PRESIDENCIADELAREPUBLICA OFICINADEPLANEAMIENTOYPRESUPUESTO UNIDADDEDESARROLLOMUNICIPAL
ORGANIZACIONPANAMERICANADELASALUD ORGANIZACIONMUNDIALDELASALUD OPS/HEP/HES/URU/02.99
MANUALPARALAELABORACIONDECOMPOST BASESCONCEPTUALESYPROCEDIMIENTOS
ElpresentedocumentonoesunapublicacióndelaOrganizaciónPanamericanadelaSalud(OPS),sinembargo,todossusderechosleestán reservados reser vados.. El docum documentopuedeser entopuedeser utiliz utilizadopara adopara repr reproducció oducción n o tradu traducción, cción, parcia parcialment lmente e o en su total totalidad, idad, no obst obstante, ante, no puede ser utilizadoparalaventaniconpropósitoscomer utilizadoparalaventani conpropósitoscomerciales.Lasopinionesexp ciales.Lasopinionesexpresadossondeexclusivare resadossondeexclusivaresponsabilidaddelosautor sponsabilidaddelosautores. es.
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2
Manualpreparadopor: Ing. Daniel Sztern, MGA Lic. Miguel A. Pravia Oficina de Planeamiento y Presupuesto Unidad de Desarrollo Municipal
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3
CONTENIDO INTRODUCCION •
•
• • • • • • • • •
• • •
• •
• •
• • • • •
• • •
CAPÍTU CAPÍ TULO LOI I RE RESI SIDU DUOS OSO OR RGÁ GÁNI NIC COS Definiciones CLASIFICACIÓNDELOSRESIDUOS Criterios FUENTESDERESIDUOSORGÁNICOS Actividadagropecuaria Actividadagroindustrial Industrialáctea Industriafrigorífica Industriacerealera IndustriaAceiterayGrano IndustriaAce iterayGranosOleagino sOleaginosos sos Industriadelapesca Industriaforestal Residuossólidosurbanos ALTERNATIVASDETRATAMIENTODELOSRESIDUOSORGÁNICOS LosresiduoscomofuentedeAlimentoAnimal LosresiduoscomofuentedeEnergía LosresiduosorgánicoscomomateriaprimaparalaproduccióndeAbonosOrgánicos CAPITUL CAPIT ULOII OII LA LAELA ELABOR BORAC ACIÓN IÓNDE DELC LCOMP OMPOST OST ConsideracionesPrevias Definiciones COMPOSTAJEAERÓBICO:descrip COMPOSTAJEAERÓ BICO:descripcióngeneral cióngeneraldelproceso delproceso SISTEMASDECOMPOSTAJE SistemaenCamellonesoParvas SistemaenReactores CARACTERÍSTICASDELOSRESIDUOSACOMPOSTAR RelaciónCarbono-Nitrógeno(C/N) EstructurayTamañodelo Estructuray TamañodeloResiduos Residuos Humedad ElpH LaAireación ELPRECOMPOSTAJE COMODISEÑARYOPERARUNSISTEMADECOMPOSTAJEAEROBICO Aspectoscualitativos Aspectoscuantitativos UnidaddeCompostaje(Uc)
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4
• • • • •
MANEJODELSISTEMA AireaciónyHomogeneizacióndelamasaenCompostaje Cuandoairearycuandoregar ControldelaTemperatura ControldeHumedad Controldeaireaciónyrie Controlde aireaciónyriegoportemp goportemperatura eratura ElPROCESODEREFINACION RENDIMIENTOS ACOPIOYEMPAQUE ASPECTOSSANITARIOS ASPECTOSAMBIENTALES CONSIDERACIONESFINALES
ANEXO 1
EL ABC DE LA MICROBIOLOGIA: UNA HERRAMIENTA PARA COMPOSTAR
INTRODUCCIÓN CICLODELAMATERIAENLANATURALEZA • CiclosdelCarbonoydelOxígeno • CicloDelNitrógeno AsimilaciónFotosintética • Amonificación • Nitrificación • • Denitrificación FijacióndeNitrógeno • • CiclodelAzufre AsimilacióndelSulfato • • FormaciónSH 2–ReduccióndeSulfatos • OxidaciónSH 2ydelAzufre CiclodelFósforo • ELMUNDOMICROBIANO ProtistasEucarióticos • • LosHongos • ProtistasProcarióticos AlgasVerdeazuladas • LasBacterias • CLASIFICACIONDELASBACTERIAS • LosVirus CONCEPTOSSOBRENUTRICIÓNYCRECIMIENTOMICROBIANO FactoresOrgánicosdeCre FactoresOrg ánicosdeCrecimiento cimiento
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5 • •
Laconcentracióndenutrientesenlavelocidaddecrecimiento LaTemperaturaylavelo LaTemper aturaylavelocidaddecr cidaddecrecimiento ecimiento
CONCEPTOSSOBREMETABOLISMOMICROBIANO • Lafermentación Larespiración • • RespiraciónAeróbica • RespiraciónAnaeróbica Resumen • ANE NEXO XO2 2 I. I.CO CONV NVEN ENIO IOM MGA GAP P– –IM IMM M IntroducciónyAntecedentes • • Objetivosd ObjetivosdelConvenio elConvenioMGAP/DSA–MM MGAP/DSA–MM/UDA /UDA • ActividadesRealizadas • ActividadesFuturas CONCLUCIONESPRELIMINARES Informacióndecampo • • Informacióndelaboratorio
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6
INTRODUCCIÓN El pr pres esen ente te tr trab abaajo es está tá di diri riggid idoo a té técn cnic icoos qu quee tr trab abaj ajen en co con n re resi sidu duos os só sólilido dos, s, co con n experienciayconocimien experien ciayconocimientosdeltema.Seaconsejalalecturapreviaaltrabajo tosdeltema.SeaconsejalalecturapreviaaltrabajodelAnexoI: delAnexoI: “ElABCdelamicrobiología....”,porcontenerconceptosclavesparalacomprensiónglobal deldocumento. Elobjetivodelapresenteobraesdarallector,fundamentalmenteaaquella Elobjetivodelapresenteobraesdarallector,fundamen talmenteaaquellaspersonasque spersonasque desd de sde e lo los s go gobi bier erno nos s lo loca cale les s tie tiene nen n la re resp spon onsa sabi bililida dad d de la ge gest stió ión n de re resi sidu duos os un una a herramientaprácticaparatransfor herramie ntaprácticaparatransformarenformarazonab marenformarazonable,equilibrad le,equilibradayfundamentalme ayfundamentalmente nte ecoló ec ológi gica ca y am ambie bienta ntalme lmente nte de desea seabl ble e una pa parte rte im impor portan tante te de los des desec echos hos sól sólido idos s de distintosorígenes. Tengamosencuentaqueparaquealgoseaconsiderado"residuo",previamenteexistióla decisióndeunoovariosindividuosdequeeseobjeto,dejadetenerutilidadovalorpara ser se r un de dese sech cho o y de desp spre rend nder erse se de dell mi mism smo. o. Es en de defin finititiv iva a un una a el elec ecci ción ón, , un ac acto to de libertadindividual. Asimismoesperamosqueseadeutilidadparainteresadoseneltemaqueparticipanen organ or ganiza izaci cione ones s no gub gubern ernam amen ental tales es, , pro produc ductor tores es ag agríc rícola olas, s, emp empres resar arios ios o tod todo o aqu aquel el interesa int eresadoy doycomp comprome rometido tido con elcuidad elcuidadoy oycon conserva servación ción delosrecurs delosrecursosy osylacalida lacalidadde dde vida. El co conce ncepto pto sub subya yacen cente te en tod todo o el pr prese esente nte tra traba bajo jo se ba basa sa en la con consid sidera eració ción n de la Tierra Tie rracomo como obje objeto to ecol ecológic ógico: o: un unsiste sistema ma que del delexter exterior iorrec recibe ibeúnic únicame amente nteapo aporte rtede de energía,porlotantotod energía ,porlotantotodoelrestode oelrestodelosrecursose losrecursosesfinito. sfinito. Consid Cons ider erem emos os cu cual ales es so son n la las s fo form rmas as bá bási sica cas s má más s ha habi bitu tual ales es de di disp spos osic ició ión n fifina nall de residuoshoyennues residuo shoyennuestroplaneta: troplaneta: (a)Vertederosincontrolosemicontrolado (b)Rellenosanitario Enelprimerocaso(a)resultanobvioslosproblemasambientalesquesegeneran,alno exist ex istir ir tot total al o pa parci rcialm almen ente te con contro troll de lilixiv xivia iado dos, s, ga gases ses ni ele elemen mentos tos ar arra rastr strabl ables es po por r el viento(plásticosuotros) El segundo método (b), prese sennta menores problemas amb mbiientales y permite la recu re cupe pera raci ción ón de en ener ergí gía a me medi dian ante te el ap apro rove vech cham amie ient nto o de dell bi biog ogás ás, , me mezc zcla la de ga gase ses s generadosduranteladescomposiciónanaerobiadelosresiduos,constituidobásicamente pormetano.
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7 Los res Los residu iduos os or orgán gánico icos s oc ocupa upan nen enel el mu mundo ndo un lu luga gar r pr prior iorita itario rio de desde sde el pu punto nto de vis vista ta cualitativoycuantitativo.Constituyenentreel30yel65%delosresiduosdomiciliarios, segúnlugaryclima,másdel85%delosresiduosconsideradosagrícolasyunporcentaje no despreciable de residuos industriales, fundamentalmente vinculados a las agroindustrias. Darunarespuestaalosresiduosagrícolas,sign Darunarespuestaalosresiduo sagrícolas,significareducir ificareducirsustancialmen sustancialmenteelvolumende teelvolumende loqueconsideram loqueconsid eramosresid osresiduos uos,,lafracci lafracciónorgán ónorgánica icadelosmismosserá delosmismosserá mate materiaprima riaprima de losprocesosdecompostaje. El co comp mpos ost t es un ma mate teri rial al al qu que e se lllleg ega a po por r bi biot otec ecno nolo logí gías as de ba bajo jo co cost ste, e, qu que e no nos s per ermi mite te ma mant nten ener er la ma mate teri ria a org rgán ánic ica a de denntr troo de dell ci cicl clo o na natu tura ral,l, no in inci cine nerá ránd ndol ola a ni "ensilándola",con "ensilá ndola",condifícilycarare difícilycararecuperación cuperación,comoseríae ,comoseríaelcasodelos lcasodelosrellenossan rellenossanitarios. itarios. Esunmejoradordesuelos,sumamenteútilenelcombatealaerosión,enlamejoradelos cultltiv cu ivos os en cu cuan anto to a ca cant ntid idad ad y ca calilida dad d de lo los s mi mism smos os. . Su pr prod oduc ucci ción ón tr trae ae be bene nefic ficio ios s directoseindirectossiconsideramoslosbeneficiosenlaproducción,lamanodeobraque ocup oc upa a su pr proc oces esam amie ient nto, o, la las s po posi sibi bililida dade des s de ob obte tene ner r pr prod oduc ucci cion ones es am ambi bien enta talm lmen ente te sanas,ladisminución sanas,la disminucióndemateria demateriaaeliminarysuv aeliminarysuvalorcomoel alorcomoelementoforma ementoformativoambien tivoambiental. tal. Enúltimainstancia,elcompostpodemosconsiderarlocomounbien"ambiental-social": por po r lo los s be bene nefic ficio ios s am ambie bienta ntale les s qu que e vi vimos mos, , a lo los s qu que e de debe bemo mos s su sumar mar que dis dismin minuy uye e la cantidaddeagroquímico cantidad deagroquímicosrequeridos srequeridosporloscultivosdonde porloscultivosdondeesaplicadoyalconsid esaplicadoyalconsiderarque erarque devolve dev olvemosala mosalasocie sociedad dad unbienquefuegenera unbienquefuegeneradoporella,evita doporella,evitando ndo elagota elagotamien mientodel todel humusytierrasproductivas. Como de Como desar sarrol rollar laremo emos s du duran rante te la obr obra, a, es su sumam mamen ente te imp impor ortan tante te la ma mater teria ia pri prima ma, , los residuos,delosquepartimosparaobtenerelcompost. Podemo Pode mos s pa part rtir ir de re resi sidu duos os me mezc zcla lado dos, s, hac acie iend ndoo su cl clas asiififica caci cióón en un una a pla lannta de producciónopodemoshacersuseparaciónenlafuentedegeneración.Nohayrecetas univ un iver ersa sale les, s, ca cada da un uno o de debe be ha hace cer r su sus s es estu tudi dios os de po posi sibi bililida dade des, s, fa fact ctib ibililid idad ad té técn cnic ica, a, económicayambientalparatomarsusdecisiones. De cu cual alqu quie ier r ma mane nera ra, , en el ca caso so de re resi sidu duos os do domi mici cililiar ario ios, s, pa para ra el qu que e le co conv nven enga ga
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8 CAPÍTULOI RESIDUOSORGÁNICOS:FUENTESYALTERNATIVASDETRATAMIENTO DEFINICIONES Aestaalturadelacivilizaciónenquevivimos,inmersosennuestrasociedaddeconsumo, resultacomplejorealiza resultacomp lejorealizarunadefinición runadefiniciónclaraysencilla claraysencilladeloqueseentiendepo deloqueseentiendeporResiduoo rResiduoo Dese De sech cho, o, té térm rmin inos os fr frec ecue uent ntem emen ente te ut utililiza izado dos s co como mo si sinó nóni nimo mos. s. Si bi bien en se ci cita tará rán n la las s defin de finic icion iones es de alg alguno unos s aut autore ores, s, un una a bre breve ve ref refle lexió xión n sob sobre re est estos os tér términ minos os cla clarif rifica icará rá la baseconceptualsobrelaquedesarrollaráestecapítulo. En fun funció ción n de los re recur cursos sos dis dispon ponibl ibles, es, lo los s “d “dese esecho chos”, s”, son mat mater erial iales es fue fuera ra de delug lugar ar y desdeelpuntodevistaeconómicosonelproducto desde elpuntodevistaeconómicosonelproductodelusoineficientedelosrecurso delusoineficientedelosrecursosenla senla prod pr oduc ucci ción ón de bi bien enes es y se serv rvic icio ios s de dema mand ndad ados os po por r la so soci cied edad ad (I (Ins nstititu tuto to Me Mexi xica cano no de TecnologíasApropiadas,1982). LaOCDE,define alos alosres residuo iduoscomoaquella scomoaquellasmateria smaterias sgene generada radasen sen las acti activida vidadesde desde producciónyconsumoquenoalcanzanenelcontextoquesonproducidasningúnvalor eco conó nómi mico co; ; el ello lo pu pued edee se ser r de debi bido do ta tannto a la fa faltlta a de te tecn cnol olog ogía ía ad adec ecua uada da pa para ra su aprovechamientocomoalainexistenciadeunmercadoparalosproductosrecuperados. Según Segú n la CE CEE E (D (Dir irec ectitiva va 75// 75//44 442) 2) re resi sidu duo o es cu cual alqu quie ier r su susta stanc ncia ia u ob obje jeto to de dell cu cual al se desprenda su pose seeedor o ten tenga la oblig igaació iónn de desprenderse en virtud de la lass disposicionesvigentes. Ensuacepciónmássencillayengenerallosresiduossonpartesquequedandeuntodo, deuncuerpo,luego quehansufrid quehansufrido ounproces unprocesode odetran transform sformació aciónnatural nnatural oartifici oartificialque alque pued pu ede e mo modi dific ficar ar o no su sus s ca cara ract cter erís ístitica cas s fís físic icoo-qu quím ímic icas as y es estr truc uctu tura rale les s in inic icia iale les. s. En términosestrictamentefísicos,losresiduossonconsecuenciadelatransformacióndela materiaylaenergía(Pra materia ylaenergía(Pravia,M.A.,Sztern,D.,19 via,M.A.,Sztern,D.,1996). 96). EnelcasoespecíficodelosresiduosagrícolasGrundey,K.,(1982),losdefinecomotodo aquelmaterialsobranteodesperdiciablegeneradoenunestablecimientoagropecuario.
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9
CLASIFICACIÓNDELOSRESIDUOS La clasifica Laclas ificación ción de los losres residuo iduos, s, adm admite ite vari varios os enfo enfoque ques s y la cons consider ideració ación n de dist distinto intos s par arám ámeetr troos. El cr crititer erio io ap aplilica cabl blee pa para ra la cl clas asiififica caci ción ón est star ará á su suje jeto to a lo los s ob obje jetitivo vos s planteados.Paralaclasificación,seconsideranentreotrosparámetros:origenoactividad emisora,toxicidadype emisora ,toxicidadypeligrosidad ligrosidad,tamaño,na ,tamaño,naturalezaquími turalezaquímicadelosmate cadelosmaterialesemiso rialesemisores, res, parámetrosfísico–qu paráme trosfísico–químicosengen ímicosengeneral. eral. Todaclasificació Todaclasific acióntiendeasimplifi ntiendeasimplificarlarealid carlarealidady adynoabarc noabarcatodosloscasoposibl atodosloscasoposiblesque esque se ge genner eraan por la hete tero roggeneid idaad en la comp mpoosi sici cióón de la natu tura rale lezza quím ímic icaa e inte in terr rrel elac acio ione nes s di dire recta ctas s e in indi dire recta ctas s de la las s ac actitivi vida dade des s ge gene nera rado dora ras. s. Re Real aliz izad ada a es esta ta aclaración,aplicaremo aclara ción,aplicaremoscomocriteriodeclasificació scomocriteriodeclasificación,paralosobjetivosdeesteManual n,paralosobjetivosdeesteManual,la ,la nat atur ural alez eza a qu quím ímic icaa de lo los s ma mate teri rial ales es em emis isor orees y aq aque uellllas as ac actitivi vida dade des s qu que e ge gene nera rann residuosconnetopre residuo sconnetopredominiode dominiodemateriale materialesorgánicos sorgánicos. . Laclasificaciónporla naturalezaquímica permiteestablecerdoscategoríasderesiduos: permiteestablecerdoscategoríasderesiduos: residuos inorgánicosoabiógenos yresiduosorgánicosobiógenos : in inclu cluye ye tod todos os aqu aquel ellos los re resid siduo uos s de ori origen gen min miner eral al y sus sustan tanci cias as o Residuos Residuo s inorgánico inorgánicos s :
compuestos sintetizados por el hombre. Dentro de esta categoría se incluyen habi ha bitua tualme lmente nte me metal tales es, , pl plást ástico icos, s, vid vidrio rios, s, etc etc. . De Desec secho hos s pr prove oveni nien entes tes de agr agrotó otóxic xicos os, , agroquímicos,fitosanitariosyagroveterinarios,sonensumayoríadeorigensintéticoycon ungranefectoresidual.Sibienestosresiduosrequierenunanálisisparticularynoson obj bjeeto de est stee tr traaba bajo jo, , de debe be co connsi side dera rars rse e qu que e lo los s mi mism smos os re reppre rese sennta tan n im imppor orta tant ntes es insumosenlossectoresproductivosysuefectoresidualpuedemodificarsustancialmente lascaracterísticasyprop lascarac terísticasypropiedadesdelo iedadesdelosresiduo sresiduosorgánicos. sorgánicos. Residuos Residuo s orgánico orgánicos s :serefiereatodosaquellosquetienensuorigenenlosseresvivos, :serefiereatodosaquellosquetienensuorigenenlosseresvivos,
animales o vegeta talles. In Inccluye una gran dive verrsidad de re ressid iduuos que se originan naturalmenteduranteel“ciclovital”,comoconsecuenciadelasfuncionesfisiológicasde mant ma nten enim imie ient nto o y pe perp rpet etua uaci ción ón o so son n pr prod oduc ucto to de la ex expl plot otac ació ión n po por r el ho homb mbre re de lo los s recursosbióticos.
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10
FUENTESDERESIDUOSORGÁNICOS •
Actividadagropecuaria
Enestaactividad,se Enestaactivida d,segen generan eran una una gran vari variedad edad deresid deresiduosdeorigen uosdeorigen veg vegetal etal yanimal yanimal.. Los residuosvegetales estánintegradosporrestosdecosechasycultivos(tallos,fibras, estánintegradosporrestosdecosechasycultivos(tallos,fibras, cutíc cu tícul ulas as, , cá cásc scar aras as, , ba baga gazo zos, s, ra rastr stroj ojos os, , re resto stos s de po poda das, s, fru fruta tas, s, et etc. c., , pr proc oced eden ente tes s de diversasespeciescultivadas diversa sespeciescultivadas.Elcontenidodehumedaddeestetipoderesiduosesrelativo .Elcontenidodehumedaddeestetipoderesiduosesrelativo dependiendodeva depend iendodevariosfactores.Ca riosfactores.Característicasde racterísticasdelasespecies lasespeciescultivada cultivadas,ciclodelcul s,ciclodelcultivo, tivo, tiempodeexposiciónalosfactoresclimáticos,manejo,condicionesdeladisposición,etc. Entrelosr esiduosanimales,seincluyenexcrementossólidosysemisólidos(estiércoles)y líquid líq uidos os pur purine ines. s. Des Desec echo hos s de fae faena na, , cad cadáve áveres res, , sob sobran rantes tes de sue suero ro y le leche che, , etc etc. . Los estiérco esti ércoles lesy y pur purines ines son los losresid residuosque uosque pres presenta entan n mayo mayor r inte interés réspor porla laconc concentra entración ción espacialquealcanzanenproduccionescomolalechera,suinicultura,avicultura,feed-lots, entreotrosyporelimpa entreotro syporelimpactoambienta ctoambientalnegativoqu lnegativoqueproducen eproducenenlamayo enlamayoríadeloscaso ríadeloscasos. s. Estiércoles : : es una descripción general de cualquier mezcla de heces, orines y
des espe perd rdic icio ios. s. La co comp mpoosi sici cióón fí físi sico co-q -quí uími mica ca del es estitiéérc rcol ol va varí ría a de una pr proodu ducc cció ión n agropecuariaaotra,dependiendoentreotrosfactoresdeltipodeganado,deladieta,yde las la s co cond ndic icio ione nes s ba bajo jo la las s cu cual ales es se pr prod oduc uce e el es estitiér érco col.l. Purines : : a di dife fere renc ncia ia de lo los s estiércoleslospurinestienenunaltocontenidodeagua,porloquesonmanejadoscomo líquidos. •
Actividadagroindustrial
Existe Exis te un una a gr gran an di dive vers rsid idad ad de re resi sidu duos os ge gene nera rado dos s en la ac actitivid vidad ad ag agro roin indu dustr stria ial.l. La Las s característicascuantitativa caracter ísticascuantitativasycualitativasdelosmismosdepend sycualitativasdelosmismosdependendenumerososfactore endenumerososfactores, s, entreotros: ¤ ¤ ¤ ¤
característicasdelasmateriasprima característicasdelasmate riasprimas s procesosdeindustrialización intensidaddelaproducción característicasdelosprod característi casdelosproductosobteni uctosobtenidos dos
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11 Elsuerodequeseríanocontienecaseínaypresentaunbajovalorenlípidosyminerales, eslafracciónlíquidaqueseseparadelacuajada,siendodesechadoprácticamenteensu totalidad. •
Industriafrigorífica
La fa faen ena a de bo bovi vino nos, s, ov ovin inos os y en me meno nor r gr graado de su suin inos os y av aves es de co corr rral al, , ge gene nera ra impo im porta rtante ntes s vo volúm lúmen enes es de re resid siduo uos. s. En Entre tre est estos os se de desta stacan can ex excre cretas tas, , cue cuero ros, s, pi piele eles s vísceras,contenidosdigestivos,pelos,plumas,sangreyhuesos.Partedelasangredela faenaes fae naes der derivad ivadaa aa laindust laindustriade riadeali alimento mentos spar para aanim animale ales. s.Esutiliza Esutilizadatambié datambién npar para ala la fabricacióndeprodu fabricaci óndeproductosquímicosy ctosquímicosyharinadesan harinadesangre. gre. Algunas Algun as vís vísce ceras ras pue pueden den ser em emple pleada adas s en cha chacin cinerí erías as o bi bien en pa para ra la fab fabric ricaci ación ón de harinas(harinadehígadoydecarne).Otraalternativaquenohatenidograndesarrolloes laproduccióndeSVC(s laprod uccióndeSVC(silodevíscera ilodevísceras,sangrey s,sangreycontenidorumi contenidoruminal). nal). Los hue huesos sosson sonempl emplead eados os tradi tradicion cionalme almente ntepara para har harinas inas,, sale sales s de gana ganado, do,entre entre otro otros s usosindustriales.Cueros,plu usosindu striales.Cueros,plumas,recortesdepelo mas,recortesdepelosypieles,asícomoconten sypieles,asícomocontenidoruminaly idoruminaly excreta son re ressiduos para los que no se han propuesto alte terrnativa vass válid idaas de aprove apr ovechami chamiento ento.. Su trat tratamie amiento nto rep represen resenta ta una difi dificul cultad tad para los esta establec blecimie imientos ntos en cuestión,pudiendogenerarproblemasdecaráctersanitarioyambiental. •
Industriacerealera
Arroz,trigo,maíz,sorgo,cebada,avena,leguminosasengranosonlosprincipalescultivos Arroz,trigo,maíz,sorgo,cebada,avena,leguminosas engranosonlosprincipalescultivos indu in dustr strial ializa izado dos. s. En cul cultiv tivos os e in indus dustri trial aliza izació ción n de cer cereal eales es la gen genera eració ción n de des desec echos hos: : pajas,rastrojoycáscara pajas,ras trojoycáscaras(casodela s(casodelarroz),iguala rroz),igualanencantida nencantidadalaprodu dalaproducciónde ccióndegranos. granos. Muchos Mucho s de es estos tos re resid siduo uos s reú reúnen nen los req requis uisito itos s pa para ra la pr produ oducci cción ón de ali alime mento ntos s con destinoalconsumohum destinoa lconsumohumanooforraje anooforrajesypiensospa sypiensosparaanimale raanimales.Noobstante,para s.Noobstante,pararesiduos residuos delcultivoeindustrializa delcultivo eindustrializacióndelarroz,nosehan cióndelarroz,nosehandesarrollado desarrolladotecnología tecnologíassosteniblespa ssosteniblespara ra resolverlaproblemáticadelosgrandesvolúmenesdeemisión. •
IndustriaAceiterayGranosOleaginosos
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12 •
Industriadelapesca
Parte de lo Parte los s re resid siduo uos s ge gener nerad ados os en es esta ta ind indus ustri tria a son uti utiliz lizad ados os pa para ra la pr produ oducci cción ón de harinadepescado,queesusadaenlafabricaciónderacionesparaalimentaciónanimal. El“ensilado”depescadoesunaalternativaparaeltratamientoderesiduosodescartesde planta pla ntas s que tien tiene e ampl amplias ias pos posibil ibilidad idades es de desa desarrol rrollo, lo, ya yaque queno no requ requiere iere maqu maquinar inaria ia ni inst in stal alac acio ione nes s es espe peci cial ales es. . Es un pr proc oces eso o me medi diad ado o po por r mi micr croo oorg rgan anis ismo mos s qu que e pe perm rmitite e obten ob tener er un ali alimen mento to par para a con consum sumo o an anima imall co con n ni nivel veles es vit vitamí amíni nico cos s al altos tos, , que ha hasta sta el momentonohatenidounagrandifusión. •
Industriaforestal
Es un una a agr agroi oind ndust ustria ria en fra franc nco o de desa sarro rrollllo, o, qu que e gen genera era vol volúm úmene enes s muy imp import ortant antes es de residuos(corteza,costaneros,serrines,etc.).Losresiduosrepresentanaproximadamente un 40 a 50 50% % de la ma mate teri ria a br bruuta ta. . La Las s al alte tern rnat ativ ivaas de ap apro rove vech cham amie ient nto o qu quee se ha han n impla im planta ntado do ha hasta sta el mo mome mento nto est están án en enfoc focada adas s a la rec recupe uperac ració ión n ene energé rgétic tica a de es estos tos residuos. •
Residuossólidosurbanos(R.S.U)
LadenominaciónResiduosSólidosUrbanoshacereferencia,entérminosgenerales,alos resid re siduo uos s ge gener nerad ados os po por r cua cualqu lquier ier ac activ tivida idad d en lo los s cen centro tros s urb urban anos os y en su sus s zon zonas as de influen infl uencia.No cia.No obst obstante ante,, nos ocup ocuparem aremos osbre breveme vemente, nte, sólo deaquello deaquellos s res residuo iduos surba urbanos nos dond do nde e el co comp mpon onen ente te or orgá gáni nico co pr pred edom omin ina, a, es esto tos s so son: n: re resi sidu duos os só sólilido dos s do domi mici cililiar ario ios, s,
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13 Dentro Dentr o de es esta ta fra fracci cción ón org orgáni ánica, ca, en tér térmi mino nos s gen genera erales les pre predom domin inan an los des desech echos os de origenvegetal.Larelaciónresiduosvegetales/animalesestásujetaavariacionesdetipo estacionalmuymarcadasenalgunasregiones. SibienlosResiduo Sibien losResiduos s Sól Sólidos idos Domi Domicil ciliario iarios srepre representa sentan ncuan cuantitat titativam ivamente ente una fuen fuente temuy muy importantedemateriaorgánica,laseparacióndeestafracciónlibrederestosinorgánicos ofrecedificultadesloqueencareceloscostosderecuperación. Residuosdelimpieza,barridoymantenimiento A exc excep epció ción, n, de los de desec sechos hos de dell man manten tenimi imien ento to de dell arb arbola olado do pú públi blico co (po (poda das) s) que son zafrales,elrestodelosresiduosdelalimpieza zafrales,elre stodelosresiduosdelalimpieza,barridoymantenimi ,barridoymantenimientodeáreaspub entodeáreaspublicas, licas, son so n de em emis isió ión n re regu gula lar. r. En es este te tip tipo o de re resi sidu duos os ur urba bano nos, s, re repr pres esen enta tan n un una a fu fuen ente te de materiaorgánicalosprovenientesdelmantenimientodelarbolado,áreasverdes,limpieza deferiasvecinalesy deferiasv ecinalesymercadosho mercadoshortifrutícolas. rtifrutícolas. ALTERNATIVASDETRA ALTERNA TIVASDETRATAMIENTODELOSR TAMIENTODELOSRESIDUOSOR ESIDUOSORGÁNICOS GÁNICOS Larecuperación,reutilizacióny/otransformacióndelosresiduoseninsumosútilesalos sectore sec tores s prod producti uctivos voses esuna unaopci opción óncon conposi posibil bilidad idades, es,en enla la medi medida daque que las alter alternati nativas vas surjancomoconsecuen surjanco moconsecuenciadeundiag ciadeundiagnósticoobje nósticoobjetivodelaprob tivodelaproblemáticaamb lemáticaambientaldecada ientaldecada sect ctoor. Las al alte tern rnaatitivvas sele leccci cioonad adaas, deb ebeen se serr adecu cuaadas té técn cnic icaamente a la lass caracte car acterísti rísticas cas loca locales, les, via viable bles s econ económi ómicame camente nte y suste sustentab ntables les eco ecológi lógicame camente. nte. Sobr Sobre e est staas ba base ses s es po posi sibl ble e va valilida dar, r, ade decu cuar ar y pr prom omov over er te tecn cnol olog ogía ías s de al alte tern rnat ativ iva a qu quee representenunasoluciónefectivayajustadaacadarealidad.
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14
•
LosResiduoscomofuentedeEnergía
Los re rest stos os de or orig igen en bió ióge geno no pre rese sennta tan n un unaa co comp mpos osic ició iónn qu que e se ca cara ract cter eriz iza a por el predomi pre dominio nio de macro macromolé molécula culas s org orgánic ánicas as con un alto pote potencia nciall ener energéti gético co alma almacena cenado do como co mo en energ ergía ía quí químic mica a de enl enlac ace. e. Si art artifi ificia cialm lment ente e deg degrad radam amos os est estas as mac macrom romol olécu éculas las rompie rom piendoestosenlaces ndoestosenlaces,,esposibl esposible elibe liberarla rarla ene energía rgía quím química ica deenlace deenlace..A Alosrecurso losrecursos s deorigenbiógenocomofuentedeenergíaseledenominaBiomasa,definiendoaestacon finesenergéticoscomolamasadematerialbiológicoqueessoportededichaenergía. Cals Ca ls Co Coel elho ho, , 19 1984 84, , es esta tabl blec ece e do dos s ca cate tego goría rías s de bi biom omas asa a co como mo fu fuen ente tes s en ener ergé gétitica cas: s: FuentesPrimariasyFuentesSecundarias. FuentesPrimarias : Esaquellabiomasacuya Esaquellabiomasacuyautilidadesla utilidadeslaproducció producciónenergéticay nenergéticayqueno queno
constituyeresiduodealgunaactividadagroindustrialoutilizaciónhumana. Fuentes Fue ntes secu secunda ndarias rias: : Bio Bioma masa sa qu que e sie siend ndo o sub subpro produ ducto cto de un una a pri primer mera a uti utiliz lizac ación ión, , es susceptibledesersometidaaunaconversiónenergéticaadecuada.
Ensegundotérminoes Ensegundotérmin oes nec necesari esariocontarconlosprocedi ocontarconlosprocedimien mientostécni tostécnicosquepermita cosquepermitanla nla transform tran sformació ación n de dela la ene energía rgía cont contenid enida a en la biom biomasa asa en forma formas s de ene energía rgía comp compatib atible le conlosequipamientosexistentes,diseñadosparaelconsumodecombustiblesderivados dehidrocarburos.Laextraccióndelaenergíadeenlacequímicocontenidaenlabiomasa se pu pued ede e re real aliz izar ar po por r di dive vers rsos os pr proc oced edim imie ient ntos os té técn cnic icos os. . St Stou out t (1 (198 980) 0), , cl clas asifific ica a es esto tos s
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15 ácidoacético) ácidoacético )par para ala laoxid oxidació ación nanae anaeróbi róbica cadel del hidr hidrógen ógeno omole molecula cular ry yalgu algunosproduc nosproductos tos orgánicosdelafermentación,conlaproducciónpredominantedegasmetano. Fermentaciónalcohólica:esunprocesobioquímicomediadoporlevadurasquedegradan los lo s az azúc úcar ares es fe ferm rmen enta tabl bles es. . El pr prod oduc ucto to fifina nall de la fe ferm rmen enta taci ción ón es el et etan anol ol, , qu que e es extraídopordestilaciónfraccionada.Teoricamentelosresiduosdeorigenvegetalporsu cons co nstititu tuci ción ón qu quím ímic ica a co con n ne neto to pr pred edom omin inio io de po poliligl gliica cano nos s so son n su susc scep eptitibble les s de se ser r ferme fer menta ntado dos s pa para ra la ob obten tenció ción n de al alcoh cohol ol etí etílilico co o eta etano nol. l. Ind Indust ustria rialme lmente nte el eta etano noll se obtie ob tiene ne a pa parti rtir r de cañ caña a de az azúca úcar, r, sor sorgo go sa sacar caríge ígeno no, , rem remol olach acha, a, etc etc. . El eta etanol nol com como o combustible,puedeutilizarsecomosustitutodelagasolinaoenmezclasdealcohol-nafta (hastaun20%dealcohol),sinrequeriradaptacionesenlosmotores.Enestamezclase elevaeloctanaje,con elevael octanaje,conloquesereduce loquesereduceengranparteel engranparteelagregadode agregadodecompuestos compuestosdeplomo deplomo altamentecontaminantes. •
Los re Los resi sidu duos os or orgá gáni nico cos s co como mo ma mate teri ria a pr prim ima a pa para ra la pr prod oduc ucci ción ón de ab abon onos os orgánicos
Parece Parec e opo oportu rtuno no en est este e cap capítu ítulo, lo, dis discut cutir ir al algu guna nas s de defin finici icion ones es re refer ferent entes es a lo que se entiendeporabonos,bioabono entiende porabonos,bioabonosobiofertilizantes.Entend sobiofertilizantes.Entendemosgenérica emosgenéricamentepor mentepor abonos toda to das s aq aquel uellas las sus sustan tancia cias s o co compu mpues estos tos de ori orige gen n ab abióg iógeno eno o bi bióge ógeno no que pre presen sentan tan algunapropiedadpositivaparalossuelosycultivos. Por abo abonos nos min minera eral l es e s se en entitien ende den n su sust stan anci cias as o co comp mpue uesto stos s qu quím ímic icos os qu que e pu pued eden en pert pe rten enec ecer er al ca camp mpo o de la qu quím ímic ica a in inor orgá gáni nica ca u or orgá gáni nica ca. . So Son n in inor orgá gáni nico cos s to todo dos s lo los s
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16 biodegradacióndelaformamásestableposible,yconlosmacroymicronutrientesenlas formasmásasimilablesposiblesparalosproductoresprimarios. Unasdelastécnicasquepermiteestabiodegradacióncontroladadelamateriaorgánica prev pr evia ia a su int integr egrac ación ión al sue suelo loes es el Compostaje y el pro produ ducto cto fin final al es con conoci ocido do co como mo Compost .Porunarazónpráctica,alosefectosdeesteManual,utilizaremoseltérmino .Porunarazónpráctica,alosefectosdeesteManual,utilizaremoseltérmino quesonproducidosapartirde biofertilizantes parareferirnosaaquellos abonosorgánicos quesonproducidosapartirde desechosorgánicos,porlaaplicacióndealguna biotécnica ..
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17 CAPITULOII LAELABORACIÓNDELCOMPOST CONSIDERACIONESPREVIAS Laprácticadelcompostajederivaprobablementedeltradicionalcúmuloderesiduosenel mediorural,quesegenerabaenlastareasdelimpiezaymantenimientodeviviendase instalaciones.Losdesechosdelasactividadesdegranja,agropecuariasydomiciliariasse acopiabanporuntiempoalaintemperieconelobjetivodequeredujeransutamañopara luegoseresparcidosempleándoloscomoabonos. Comohemosmencionadoencapítulosanteriores,enlanaturalezaseproducedeforma
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18 Lo im impo port rtan ante te no es bi biod odeg egra rada dar, r, si sino no po pode der r co cond nduc ucir ir es esta ta bi biod odeg egra rada daci ción ón po por r ru ruta tas s metabólicas,quenospermitanlaobtención metaból icas,quenospermitanlaobtencióndeunproductofinallomásapropiadoposible deunproductofinallomásapropiadoposible,, enelmenortiempoposible.Eléxitodeunprocesodecompostaje,depen enelmenortiempoposib le.Eléxitodeunprocesodecompostaje,dependeráentonce deráentoncesde sde aplic ap licar ar los con conoc ocimi imien entos tos de la mic microb robiol iolog ogía, ía, man maneja ejando ndo la pil pila a de co compo mpost st com como o un mediodecultivo. A lo la largo rgo de la lahis histor toria ia, , se ha han n emp emplea leado do di disti stinto ntos s pro proced cedimi imien entos tos en la pro produ ducci cción ón de Comp Co mpos ost t qu que e ha han n ge gene nera rado do nu nume mero rosa sas s pu publ blic icac acio ione nes s de di divu vulg lgac ació ión n co con n di dife fere rent ntes es enf nfoq oque ues, s, po posi sibl blem emen ente te de debi biddo al de desc scon onoc ocim imiien ento to de lo los s me meca cannis ismo mos s ín íntitimo mos s del proceso pro ceso. .Actua Actualmen lmente,seconoce te,seconocela labas basecientífi ecientíficadeesteproce cadeesteproceso,ysellevaacabode so,ysellevaacabode unaformacontrolada.Entalsentido,elcompostaje,sepuededefinircomounproceso dirigidoycontroladodemineralizaciónypre-humificacióndelamateriaorgánica,através de unconju unconjunto nto de téc técni nicas cas qu que e per permit miten en el elma mane nejo jode de las var varia iable bles s de dell pro proces ceso; o;y y qu que e tienen tie nen como obje objetivo tivola la obte obtenció nción n de deun unbiofe biofertil rtiliza izante ntede decara caracterís cterística ticas s físico físico-qu -química ímicas, s,
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19 elmaterial,sonlosdosfactoresquedefinenladuracióndeestaetapa.Contemperatura ambienteentrelos10y12ºC,enpilasadecuadamenteconformadas,estaetapapuede durarde24a72hs. (10-40ºC):enestaetapa,sedestacan etapa,sedestacanlasfermentacio lasfermentacionesfacultati nesfacultativas vas Etapamesotérmica1(10-40ºC):enesta de la mi micr crof oflo lora ra me mesó sófifila la, , en co conc ncom omititan anci cia a co con n ox oxid idac acio ione nes s ae aeró róbi bica cas s (r (res espi pira raci ción ón aeróbi aer óbica). ca). Mien Mientras tras se man mantiene tienen n las lascond condicio iciones nes de aero aerobio biosis sis actú actúan an Euac Euactino tinomice micetos tos (aer (a erob obios ios est estric rictos tos), ), de imp impor ortan tancia cia po por r su ca capa pacid cidad ad de pro produc ducirir an antib tibiót iótico icos. s. Se da dan n tambiénprocesosdenitrificaciónyoxidacióndecompue también procesosdenitrificaciónyoxidacióndecompuestosreducidosdeAzufre,Fósforo, stosreducidosdeAzufre,Fósforo, etc.Laparticipacióndehongo etc.Laparticipa cióndehongossedaaliniciodeestaetapayalfinaldel ssedaaliniciodeestaetapayalfinaldelproceso,enáreas proceso,enáreas muy específicas de los camellones de compostaje. La etapa mesotérmica es particu par ticularm larmente ente sens sensible ible al bino binomio mio óptim óptimo o hume humedaddad-aire aireació ación. n. La acti activida vidad d meta metaból bólica ica incre in creme menta nta pau paula latin tiname amente nte la tem tempe perat ratura ura. . La fal falta ta de di disip sipac ación ión de dell cal calor or pro produ duce ce un incrementoaúnmayoryfavoreceeldesarrollodelamicrofloratermófilaqueseencuentra
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20 de mu muer erte te po porr ago gota tami mieento de nu nutr trie iennte tes. s. Co Conn fr freecu cueencia la mu mueert rtee ce cellula larr no va acompañ aco mpañada ada delisis. Labioma Labiomasapuede sapuede perma permanece necerconstan rconstantepor teporuncierto uncierto perío períodoaún doaún cuandolagranmayoríadelapoblaciónsehayahechonoviable. Lascaracterísticasdescritas,corre Lascaracterís ticasdescritas,correspondenauncompo spondenauncompostencondicióndeestab stencondicióndeestabilidad.Esta ilidad.Esta condic con dición ión se diag diagnos nostica tica a trav través és de dive diversos rsos pará parámetr metros. os. Algu Algunos nosde de ello ellos, s, se pued pueden en determi det erminaren naren camp campo o(temp (tempera eratura tura,, colo color, r,olor olor), ), otra otras s dete determin rminacio acionesse nesse debe deben nreal realizan izan enlaboratorio. AlgunosParámetrosdecontroldeestabilidaddel AlgunosParámetrosdecontr oldeestabilidaddelCompost Compost Temperatura Estable Color Marrón oscuro-negro ceniza Olor sin olor desagradable
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21
Siste Si stema ma en Pa Parva rvas s o Ca Came mello llone nes s Mó Móvil viles es , , cua cuand ndo o la airea aireació ción n y ho homog mogen eneiz eizaci ación ón se realizaporremociónyreconformacióndelasparvasy SistemadeCamellonesoParvas Estáticas cu cuan ando do la ai aire reac ació ión n se re real aliz iza a me medi dian ante te in inst stal alac acio ione nes s fifija jas, s, en la las s áre reas as o
canchasdecompostaje(métodosBelts canchasdecompostaje (métodosBeltsvilleyRutgers) villeyRutgers),quepermitenrea ,quepermitenrealizarunaai lizarunaaireación reación forzadasinnecesidad forzadasi nnecesidaddemovilizarl demovilizarlasparvas. asparvas. •
SistemaenReactores
Otrosprocesosdecompostaje,nosebasanenlaconformacióndeparvasLosresiduos orgánicossonprocesadoseninstalacionesquepuedenserestáticasodinámicas,quese conoc co nocen en com como o Reactores . . Bá Bási sica came ment nte e lo los s re reac acto tore res, s, so son n es estru truct ctur uras as po por r lo ge gene nera rall metál me tálica icas: s: cil cilínd índric ricas as o rec rectan tangu gular lares, es, don donde de se man mantie tiene nen n con contro trolad lados os det determ ermina inados dos parám pa rámetr etros os (hu (humed medad, ad, ai airea reació ción), n), pr procu ocura rando ndo qu que e lo los s mi mismo smos s pe perma rmanez nezcan can en form forma a
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22 Un ma mater teria iall qu que e pre presen sente te un una a C/N sup super erior ior a 30 30, , req reque uerir rirá á par para a su bio biodeg degrad radac ación ión un mayornúmerodegeneracionesdemicroorganismos,yeltiemponecesarioparaalcanzar una un a rel relac ación ión C/N fin final al en entre tre 12 12-15 -15 (co (cons nside idera rada da ap aprop ropiad iada a pa para ra us uso o ag agron ronóm ómico ico) ) se será rá mayor. may or.Si Siel elcoci cociente ente entre esto estos s dos elem elemento entos s es esinfe inferior rior a 20 20se seprod producir ucirán ánpérd pérdidas idas
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23 Numero Nume roso sos s ma mate teri rial ales es pi pier erde den n rá rápi pida dame ment nte e su es estru tructu ctura ra fí físi sica ca cu cuan ando do in ingr gres esan an al proc pr oceso eso de co compo mposta staje je(po (por r ej. ej.: : ex excre cretas tas), ),otr otros osno no ob obsta stant nte e son mu muy yres resis isten tentes tes a alos los cambios,taleselcasod cambio s,taleselcasodemateriale ematerialesleñososyfibr sleñososyfibrasvegetale asvegetalesengeneral sengeneral.Enestecasola .Enestecasola supe su perf rfic icie ie de co cont ntac acto to en entre tre el mi micr croo oorg rgan anis ismo mo y lo los s de dese sech chos os es po pobr bre, e, no ol olvi vide de el
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24 volver volv ería ía an anae aero robi bio, o, fa favo vore reci cien endo do lo los s me meta tabo bolilism smos os fe ferm rmen enta tatitivo vos s y la las s re resp spir irac acio ione nes s anaeróbicas.Silahumedadsesitúaenvaloresinferioresal10%,desciendelaactividad biológicageneral biológi cageneralyelprocesose yelprocesosevuelveextrema vuelveextremadamentel damentelento. ento.
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2 6
S O D A T S O P M O C S E L A I R E T A M E D S I S I L A N A E D S O T A D . B
* N O O A I O D O O D C O J J J A A A N I A U A A U C B C B B I L C O A A O O O O F I C J J E J J J Y T E J Y Y P U I L A A D A A A / D A U U T A B B A B B B M S A B M M O N U C A V . T S E . P M 5 1 7 9 4 3 4 , 4 , 8 , 6 6 9 3 , 7 3 O 8 , 0 2 , 7 , 9 , 0 , 2 , 1 , 1 4 1 7 , C 7 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 3 4 * N O O O I O D A D C D I J A A A A C U B U C I A . A C O C O O O O O F I B J E Y T J T J E T O J J T P I E A D U L A L A / D L A A T D B A M A B A B S A A B B . L L A G . T S E . P M 3 4 2 , 3 , 8 7 7 8 9 7 9 6 O 2 , 7 3 7 , , , , , 6 , 3 , 2 4 7 4 C 6 2 1 1 7 3 0 8 0 0 2 3 2 2 * N O O A I D O D O O O C I J J J A J A C A A A A U B B A C B C B I . F A Y O Y Y Y O O O O I B J E J J J J J P / A A A A I E A U D A U U U T S B B B B T D B M A B M M M Z O R R A + O D O L . P 3 M 4 3 8 2 0 7 7 1 3 1 O , 0 , 8 , 0 , 4 , 0 , 0 , 5 3 7 4 C 6 1 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 1 2
2 6
U U E A E H y D E A E D C U a l e M d M I s / a A S m r D o N P s A a G l a M a d a t r s a c u i f j a i p t n i o i n i c s a c = i f i T p / i t S • •
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3 6
3 6
S O D A T S O P M O C Y S O R U P S E L A I R E T A M E R T N E S O T A D S E O D I N R A O I T I C N A A R S A S P O M D O C O . L . C 1
Z O R R A . C S A C + O D O L . P 3 M 4 3 8 2 0 7 7 1 3 1 O , 0 , 8 , 0 , 4 , 0 , 0 , 5 3 7 4 C 6 1 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 1 2
O R U P O D 4 5 7 4 8 4 2 2 4 4 1 , 2 7 9 6 O , 4 2 , 6 , 0 , 9 , 2 , 0 , 3 4 8 3 L 5 4 3 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 6 2 9 1
S O R T E M A R
% N m / m m p m o C p p p % % p p p p c % i n % % l l l l l l l n % a a a a ó l l a a i á t t t t t t % a c l t a a a o o g . r t a t t o o o o t t t t t t o o o t O o o
A H D A D U M M I / A S D P A G M
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4 6
4 6
T S O P M 3 4 2 7 9 6 , 3 , 7 8 7 7 8 9 6 O 2 , 7 3 , , , , , , 3 , 2 4 7 4 C 6 2 1 1 7 3 0 8 0 0 2 3 2 2
A M A C + . 4 5 9 4 6 4 6 2 T , 8 7 S 9 , 5 4 8 , 5 6 , 6 , 2 , 6 , 3 , 3 3 4 9 E 7 7 4 2 1 1 1 2 0 0 8 3 1 1
O R U P . A T 9 7 7 7 6 4 6 0 N 0 9 6 6 0 I S 9 , 5 1 , , , , , 4 , 1 6 7 3 L E 7 7 4 5 8 3 1 5 0 0 5 1 1 3 L A G E D L O C S R O N / E o I R % % % % % % T - - c % C % % - - - % T E - l i n - - l l l l - ó l l S n a a a l l a a t t i E M % á l t t t t a t o a a a a A c o g t t o . r t o o o o . R t t a o o t t t t t o l 2 O A H . o t e t t a g a e n n u P P M C N R P K C M N F M Z C
A H D – A D U M M I / A S D P A G M
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5 6
5 6
T S O P M 5 1 7 9 4 3 4 6 9 3 , 4 , 8 , 6 , 7 3 O 8 , 0 2 , 7 , 9 , 0 , 2 , 1 , 1 4 1 7 , C 7 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 3 4
O N U C A V L O C R É I T S E . 3
L O C R E I 7 5 1 2 5 2 T 8 5 9 8 1 6 S 4 , 2 6 , 8 , , , 7 , 2 , 6 5 4 1 E 8 5 3 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 2 2 8 2 A H D A D U M M I
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6 6
6 6
T S O P M O C I M R E V / T S O P M O C O V I T A R A P M O C O R D A U C . D
. d d a t a i t i d m m a t d y y i a t d m d i a t a y m i t i d y m m a t d l i a l i a a c i t m i l i i n c i n m a i i l a a c a l i l n i i c c z c i z n e e a i l c a m m z l ; ; e c ) s s a z r l e e m e l u a ; t a s m s e a g t e ; b e l s g a e ( e t l e v e a s v o s s g t i e e r o o a t v g i s t l s i s e e v c r e o t s i y r s o m y e o a a r t s d n n i e y r s l l i l a y o a l a g S n c i i g l o l n n e e O d d u á D a g c l l g r A e a o o o d v s c r c U r l l é L o o o i t é i u s t A c r c r d e s i é é V i i : e s t t : E t s s e s r o t e e s S e e e p o E d d d m p L t t t o m s s s c o o i A o p n i c I o p p R m m m m m r E o o o r e e T C C C V V A - . - . - . , - . - . A B C D E M
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7 6
7 6
9 7 2 5 , 3 2 1 , 1 2 , 5 , 8 , d / 1 , d / d / d / d / F 7 2 1 1 1 0 0 2 s 0 s s s s
4 5 3 6 , 2 , 2 , 1 9 4 , 4 4 , 3 , 9 , d / 1 , d / d / d / d / E 7 3 1 1 1 0 0 1 s 0 s s s s
3 9 7 , 5 , 4 d , 7 5 3 , 2 8 , 2 , / 1 , d / d / d / d / D 7 2 1 1 1 2 0 9 s 0 s s s s
2 1 9 3 6 , 5 2 , 6 , 2 1 , 3 , 1 , d / 1 , d / d / d / d / C 8 1 7 0 1 0 0 3 s 0 s s s s
3 4 1 7 , 4 3 d 1 d / d / d / d , 3 2 7 , 9 3 , 4 , 5 , / , / B 7 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 s 0 s s s s
3 4 8 4 , , 5 8 , 5 7 , 9 , 9 d / 4 , d / d / d / d / A 6 3 1 2 9 3 0 1 s 0 s s s s
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1
II.CONCLUSIONESPRELIMINARES 1.-Informacióndecampo Cadaunidadgeográficaopolítica(cuenca,poblado,departamento,zona,etc.)determina cualocualessonlosresiduosquegeneranproblemasambientales,alosquesedebe apliliccar un estu tuddio de fa fact ctiibililida dadd de re reci cicl claaje en fu funnció iónn de cost stoos y bene nefifici cios os ambientalesyproductivos.Elprocesamien ambien talesyproductivos.Elprocesamientoyusodematerialesorgánicoscompo toyusodematerialesorgánicoscompostados stados es un una a al alte tern rnat ativ iva a a es estu tudi diar ar se segú gún n la las s ci circ rcun unst stan anci cias as, , lo qu que e no in inva valilida da el us uso o de algunosmaterialespurosdirectamenteenelcampo,conelseguimientoyevaluaciones adec ad ecua uada das s al ca caso so. . La di disp spon onib ibililid idad ad de in infr frae aest stru ructu ctura ra ad adec ecua uada da , tr trac acto tor r co con n pa pala la, , camión,agua,etc.determinaeléxitodeunemprendimientodereconversiónderesiduos 2.-Informacióndelaboratorio Dada la al Dada alta ta va vari riab abililid idad ad de la las s ca cara racte cterí ríst stic icas as qu quími ímica cas, s, fís físic icas as y bi biol ológ ógic icas as de lo los s pro rodu duct ctoos org rgáánico cos s pro roce cessad adoos, no se de debben to toma marr lo los s dato tos s exp xpuuesto tos s có cómo mo gene ge nera raliliza zabl bles es. . El ap apoy oyo o de un una a un unid idad ad de an anál ális isis is de ev eval alua uaci ción ón qu quím ímic ica, a, fís físic ica a y biológi bio lógica ca cont continua inua esimpres esimprescind cindible ible para logr lograrel arelmejo mejor rprod producto ucto fina finalposible lposible..Enésta Enésta prime pr imera ra eta etapa pase se ha han n val valor orado ado ma macro cro y mic microe roele lemen mentos tos de deter termin minant antes es de la lanut nutric rición ión vegetal,asícómotambiénnivelesdetoxicidadenlosmaterial vegetal ,asícómotambiénnivelesdetoxicidadenlosmaterialesestudiados esestudiadosqueinvolucra queinvolucra aalgunoselementospesadoscómoCadmioyPlomoenespecialenlodossanitarios.Se aspiraa asp iraa eva evaluar luar eltotalde eso esos sele elemento mentos salos alosqueseagregar queseagregarándetermi ándeterminaci nacione ones sde: de: nitratosyconductividadeléctricaparadeterminarconcentracióndesales.Seestáentotal conocimientodeque conoci mientodequelosefectosbenefici losefectosbeneficiososdeloscomp ososdeloscompostdepende ostdependendeunconjun ndeunconjuntode tode compuestosenaccionessinérgicasqueincluyenalosácidoshúmicos,faunamicrobiana ypropiedadesfísico-químicasintrínsecas.Esobjetivodeéstegrupodetrabajoavanzar tambiénenlaevalua también enlaevaluacióndeéstos cióndeéstos,asícómosuse ,asícómosusefectosenlossue fectosenlossuelosycultivos. losycultivos. De lo los s da datos tos de aná anális lisis isse se inf infier iere e qu que eelestié elestiérco rcolldegall degallina ina esquie esquien napo aporta rta may mayore ores s nut utri rien ente tes s ta tannto pu puro ro co como mo co comp mpoost staado do. . En és ésto tos s se in incl cluy uye e el so sodi dioo (N (Na) a) lo qu que e constituyeunserioproble constituye unserioproblemaporsuacumulació maporsuacumulaciónenlossuelosysuefectotóxi nenlossuelosysuefectotóxicoparalas coparalas plantas,masquenadaenaquelloscondrena planta s,masquenadaenaquelloscondrenajepobre,muyarcillo jepobre,muyarcillosos.Quedaporevaluar sos.Quedaporevaluar
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