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OBJECTIVES •
To operate cooling tower system
•
To determine determine te effects of temperat!re and flow rate of water on te performance of te cooling tower"
•
To determine te effects of temperat!re and flow rate of air on te performance of te cooling tower
•
To determine determine te effects cooling load on te performance of te cooling tower
•
To determine determine te effect of pac#ing density on te performance of te cooling tower
•
To in$estigate in$estigate te effect of air $elocity on wet %!l% approac and press!re drop tro!g te pac#ing
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SUMMARY / ABSTRACT
Tis experiment was cond!cted to perform energy and mass %alance on te cooling tower system and to o%ser$e te effects of one of te process $aria%les on te exit temperat!re of water" Tere Tere are se$eral parameters tat can %e ad&!sted to o%ser$e its effect on te e$aporation of water" Te parameters are temperat!re and flow rate of water' temperat!re and flow rate of air' cooling cooling load and density" Cooling tower selection and performance are % ased on te wet %!l% approac" app roac" (s te nominal air $elocity increased te wet %!l% approac decreased" Tis is %eca!se te increase of air $elocity means tat te fan or %lower is increase in speed can ca!sed te wet %!l% approac decreased" Meanwile' as te nominal air $elocity increased' te pac#ing press!re drop also increased" Tis is ca!sed %y' as te fan or %lower increase in speed' tere will %e more press!re drop occ!rs to eliminate te temperat!re from ot water to cool water" )n tis experiment' it is re*!ired to !se fo!r different air flows wic is 100+' ,+' 0+ and 2+" . different temperat!res and te $al!e of te press!re drop was collected" Te res!lt was interpreted on a grap to sow a relationsip %etween wet %!l% approac and pac#ing press!re drop against nominal air $elocity"/rom $elocity"/rom te analysis of te grap'et %!l% approac seems to decrease linearly from "3 to .",3 as a s te nominal air increase were%y te pac#ing p ac#ing press!re drop increase linearly from 0"2mm 25 to 2"2mm 25 towards te nominal air $elocity"
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RESULT / DATA Table Table A
Descri!i"#
Pac#ing density (ir inlet wet %!l%' T1 (ir inlet dry %!l%' T2 (ir o!tlet wet %!l%' T6 (ir o!tlet dry %!l%' T4 ater inlet temperat!re' T ater o!tlet temperat!re' T. 5rifice differential' 8P1 ater flow rate' /T1 eater power' :1 Press!re drop across pac#ing' 8P2
U#i!
Air $l"% '(& (0& 110 110 21"4 2 0 " 61"0 6 0 " 2" 2 " 2" 2 " 64" 6 "1 2", 2 "1 .4 4 0 0 1004 1002 20 12
100& 110 2 2 "0 6 1 " 2 ", 2 " 6 4 " 2 ", 0 . 22
-1
m 7C 7C 7C 7C 7C 7C Pa 9PM att Pa
2(& 110 20". 60" 60". 60"0 6" 60"4 22 0 1001
Table B
(ir /low ;ominal
100& 0"02.1 . ",
'(& 0"0222 , "6
(0& 0"01, "6
2(& 0"0161 "
2"24
2 "0 4
1"22
0"2
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$i)*re 1 +ra, "- e! B*lb Ar"ac, a# aci#) ress*re Dr"s44 5 2O 6ers*s 7"4i#al Vel"ci!8 "- Air 4/s i# !,e sa4e )ra,
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DISCUSSIO7
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Tis experiment was cond!cted to in$estigate te effect of air $elocity on wet %!l% approac and press!re drop tro!g te pac#ing" Te effect of air $elocity on te parameter is %ased on fo!r different air flows wic is 100+' ,+' 0+ and 2+" Tere are . different temperat!res tat as %een collected in tis experiment wic are air inlet wet %!l% >T1?' air inlet dry %!l% >T2?' air o!tlet wet %!l% >T6?' air o!tlet dry %!l% >T4?' water inlet temperat!re >T?' and water o!tlet temperat!re >T.?" )n tis experiment' te readings for orifice differential >8P1?' eater power >:1?' and press!re drop across pac#ing >8P2? are also ta#en" /rom /ig!re 1 wic is a grap tat as %een plotted to sow a relationsip %etween wet %!l% approac and pac#ing press!re drop against aga inst nominal air $elocity" et et %!l% approac seems to decrease linearly from "3 to .",3 as te nominal air increase were%y te pac#ing press!re drop increase linearly from 0"2mm25 to 2"2mm25 2 "2mm25 towards te nominal air $elocity" Based from te teory' te wet %!l% approac line so!ld %e decreases and cross te intersection line of te pac#ing press!re drop tat is in increasing" Tis crossing point sows te limit of te wet %!l% approac and pac#ing press!re drop at te igest nominal air $elocity or at te 100+ air flow" Cooling tower selection and performance are %ased on te wet %!l% approac" (s te nominal nominal air $elocity increased increased te wet %!l% approac decreased" decreased" Tis is %eca!se te increase increase of air $elocity means tat te fan or %lower is increase increase in speed can ca!sed te wet %!l% approac decreased as te air is dry and can old more water $apo!r rater tan it can old at ig temperat!re" Meanwile' as te nominal air $elocity increased' te pac#ing press!re drop also increased" Tis is ca!sed %y' as te fan or %lower increase in speed' tere will %e more press!re drop occ!rs to eliminate te temperat!re from ot water to cool water" To a$e flow of gas !pwards tro!g te col!mn' te press!re m!st %e iger at te %ottom of te col!mn tan at te top" Te li*!id li*!id flows downward downward tro!g te pac#ing against against te press!re press!re and te flowing flowing gas pase %eca!se te li*!id is apprecia%ly denser tan te gas and so is p!lled down %y gra$ity"
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ile carry o!t tis experiment' tere are some errors occ!r" /irst' te water flow rate' /T1 is *!ite ard to control" (s te water flow rate is not constant tro!go!t te experiment' te temperat!re migt %e not correct from T1 to T." Tis migt ca!se te cooling tower loss its efficiency" ;ext' it is $ery ard to control te air flow wit percentage %y !sing %lower" /or 100+' it loo# easy %eca!se te %lower co$er &!st need to f!lly open %!t wen it comes to ,+' 0+ and 2+' it is $ery ard to meas!re te $al!e correctly" (s a res!lt' te temperat!re from T1 to T. migt %e not acc!rate as te air flow is not following te percentage it so!ld %e" 9astly' te water inlet temperat!re so!ld %e constant tro!go!t te experiment so tat te efficiency of te cooling tower can %e calc!lated calc!lated correctly" correctly" Tese errors so!ld %e pre$ented pre$ented to impro$e impro$e te efficiency of te cooling tower so tat it is s!ita%le to !se a t real plant"
/rom te experiment tat as %een cond!cted' we can concl!de tat te relationsip %etween press!re to nominal $elocity and relationsip %etween as %een determined" Te iger te data as %een collected wit different parameters in air flow wic are 100+' ,+' 0+ and 2+" Meantime' te pac#ing density and water flow rate remain te same wic are 110 m-1 and 2 9PM respecti$ely" ;ext' te temperat!re from T1 to T.' :1' and 8P 2 is written down in te ta%le of res!lt prepared" / rom te data' te temperat!re for T1' T6' T4' and T. is sligtly increased" Tis is ca!sed %y te increasing of :1" ereas te temperat!re at T2 and T is sligtly decreased' tis may ca!sed from te cooling process" Te res!lt for 8P2 is sown in decreasing $al!e at 6 Pa' 2 Pa' 14 Pa' and Pa respecti$ely" Te differences in air flow gi$e te $al!e for wet %!l% approac in ascending orders wic are 6". 3' 6" 3' 4" 3' and ," 3 respecti$ely" (fter done te calc!lation part' te grap is plotted to sow te relationsip %etween wet %!l% approac and pac#ing press!re drops $ers!s nominal air $elocity in te same grap" Basically' at te y-axis' tere are two different data wic are wet %!l% approac >in 3el$in !nit? and pac#ing press!re drop >in mm 25 !nit?" Based on te plotted grap' as te nominal air $elocity increased te wet %!l% approac is decreased" Tis is %eca!se te increase of air
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$elocity' means tat te fan or %lower is increase in speed can ca!sed te wet %!l% approac decreased as a res!lt of cooling process occ!r" Meanwi Meanwile' le' as te nomina nominall air $elocit $elocity y increa increased sed'' te pac#ing pac#ing press! press!re re drop drop also also increased" Tis is ca!sed %y' as te fan or %lower increase in speed' tere will %e more press!re drop occ!rs to eliminate te temperat!re from ot water to cool water" /rom te grap' te wet %!l% approac and pac#ing press!re drop is plotted in te same grap to sow tat at te igest nominal $elocity of air' te wet %!l% approac and pac#ing press!re drop will cross eac oter" Tis crossing point sows te limit of te wet %!l% approac and pac#ing press!re drop at te igest nominal air $elocity or at te 100+ air flow" (s a res!lt' te temperat!re from T1 to T. migt %e not acc!rate as te air flow is not following te percentage it so!ld %e"
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CO7C CO7CL LUSIO USIO7 7 : RECO RECOMM MME7 E7DA DAT TIO7S IO7S
CO7CLUSIO7
Tis experiment as %een cond!cted in order to st!dy a%o!t te effect of air $elocity on wet %!l% approac and press!re drop tro!g te pac#ing" Te st!dy of tis experiment are %ased on fo!r different air flows wic is 100+' ,+' 0+ and 2+" . different temperat!res and te $al!e of te press!re drop a$e %een collected" Te res!lt as %een interpret on a grap to sow a relationsip %etween wet %!l% approac and pac#ing press!re drop against nominal air $elocity" /rom te analysis of te grap in /ig!re 1'et %!l% approac seems to decrease linearly from "3 to .",3 as te n ominal air increase were%y te pac#ing press!re drop increase linearly from 0"2mm 25 to 2"2mm 25 towards te nominal air $elocity" (s te increase of $elocity it can ca!sed te wet %!l% approac decreased as te air is dry and can old more water $apor rater tan it can old at ig temperat!re" /or air nominal $elocity' as it is increase te press!re drop also will increase" Tis experiment is s!ccessf!l"
RECOMME7DATIO7S
/rom tis experiment tere are se$eral aspects tat st!dents so!ld impro$e in order to prod!ce %etter and more acc!rate res!lts"/irstly' res!lts"/irstly' te temperat!re of te water are not eated !ntil te le$el tat as %een setted"Tis pro%lem so! ld %e o$ercome %y waiting for te temperat!re of te water to increase a%o!t te le$el tat a$e %een setted"Tis is to ens!re tat wen te water flows tro!g te cooling tower it will prod!ce an acc!rate res!lts"@econdly' te $al$e wic to control te cooling load was loosing wic ca!se incorrect amo!nt of air wic enter te $al$e" Tis pro%lem will ca!se incorrect reading of te expe riment d!e to inefficient of te cooling tower" )n order to red!ce tis pro%lem' st!dents so!ld cons!lt to te tecnician or lect!rer so tat tey can sol$e and fix te $al$e or s!ggest alternati$e way to contin!e te experiment" 9astly' pro%lem wic can effect te res!lts are st!dent are conf!se wit te $al$e wic needs to %e open or closed in order to record te press!re drop"8!e to tis pro%lem te $al!e of press!re drop cannot %e recorded %eca!se of te wrong $al$e tat a$e %een open or closed" @t!dents so!ld read te man!al correctly in order to o$ercome tis pro%lem"@t!dents also so!ld cons!lt wit te tecnician so tat tere is no mista#es d!ring tis experiments"
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RE$ERE7CES
1" (%o!t te te Psycrometr Psycrometric ic Cart" Cart" >200?" >200?" Power#not"com Power#not"com A5nlin A5nline" e" A(ccessed A(ccessed 2t Marc' 201." ($aila%le from orld ide e% ttp==www"power#not"com=ow-to-read-andttp==www"power#not"com=ow-to-read-and!se-a-psycrometric-cart"tml 2" Cooling Cooling Tower Tower"" >2004?" >2004?" i#ipedi i#ipedia"org a"org"" A5nline" A5nline" A(ccessed A(ccessed 2.t Marc' 201." ($aila%le ($aila%le from orld orld ide e e% % ttps==en"wi#ipedia"org=wi#i=CoolingDtower 6" 8on " ""' Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook ' Mcraw-ill' ;ew For#' For#' 200,' p1." 4" 8on "" and and Go%er Go%ertt P" P"' Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook (8th edition), Mcraw edition), Mcrawill' ;ew For#' For#' 200,' p1"
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AE7DICES
100 & Air $l"% Calc!lation at 100& 1. Calc* Calc*la! la!ee ar ar"a "ac, c, !" !" %e! %e! b*lb b*lb
H 5!tlet ater Temperat!re >T.? I )nlet (ir et B!l% Temperat!re >T 1?
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H >2", J 2,6"1? 3 I >22"0 J 2,6"1? 3 H ;.'
2. C,ec C,ec !,e 6al*e 6al*e "- seci-ic seci-ic 6"l*4e 6"l*4e "- air a! "*!le! i# !,e e#!,al8 e#!,al8
T6 H >1" x 2",? J 62 H 4 / °
T4 H >1" x 2"? J 62 H 6 / K/rom te e#!,al8; 43/) r8 air.
3. Calc*la! Calc*la!ee !,e air 4ass 4ass -l"% -l"% ra!e ra!e
?)/s@ ?)/s@ 0.013'
orifice differential in mm 25 v specific $ol!me of air >m6=#g? H 0"016,
0.093(1 )/s
9. Calc*la! Calc*la!ee air 6"l*4e!r 6"l*4e!ric ic -l"% -l"% ra!e ra!e
?4 3/s@
H 0"0421 #g=s x 0". m6=#g 0.03='1 43/s
(. Calc*la! Calc*la!ee #"4i#al #"4i#al air 6el"ci!8 6el"ci!8 6 ?4/s@ ?4/s@ 6
v
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( H pac#ing area >m2? Calc*la!e aci#) area
H 110
x A0"1 m x 0"1 m x 0". m
H 1"4 m2 $H
6 0.02;1 4/s
1 C oo l i n g
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Calc!lation at '(& Air $l"% 1. Calc* Calc*la! la!ee ar ar"a "ac, c, !" !" %e! %e! b*lb b*lb
H 5!tlet ater Temperat!re >T.? I )nlet (ir et B!l% Temperat!re >T 1? H >2", J 2,6"1? 3 I >21"4 J 2,6"1? 3 H '.3
2. C,ec C,ec !,e 6al*e 6al*e "- seci-ic seci-ic 6"l*4e 6"l*4e "- air a! "*!le! i# !,e e#!,al8 e#!,al8
T6 H >1" x 2"? J 62 H 4 / °
T4 H >1" x 2"? J 62 H 6 / K /rom te e#!,al8; 43/) r8 air.
3. Calc*la! Calc*la!ee !,e air 4ass 4ass -l"%ra! -l"%ra!e e
?)/s@ ?)/s@ 0.013'
orifice differential in mm 25 v specific $ol!me of air >m6=#g? H 0"016,
0.03'1 )/s
9. Calc*la! Calc*la!ee air 6"l*4e!r 6"l*4e!ric ic -l"%ra! -l"%ra!e e
?4 3/s@
H 0"06,1 #g=s x 0". m6=#g
v
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C oo l i n g
0.0330 43/s
(. Calc*la! Calc*la!ee #"4i#al #"4i#al air 6el"ci!8 6el"ci!8 6 ?4/s@ ?4/s@ 6
( H pac#ing area >m2? Calc*la!e aci#) area
H 110
x A0"1 m x 0"1 m x 0". m
H 1"4 m2 $H
6 0.0222 4/s
Tow e r
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Calc!lation at (0& Air $l"% 1. Calc* Calc*la! la!ee ar ar"a "ac, c, !" !" %e! %e! b*lb b*lb
H 5!tlet ater Temperat!re >T.? I )nlet (ir et B!l% Temperat!re >T 1? H >2"1 J 2,6"1? 3 I >20" J 2,6"1? 3 H =.3
2. C,ec C,ec !,e 6al*e 6al*e "- seci-ic seci-ic 6"l*4e 6"l*4e "- air a! "*!le! i# !,e e#!,al8 e#!,al8
T6 H >1" x 2"? J 62 H / °
T4 H >1" x 2"? J 62 H 4 / K /rom te e#!,al82' 43/) r8 air.
3. Calc*la! Calc*la!ee !,e air 4ass 4ass -l"%ra! -l"%ra!e e
?)/s@ ?)/s@ 0.013'
orifice differential in mm 25 v specific $ol!me of air >m6=#g? H 0"016,
0.0311 )/s
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9. Calc*la! Calc*la!ee air 6"l*4e!r 6"l*4e!ric ic -l"%ra! -l"%ra!e e
1
C oo l i n g
?4 3/s@
H 0"0611 #g=s x 0"2, m6=#g 0.02'' 43/s
(. Calc*la! Calc*la!ee #"4i#al #"4i#al air 6el"ci!8 6el"ci!8 6 ?4/s@ ?4/s@ 6
( H pac#ing area >m2? Calc*la!e aci#) area
H 110
x A0"1 m x 0"1 m x 0". m
H 1"4 m2 $H
6 0.01=' 4/s
v
Tow e r
P a g e | 1
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Calc!lation at 2(& Air $l"% 1. Calc* Calc*la! la!ee ar ar"a "ac, c, !" !" %e! %e! b*lb b*lb
H 5!tlet ater Temperat!re >T.? I )nlet (ir et B!l% Temperat!re >T 1? H >60"4 J 2,6"1? 3 I >20". J 2,6"1? 3 H >.=
2. C,ec C,ec !,e 6al*e 6al*e "- seci-ic seci-ic 6"l*4e 6"l*4e "- air a! "*!le! i# !,e e#!,al8 e#!,al8
T6 H >1" x 60".? J 62 H , / °
T4 H >1" x 60? J 62 H . / K /rom te e#!,al8(= 43/) r8 air.
3. Calc*la! Calc*la!ee !,e air 4ass 4ass -l"%ra! -l"%ra!e e
?)/s@ ?)/s@
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0.013'
orifice differential in mm 25 v specific $ol!me of air >m6=#g? H 0"016,
0.021' )/s
9. Calc*la! Calc*la!ee air 6"l*4e!r 6"l*4e!ric ic -l"%ra! -l"%ra!e e
?4 3/s@
H 0"021, #g=s x 0" m6=#g 0.01>9 43/s
(. Calc*la! Calc*la!ee #"4i#al #"4i#al air 6el"ci!8 6el"ci!8 6 ?4/s@ ?4/s@ 6
( H pac#ing area >m2? Calc*la!e aci#) area
H 110
x A0"1 m x 0"1 m x 0". m
H 1"4 m2 $H
6 0.0131 4/s
v
Tow e r
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E#!,al8
1
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Table Table "- C"#!e#!
7".
C"#!e#!
a)e 7*4ber
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1 "0
5%&ecti$es
1
2 "0
@!mmary = (%stract
2
6 "0
Ges!lt = 8ata
6-4
4 "0
8isc!ssion
-.
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Concl!sions L Gecommendations
,
. "0
Geferences
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(ppendices
-1,