TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE COLD AND CLOUDY CLIMATE &
COLD AND SUNNY CLIMATE
INDEX
INTRODUCTION NATURE OF CLIMATE PHYSIOLOGICAL OBJECTIVE FORM AND PLANNING(JAMMU AND LEH) EXTERNAL SPACES ROOF,WALLS AND OTHER SURFACES OPENINGS VENTILATION AND AIRFLOW MATERIALS AND TECHNIQES CONCLUSION
INDEX
INTRODUCTION NATURE OF CLIMATE PHYSIOLOGICAL OBJECTIVE FORM AND PLANNING(JAMMU AND LEH) EXTERNAL SPACES ROOF,WALLS AND OTHER SURFACES OPENINGS VENTILATION AND AIRFLOW MATERIALS AND TECHNIQES CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION This climate is in many ways similar to the composite or monsoon climates, with its various seasons. It is dominated by strong solar radiation, often with moderate to cool air temperature. Malleable when wet, rigid when dry, the potential of mud as a building building material must have have been apparent ant an early stage of human development. It remains, primary building material in rural India, its versatility only beginning to be appreciated by formal architects .
NATURE OF CLIMATE
BASED ON THE CLIMATIC FACTORS,INDIA CAN BE DIVIDED INTO SIX CLIMATIC ZONES:
WARM AND HUMID HOT AND DRY MODERATE COLD A ND CLOUDY
COLD A ND SUNNY
COMPOSITE
COLD A ND CL OUDY REGIONS:-
Ootacmand, Shillong, Shrinagar Jammu, Mahabaleshwar, & shimla
GENERALLY THE NORTHEN PART OF INDIA EXPERIENCES THIS TYPE OF CLIMATE. MOST COLD AND CLOUDY REGIONS ARE SITUATED AT HIGH ALTITUDES. OOTACMAND, SHIMLA, SHILONG, SRINAGAR AND MAHABALESHWAR ARE THE EXAMPLES OF THIS CLIMATIC ZONE. THE TYPICAL CLIMATIC CHRECTERISTICS OF THIS REGION ARE: A] LANDSCAPE AND VEGETATION: THESE ARE GENERALLY HIGHLAND REGIONS WITH ABUNDANT VEGITATION IN SUMMER. B] SOLAR RADIATION :THE INTENSITY OF SOLAR RADIATION IS LOW IN WINTER WITH A HIGH
C]
COL D A ND SUNNY
REGIONS:-
LEH[LADAKH]
MOUNTABU.
NOTE:-
sky blue colour indicates cold&sunny
climatic regions
A FEW CITIES WHICH REPRESENT THIS TYPE OF CLIMATIC ZONE ARE LEH[LADAKH] AND MOUNTABU.THE TYPICAL CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THIS REGION ARE : A]
LANDSCAPE AND VEGETATION : THESE ARE MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS WITH VERY LITTLE VEGETATION, AND ARE CONSIDERED TO BE COLD DESERTS. B] SOLAR RADIATION: THE SOLAR RADIATION IS GENERALLY INTENSE WITH A VERY LOW PERCENTAGE OF DIFFUSE RADIATION. C] AMBIENT TEMPERATURE: IN SUMMER THE TEMPERATURE REACHES 17-24DEG.C DURING DAY AND 4-11DEG.C IN THE NIGHT. IN WINTER, THE VALUES RANGE FROM -7-8DEG.C DURING DAY AND -14-0DEG.C
D] RELATIVE HUMIDITY: THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY IS CONSISTENTLY LOW RANGING FROM ABOUT 10-50%. E] PRECIPITATION: THE PRECIPITATION IS GENERALLY LESS THAN 200MM PER YEAR F] WINDS:WINDS ARE OCCASIONALLY INTENSE G] SKY CONDITON: THE SKY IS FAIRLY CLEAR THROUGHOUT THE YEAR WITH CLOUD COVER OF LESS THAN 50%.THIS REGION EXPERIENCES COLD DESERT CLIMATIC CONDITION THE DESIGN CRITERIA ARE TO RESIST HEAT LOSS AND PROMOTE HEAT AGAIN.
YSIOL OGOCA L OB J ECTIV
During the cold season the effective temperature are much lower than in the warmer seasons & physical comfort will depend on the prevention of heat loss from the body, especially at night. The situation is aggravated by the fact that during the warm season get acclimatized to high temperature, so their tolerance of cold condition will be reduced.
The tribes entering the cold zone encountered the extreme cold & relatively scarce fuel. Under these circumstances, the conservation of heat became essential, so their shelters were compact, with a minimum of surface exposure. The Eskimo igloo is a well known solution to the problem of survival in extreme cold. These low hemisphere shelters defects the wind & take advantage of the insulating value of the snow that surrounds them.
The smooth lining which forms on their internal surface is an effective seal against air seepage & their tunnel axis are oriented away from the prevailing winds to reduce drafts & prevent the escape of warmed air. The heat retention of this type of structure makes it possible to maintain a temperature of 60 degree F inside when the exterior temperature is -50 degree F. Such structures may be heated by a small lamp supplemented by body heat. Thus , in cold & cloudy & cold & sunny the only
Sau n i Villag e, U.P., Co ld and Cloudy Mean Monthly Temp.
<25 (°C)
Mean Monthly R.H.
>55(%)
Mean Monthly Precipitation
>5
No. of clear days in a month
<20
Places :- J&K, Himachal, NW UP, Niligiri
Winters are prolonged and summers are short in this climate. There is also a fair amount of precipitation- snow or rain, often spread across the year. The traditional homes and villages of the sub - Himalayan region are built on hill slopes that would receive a fair amount of sunshine. The lower floor is occupied by cattle and used for storage. The upper floor which is away from cold and damp ground has the living rooms. The cooking area is a part of it, in order to benefit from the heat generated by it. Low timber ceiling provide insulation and conserve the warmth. Windows face the sun.
ELEVATION
Co l d an d Su n n y
Mean Monthly Temp.
<25 (°C)
Mean Monthly R.H.
<55 (%)
Mean Monthly Precipitation <5
No. of clear days in a month >20
Places
Ladakh & Leh
Leh in Ladakh is a "mountain desert." There is very little precipitation and the temperatures vary greatly between the day and night and also from summer to winter. The traditional Ladhaki settlement is usually built on steep slopes facing southward. This allows good isolation during the day. Heavy walls (mud) and a well insulated roof (timber & mud) dampen the variations of indoor temperatures. The use of glass and nowadays, trombe - wall is very successful as heat can be stored in the building mass
ELEVATION
ELEVATION
FORM & PL A NNING
The general characteristic of cold & sunny & cold & cloudy are discussed above, According to it the planning & the form of the various places in India is designed by the architect or the designers . Hence we are dealing with two examples:1 Jammu & Kashmir 2 Ladakh.
LEH
.
Jammu In this colder climate a town house is often square in plan, the most efficient configuration to prevent heat loss, without a courtyard. A stairwell ascends the centre of the building. The foundations and plinth of stone rubble set in lime mortar, proving so stable that several generations of house may have risen on the same base. The walls of the ground floor, too, are built of jagged stone rubble, not the rounded boulders of Jammu and the foothills, with few and small window
T h e S h a h H am a d a n M o s q u e , b e s i d e t h e r h e r Jh elum in Shrin agar, illustrates a vern acular f o r m q u i t e u n l i k e t h a t o f an y o t h er r e g i o n . S q u a r e in p l a n , i t s f o u n d at i o n is o f s t o n e as h l a rs o n w h i c h t h e s tr u c t u r e o f deodar (In d ian ced ar) is b u i l t .
The high ceiling of a mosque is supported by pillars shaped from whole deodar (Indian cedar) trunks, each set on a stone base. Jama Masjid, Shrinagar
R O OF WA L L A N D OTHER SUR FA CES
The rural houses of the Kashmir Hills have pitched roofs, and, unlike those of Srinagar, are made of large slates, requiring heavy beams. A shallow pitch allows the surface to be used for drying crops This roof may be built over a flat mud platform forming an attic, often open at either end. It is used for storage of fuel and fodder. The walls were constructed often nearest usable materials, often river boulders mud- mortared within a
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