Factsheet of Major Thinkers with Books and their explanations Subjectwise codification of Political Science Paper 1 Section A syllabus for UPSC Mains...
-1rose a+ainst cricisms to "irect 1mart.a en "emocrac. to #evelo/ a mi##le +roun# bet(een re/resentave's #eliberaon an# #irect's /o/ular rule Joshua Cohen Main "i@ from ""< o $rime focus on on+ nstrus "i@ from R"< )ocus on Consensus not con:ict
Ra#ical "emocrac. -$olics of $arci/ator. "emocrac.? but in terms of con:ict not consensus Chantal Mou@e
Mou@e's Ra#ical "emo Mo#el 2General Contenon of Ra#ical "emocrats4
Habermas
Cricism<
Charles BlaDber+
- Rights% D&ties% i'erty () Ri7t! "e;nion Theor. of Ri+hts-
-,litarian
Bentham
-"eontolo+ical
%ant
-)unconal
!aski
Boo; Na/e < +3ecial Ter/
6ne "imensional Man
K
K The $rince
I "iscourses
K 1n ntro#ucon to $rinci/les of Morals an# !e+islaons I 1narchical )allacies
#eolo+. an# ,to/ia
En# of Histor.
Clash of Civili0aon
1sian "rama
1n-"uhrin+
German #eolo+.
Mutual 1i#
r!'
ocialism from belo(
Roa# to erf#om
=O& Li-ert5=
Ri+hts #eman# tate I Will? not force? is the basis of tate tate hin#ers hin#rances L n#ivi#ual is free onl. (hen he has the ca/acit. to ful;ll the la( of his bein+
n:uence behin# Thatcherism
1 Theor. of Jusce I$olical !iberalism
n#ustrial tate
The minimal tate is both ins/irin+ an# ri+ht I Entlement Theor. of Jusce
nstrumental alue
!e+imaon Crisis
ncommensurable cultures
MC is a olitarisc Theor.
in#icaon of the Ri+hts of Women
"ialeccs of e& The econ# e&
$ersonal is $olical
$ersonal is $olical Jus;caons
e&ual Contract 2Cricism of ocial contract of
To(ar#s a )eminist Theor. of tate Gen#er Essenalism
22!iberal )eminist criAue of ocialist )eminist tate44
22ocialist )eminist criAue of !iberal )eminist tate44
Crisis of Governabilit.
Makin+ "emocrac. Work
$olics !eviathan
$olical Culture Civic Culture
Makin+ "emocrac. Work
1No/i&al co&ce3t of Power 1> Power a! 3ote&alit5 1 Ba!i! of t7e 3olical 1> =Power !tr%le i! -a!i! of 3olical aco&= 1Relao&al Power1> =Power i! 7a4i& /o&o3ol5 of lei/ate %!e of coerci4e 4iole&ce= [Power?A%t7orit5]
1 Real Co&ce3t of Power 1> Power a! act%alit5 of aco& Polical aco& "aai&!t t5ra&&5 t7% /a!! 3arci3ao&' i! t7e -a!i! of 3ower$ [Re4er!e of @e-er] 1 Po!i4e Power 1> Power i! t7e a-ilit5 to c7ec; 4iole&ce "t7r% /a!! 3arci3ao&'
=Power i! e4er5w7ere= ? @e do&t 3o!!e!! 3ower$ we are co&d%it! of 3ower) "Micro14iew of Power' =&owlede i! 3ower= ? *octor eerci!e! 3ower o& 3ae&t d%e to ;&owlede of Medical !cie&ce Pa&o3ci!/ Bio Power ? 6o4er&/e&talit5 di!ci3li&i& 7%/a& -od5 t7ro%7 !ocial !tr%ct%re!) Po!t/oder& Per!3ec4e of Power
Crici!/ of Fo%ca%la& Power
=Mi&d a&d +ociet5= '""Pri&ci3le of 6o4er&i& Elite!''" '""T7eor5 of Circ%lao& of Elite!''"
N$rotestant Ethics 9 Rise of Ca/italismO
ma+ine# Communies
ature of $olics
"issociates $olical aonalism from anthecal Cultural aonalism? thou+h both are foun#e# on ethnos.mbolism
ifferent aspects of Democracy ect vs Representative Democracy; Electora
Mo#ern "emocracies
Globalisaon un#erminin+ "emocrac.
$rotecve mo#el I "evelo/mental mo#el
Elist Theor. I $luralist Theor.
ron !a( of 6li+arch. 2Book7 $olical $ares4
The $o(er Elites
422'$ol.arch. is a//ro&imate #emocrac.'442
1 $reface to "emocrac Theor.
Who Governs
chum/eter-"ahl 1&is
%no(n as Crical !iberal
1Ealitaria& tra&!io& of @e!ter& *e/ocracie!) 1P%r3o!e of *e/ocrac5 i! E/3ower/e&t of /a!!e!
---Cricism a+aint Re/resentave "emocrac. En+lishmen are free once in P .ears
Democratic frame*or+ 'ased on 'road participation of citi,ens in direction and operation of political systems E""
Trilemma
"ele+ate Mo#el
Enli+htenment Mo#el
,ncertain Glor. The Goo# $olit.
"emocrac. is a 8ourne. rather than a #esnaon
$ostmo#ernist construcon of #emocrac /roce#ure
Contenous $luralism
"omm&nicative ction !deal Speech Sit&ation
-# PO!T!" !DES $ E(&ality% )&stice% R&le of a*% People Part
Cate+orical m/erave
+%//ar5
Core $hilo
Mill is the $ro/het of Em/t. !ibert.
Cric scho
General Will allo(s Totalitarianism
Terms e#
eculari0aon of $olics
Theor. of tate
Machiavelli #e;nes /olics in terms of /o(er "octrine of )ear< Rule b. )ear 2Co0 Human ature sucks an# +overnance /olic. must take into account the (orst as/ects "octrine of 1++ran#i0ement< tate must e&/an# or e&/ire Monarch to brin+ #is/arate tates un#er a "es/oc Common(ealth "octrine of ,niversal E+oism< "evelo/ Moral n#i@erence an# (ork in naonal interest instea# of ethical consi#eraons e/eraon of Ethics from $olics "octrine of $o(er< The /ur/ose of /olics is mana+ement of /o(er
Machiavelli is narro(l. #ate# "escribes Machia as a chil# of Renaissance an# #efen# him from accusaons of crics -Chasse# $o//er's cricism of $lato -Cannot com/are incom/arables -Greatest Ha//iness $rinci/le -$rinci/le of ,lit. -He#onisc Calculus -atural Ri+hts are nonsense u/on slts #eolo+.7 Tool of Economic "ominance but? ,to/ia7 Movaon for sub-altern
ince most mo#ern tates run on a common bureaucrac structure irres/ecve of i#eolo+.? i#eolo+. no lon+er maDers
Galbraith's i#ea is M$!TC $RE,M$T6 co0 tate setu/ sll has room for i#eolo+ical #ebate
1+e of #eolo+. has en#e# (ith +lobal trium/h of !iberal "emocrac or#er
"is/rove )uku.ama FFFFFFFF !iberal $ara#o&< !iberal "emocrac. of West is at /eak /o(er .et at its (eakest moment as economic mo#erni0aon an# social chan+e are makin+ /eo/le isolate# (here Reli+ion has move# in to ;ll the +a/ Givin+ rise to Clash of Civili0aons bet(een Chrisan West an# slamic orient #ea of He+emon.
n#ia an# n#onesia are o5 tates ie #evelo/ment in instuonalise# P structure #oes not re:ect ca/acit. to enforce enacte# la(s? resuln+ in O S funconal anarch. T " O O $ol.-normave? arbitrar. #ecision makin+? socies in transion bet(een / ! 1+rarian an# n#ustrial sta+es Hetero+enous? $ol.cultural sociees ! S M
$ostcolonial states are /olicall. un#er#evelo/e#
$ostcolonial states are /olicall. 6ver#evelo/e# n the face of 6lobali0aon? +tate is an anachronism an# (ill eventuall. (ither a(a.
! D E O O
Three mo#es of nterference< Mo#es b. (hich Globalisaon ero#es overei+nit.
aon-tate remains the /rime #river behin# Globalisaon O 0 ! Globalisaon causin+ fun#amental chan+es to overei+nit. of aonS tates but the current mo#el of tate structure is ca/able of res/on#in+ to that chan+e (ithout bein+ un#ermine# T ! O / Kaonalism is an 1n .stemic Reaconar. Movement an# ot an #eolo+. KConce/t of Worl# .stem in Ca/italism? since there are no /olical centres of Ca/italism? it is instea# #i@use# as a (orl# market of Core? emi-$eri/her. an# $eri/her.
)irst e&/lanaon of Historical Materialism
)irst e&/lanaon of "ialecc Materialism FE&/lanaon of Mar&'s vie( on )ree#om FE&/lanaon of Mar&'s vie( on #eolo+.
" o r e M R 1
Conten#s that Moon of Histor. is a /ro#uct of Class Co-o/eraon an# not merel. class stru++le Historical Materialism is #ehumani0in+ b. re#ucin+ /eo/le as mere a+ents of histor. on-violence allo(e# Brish m/erialists to have an easier rule on-violence shoul# be a tool of con#ucn+ resistance not resolvin+ it Gan#hi's (ara8 (as a ra#ical /olical /hiloso/h. that coul# overcome social anta+onisms in n#ian societ.
/
D 2 ! at.a+raha has /revente# a revoluon b. /er/etran+ i#eolo+. an# 1himsa's non-violence has actuall. been a violence u/on the masses one "imensional Man's consum/on conun#rum re:ects Gan#hi's vie(s on nee# of free#om from necessies
"emooc7 'ocialism from belo(' "emocracQ1uthoritarian #ivi#e is more #e;nin+ element of "emoocs than Revoluonar.QReformaonist #ivi#e Worker Mana+ement of Ca/ital is a more im/ortant as/ect of ocialism than centrali0e# Economic /lannin+ $restorika (as an aDem/t to shi5 talinist oviet mo#el of tate into a "emocrac ocialist mo#el
!iberal "emocrac. is base# on ahistoric noon of /rivate /ro/ert. (hich arose as a s/ecifc result of social relaons True "ems7 ocial collecvism 2 human (ell-bein+ is #e/e#ent on social (ell-bein+? b. e&tenion bene;t of societ.4 73 "emo oc 3 !ib "em Revoluonar. branch of "emo ocs -$art of In# nternaonal
Roman General )abian sa.in+ trike (hen the ron is hot -3 moDo of )abians to e#ucate masses about ocialism an# c reate an atmos/here of acce/tance Mi##le class as a version of 6r+anic intellectuals -$eaceful #emocrac cons metho# to achieve socialism "emo oc 7 nherentl. contra#ictor. an# must fail on /olical test 1n. Government intervenon in in#ivi#ual free#om an# market free#om is a roa# to eventual serf#om
o conclusive evi#ence of contra#icon in "emo ocs? so Ha.ek's statement is merel.fearmon+erin+
!ife !ibert. an# $rivate $ro/ert. Minimal state is best state 1tomisc Man F He#onism tate shoul# not /la. the role of ca/ital? but of referre
Ethical revision of ,litarianism Re8ect Bentham's vie( that societ. is a sum of con:icn+ interests tates that ociet. has a collecve interest (hich has no inherent con:ict (ith in#ivi#ual interest because Man is /ro+ressive b. nature
-tate is not source of ri+hts? but /rotector of ri+hts -Re8ect $ossessive n#ivi#ualism --------I Green e&/lains the !e+imac. of the Western !iberal tate is (ill of the /eo/le? not force This (ill e&ists because it +uarantees /osive libert.
)unconal Theor. of Ri+hts7 Ri+hts correlate# to #ues .stem of Ri+hts an# ature of tate are inter#e/en#ent
'-Market )un#amentalism -1+ainst $ro+ressive Ta&aon -tate intervenon to achieve social 8usce is /ointless because the state# ob8ecve is never realise# (hile tate /o(er inevitabl. lea#s to bureaucrac corru/on - True libert. is lack of tate interference Fve libert. is a+ainst !ibert. - !ibert. cannot be sustaine# (ithout absence of tate intervenon -Ta&aon is the5
-The onl. ri+ht tate shoul# /rotect is the Ri+ht to !ife
)ree market no lon+er follo(s sim/le "eman# an# u//l. as mo#ern cor/orate /lannin+ like 1#versement an# ercal nte+raon has massive in:uence on market o the market itself has become a Auasistate
$ro+ressive Ta&aon is bon#e# labour I !ibertarian criAue of Ra(l's Theor. of Jusce 2ie Cric of ocial !iberals4
!ibert. is not merel. in#ivi#ual ri+hts but i#enf.in+ them as /art of a culture? an embe##e# self
!ibs sa. tate is neutral But )ems sa. the noon of tate eutralit. is a )alse Consciousness #esi+ne# to /er/etrate /atriarchal he+emon.
Ever. in#ivi#ual #ecision is in:uence# b. culture? culture has "Instrumental Value"
n#ivi#ual libert. lies in social i#ent.
Man has no in#ivi#ual i#ent.? therefore atomisc man is false
!e+imaon Crisis of Welfare tate 2ts economic structure is ca/italist? but its /olical s.stem is socialisc This (ill inevitabl. lea# to situaons< -$ro+ressive Ta&aons turn unsustainable as as/iraons rise -Eventuall. tate su@ers massive )iscal "e;cit an# loses economic le+imac. ;rst? follo(e# b. /olical le+imac. E+- Rise in social unrest #urin+ /erio#s of overei+n "ebt Crisis
MC has shi5e# mass focus from $olics of "sitribuon to $olics of Reco+nion thereb. #ivi#in+ class soli#arit. in the name of culture
lliberal cultures violate the liberal value of res/ecn+ the /erson an# thence? nee# not be res/ecte# Crical about the em/hasis +iven to #iversit. as a+ainst in#ivi#ualit.
1+ainst %.mlicka's liberal noon that cultures are not incommensurable
MC lea#s to Minories (ithin Minories as man. cultures (oul# /ut e&/loitaon of (omen as cultural ri+ht
Calls MC a solitarisc theor. that lea#s to GheDoi0aon an# miniaturi0aon of humanit. that contributes to social con:icts an# communal ri5s
Gen#er is the as/ect of i#ent. that is +ra#uall. acAuire# throu+h sociali0aon e+ chil#bearin+ comes un#er se& (hile chil#-rearin+ comes un#er +en#er
$atriarch. is a s.stem of interrelate# social structures that allo( men to e&/loit (omen
$eon on Ri+hts of (omen in ) rench Revoluon #eolo+ical forbear of Women u@ra+e movement ,n(averin+ focus on (omen e#ucaon to achieve /olical a(akenin+
Mar. Woll's ar+uments an# e&/eriments in livin+ have become immortal in )eminism
n:uence# b. Wollstonecra5 !ea#er of En+lish Women's su@ra+e movement of Ss
$atriarch. is Basic tructure "ialeccs of e& more /ervasive than "ialeccs of Class ee# of $olical reco+nion of "ialeccs of e& Women are ma#e not born
ince 1ristotle's me? (omen has been ke/t #isenfranchise# b. bein+ force# (ithin L (alls of famil. ince famil. 7 basis of /atriarch.? $ersonalQ $olical #ichotom. must be o//ose#
i4 tate must take res/onsibilit. for violence of (omen in both /ublic an# /ersonal s/here i4 tate neutralit. in /ersonalQ/olical #ivi#e is an illusion co0 tate la(s a@ect the status of (omen Thus neutral tate is an instrument of $atriarch. co0 most mes it #isfavors (omen iii4 $atriarchal u/brin+in+ in famil. lea#s to /e r/etraon of /atriarch. in /ublic s/here iv4 "isa#vanta+e of (omen in !abour Market #ue to $atriarch. 73 a /ublic fallout of /ersonal s/here
Women (ere /arci/ants to a an eAual ocial Contract but /atriarchal s.stem has been im/ose# a+ainst their (ill FFFFFFF Evoluonar. /s.cholo+ical e&/lanaon of Gen#er Role aDributes too much to nature an# too liDle to social con#ionin+ an# therefore cannot be calle# ob8ecve 1lso cricises Ra(ls ToJ for not inclu#in+ +en#er 8usce -$ublic $rivate #ichotom. is false consciousness -tate is an instrument of $atriarch.
,nif.in+ /olical force for a(akenin+ of (omen across sociees to realise their common subor#inaon to /atriarch. an# mobilise civil societ. to ;+ht a+ainst it !a(s an# /olicies shoul# have s/ecial mechanisms to check instuonali0e# #iscriminaon a+ainst (omen
Uuesonin+ the e&clusion of (omen from /olical /hiloso/h.< o ma8or /olical /hiloso/her or i#eolo+. talks about (omen /arci/aon in /olics? (ith the e&ce/on of $lato? Mill an# En+els When look at tate? it a//ears as a man The a##ional bur#en of colonial le+ac. on subaltern (omen "ouble mar+inali0aon e&/erience# b. black (omen
$ I&ter&ao&ali!/)
+tate i! a !ociet5 occ%35i& i&ter&ao&all5 reco&iDed territor5 o3erated -5 a !o4erei& o4er&/e&t eerci!i& !%3re/e a%t7orit5 o4er t7e i4e& territor5)
ocial Contract? tate create# b. Man 1+ainst "ivine Ri+hts theor. Establishes Man as Raonal
Evoluonar. Evoluonar. 6ri+in< tate is a evoluonar. result of a++re+aon of social or+ani0aons or+ani0aons 2e+famil.? church? commune? etc4
-tate re/resent sub8u+aon sub8u+aon of the masses b. the /ro/ere# class c lass -tate is manifestaon of rreconciliabilit. of class anta+onism 2ie interests interests of haves an# havenots cannot be reconcile#4 -tate is not a /ro#uct of Will? but of )orce Women sub8ecte# to strenuous 8obs not ;t for their ca/abilit. or tem/arament
-Welfare tate of (estern ca/italist state ten# to increase (omenVs #e/en#ence on men (ithin the ca/italist mo#e of /ro#ucon -the state seeks to free (omenVs labour for e&/loitaon in labour market an# it ten#s to serve menVs interest b. maintainin+ (omenVs un/ai# labour in the home
)allout of o5 tate thesis Reasons for o5 tate7 i4 Colonial le+ac.< Colonialism #estro.e# colonial /o(er structure (ithout /rovi#in+ an alternave /o(er structure t hat en8o.s eAual le+imac. ii4 !e+ac. of Gan#hian civil #isobe#ience iii4 Corru/on in bureaucrac. iv4 ast countr. an# lack of infra to e&ten# stron+ +overnance ever.(here
norms of reci/rocit. an# the interrelate# net(orks of trust? coo/eraon? an# civic en+a+ement or? or? in other (or#s? the robustness of associaonal life 2/o/ularl. referre# referre# to as social ca/ital4 in:uence the /erformance of #evelo/ment an# #emocrac. civil societ. is a mulla.ere# mulla.ere# conce/t com/ose# as associaonal life? as +oo# societ.? an# as /ublic s/here
ee# to #i@erenate Civil ociet. from markets an# states? as (ell as noncivil s/heres like reli+ion an# famil.
Civil societ. ma. not necessaril. al(a.s /romote free#om an# #emocrac ri+hts as it inclu#es con:icts an# uncivil forces (ithin its #omain
C is a communit. of share# ethos com/ose# of free me n un#er a Rule of !a( C is tate itself forme# as a ocial Contract to /rotect a+ainst o
Result of raonal Man bin#in+ himself to ocial Contract Ho(ever? crical of the clam/s on human free#om im/ose# u/on b. raonalit. an# C 2"iscourses4
st to se/arate C from tate Maintains C is a se/arate but /arallel instuon to tate C7 1ssociaonal or+ bet(een )amil. an# tate C is an as/ect of $olical Culture? /aramount in Civic Culture an# $arci/ator. Culture
Even non-/olical associaons associaons in C are vital for #emocrac. co0 the. buil# social ca/ital (hich is eventuall. transferre# transferre# to the /olical culture
Government is the hi+hest authorit. in the tate to make an# enforce la(s le+imatel.
"ue to com/le&it. in mo#ern /olic. makin+? +overnance has #istance# /eo/le from +overnment +ivin+ rise to a /olical class of /o(er elites causin+ #eclinin+ /ublic /arci/aon an# fallin+ social ca/ital This lea#s to #emocrac #e;cit as evi#ence# b. rise rise of illiberal #ema+o+ic /olics in the West
$o(er as #ominaon over sub8ect irres/ecve of consent
$o(er is #e;ne# as a relaonal tool to stu#. interacons interacons bet(een enes in a s.stem 2E+- tate? societ.? class? etc4
$o(er is /otenal of forcin+ one's (ill u/on the behaviour of another Weber has #e;ne# tate itself as a funcon of /o(er 2mono/ol.4
$o(er is the collecve ca/acit. of a societ. to aDain common +oals b. a+reein+ to act in concert
e( norm of /o(er o/erates throu+h #isci/linar. form rather than comman#-obe#ience relaonshi/ (hich make the /o(er /resent ever.(here E+- $ano/cism $ano/con like $rison urveillance automacall. establishes #isci/line 2ie obe#ience to /o(er4 even (ithout a /h.sical authorit. Thus $o(er :o(s throu+h the s.stem The /ur/ose of /o(er is to #evelo/ 6o4er&/e&talit5) This is acheive# b. H6M6GE1T6 )oucault is a+ainst Homo+eni0aon He o@ers %no(le#+eX-3$o(er c.cle as an alternave to achieve Governmentalit. )oucault vie(s $o(er as /osive to maintain social or#er He is onl. crical of Govt homo+eni0aon techniAues
)oucaulan /o(er is a (il# e&a++eraon of the conce/t of /o(er an# makes it a trivial tool to stu#. /olics (ith
Cultural He+emon. of Western n#ustriali0e# naons to source le+imac. of Ca/italism an# /revent Mar&ist a(akenin+ cause# failure of Mar&ism in S's Western Euro/e
He+emon. is a /olical relaonshi/ of $o(er throu+h (hich a subor#inate class /erforms social funcons (hich are culturall. unnatural an# non-bene;cial to them? but (hich results in e&clusive bene;ts to the he+emonic class ,1's War on Terror is a contem/rar. e&am/le of He+emon.
f Governin+ Elite cannot aDract other elites? social sta+naon an# stra;caon ha//ens? 73 ocial EAuilibrium an# Circulaon of Elites is #isturbe# 73 !ea#s to Revoluon an# overthro( of re+ime n this transformaon of /o(er? the Masses are not a@ecte#? the. are onl. follo(ers not lea#ers
1uthorit. is instuonal an# le+al Ri+ht to obtain com/liance an# e&ercise /o(er n other (or#s? 1uthorit. is e&ercise of /o(er (ith le+imac.
chan+e that #evelo/e# mo#ern societ. an# naons is the result of the rise of a charismac lea#er to /o(er in a societ. (ho creates a ne( tra#ion or a raonal-le+al s.stem that establishes the su/reme authorit. of the state Weber's conce/on of charismac authorit. has been note# as the basis of man. naonalist +overnments E+- a/oleon's conAuest of German. +ave birth to German naonalism
ori+in of ethnic an# naonal +rou/s as reco+ni0in+ +rou/ aDachments that are thou+ht to be uniAue? emoonal? intense? an# #urable because the. are base# u/on kinshi/ an# /romote# alon+ lines of common ancestr.
$olical aonalists 7 'secure a re/resentave state for their communit. so that it mi+ht /arci/ate as an eAual in the #evelo/in+ cosmo/olitan raonalist civili0aon' Cultural naonalists7 humanit. is 'infuse# (ith a creave force (hich en#o(s all thin+s (ith an in#ivi#ualit.' similar to nature Therefore each naon has ri+ht to maintain its in#ivi#ual culture
aonalism as a recent /henomenon that nee#s the structural con#ions of mo#ern societ. in or#er to e&ist )raternit. is a /re-con#ion to the i#ea of a naon Caste ri##en Hin#u societ. is thus un;t to be a naon
System; Electoral Reforms.
"emocrac. is the rule of /eo/le e&/ressin+ their soverei+n (ill an# ma8orit. o/inion #eterminin+ le+islaon
st (ave< Yth centur. Euro/e st Reverse< nter(ar /erio# In# (ave< "emocrac. follo(in+ "colonisaon In# Reverse< Colla/se of #emocrac. in r# (orl# r# (ave< En# of Col# War Lth (ave< 1rab /rin+ vs 1rab E&ce/onalism
-Co0 Global Governance instuons su@er from "emocrac "e;cit -!imite# #ecision makin+ abilit. of naon states
$areto7 Circulaon of Elites Weber7 Market Mo#el of #emocrac. 2"emocrac. is a market (here /olicians are enter/reneurs an# consumers are the voters4
o maDer (hat form +overnment be+ins as? it eventuall. becomes an oli+arch. !iberal vs Mar&ist #ebate on #emocrac. is essenall. /ointless ll? !iberal (orl# is more #emocrac co0 Elite classes are fracture# as a+ainst Communist (orl# (here the Communist $art. takes the form of a monolithic elite
1 self-conscious associaon of elite classes boun# b. mutual interests that e@ecvel. run the #ecisions behin# +overnment of ,1 irres/ecve of /art. in /o(er $o(er Elites are neither accountable nor are their #ecisions relevant to the electorate
Re8ects C Wri+ht Mill's conce/on of narro( $o(er Elites in ,1 -$eo/le #o have /olical /o(er not 8ust $o(er Elites -But /eo/le #on't have /o(er as in#ivi#uals? instea# its as associaonal /o(er 2$G? nterest Grou/s?etc4 -This /ol.structure# measure of $olical $o(er in "emocrac. is 7 $6!*1RCH* -$o(er lies across mul/le interest a++re+aons
"emocrac. is the i#eal +overnment ince i#eal scenarios are uto/ian? $ol.arch. is the best real (orl# a//ro&imaon of it Con#ions for $ol.arch.< i4 Com/eve $art. .stem ii4 )ree#om of s/eech an# e&/ression iii4 )ree#om to form associaons iv4 Ri+ht to #issent v4 Ju#icial n#e/en#ence vi4 Re+ular elecons
CriAue of $ol.arch. Mo#el< - Cor/orate nterest Grou/s have #is/ro/oronate in:uence on the $ol.archic tructure? +ivin+ them +reater (ei+ht in 1merican $olic.makin+ E+- !obb.in+ is le+al in ,1 !obb.ist )irms e&act he5. fees (hich can onl. be /ai# b. Bi+ Cor/orates (hich in turn hel/s them secure their interests in /olic.
1//reciates the classical mo#el but its unscien;c? uto/ian an# far remove# from mo#ern realit.
-ot much #i@erence bet(een $luralists 9 Elists Both re#uce #emocrac. to merel. /rice#ural as/ects an# i+nore t he normave ones -$luralists re#uce "emocrac. to !obb.in+ an# $GsQ+s -Elists re#uce #emocrac. to merel. elecons an# /art. /olics Crical of ne+alitarian ature of !iberal "emocrac sociees
i4 !iberalism cannot claim mono/ol. over #emocrac. "emocrac ocialism is a viable alternave Even Communist "emocracies cannot be treate# as false #emocracies if it ensures intra-/art. #emocrac. ii4 6ne $art. "ominant #emocracies of r# Worl# must also be consi#ere# true #emocracies if it en8o.s hu+e mass su//ort iii4 Ca/italist mo#el cannot be claime# to be inherentl. #emocrac 6ri+inall. Ca/italism (as in favour of 1bsolute tate "emocrac. is therefore a result of social evoluon not an economic mo#el
Mac/herson's I t./e of $o(er in ociet.< i4 E&tracve $o(er ii4 "evelo/mental $o(er E&tracve /o(er7$o(er of Coercion Current !iberal "emocrac.< Ca/italsist have ma8orit. of /o(er in both 2i4 9 2ii4 Mac/herson calls for 1bolion of E&tracve $o(er an# eAual #istribuon of "evelo/mental $o(er amon+st Workers an# Ca/italists
E@ecvel. #ooms the electorate to the choices of the Re/resentave even if those choices no lon+er en8o. their consent ee# of "irect $arci/aon Reconcilin+ !ibert. (ith 1uthorit. via "irect "emocrac. throu+h General Will
- tructure# aroun# on+ an# on+ nstruments< a4 niave- $o(er to iniate /eons b4 Referen#um- $o(er to !e+islate on niaves c4 Recall- $o(er to recall E&ecuve 1uthorit.
Electronic "irect "emocrac. in future
Trilemma of con#ions necessar. to ustain "irect "emocrac. .et no instuonalise# means to achieve the same Trilemma< a4 Mass /arci/aon b4 1ssume# "eliberaons c4 EAual $arci/aon )ailure of one or more lea#s to mobocrac. an# stam/e#in+ of minorit. ri+hts E+- IS Minaret Referen#um success in (it0erlan# that (as base# on /o/ular slamo/hobic senments Re/s have no ri+ht to take #ecisions a+ainst the man#ate of the electorate that +ot them electe# Re/s have +reat e&/erience so their #ecisions shoul# be +iven free#om an# truste#
21+ainst Bentham4 Re/s once electe# no lon+er re:ects a narro( constuenc. but an enre naon so the. cannot be e# to the electorate man#ate "eliberaons is the ke. to raonal #ecision makin+ "eliberave mass /arci/aon to check rise of totalitarianism
ee# of "eliberaons< $ublic Health in n#ia su@ers because the issue has not been focus of /ublic #ebate
Mo#el of Consociaonal "eliberave "emocrac. i4 Mechanism for ensurin+ $luralism ii4 More em/hasis on "eliberaons than on+ nstruments iii4 eer #emocrac. from a mere +ame of numbers to that of ri+ht ar+uments
"emocrac. shoul# be #e#icate# to a set of $ublic alues base# on ra#ical stru++le of i#eas bet(een conten#in+ i#eolo+ies to ma&imise libert. an# eAualit. He is of the vie( that onl. con:ict? #issent an# o//osin+ o/inions can sustain #emocrac.
We shoul# not tr. to reconcile !ibert. an# EAualit. an# instea# reaZrm their unresolvable tension an# allo( #issenn+ i#eolo+ies to conten# in or+anic evoluon of "emocrac tate Contenous $luralism to allo( #emocrac. kee/ reinvenn+ itself
Communicave 1con7 1con of "eliberaon an# Co-o/eraon 1con an# stru++le is necessar. to counter coercive nature of formal s.stem #eal /eech ituaon7 on-coercive atmos/here to con#uct "eliberave Con:ict to #etermine Raonal Choice Raonal Choice results in substanve #emocrac.
Ra#ical "emocrats /romote an a#versarial relaonshi/ bet(een tate an# ociet. (hich un#ermines soli#arit. of ci0ens on issues of aonal nterest
cipation.
Ri+hts are limite# b. the ulit. /rinci/le f the e&ercise of a ri+ht ma&imises the +oo#? the ri+ht ou+ht to hol# f it fails to #o so? the ri+ht ma. be 8ustl. abri#+e#
- ,niversal !a(< Human bein+s as an en# in itself an# cannot be com/romise# as means Cate+orical m/erave< Rule for tesn+ ethical co/n#uct o one shoul# #o somethin+ that he forbi#s another from #oin+ on-conseAuenalist ethic Ethic must be teste# a+ainst intenons? not conseAuence
n#ivi#uals can claim a ri+ht onl. on /erformance of the #ut. correlate# to that ri+ht
