 Thanks. @ocabulary: merhaba nasGl

Fi S hey S used to atract someone attention S some people use it as )>elcome) arabic origin& ho>

iyi goodad-ective& S >ellS+ne adverb& aile 2amily teekkr thanks ler

rammar : @erb to be in tur4is. : n about the general rule 2or adding su_es. *heck lesson Z and make sure you kno> that rule.



Note: Z6T>o vo>els canYt stand side by side in turkish. There must be a consonant in bet>een y in the case o2 verb to be&. [6Use the appropriate su_.hardSso2t  \atSrounded & ^6 verb to be is uni3ue.]hy Cerb to be in turkish is dijerent 2rom all other verbs."t canYt be used alone as a predicate. ?0 093 09E F3 BF3- A;3-E" B"D 3 AGE A H0LL ("EDFA3E2 ?3.ere is no in=nitive of verb to be2Fnstead ,e use <lma4< #see later&2 ? on)ugated verb to be must be used as a su+*#a 4ind of postposition& iyi#=ne&%yim#F am&$iyiyim

eneral rules: Z6There is no gender in Turkish.ThatYs to say there is no heSshe Sit.Only O&. [6Cerb to be >ith the ^rd person is nill.ou can use other dirdursingular&larplura5&...... con-ugates but they are usually unnecessary. ^6As you may notice  All con)ugates of verb to be for t.e 1st and nd persons .ave closed vo,els2# F I 0 J&6 ,e c.oose t.e con)ugate according to t.e t.e type of t.e ,ord #see classi=cation of t.e ,ords lesson 1&2

A& "ounded ,ords ta4e rounded con)ugates2#0 if .ard and J if  soft&2 K&Hlat ,ords ta4e at con)ugates2# F if .ard and I if soft&2

Fere is a table sho>ing ho> to choose the con-ugate: con-ugate Last Last used vo>el:open vo>el:closed ...Gm a G ...im e i ...um o u ...m   ulture: Z6 The turks use the plural 2orm >hen talking to someone they >ant to sho> respect to. [6 There are many 2oreign >ords in turkish as >e have noticed in both this lesson and the previous one.merhabatele2onetc...&This should be o2 some help. B.at .ave ,e ac.eived in t.is lessonC Z6 Fo> to greet someone >ith simple >ords that >ork 2or almost every situation.]e shall learn more soon.& [6 ]e learnt ho> to con-ugate and use verb to be.One o2 the most irregular turkish verbs.ThatYs >hat " really >ant you to stress on.&

Lesson 5 : Er4sinMs family !! (lease read t.is passage:

#rksin hanGm Eretmendir.IocasG Fikmet hekim.#rksinYin ailesi k@k. #rksin hanGmGn @ocuklarG var.Onlar iki.
,rs. #rksin is a teacher.Fer husband Fikmet is a doctor.#rksinYs 2amily is small. ,rs. #rksin has kids.They are t>o.One o2 them is a boy and the other is a girl.The girlYs name is Reynep.ReynepYs Z[ years old.  The boyYs name is Ali.AliYs si

years old.#rksin has t>o brothers  Ahmet and /i2ki. Ahmet is yaGnda.Ahmet henQ bekar./G2kG [.Ahmet is still single./i2ki is yirmi be yaGnda./G2kG [`./i2ki is an engineer.Fe is mhendis./G2kG evli ve @ @ocuEu var. married and has three kids. #rksinYin babasG ve annesi #rksinYs 2ather and mother are  TrabQonYdan.
@ocabulary: FanGm KEretmen IocasG& Fekim Ailesi I@k Hki ?ocuklarG possessive postposiionSo2 % var
,rsS,issS,adam used a2ter a 2emale proper name or as an address in itsel2 to sho> respect to a >oman&. teacher. sG:her or his according to contet "EEKE" 3-E"E F9 ; E;DE" F; 30"GF9-2  husband octor. herShis 2amily. small. t>o. her children& N.b. Use larSler to make plural nouns.& verb to havesee grammar note belo>&. one o2 them. boy. other. girl ten t>o'''t>elve. at the age o2S....years old. it 2ollo>s the number o2 years.#. on iki yaGndaZ[ years oldSat the age o2 Z[.& si. brothers&.Note:]hen a noun comes a2ter a cardinal number e:[^it is usually in the singular 2orm.]e say iki karde>Gthout the larSler plural marks&but >e say kardelerbrothers >hen there is no number be2ore it.& and T>enty. still. not married 2or males or 2emales&.

 irmi be #vli @
t>enty +ve. married. three. herShis& ;ather. her his& ,other. 2rom Postpositions >ill be discussed later&

rammar: (luarl form: Add larSler to get the plural 2orm.This rule applies to all >ords.... #: ocuk ''' ocuklar aile ''' aileler 222of222 Er4sinMs222 Fo> do >e say #rksinYs 2amily in turkish

"tYs so simple''' #rkisnYin ailesi888 Z6Use the same order as in #nglish. [6Add nSinSunSnSnnSninSnunSnn to the end o2 the o>ner #rksin&. ^6Add SiSuSSsSsiSsuSs to the ob-ect o>ned 2amilyaile&. ]e do step [ only i2 the noun the o>ner& is: a&kno>n 2rom the contet. b&a proper noun like #rksinPeterTurkeyBermanyetc...  )n) is the letter >e use >ith this su_ i2 the >ords itYs added to ends in a vo>el. F .ave a pen!!! Un2ortunatelythere is no )verb to have) in turkish. The turks use various structures to say that someone FAC# something." am going to eplain here the commonest >ay to say )have) in the present tense. FtMs simple!!!

"n #nglish >e say )" have a pen ) "  ben a  bir pen  kalem "n Turkish >e say : e put the number o2 >hat the sub-ect"& has.''''biraSoneoptional&

[6Then >e add >hat they have...The ob-ect'''' kalem  pen ^6Then >e add the possessive pronoun o2 the sub-ect  "&'''' im  my $6Then >e add )var) check the grammar section to learn the possessive pronouns& letYs see ''' bir ''' bir kalem ''' bir kalemim ''' bir kalemim var aSone '''a pen ''' a pen o2 mine ''' " have a pen Er4sin .as a pen!!!  That is ho> it >orks i2 the sub-ect is a pronoun.]hat i2 itYs not88]hat i2  the sub-ect is a noun like #rkisn  the boy the husband  etc... FtMs simple!!

"n #nglish >e say )#rkisn has a pen) "n Turkish >e say: #rksinYin bir kalemi var. Z6;irst >e put the sub-ect noun like #rksinboygirlTurkeyetc....& [6Then >e add either GnSinSunSnSnGnSninSnunSnn to the end o2 the sub-ect #rksin& according to the general rule o2 su_es. ^6Then >e add the number o2 the ob-ects that the sub-ect has. optional& $6Then >e add the ob-ect penkalem&. `6Then >e add the o2Spossessive su_.GSiSuSSsGSsiSsuSs& to the end o2  the ob-ectpenkalem& 6Then >e add )var).  )n) is the letter >e use >ith this su_ i2 the >ords itYs added to ends in a vo>el.

letYs see ''' #rksinsub-e #rksinYi #rkisinYin ct& n bir... #rksinY #rksinYs #rksin s oneSa ...

#rksinYin bir kalemi a pen o2 #rksinYs

#rksinYin bir kalemi var #rksin has a pen.

ulture Z6#rksinReynep and *ansu are turkish 2emale names. [6FikmetAliAhmet/G2kG and /ecep are Turkish male names. ^6TrabQon is a northern city in Turkey.People 2rom northern Turkey have their o>n accent and customs.They are said to love +sh a lot...Carious turkish accents >ill be discussed later.

B.at .ave ,e ac.ieved in t.is lessonC Z6Learnt ho> to talk about someoneYs 2amily.may be yours too& [6Learnt ho> to get nouns in the plural 2orm. ^6Learnt ho> to say that someone has something. #3.atMs ,.at F really ,ant you to learn by .ard from t.is lesson&

Lesson N : Krea4fast !! ialogue 1 Cocabulary 1 Fo> to make a 3uestion 1 Present simple tense 1*ulture 1 Ob-ectives

"ead t.is dialogue:

IeremYs -ust got up.FeYs telling his mother >hat he >ants to have on break2ast. LetYs see >hat they are saying. Ierem : Bood morning  mom. Ierem : BnaydGnanneciEim. Anne : BnaydGnoElum.IahvaltGda ne yersin Ierem : neler var

,other : Bood morning  my& son . ]hat do you >ant to have on break2ast in break2ast >hat you eat& Ierem : ]hat is available

,other : *heese  -am  eggs  Anne : olives  honey  pasturami and Peynirre@elyumurtaQeytinbalpastGrm salami . a ve salami var. Ierem : There are no Ierem : !ucuk yok mu sausages  Anne : Hnsan IahvaltGda sucuk yer mi ,other : o people man& eat Fa+2 bir ey ye oElum. sausages on break2ast #at something light 88 Ierem : olur anneciEim.Peynir yerim. Ierem : Ok  mom . " eat Anne : gQelne i@ersin.@aystmeyve cheese . suyu.... ,other : >ell  >hat do you Ierem : !tanneciEim. drink   Tea  milk  -uice ...  Anne : oluroElum. Ierem : ,ilk  mom . ,other : ok  son .

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@ocabulary: BnaydGn Bood day S good morning AnneciEim my beloved mother. : OElum&: my& son. IahvaltGd break2ast  da  postposition o2 place meanGng in&. a&: Ne >hat.  emek: in+nitive& to eat.yersinyou eatSyerim" eat&. Car: availableSis present. Peynir: cheese. /e@el: -am.  umurta: egg. Reytin: olive. ill be  e: discussed later& Olur: OI. BQel: all the >ords in the vocabulary section." recccomend these >ords: IahvaltG break2ast& Peynir cheese&  emek to eat& /e@el -am&  umurta egg& Reytin olive&
PastGrma !alami !ucuk sausage& ?ay tea& !t milk& ,eyve suyu2ruit -uiceSnectar& top

rammar :

-o, to ma4e a Ouestion C  There are three types o2 3uestions: Z6The )#!SNO) 3uestions.ou ask such 3uestions 2or someone to say yes or no. [6uestion6>ords 3uestions.ou ask >ho  >hat  >hen  >here  ho>  etc... ^6ASe use the voice tone to make such 3uestions. #ample:  ou >anna have sausages on break2ast

 This is not the case in Turkish ho>ever888 "n both spoken and >ritten turkish there is a >ord that >e use to make ) #!SNO ) 3uestions.  This >ord is ) mG S mi S mu S m ). "ules of using ord be2ore it.*heck the grammar section to kno> ho> to determine the type o2 a >ord [6 ]e put mGSmiSmuSm a2ter the >ord >e >ant the replier to a_rm or negate.Usually the predicate be it a nominal or verbal group. ^6 Unlike all other su_es in turkish  this one is not attached to the >ord they 2ollo>.They are used as separate >ords. #ample: insan sucuk yer mi  sucuk yok mu  Puestion/,ords Ouestions C

 This one is really simple ]e -ust put the 3uestion >ord888ThatYs it... Unlike #nglish you donYt have to put the verb be2ore the sub-ect88 As " said you -ust put the 3uestion >ord. #ample: Ne yersin Fere are the 3uestion >ords most 2re3uenly used : ne >hat S >hich 2rom >hat S >hy to ask about the cause o2 neden something& to >hat S >hat 2or to ask about the reason 2or niye something& nerede >here ner nereden eden >her >here e 2r 2rom nereye >here to hangi >hich hangisi >hi >hich on one o2 o2 th them hangi saatte at >hich hour ka@ ho> many ne ka kada darr ho> ho> much much saat >hich hour ka@ta ne Qaman >hen ne va vakit >hen nasGl ho> ni@in >hy S >hat 2or S >hy AK Ouesiotns C "tYs even more simple888

Put miSmiSmuSm a2ter AS
3.e present simple tense: *on-ugation: ;ollo> the 2ollo>ing steps:

Z6Ommit the makSmek su_ o2 the in+nitive 2orm. [6A&"2 the stem ends in a vo>eladd an r&. <&"2 the stem ends in consonantdetermine the type o2 the >ordsee lesson Z&then add one o2 the sujGes belo> in the table: su_ a e u   r Gr r ir r r  There is no =*ed rule to choose the appropriate su_. ou  ou s.ould 4no, ,.ic. su+* goes ,it. t.e verb you are learning#usually learning#usually mentioned in a good dictionary&2Fo>ever some su_es are more likely to be used >ith certain types o2 verbs.!ee the hints belo>. belo>. Fints:These are -ust hints that may help but are not rules& Z6*losed su_es #7rirur8r& are used >ith verbs >hose stems are 2ormed o2 more than one syllable #contains more t.an one vo,el&. e. dnmek....dnr&. [6*losed su_es #7rirur8r& are used >ith verbs >hose stems contain one open unrounded vo,el#ae& and t.e last letter #t.e consonant& is #nlr&e.almak....alGr&. ^6Open su_es  #arer& are used in all other cases.e. yaQmak....yaQarsevmek...seversonmak...sonar...etc& ^6 Then >e add the su_es o2 verb to be imek& to re2er to the persons talkde about. Use :  This tense corrseponds to the present present simple tense in #nglish.Fere are the usual uses o2 this tense : Z6 Used to talk about routine . [6 Used to talk about 2utur plans.like the 6 )yor) 6 tense ''' see later & ^6 Used to say that you agree  a_rmative & or re2use to do something . this is the commonest use o2 the present simple tense & $6 Used to make polite re3uests .  "n the 2orm o2 a 3uestion '''see later & `6 Used to talk about general 2acts . 6 Used to talk about important events in history . E*amples:

yaQmak ben yaQarGm sen yaQarsGn o yaQar biQ yaQarGQ siQ siQ yaQar aQarsG sGnG nGQQ

almak sevmek alGrGm severim alGrsGn seversin alGr sever alGrGQ severiQ alGr alGrsG sGnG nGQQ seve severs rsin iniQ iQ

gelmek gelirim gelirsin gelir geliriQ gelir elirsi sini niQQ

alGnmak alGnGrGm alGnGrsGn alGnGr alGnGrGQ alGn alGnGr GrsG sGnG nGQQ

grmek dnmek grrm dnrm grrsn dnrsn grr dnr grrQ dnrQ gr grrs rsn n Q d nrs nrsn nQ Q

onla yaQarSyaQa alGrSalGrl severSseve gelirSgelirl alGnGrSalGnGrl grrSgrr dnrSdn r rlar ar rler er ar ler rler top

ulture Z6 The turks donYt like to eat meat in the morning.ThatYs >hat " have noticedFope " am right& [6 The turks say )in break2ast) not )on). ^6 The turks use the >ord )insan) to epress >hat everyone should do S not do . $6ok ha many uses.theyYll be discussed later& top

B.at .ave ,e ac.ieved in t.is lessonC Z6 ou can say in Turkish Turkish >hat you are going to eat this this morning 8 [6 ou kno> ho> to ask 3ustions. ^6 ou ou learnt everything about the present simple tense.One o2 the most 2re3uently used tenses in turkish&

Lesson Q : Lunc. !! ialgoue 1 ialgoue 1 Cocabulary 1 Cocabulary 1 The  The "mperative 1 "mperative 1 The  The 3uestion 2orm o2 the the present simple tense 1 tense  1 *ulture 1 *ulture 1 Ob-ectives Ahmet and !elim are shopping 88 Ahmet thinks they should go to a restaurant and have lunch 88 LetYs see :

"ead t.is dialogue 6 please ! Ahmet :
Ahmet : " am so hungry 8

!elim : IarnGm da a@ 88

!elim : ,y stomach is hungry too&  Turkish  Turkish epression 88

Ahmet :
Ahmet : " >ant to enter this restaurant 8 !elim : Ok .

]aiter : ]elcome !ir 88 Ahmet : Lt2en  yemek listesini okur ]hat do you order  musunuQ  Ahmet : ]ould you please read

Barson : #lbette 8 Knce @orbalarG okurum . omates  sebQe  ve mercimek @orbalarG var .

the menu 

Barson : #t mi
!elim : " >ant vegetable soup .

]aiter : !ure . " read )soups) +rst. !elim : e havethere are& tomato  vegetable and lentil Ahmet :
Ahmet : #tlerden neler var  Barson : #skalop  kebap  pirQola  bi2tek  k2te ve dner var . Ahmet :
Ahmet : " >ant lentil . ]aiter : o you >ant meat or +sh  Ahmet : ]hat kind o2 meat dishes do you have 

Barson : Famsi  mercan ve ke2al .

]aiter :  There are & #scalope  kebap  cutlet  bee2steak  ko2te and doner

!elim : Tavuk yok mu acaba 

Ahmet :  ,# & cutlet

Barson :
!elim : ]hat kind o2 +sh dishes do you have 

!elim :
]aiter : Famsi mercan and Barson : ,akarna  pilav ister misiniQ ke2al . Ahmet : FayGr .

!elim : There is no chicken 

!elim :
]aiter : es  >e have  there is & shish Tavuk .

Barson : Ne i@ersiniQ e2endim  Ahmet :
!elim : A Tavuk 2or to& me 88 ]aiter : o you >ant pasta or rice  Ahmet : No .

Barson :
do you have  ]aiter : beer  raki  mineral >ater  coca  pepsi  tea  cojee and nectars . Ahmet : Neler var 

!elim : " donYt >ant anything .

!elim : Aure  Iena2e ve kadayG2 var . ]aiter : o you >ant any dessert  Ahmet :
@ocabulary @ok very S so much adverb& a@ rules 2or changing the last letter in >ords >ill be discussed hungry later& karGn ''' karnGm stomach ''' my stomach too  da S de as separate >ords have da S de many uses& this  demonstratives >ill be discussd bu in detail later & lokanta restaurant girmek enter S get into istemek to >ant  in+nitive& a >ord used to ask someone to do buyurun 88 something S used by vendors as )>elcome) ,r. ''' my ,r S sir  to sho> e2endi ''' e2endim someone respect & arQu etmek >ish S >ant S order lt2en please yemek to eat in+nitive& S 2ood S meal

liste okumak elbette nce @orba domates sebQe mercimek et balGk eskalop kebap pirQola bi2tek k2te dner hamsi  mercan and ke2al tavuk yok acaba beli i tavuk bana  ben % a  ) to ) postposition& makarna pilav hayGr coca pronounced as in english& i@ecek eyler bira rakG maden suyu kahve hi@ bir ey tatlG  ad-ective & tatlGlar aure  kena2e  kadayG2

list S menu to read in+nitive& sure +rst S be2ore S ago soup tomato vegetable lentil meat +sh #scalope kind o2 grilled meat oriental& cutlet bee2steak kind o2 grilled minced meat balls or +ngers.  oriental & turkish meat dish chopped meat >ith onions  tomatoes etc.. very turkish & kinds o2 +sh chicken negative o2 var Snot available used as ) " >onder ) used to reply to a negative 3uestion >ith )yes) kind o2 grilled chicken made >ith tomatoes  onions  green pepper ... to me  2or me & pasta S maccaroni rice no coca cola beverages S ) things to drink ) & beer kind o2 turkish alcoholic beverages mineral >ater cojee nothing S anything delicious dessert kinds o2 turkish dessert

rammar : 3.e imperative !! A& on)ugation:

single pluarl siQ& sen& stem % Gn S in S un S stem % mak S mek stem n S yGn S yin S yun S yn almak al alGn gelmek gel gelin @Gkmak @Gk @GkGn girmek gir girin olmak ol olun grmek gr grn buyurmak buyur buyurun dmek d dn in+nitive

single  o &

pluarl  onlar &

stem % sGnlar stem % sGn S sin S sun S sn Ssinler Ssunlar S snler alsGn alsGnlar gelsin gelsinler @GksGn @GksGnlar girsin girsinler olsun olsunlar grsn grsnler buyursun buyursunlar dsn dsnler

Note: Z6 ]e put a ) y ) a2ter the stem i2 the stem ends in a vo>el and the su_ begins >ith a vo>el . #: >e say Okumak ''' oku ''' oku % y % un  okuyun ord type determines >hich su_ >e use . # : gel ''' gelin  ol ''' olun  etc ... check lesson Z to kno> ho> to determine the type o2 a >ord & ^6 sGn Ssin SsunS sn o2 the imperative belong to the third  )o)  he S she S it  )onlar)  they &person not to the second  )sen) and )siQ)  you &88 TF"! "! ]#"/ ith people >e donYt kno> and >hen >e >ant to sho> respect . ^6 The third person  o and onlar & imperative has many uses many o2 

>hich are not important 2or beginners.ThatYs >hy " Yll say only one common use in this lesson . ) Use the third person imperative >hen you >ant to say that someone should do something or that something should happen .) #ample : Ahmet bir ey yesin 88  Ahmet should eat something or Let Ahmet eat something 88

3.e Ouestion form of t.e present simple tense 222 ]e have already learnt all types o2 3uestions and ho> to make a 3uestion . Fo>ever >e havenYt learnt ho> to con-ugate verbs in the 3uestion 2orm 88 ]e shall learn in this lesson ho> to get the 3uestion 2orm o2 verbs in the present simple tense . " recommend that you check lesson ` be2ore you read this 88 Please make sure that you kno> ho> to con-ugate verbs in the present simple tense & Fere are the steps you should 2ollo> : Z6 ;irst o2 all get the verb in the present simple tense o2 the third singular person  )o)  he S she S it &. *heck lesson ` #ample: gelme4  in+nitive& ''' gelir  present simple 5 ^rd singular person &

[6 Add mGSmiSmuSm  as a separate >ord & according to the >ord type . #ample : gelir ''' gelir mi

^6 Add con-ugated )verb to be) su_es to mGSmiSmuSm .*hoose the su_ according to the >ord type and person . #ample : do i go do you singular& go does he S she S it go do >e go do you  plural S

gelir miyim gelir misin gelir mi Smidir gelir miyiQ gelir misiniQ

2ormal & go do they go

gelir mi S  irregular & '''gelirler mi

!ummary: gelmek ''' gelir ''' gelir miyim S misiniQ S mi SmiyiQ S misiniQ S gelirler mi to go  in+nive & ''' he S she goes '''do i go S do you go S does he go Sdo >e go Sdo you go Sdo they go Note:  The table belo> sho>s the 3uestion 2orm o2 )verb to be) in the present simple tense. As you might notice  the 3uestion 2orm o2 the present simple tense o2 all verbs is their present simple con-ugation >ith the third singular person  he she it & and the 3uestion 2orm o2 the )verb to be) in the present tense .  The 3uestion 2orm o2 )verb to be) in the present simple tense is used to get the 3uestion 2orms o2 all verbs in many tenses . present simple  simple 2uture  uncertain past  etc...& muyu my am " mGyGm miyim m m are you mGsGn misin musun msn  sing. & is he S she S mG mi mu m it >e mGyGQ miyiQ muyuQ myQ you  pl mGsGnG misini musun msn 2ormal Q Q uQ Q  lar  ler  lar  ler they mG mi mG mi top

(ostpositions : # Fntroduction &  There are no )P/#positions) in turkish.There are )PO!Tpositions) instead. Postpositions are su_es added to the end o2 a noun  or a nominal group actually & . Postpositions >ill be discussed in deatail later on . Be .ave seen t.ree postpositions in t.is lesson 2 3.e #< a  e <$ to & #< 7  i  u  8 <$t.e 4no,n ob)ect & and #< dan  den <$ from & postpositions 2

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ulture : Z6 Turkish has many epressions so di_cult to understand .]e have learnt one o2 those epressions in this lesson.The turks say ) , !TO,A*F "! FUNB/  karnGm a@ ). "n 2act this is a uni3ue >ay to say that someone is hungry . [6 The turkish cuisine is a uni3ue and a very rich one . " think you should buy some book about the turkish cuisine i2 you are interested ."Yll -ust talk in brie2 here.  The turks have a lot o2 uni3ue dishes . One o2 the most typical turkish dishes is the )doner) . Iebap and Io2te are >ell kno>n in all countries in the middle east . Usually lamb meat is the kind o2 meat used to make kebap and ko2te .The turks have dishes 2rom all over the >orld 5 2rench and italian cuisines are >ell appreciated in Turkey . ]orld ;ood Turkey top

B.at .ave ,e ac.ieved in t.is lesson C Z6 ou learnt ho> to order lunch in turkish . [6 ou have learnt ho> to con-ugate and use the imperative . ^6 ou have learnt ho> to get the 3uestion 2orms o2 all verbs  including verb to be & in the present simple tense . $6 ou have some hints about the turkish cuisine .

Lesson R : "ooms !! ialogue 1 Cocabulary 1 Postpositions and cases 1 !imple past tense 1 Negative 2orm o2 the present simple tense

Dialogue : dalar !

"ooms !

,erhaba 8 AdGm Aysel . e are going to see it together . Aysel :
eniQ : es  but there is no other \at . "snYt it ok  yok.OlmaQ mG Aysel :
Aysel : es it is ok .]here is the bathroom 

eniQ : !aEda.

eniQ : On in& the right .

Aysel : ;ena deEil.

Aysel : Not bad .

eniQ : Bel de bakmut2ak @ok gQel.

eniQ : *ome and see  the kitchen is very good .

Aysel : ?alGma odasGnG grmek isterim.

Aysel : es . " >ant to see the study >ork& room  eniQ : There on  in & the le2t .

eniQ : Hte solda.

Aysel : This room is not ok 88 " Aysel : onYt >ork in a room like this . ben hi@ @alGmam. eniQ : ou >ill study in the eniQ : atak odasGnda @alGGrsGn8 bedroom. Aysel : Ia@ yatak odasG var Aysel : Fo> many rooms do >e have are here&  eniQ : !adece iki oda. Aysel :
eniQ : =ust t>o rooms . Aysel : Fo> much is the rent o2 this \at  eniQ : [ trilyon lira .

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@ocabulary: Oda Ay Belmek FenQ Fi@ IiralGk aire
/oom ,onth To come  in+nitive & !till S yet any  negative &S never  ad-ective &to rent Apartment S \at ;ind

dost ''' dostum 2riend ''' my 2riend most probably  used to talk about something you galiba are not sure about but is likely to happen & n esterday e go ''' gideriQ  present simple & er an a_rmative 3uestion & Ama orks S " like it ork & room Hte Fere it is S there it is !ol Le2t  direction S place & Like this S such <yle ?alGmak Ia@  atak odasG !adece Iira ,ilyon Lira

to ]ork S to !tudy  in+nitive & Fo> many S Fo> much  used to ask about the number o2 something &
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rammar: F& (ostpositions and cases :  Turkish doesnYt have prepositionsbut (93positions instead. A >ord and a postposition added to it 2orms a A9E or a PF/A!# . ]e shall learn the postpositions no>. A & # F; & DA  DE  3A  3E on)ugation /ule Z : use )da S ta) >ith hard >ords and ) de S te) >ith so2t >ords . /ule [ : Use )ta S te) >ith >ords that end in any o2 these consonants : Sf.4ps>t Use )da S de) >ith >ords ending in any other letter.

nominati case >ith ve AS#STAST# oda odada sevgi sevgide !aE !aEda kitap kitapta ak akta et ette 0ses : Z6 The daSdeStaSte postpositions are used to talk about >here something happens or eists >hen they are added to a >ord o2 place. e:Ahmet odada okur ''' Ahmet reads in the room.

[6 They are used to talk about >hen something happens or eists >hen they are added to a >ord o2 time . e: Aysel bu ayda geldi ''' Aysel has come this month . ^6 They are used to mean that someone has something available >ith them >hen they are added to a >ord indicating someone . e :ith me& or 2or a better translation " have this book >ith me 8 top K & # H" & DA;  DE;  3A;  3E; case : on)ugation :

/ule:the same as "N& case but add an #;& to the da S de S ta S te '''' dan S den S tan S ten . nominati case >ith ve ANS#NSTANST#N oda odadan sevgi sevgiden saE saEdan kitap kitaptan ak aktan et etten 0se : Z6 The danSdenStanSten postpositions are used to talk the direction 2rom some>here i2 they are added to a >ord o2 place.# : Ahmet AnkaraYdan geldi '''Ahmet has come 2rom Ankara .

[6 They are used to mean ) since S 2or) i2 they are added to a >ord o2 time . # : Ahmet bir aydan okuyor ''' Ahmet has been reading 2or a month . ^6 !tem o2 a verb % maSme % danSden  >ithout doing the verb e: oku % ma % dan  >ithout reading . $6 They are used to talk about the cause o2 something .this >ill be discussed later on& `6 noun % )danSdenStanSten)   )2rom) cases & are sometimes used >ith other postpositions.This >ill be discussed later . top  & #3&AEAE con)ugation /ule Z:Use aSya >ith hard >ords and eSye >ith so2t >ords.

/ule [:Use aSe >ith >ords ending in a consonant and yaSya >ith >ords ending in a vo>el. nominati case >ith ve AS#SAS# oda odaya sevgi sevgiye saE saEa kitap kitaba

ak et

aka ete

0ses : Z6 Used to talk about the direction to some>here i2 they are added to a >ord o2 place . e : Ahmet AnkaraYya geldi ''' Ahmet has come to Ankara.

[6 To say the reason 2or something i2 they are added to the in+nitive o2 a verb . e : biQ daireyi grmeye  notice the k is ommitted and a y is added & gideriQ ''' ]e go to see the apartment. ^6 To say that someone is doing something 2or someone else. e : hen they are added to a >ord o2 time . e : Ahmet bu saat& sekiQe alyor ''' Ahmet is >orking till  o clock&. top D & # t.e ob)ect mar4er & 7iu8 : "n general sentences are 2ormed o2 a sub-ect  verb and ob-ect . There Ys a special marker used a2ter ob-ects o2 the verbs .That marker is only used a2ter determined ob-ects.etermination means that the ob-ect is a proper noun  kno>n 2rom the contet  etc... The ob-ect marker >illbe discussed in dtail later on&

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Z6]hen you add a postposition to a >ordit comes at the end o2 the >ord. e*2:oda#room&TTTodam#my room&TTTodamda#in my room&2  The eception is >ith the proper nouns like Ankara  Ahmet  Aysel  eniQ etc... e:AnkaraYdan  AhmetYten  Aysel Yi  eniQ Ye etc... [6An N& is put bet>een the possessive postposition o2 the third personsingularSplural& and the postposition. e*2:odaTTTodas7TTTodas7nda 4olTTT4oluTTT4olunda odaTTTodalar7TTTodalr7nda

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FF & (ast simple tense : on)ugation: !T#P Z: Ommit the makSmek 2rom in+nitive.

!T#P [: Add dGStG : to verbs in >hich the last vo>el is aSG& . diSti : to verbs in >hich the last vo>el is eSi& . duStu : to verbs in >hich the last vo>el is oSu& . dSt : to verbs in >hich the last vo>el is S& . N.<.  T"STHSTUST are added to verbs >ith @S2ShSkSpSsSSt& consonants as their last letter. !tep ^ : add ben m sen n o nothing biQ k siQ nGQ S niQ S nuQ S nQ onla lar S ler S r nothing # : " 2ound ben buldum you 2ound sen buldun heSshe o buldu 2ound >e 2ound biQ bulduk you 2ound siQ buldunuQ they onlar 2ound bulduSbuldular 0ses :  The past simple tense is used to talk about anything that happened be2ore no>. The past simple tense is >idely used both in >ritten and spoken turkish .

N.<.

 The simple past o2 the )verb to be) >ill be discussed later). top

FFF & ;egative form of present simple: !T#P Z : Ommit makSmek 2rom in+nitive. !T#P [ : Add : last vo>el o2 stem:aSGSoSu ben 6mam sen 6maQsGn o 6maQ biQ 6mayGQ siQ 6maQsGnGQ onla 6maQlar r

last vo>el o2 stem:eSiSS 6mem 6meQsin 6meQ 6meyiQ 6meQsiniQ 6meQler

#: bulmak ben bulmam sen bulmaQsGn o bulmaQ biQ bulmayGQ siQ bulmaQsGnGQ onla bulmaQlarSbul r maQ

gelmek gelmem gelmeQsin gelmeQ gelmeyiQ gelmeQsiniQ gelmeQlerSgel meQ

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ulture : Z6 "stanbul is a very big city . Fo>ever itYs hard to +nd good accommodation 2or a long time there . !o take care .."2 you >ant to go there 2or a long time you should arrange it . " hope this >ebsite helps you +nd good hotels not only inturkey byt >orld >ide& [6 One o2 TurkeyYs big problems is "N;LAT"ON.ThatYs >hy the number " mentioned may be too small >hen you go there .To have a good internet connection in Turkey you should pay about  million liras a year.ThatYs to make things clear & Fo>ever  prices in Turkey are

considered very lo>. top

B.at .ave ,e ac.ieved in t.is lesson C [6 Z6 ou have learnt to talk about the rooms in your house . [6 ou have learnt ^ postpositions and the ob-ect marker . ^6 ou have learnt ho> to con-ugate and use verbs in the simple past . $6 ou have learnt ho> to get the negative 2orm o2 verbs in the present simple. `6 ou have some hints about t>o o2 TurkeyYs big problems.

Lesson U : 3.e Beat.er 3oday !! ialogue 1 Cocabulary 1 verb to be in the past simple 1 *ulture 1 Ob-ectives

Dialogue : Aysel and eniQ are talking about the >eather today. LetYs see >hat they are saying .. Aysel : Ah 8 as too cold last >inter . bile hava gQel deEil. Be@en kG 2aQla eniQ : es  "t rains and even soEuktu . sno>s in >inter. eniQ : #vet kGGn yaEmur ve kar bile @ok yaEGyor .

Aysel : ]hat is the temperature today  eniQ : ^ * 88

Aysel : as cool yesterday 88 eniQ : ^ derece 88

Aysel : Aman  TanrGm 8 eniQ : n serindi 88 Aysel : /ight 8 "t >as good yesterday 8 Aysel : oEru 8 n hava eniQ : "n august itYs >inter in gQeldi 88 Australia 88 eniQ : AEustos ayGnda AvustralyaYda kG 88

Aysel : our motherYs still in Australia 

eniQ : es  "tYs stormy in Aysel : Annen henQ Australia 88 AvustralyaYda mG  Aysel : Any>ay >e are not eniQ : #vet  >orking AvustralyaYda hava these days . rQgarlG 88  The eams are over8 Aysel : Ferhalde bu gnlerde @alGmayGQ . !Gnavlar bitti 88

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@ocabulary : Ah

hava sGcak haklG yaQGn bile ge@en kG 2aQla

an inter-ection used to epress pain or >onder in turkish air S >eather in turkish >e say >eather is ...hotScoldSetc... not itYs ...as in #nglish& hot right  not >rong& in summer adverb& even last S past >inter too much more than acceptedS

tolerable& soEuk cold kGGn in >inter adverb& yaEmur rain kar sno> to rain S to sno>  the 6yor6 tense >ill be yamur S kar S& yaEmak discussed later & hava sGcaklGEG air temperature degree temperature is derece measured in celsius in  Turkey8& an inter-ection used to say that you 2eel that aman something is very strange  TanrGm my Bod serin cool S good >eather doEru right S true aEustos August Avustralya Australia rQgarlG ''' ad-ective o2 >ind ''' >indy rQgar herhalde any>ay sGnav eamination S test bitmek to be over S to be +nished top

rammar : <@erb to be< in t.e past simple A& on)uagation Note : )imek) verb to be& is a su_ in Turkish.

!tep Z: Add ydGSydiSyduSyd to any >ord nounSad-ective& that ends in a vo>el.*hoose the su_ according to the >ord type #ample:

anlG anlGydG iyi iyiydi mutlu mutluydu gQlkl gQlkly  d O/ Add tGStiStuSt to any >ord nounSad-ective& that ends in one o2 these consonants )@2hkpst) #ample: ak aktG pis pisti solu solukt k u st stt O/ Add dGSdiSduSd to any >ord nounSad-ective& that ends in any other consonant. #ample: bal baldG seri serin n di kul kuldu kr krd !tep [: "2 you >ant to con-ugate )verb to be ) >ith dijerent persons ) "  you  he  she  >e and they )& add ben m sen n o nothing biQ k nGQSniQSnuQSn siQ Q Onl larSlerS ar nothing

#ampl : ben mutluyum ''' ben mutluydum " am happy ''' " >as happy 9ummary :

ben

sen

o

biQ

siQ

onlar anlG anlGydGm anlGydGn anlGydG anlGydGk anlGydGnGQ anlGyGdGlar S anlGyGdG iyiydiler S iyi iyiydim iyiydin iyiydi iyiydik iyiydiniQ mutluydu mutluydular mutlu mutluydum mutluydun mutluydu mutluyduk mutluydunuQ S mutluydu gQlklyd gQlkl gQlklyd gQlklyd gQlkly gQlklyd gQlklyd ler S  m n d k nQ gQlklyd ak aktGm aktGn aktG aktGk aktGnGQ aktGlar S aktG pistiler S pis pistim pistin pisti pistik pistiniQ pisti soluktular S soluk soluktum soluktun soluktu soluktuk soluktunuQ soluktu sttler S st sttm sttn stt sttk sttnQ stt bahtGyardGla bahtGy bahtGyardG bahtGyardG bahtGyardG bahtGyardG k bahtGyardGnGQ r S ar m n bahtGyardG irindiler S irin irindim irindin irindi irindik irindiniQ irindi cesur cesurdum cesurdun cesurdu cesurduk cesurdunuQ cesurdular krdler S kr krdm krdn krd krdk krdnQ krd top

ulture : Z6 ou >ill +nd people talking about the >eather every>here in  Turkey." really noticed that all turks are concerned >ith the >eather88  The cause may be that the >eather there suddenly changes88ou

should take car about the >eather there especially in the anatolian regions8 *ities like "stanbul  "Qmir  the southern coast is ho>ever very good8 [6 Turkey  like most countries  uses the celsius system not the ;ahrenheit . top

B.at .ave ,e ac.ieved in t.is lesson C Z6 ou have learnt ho> to describe todayYs >eather8 [6 ou have learnt ho> to con-ugate )verb to be) in the past simple. top

Lesson V : F ,ant to go to cagaloglu street !! ialogue 1 Cocabulary 1 The 6yor6 tense 1 countryScity % lSliSluSl 1 culture 1 Ob-ectives

Dialogue : anted to visit some 2riends in cagaloglu street but their turkish 2riend #rksin couldnYt go >ith them. !o they decided to go on their o>n 88!imply they >ere lost but 2ortunately both turkish and they asked someone in the street about *agaloglu.  can & >e go to cagaloglu street  #2endi : !iQ oraya @ok uQaksGnGQ 88 !iQ Hstanbullu deEil misiniQ ,r S ,rs S ,iss : ou are 2ar a>ay 2rom to& cagaloglu 88 ,ary : FayGr 8 AmerikalGyGQ 8  ou are not 2rom "stanbul  #2endi : TrkiyeYye ho geldiniQ e2endim . ,ary : Fo bulduk .
,ary : No 8 ]e are americans . ,rS,rsS,iss : ]elcome to Turkey  ,rs. ,ary : Thanks . ant to >alk to cagaloglu

street . #2endi : Olur 8 Ama @ok yryorsunuQ8 ,ary : Oraya ka@ kilometre 

,rS,rsS,iss : Ok 8 alk much .

#2endi : Hki kilometre 

,ary : Fo> many kilometers to there& 


,rS,rsS,iss : T>o kilometers .

#2endi : Hyi 8 !iQ doEru gidin  saEda drdnc caddeye dnn sonra da solda ikinici caadeye dnn8

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@ocabulary : ajedersiniQ ecuse me you 2orgive me& cadde avenue S street oraya  ora to& there  there % to % ya 2ar the turks usually say 2ar )toaSeSyaSye) uQak not 2ar 2rom& Hstanbullu 2rom "stanbul*itiQen o2 "stanbul& AmerikalG American S American citiQen  Trkiye Turkey ho geldiniQ >elcome +ed phrase used to ans>er )>elcome) in ho bulduk turkish yrmek to >alk kilometre kilometer yle to that etent S like that doEru straightadverb& S true drdnc 2ourth dnmek to turn S return S come back

ikinci second teekkrler thanks bir ey deEil it is nothing to reply thanks in turkish& top

rammar : 3.e /yor/ tense on)ugation !tep Z : Ommit makSmek o2 the in+nitive. #ample : gelmek S anlamak ''' gel S anla

!tep [ : A& Ff t.e stem ends in a consonant 6 add 7iu8 to it2 #ample : gel ''' geli <& Ff t.e stem ends in a vo,el 6 ommit it and add 7iu8 to it2 #ample : anla ''' anlG !tep ^ : Add one o2 these su_es according to the sub-ect . ben yorum sen yorsun o yor biQ yoruQ siQ yorsunuQ onla yorlar S r yor 0ses : Z6 Used to talk about something that happens at the present .No> these days ....

[6 Used to talk about habits and routine commoner than the present simple& ^6 Used to talk about the 2utur. ;ote: 1/ 3o get t.e Ouestion form TTT use yor %

muyummusunmumuyuWmusunuWyorlar m7 2 / 3o get t.e negative form TTT add m7mimum8 to t.e stem in step  TTT gel TTTgelmiTTT gelmiyor 6gelmiyorsun etc222

in+nitiv a_rmative e

a_rmative negative 3uestion 3uestion alGyor almGyor alGyorum S almGyorum S muyum S muyum S alGyorsun S almGyorsun S alGyor musun S almGyor musun S alGyor S almGyor S alGyor mu S almGyor mu S almak alGyoruQ S almGyoruQ S alGyor muyuQ S almGyor muyuQ S alGyorsunuQ S almGyorsunuQ S alGyor almGyor alGyorlar almGyorlar musunuQ S musunuQ S alGyorlar mG almGyorlar mG geliyor gelmiyor geliyorum S gelmiyorum S muyum S muyum S geliyorsun S gelmiyorsun S geliyor musun gelmiyor musun geliyor S gelmiyor S S geliyor mu S S gelmiyor mu S gelmek geliyoruQ S gelmiyoruQ S geliyor muyuQ gelmiyor muyuQ geliyorsunQ S gelmiyorsunuQ S S geliyor S gelmiyor geliyorlar gelmiyorlar musunuQ S musunuQ S geliyorlar mG gelmiyorlar mG buluyor bulmuyor muyum S muyum S buluyorum S bulmuyorum S buluyor bulmuyor buluyorsun S bulmuyorsun S musun S musun S buluyor S bulmuyor S buluyor mu S bulmuyor mu S bulmak buluyoruQ S bulmuyoruQ S buluyor bulmuyor buluyorsunuQ S bulmuyorsunuQ S muyuQ S muyuQ S buluyorlar bulmuyorlar buluyor bulmuyor musunuQ S musunuQ S buluyorlar mG bulmuyorlar mG gryor grmyor muyum S muyum S gryorum S grmyorum S gryor grmyor gryorsun S grmyorsun S musun S musun S grme gryor S grmyor S gryor mu S grmyor mu S k gryoruQ S grmyoruQ S gryor grmyor gryorsunQ S grmyorsunQ S muyuQ S muyuQ S gryorlar grmyorlar gryor grmyor musunQ S musunQ S gryorlar mG grmyorlar mG negative

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countrycity % l7lilul8

Add to lSliSluSl to a country or a city to get its ad-ective. #ample : AmerikaAmerica& ''' AmerikalG Ankara ''' AnkaralG Hstanbullu ''' Hstanbullu
ulture : Z6 Turkey uses kilometers not miles . [6 The turks are very 2riendly .ou may ask anybody about your >ay i2  you 2elt lost88

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B.at .ave ,e ac.ieved in t.is lesson C Z6 ou have learnt ho> to ask about your >ay 8 [6 ou have learnt ho> to con-ugate and use the 6yor6 tense. ^6 ou have learnt to epress your nationality. top

Lesson 1X : B.at s.all ,e ta4e to 3rabWon C langtolang.c om

to !earch

ialogue 1 Cocabulary 1 )]ith) postposition 1 !ub-unctive 1 ob-ectives

Dialogue : #rksin >ants to see her parents in TrabQon . Fer american 2riends ith her . They are talking about >hat they should take to TrabQon .

#rksin : biQ nasGl TrabQonYa gideriQ 

#rksin : Fo> shall >e go to TrabQon 



#rksin : olmaQ 8 u@ak @ok pahalG #rksin : no 8 the plane is very epensive . ,ary : gemiyle olsun 8 ,ary : Let it be by ship 8 #rksin : ne gQel 8 #rkisn : ecellent 8
#rksin : " and ,ary >ill go by ship 8
,ary : ou >onYt +nd any train going ,ary : oraya tren bulmaQsGnGQ . there .
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@ocabulary : u@ak pahalG gemi daima

plane epensive ship al>ays

onYt ever go by ship .

korkmak danSdenStanSten& otobs tehlikeli& tabii inter-ection& hergn kaQa olmak tren mutlaka

a2raid 2rom& bus dangerous& surely S certainly everyday accident happen S beused in place o2 imek >here imek canYt be used& train ever S never

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rammar : ile/le/layleyla #$,it.by& postposition on)ugation :  This postposition is uni3ue . ou may use it as a su_ 6leS6la& or as a separate >ord ile& .  The )separate >ord) 2orm is +ed . 3.e rule Add laSle to any >ord that ends in a consonant .

O/ Add ylaSyle to any >ord that ends in a vo>el. u@ak tren araba car& gemi

u@akla trenle arabay la gemiyl e

0ses : Z6 Used >ith means o2 transport . #ample:
[6 Used to say the tool you use #ample: Ahmet kalemle yaQyor ''' Ahmet is >riting >ith the pen .

^6 Used to mean )>ith ) somebody #rksin AhmetYle konuuyor ''' #rksin is talking >ith Ahmet . $6 Used to make adverbs #ample : Ahmet hGQla gidiyor ''' Ahemt is going 2ast >ith speed& top

3.e sub)unctive : #aeyaye tense & on)ugation :

!tep Z : Ommit the makSmek o2 the in+nitive ''' yaQmak Sokumak S girmek S yrmek ''' yaQ S oku S gir S yr !tep [ : # )ust if t.e stem ends in a vo,el & Add ) y ) to the stem . yaQ S okuy S gir S yry !tep ^ : Add an )a) to hard stems or an )e) to so2t stems . yaQ S okuy S gir S yry S ''' yaQa S okuya S gire S yrye !tep $ : Add these su_es 2or dijerent persons pers hard verb on stem ben yGm sen sGn o 6 biQ lGm siQ sGnGQ onlar lar

so2t verb stem yim sin 6 lim siniQ ler

#amples : ben

sen

o

yaQma yaQayGm yaQasGn yaQa k okuma okuyayG okuyasG okuy k m n a girmek gireyim giresin gire

biQ

siQ

onlar

yaQalGm yaQasGnGQ yaQalar okuyalG okuyasGnG okuyala m Q r girelim giresiniQ gireler

yrm yryeyi yryes yry yryeli yryesi yryel ek m in e m niQ er 3o get t.e Ouestion form :

 =ust add mGSmi as a separate >ord a2ter the verb #ample : yaQayGm mG S okuyasGn mGS girelim mi etc...

to get t.e negat7ve form :

Add mayaSmeye a2ter the stem then add the su_es #aple : yaQmayayGm S okumayasGn S girmeyelim S etc.... 0ses : Z6 Used to make suggestions. #ample : HstanbulYa trenle gidelim . ''' LetY go to "stanbul by train .

[6 Used to make >ishes . #ample :
B.at .ave ,e ac.ieved in t.is lesson C Z6 ou have learnt various means o2 transport . [6 ou have learnt ho> to con-ugate and use )ile) . ^6 ou have learnt ho> to con-ugate and use the sub-unctive . top

Lesson 11 : lot.es !! ialogue 1 Cocabulary 1 Fard and so2t consonants 1 *ardinal numbers 1 Order numbers 1 Ob-ectives

Dialogue : anted to buy some gi2ts 2or their 2riends.#rksin suggested that they buy some clothes.!he kno>s a very good store .LetYs see !atGcG :
Cendor : ]elcome sirsSmadams .]hat do you order 

,ary :
,ary : ]e >ant to buy some gi2ts .

!atGcG : Ne gibi  ,ary : henQ bilmeyiQ 8
Cendor : ]hat like  ,ary : ]e donYt kno> yet 8 ,ay >e have a look  Cendor : !ure  madam . ou are >elcome 8 #rksin : This skirt is beauti2ul isnYt it 

,ary :
#rksin : Fo> much is this skirt 

!atGcG : otuQ iki milyon lira .

Cendor : Thirty t>o million liras

#rksin : ucuQ .
#rksin : "tYs cheap . "Yll take this skirt

,ary : u pantolon ka@a 

,ary : Fo> much are those trousers 

!atGcG : OtuQ be lira 

Cendor : Thirty +ve million liras 8



,ary :
,ary : Let me try it .

!atGcG : !iQ haklGsGnGQ e2endim .

Cendor : ou are right madam

,ary : They are very beauti2ul but ,ary : Ne gQel  ama ger@ekten really very short 8 @ok kGsa .
ays right . ]hat is the number o2 this =acket .

!atGcG : ^

Cendor : ^



!atGcG : #lebette. #rksin : ,ary  bu palto ne gQel .

#rksin : ,ary  this coat is very pretty .

,ary : Fem de bu gmlek .

,ary : This shirt too .

#rksin :
#rksin : oesnYt this coat go >ith match& me 

,ary : Baliba sana gelir 8

,ary : ,ost probably it does .


hat do you say about this -acket 

#rksin : Baliba biraQ uQun 8 ,ary : #rksin haklG .
#rksin : "tYs a little long . ,ary : #rksinYs right .
,ary : #vet  @ok gQel .
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@ocabulary : hediye i@in +ed postposition& ey

gi2t 2or thing

satGn almak istemek gibi +ed psotposition& bilmek bakmak etek pahalG ucuQ almak u pantolon kGsa denemek ger@ekten hep ceket palto gmlek uymak hakkGnda demek uQun renk beEenmek arkada +stan

to buy to >ant like to kno> to >atch S to see skirt epensive cheap to take S to buy that trousers short to try S to test really S actually S in 2act al>ays adverb& S all S the >hole -acket coat shirt to match S go >ith about to say S to mean long S tall colour to like 2riend dress

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rammar : -ard and soft consonants "n your +rst TU/I*#[[ 2ree lesson you have learnt the hard and so2t vo,els .No> >e shall learn the rule o2 hard and so2t consonants . ]hat are consonants    They are : b c @ d 2 g h - k l m n p r s  t v y Q

 The .ard consonants are : Sf.4ps>t  The so2t consonants are all other consonants : bcdg-lmnrvyQ

3.e rule is : 9ome .ard consonants are c.anged to soft ones ,.en t.ey are follo,ed by a su+* t.at begins ,it. a vo,el 2 Fard !o2t consonant consonant @ c Ecommon&Sgr k are& p b t d

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3.e cardinal numbers :  Z on dokuQ ZZ on Z[ on Z^ on Z$ on Z` on Z on Z on Z on Z on [ bir iki @ drt be altG yedi sekiQ dokuQ yirmi [Z [[ [^ [$ [` [ [ [ yirmi [ yirmi ^ yirmi yirmi yirmi yirmi yirmi yirmi yirmi yedi sekiQ otuQ bir iki @ drt be altG dokuQ ^Z ^[ ^^ ^$ ^` ^ ^ otuQ ^ otuQ ^ otuQ otuQ otuQ otuQ otuQ otuQ otuQ $ altG yedi sekiQ kGrk bir iki @ drt be dokuQ $Z $[ $^ $$ $` $ kGrk $ kGrk $ kGrk $ kGrk kGrk kGrk kGrk kGrk kGrk ` elli altG yedi sekiQ bir iki @ drt be dokuQ `Z elli `[ elli `^ elli `$ elli `` elli ` elli ` elli ` elli ` elli  bir iki @ drt be altG yedi sekiQ dokuQ altmG Z [ ^ $ `     almG  altmG altmG altmG altmG altmG altmG altmG altmG yetmi sekiQ bir iki @ drt be altG yedi dokuQ  Z [ ^ $ `      yetmi yetmi yetmi yetmi yetmi yetmi yetmi yetmi yetmi sekse  bir  iki  @  drt  be altG yedi sekiQ dokuQ n Z bir [ iki ^ @ $ drt ` be  altG

 yedi

 sekiQ

 Z [ ^ $ `     sekse sekse sekse sekse sekse sekse seksen seksen seksen doksa n n bir n iki n @ n drt n be altG yedi sekiQ dokuQ n  Z [ ^ $ `    doksa Z doksa doksa doksa doksa doksa doksan doksan doksan n yQ n bir n iki n @ n drt n be altG yedi sekiQ dokuQ ^ $ `   Z [  altG  yedi Z @ drt be sekiQ dokuQ yQ iki yQ yQ yQ yQ yQ yQ yQ yQ bin    [[[ [[[ dokuQ  [[[ iki milyon ^^[   dokuQ yQ   [$ @ Z sekiQ yirmi iki Z  yQ  Z iki  yQ bin milyon trillion yQ  dokuQ doksan  yQ otuQ on binyQ yQ sekiQ dokuQ iki yQ yedi  bir drt bin yQ yirmi iki trilyon iki bin bin bilyon seksen dokuQ bin iki sekiQ yQ yQ doksan yirmi iki dokuQ top

order numbers : bir one iki t>o @ three drt 2our be +ve altG si yedi seven sekiQ eight dokuQ nine on ten on bir yirmi otuQ kGrk elli

birinci +rst ikinci second @nc third drdnc 2ourth beinci +2th altGncG sith yedinci seventh sekiQinci eighth dokuQuncu ninth onuncu tenth on birinci yirminci otuQuncu kGrkGncG ellinci

altmG altmGGncG yetmi yetmiinci seksen sekseninci doksan doksanGncG yQ yQnc iki yQ iki yQnc drt yQ bir drt yQ birinci bin bininci on yedi bin iki yQ on yedi bin iki yQ be beinci top

B.at .ave ,e ac.ieved in t.is lesson C Z6 ou have learnt ho> to talk about clothes . [6 ou have learnt the rule o2 hard and so2t consonants . ^6 ou have learnt the cardinal numbers . $6 ou have learnt the order numbers . top

3ur4is. basic e*pressions : Note :  This page is >ritten in turkish 8To vie> turkish letters right  click vie> '''encoding'''more''' turkish.

Beneral 1 Breetings 1 uestions 1 The time 1 ,onths 1 ays 1 *ardinal numbers 1 Order numbers 1 The city and the country 1 *olours 1 *lothes and accessories 1 *ommon phrases 1 ;amily and relatives 1 ;ood and beverages 1 Cegetables 1 ;ruits and nuts 1 Fouse 1 *ountries  nationalities and languages

eneral yes evet no hayGr thanks teekkrler thanks a lot @ok teekkrler reply to bir ey deEil

thanks ecuse me ajedersiniQ teess2 ederim S Qr sorry dilerim reply to bir sorun deEil sorry top

reetings good morninggn aydGn good evening iyi akamlar good night iyi geceler hi selam S merhaba >elcome ho geldiniQ reply to ho bulduk >elcome ho> are you nasGlsGnGQ " am +ne iyiyim grmek Qere S goodbye AllahaGsmarladGk reply to gle gle S grmek Qere goodbye top

Puestions : >hat ho> >hy >ho >hich >here >here 2rom >here to >hen >hat hour >hat does this mean :

ne nasGl ni@in S niye S neden kim hangi nerede nereden nereye ne Qaman saat ka@ta bu ne demek

ho> much >ith >hat >ith >hom >hose is there S are there do you have ... top

t.e time centuryyQyGl year yGl S sene month ay day gn hour saat dakika S minute dakka second sanya season mevsim mornin sabah g noon Ele evenin akam g night gece >inter kG spring bahar summe yaQ r aumtu sonbahar mn top

ont.s  =anuary Ocak ;ebruar Mubat y ,arch ,art

ne kadar neyle kiminle kimin var mG siQde ... var mG

April ,ay

Nisan ,ayGs FaQira  =une n  Temmu  =uly Q August AEusto s !eptem #yll ber October #kim Novemb IasGm er ecemb AralGk er top

Days PaQarte si  Tuesday !alG ]ednesd ?aram ay ba perem  Thursday be ;riday cuma cumart !aturday esi !unday PaQar ,onday

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ardinal numbers   sekiQ dokuQ ZZ on Z[ on Z^ on Z$ on Z` on Z on Z on Z on Z on bir iki @ drt be altG yedi sekiQ dokuQ [Z [[ [^ [$ [` [ [ yirmi [ yirmi [ yirmi yirmi yirmi yirmi yirmi yirmi yedi sekiQ yirmi Z bir [ iki ^ @ $ drt ` be  altG

 yedi

Z on [ yirmi ^ otuQ

bir iki @ drt be altG ^Z ^[ ^^ ^$ ^` ^ otuQ ^ otuQ otuQ otuQ otuQ otuQ otuQ altG yedi bir iki @ drt be $Z $[ $^ $$ $` kGrk kGrk kGrk kGrk kGrk $ kGrk $ kGrk altG yedi bir iki @ drt be `Z elli `[ elli `^ elli `$ elli `` elli ` elli ` elli bir iki @ drt be altG yedi Z [ ^ $ `   altmG altmG altmG altmG altmG altmG altmG bir iki @ drt be altG yedi Z [ ^ $ `   yetmi yetmi yetmi yetmi yetmi yetmi yetmi  bir  iki  @  drt  be altG yedi Z [ ^ $ ` sekse sekse sekse sekse sekse n bir n iki n @ n drt n be Z [ ^ $ ` doksa doksa doksa doksa doksa n bir n iki n @ n drt n be Z yQ

^ [ @ iki yQ yQ

$ ` drt be yQ yQ

[$ iki yQ drt

^^[ Z @ Z yQ   yQ otuQ on bin bin iki

  dokuQ yQ bin

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rder numbers bir one iki t>o

birinci +rst ikinci second

dokuQ ^ otuQ ^ $ otuQ sekiQ kGrk dokuQ $ $ kGrk kGrk ` elli sekiQ dokuQ ` elli ` elli  sekiQ dokuQ altmG    almG altmG yetmi sekiQ dokuQ     yetmi yetmi sekse sekiQ dokuQ n      sekse seksen seksen seksen n doksa altG yedi sekiQ n dokuQ     doksan doksan doksan doksa Z n yQ altG yedi sekiQ dokuQ    altG  yedi sekiQ dokuQ Z yQ yQ bin yQ yQ    [[[ [[[ dokuQ  milyon [[[ iki  dokuQ yQ   sekiQ yirmi iki Z yQ  yQ bin doksan milyon  trillion sekiQ iki yQ  bir dokuQ yedi yQ yirmi iki bilyon trilyon bin seksen bin iki dokuQ sekiQ yQ yQ yirmi iki doksan dokuQ

@ three @nc third drt 2our drdnc 2ourth be +ve beinci +2th altG si altGncG sith yedi seven yedinci seventh sekiQ eight sekiQinci eighth dokuQ nine dokuQuncu ninth on ten onuncu tenth on bir on birinci yirmi yirminci otuQ otuQuncu kGrk kGrkGncG elli ellinci altmG altmGGncG yetmi yetmiinci seksen sekseninci doksan doksanGncG yQ yQnc iki yQ iki yQnc drt yQ bir drt yQ birinci bin bininci on yedi bin iki yQ on yedi bin iki yQ be beinci top

3.e city and t.e country : capital municipality street alley !3uare road pavement S side>alk se>er pedestrian cro>d rail>ay tunnel

bakent belediye cadde sokak meydan yol yaya kaldGrGmG laEGm yaya kalabalGk demiryolu tnel

to>er status bridge region S area district 3uarter palace 2ountain university bank hospital tent garage parking circus park Qoo library theatre cinema club casino store supermarket bakerYs butcherYs +shmongerYs ca2e laundry bookshop coijeur o_ce market 2actory village +eld villa garden mill >ood

bur@ stat kpr blge blge mahalle saray +skiye niversite banka hastane @adGr garapark sirk park hayvanat bah@esi ktphane tiyatro sinema kulp gaQino maEaQa spermarket 2GrGncG kasap balGk@G kahvehane @amaGrhane kitap@G kua2r o+s @arG 2abrika ky tarla villa bah@e deEirmen orman

canal tomb S grave borders

kanal meQar sGnGrlar

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olours : beige beblack siyah blue mavi bro>n kahve rengi golden altGn rengi green yeil gri S grey klrengi leylak mauve rengi portakal orange rengi pink pembe purple mor red al S kGrmGQG gm silver rengi tur3uoi turkuaQ se >hite beyaQ yello> sarG dark koyu light a@Gk top

clot.es and accessories : in alphabetical order & anorak anorak bathrobe bornoQ blouse bluQ

bra sutyen cap kasket coat palto dress elbise girdle kemer gloves eldiven handkerch mendil ie2  hat apka  -acket ceket  -eans blucin nightdressgecelik overalls tulum panties kadGn klotu pullover kaQak py-amas pi-ama raincoat yaEmurluk sandals sandal scar2 earp shirt gmlek shoes ayakkabG skirt etek slip kombineQon slippers terlik socks kGsa @orap stockings uQun @orap suit takGm elbise s>eater kaQak uQun kollu pamuklu s>eatshirt kaQak s>imsuit mayo tie kravat tights klotlu @orap trousers pantolon underpant klot s >aistcoat yelek top

ommon p.rases :

can " try this much is
Hamily and relatives : boy man bachelor son 2ather husband baby brother cousin uncle 2atherYs brother& uncle  motherYs brother& grandpa grandson relative orphan girl >oman daughter >i2e

oElan adam bekar oEul baba koca bebek karde amcaQade S dayGQade amca dayG dede torun hGsGm yetim kGQ kadGn kGQ e

child sister mother aunt 2atherYs sister& auntmotherYs sister& grandma granddaughter

@ocuk hemire anne hala teyQe nine torun

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Hood and beverages : menu break2ast lunch dinner meal bread butter cheese yoghurt honey  -am egg spaghetti macaroni piQQa hamburger meat minced meat bee2 cutlet sausage +sh chicken soup vegetable soup

yemek listesi kahvaltG Ele yemeEi akam yemeEi yemek ekmek tereyaEG peynir yoEurt bal re@el yumurta spagetti makarna piQa hamburger et kGyma sGEGr eti pirQola sucuk S sosis balGk tavuk @orba sebQe @orbasG

tomato soup

domates @orbasG mercimek lentil soup @orbasG onion soup soEan @orbasG pickles turu oil yaE sugar eker salt tuQ mustard hardal vinegar sirke sause sal@a salad salata tart turta milk st cojee kahve cream krema tea @ay 2ruit -uice meyve suyu beer bira >ine arap >hisky viski bitter acG s>eet tatlG hot sGcak cold soEuk 2resh taQe ra> @iE rice pilav top

@egetables : lemon limon cucumbe hGyar r tomato domates cauli\o> karnaba er har cabbage lhana

onion garlic radish

soEan sarGmsak turp maydan parsley oQ carrot havu bean 2asulye potato patates lettuce marul eggplant patlGcan spinach Hspanak pepper biber artichokeenginar 3uince ayva pine @am Qucchini kabak turnip algam top

Hruits amd nuts : bananas muQ oranges portakal mandarin mandali es na appels elma grapes Qm +gs incir mangoes mango dates hurma apricot kays stra>berri @ilek es pineapple ananas raspberry dut >atermel karpuQ on melon kavun Plum armut peaches erik

pears armut pomegran nar ate haQels 2GndGk pistachios 2GstGk almonds badem kuru raisins Qm top

-ouse : building \oor S storey \at li2t stairs door key >indo> roo2

inaat kat

daire asansr merdiven kapG anahtar pencere @atG Qemin S \oor deme bathroom banyo sho>er du toilet tuvalet hall hol corridor koridor balcony balkon so2a kanepe chair iskemle table masa curtain perde carpet halG cupboard dolap bedroom yatak odasG bed yatak pillo> yastGk

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ountries 6 nationalities and languages : *ountrySconti nent #ngland& #urope tiQerland !>eden Nor>ay ;inland  Turkey Albania
nationality Language #nglishmanS#ng #nglish lish Avrupa AvrupalG 6
#stonia "reland Lethuania ,acedonia Ukraine Asia !yria "rak  =ordan Palestine "srael "ran Arabia Pakistan "ndia IhaQakistan UQbekistan  Ta-ikistan  Turkmenistan *hina Iorea  =apan Iu>ait Lebanon  Thailand  Tai>an Australia Ne> Qealand  Thee ne> >orld AmericaU!A& *anada ,eico CeneQuela #l #cuador
#stonya Hrlanda Litvanya ,akedonya Ukranya Asya !uriye "rak rdn ;ilistin Hsrail Hran arabistan Pakistan Findistan IaQakistan KQbekistan Tacikistan Trkmenistan ?in Iore =aponya Iuveyt Lbnan Tayland Tayvan Avustralya eni Qelanda

estonyalG irlandalG litvanyalG makedonyalG ukranyalG asyalG !uriyeli "raklG rdnl ;ilistinli Hsrailli iranlG arabi PakistanlG hintli IaQak Qbek tacik trkmen @inli koreli =apon kuveytli lbnanlG tay tayvanlG avustralyalG yeni QelandalG

estonca ingiliQce litvanca makedonca ukranca 6 arap@a arap@a arap@a arap@a Hbranice 2ars@a arap@a urdu hint@e kaQak@a Qbek@e tacik@e trkmence @ince korece -aponca arap@a arap@a tayca @ince ingiliQce ingiliQce

yeni dnya

yeni dnyalG

6

AmerikaA<& amerikalG Ianada IanadalG ,eksika meksikalG CeneQuela veneQuelalG #kavtor ekvatorlu
ingiliQce ingiliQce ispanyolca ispanyolca ispanyolca portekiQce ispanyolca 6 arap@a arap@a arap@a