TABLE OF CONTENTS No. 1 2 3 4 5 ! # %
Contents Summary/Abstract Objectives Introduction and theory Results Discussions "onclusion and recommendations Re$erences A&&endices
Page Number 2 3 3 5 12 13 14
1.0 SUMMARY/ ABSTRACT
'he main objective o$ this e(&eriment o$ lab scale soa& &roduction is to study the lab scale soa& &roduction usin) the sa&oni$ication reaction o$ $atty acid* Other objectives are to calculate and determine the &+ value and moisture content ,-. o$ the soa& that has been
"0333 Oil and at rocess 'echnolo)y (&eriment 4 6ab Scale Soa& roduction
&roduced and to &roduce avera)e )ood 7uality o$ soa& bar usin) basic $ormulation $rom &alm oil* 8aO+ is the substances used to determine the &+ o$ the soa& 9hich it is :no9n as a stron) al:aline 9here it dissociates $ully in 9ater to &roduce sodium and hydro(yl ions* 0ased on the results o$ the e(&eriment; the value o$ &+ o$ the soa& is # 9hich it is neutral and it is suitable to be used 9hich it )ood $or s:in* 'he three sam&les 9as observed to ensure the accurate and &recise sa&oni$ication values 9here a$ter doin) some calculations based on S< o$ the oil; the e(actly 9ei)ht o$ materials 9as )ot in order to ma:e a &+ # soa&* or the sa&oni$ication value; it can be deduced that the smaller the molar mass o$ the $at; the hi)her the sa&oni$ication value a$ter three sam&les bein) measured* 'he avera)e o$ the moisture content $or the soa& that is &roduced is !*#3 - 9hich it sho9s that the soa& has )ood moisture content 9hich it means that the soa& that has been &roduced has an avera)e o$ 9ater content* 'he moisture content need to be lo9ered as it 9ill sho9s sli)htly al:aline 9here hi)h moisture content in soa& could lead to reaction o$ e(cess 9ater 9ith unsa&oni$ied $at to )ive the $ree $atty acid and )lycerol )l ycerol in a &rocess called hydrolysis o$ soa&*
.0 OB!ECT"#ES 1. 'o study the &rocess o$ lab scale soa& &roduction usin) the sa&oni$ication reaction o$
$atty acid* . 'o calculate and determine the &+ value and moisture content ,-. o$ the soa& that has
been &roduced* $. 'o &roduce avera)e )ood 7uality o$ soa& bar usin) b asic $ormulation $rom &alm oil*
$.0 "NTRO%UCT"ON AN% T&EORY
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"0333 Oil and at rocess 'echnolo)y (&eriment 4 6ab Scale Soa& roduction
Soa& is 9ell :no9n amon) all o$ us 9hich us as the cleanin);9ashin); bathin) and other house:ee&in) &ur&ose* In chemistry; soa& is :no9n as a salt o$ a $atty acid* 0asically the &roduction o$ soa& involved treatin) ve)etable or animal oils and $ats 9ith a stron) base; such as sodium hydro(ide or &otassium hydro(ide in an a7ueous solution* ats and oils are com&osed o$ tri)lycerides= three molecules o$ $atty acids attach to a sin)le molecule o$ o $ )lycerol* 'he al:aline solution; 9hich is o$ten called lye ,althou)h the term >lye soa&> re$ers almost e(clusively to soa&s made 9ith sodium hydro(ide.; brin)s about a chemical reaction :no9n as sa&oni$ication*
In this &rocess; the tri)lyceride $ats $irst hydroly?e into $ree $atty acids; and then these combine 9ith the al:ali to $orm crude soa& soa& an amal)am o$ various soa& salts; e(cess $at or al:ali; 9ater; and liberated )lycerol ,)lycerin.* 'he )lycerin; a use$ul by&roduct; can remain in the soa& &roduct as a so$tenin) a)ent; or be isolated $or other uses 0asically; soa&s are sodium; 8a or &otassium; @ salts o$ lon) chain $atty acids* hen tri)lycerides in $at/oil react 9ith a7ueous sodium hydro(ide; 8aO+ or &otassium hydro(ide; @O+ @O+ the the reac reacti tion on 9ill 9ill &rod &roduce uce soa& and and )lyc )lycer erol ol at # B %o" in a &rocess :no9n as sa&oni$ication* 'he $ats are hydrolysed by the base; yieldin) )lycerol; and crude soa&* In this e(&eriment; hot &rocess 9as used to &roduce soa&* 'he oils are melted in a 9ater bath at the tem&erature o$ # %o" until homo)eneous* As the soa& has been &roduced; there are $e9 considerations that must be ta:en to measure the avera)e 7uality o$ soa&* 'he considerations that must be ta:en are &+ value; sa&oni$ication value and moisture content* 'he &+ value is determine the de)ree o$ acidity or 3
"0333 Oil and at rocess 'echnolo)y (&eriment 4 6ab Scale Soa& roduction
al:al al:alini inity ty o$ the the soa& soa&** 'he 'he aver avera) a)ee ran)e ran)e $or a )ood )ood soa& soa& is arou around nd &+ 5*5 #*5* #*5* 'hen 'hen;; Sa&oni$ication value is the number o$ m) o$ &otassium hydro(ide re7uired to sa&oni$y 1) o$ $at; to neutralise the $ree $atty acids and the $atty acids combined as )lycerides* 8e(t; the $inal consideration is the moisture content in a soa&* 0asically; moisture content is the amount o$ 9ater le$t in the soa& a$ter bein) dried in the oven* 'he amount o$ moisture content should be around 5 B #- in order to &roduce a )ood 7uality soa&*
'.0 RESULTS AN% ANALYS"S ANALYS"S ()*t+ ,a-,u-at*on
1* Ca-,u-at*ons base on S# a-ue
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"0333 Oil and at rocess 'echnolo)y (&eriment 4 6ab Scale Soa& roduction
1. Amount o$ R0DO used 1) S< value 14*1) 8aO+ / 1) &alm oil S< value / 1) 141*) 8aO+ / 1) oil S< R0D @O+ / 1) ,1) ,1) 2) @O+. / 1) oil
2. Amount o$ 8aO+ used In R0DO 5- )lycerol; 4*tri)lyceride 'ri)lyceride C 3 8aO+ 3 Soa& C )lycerine i. 1) R0DO ( ,*1) @O+ /1) oil. ( ,1) 8aO+ / 1*425@O+. E 135*4#) 8aO+ Ii. 1) R0DO ( , *2) @O+ / 1) oil. ( ,1) 8aO+ / 1*425@O+. E 14) 8aO+ So the ran)e is bet9een 135*4#) 14) o$ 8aO+
'he amount o$ 8aO+ use 9ill be reduced to 5- $rom 1-* An estimation ste& is used due to amount o$ oil R0DO mi)ht not used or o r missed in the bea:er* 5- is the amount o$ unreacted oil 9ith 8aO+*
,135*4#) 8aO+ / 1) oil. F *5 E 12!*#) ,14) 8aO+ / 1) oil. F *5 E 141*55)
. E2e,te Ca-,u-at*ons base on mo-
,5 )lycerol / 1) oil. F ,4*) tri)lyceride /1) )lycerol. F 1) oil 5
"0333 Oil and at rocess 'echnolo)y (&eriment 4 6ab Scale Soa& roduction
E 1*55 tri)lyceride/ ) oil 1*55) tri)lycerides/ ,%44)/mol.E 1*55! mol 1 mol tri)lycerideE 3mol 8aO+ 1*5! mol tri)lyceridesE x mol 8aO+ X
mol 8aO+E 3*1!# mol 8aO+
Gass E 3*1!# mol 8aO+ F ,4 )/ mol. E 12!*!# ) 8aO+
Sa&oni$ication value 0lan: sam&le
22*5 ml
1st sam&le
#*
2nd sa sam&le
#* %
3rd sa sam&le
%* 2
S
E
1 goil
NaOH 1 g NaOH (
1.4025
g KOH
6
"0333 Oil and at rocess 'echnolo)y (&eriment 4 6ab Scale Soa& roduction 0.1426 g NaOH NaOH
E
1 goil
14.26 g NaOH NaOH
E
100 goil
1st sa sam&le
2nd sa sam&le
3rd sam&le
24*#!5
2!*1!#
2*55#5
Goisture "ontent
moisture moisture content =
m b−m d mb −m
1st try Gass;) Gass o$ &etri dish;
Sam&le 1 33*2)
Sam&le 2 34*1!)
Sam&le 3 3!*35)
Avera)e 34*%1
m Gass be$ore
43*2)
44*1!)
4!*35)
44*%1)
dryin);m b Gass a$ter
43*23)
43*51)
45*!#)
44*14)
dryin);md Goisture content
!* -
! *5 -
! *% -
!*#3-
Sam&le calculation ,sam&le 1. 43.92− 43.23 43.92− 33.92
× 100
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"0333 Oil and at rocess 'echnolo)y (&eriment 4 6ab Scale Soa& roduction
E !*'he avera)e moisture content in all three sam&les is !*#3-*
3.0 %"SCUSS"ONS
ats and oils are the &rinci&le stored $orms o$ ener)y in many or)anisms* 'hey are hi)hly reduced com&ounds com&ounds and are derivatives derivatives o$ $atty acids* atty acids acids are carbo(ylic acids 9ith 9ith 8
"0333 Oil and at rocess 'echnolo)y (&eriment 4 6ab Scale Soa& roduction
hydrocarbon chains o$ 4 to 3! carbons; carbons; they can be saturated saturated or unsaturated* 'he sim&lest li&ids li&ids constructed $rom $atty acids are triacyl)lycerols or tri)lycerides* tri)lycerides* 'riacyl)lycerols 'riacyl)lycerols are com&osed o$ three $atty acids each in ester lin:a)e lin:a)e 9ith a sin)le sin)le )lycerol* Since the &olar hydro(yls hydro(yls o$ )lycerol and the &olar carbo(ylates o$ the $atty acids are bound in ester lin:a)es; triacyl )lycerols are non&o non&olar lar;; hydro& hydro&hobi hobicc molecu molecules les;; 9hich 9hich are insolu insoluble ble in 9ater 9ater** Sa&oni Sa&oni$ic $icati ation on is the hydro hydroly lysi siss o$ $ats $ats or oils oils under under basi basicc cond condit itio ions ns to a$$o a$$ord rd )lyc )lycer erol ol and and the the salt salt o$ the the corres&ondi corres&ondin) n) $atty acid* Sa&oni$icat Sa&oni$ication ion literally literally means >soa& ma:in)>* ma:in)>* It is is im&ortant im&ortant to the industrial user to :no9 the amount o$ $ree $atty acid &resent; since this determines in lar)e measure the re$inin) loss* 'he amount o$ $ree $atty acid is estimated by determinin) the 7uantity o$ al:ali that must be added to the $at to render it neutral* 'his is done by 9armin) a :no9n amount o$ the $at 9ith stron) a7ueous caustic soda solution; 9hich converts the $ree $atty acid into soa&* 'his soa& is then removed and the amount o$ $at remainin) remainin) is then determined* determined* 'he loss is estimated by subtractin) this amount $rom the amount o$ $at ori)inally ta:en $or the test* H1 In this e(&eriment; the h value; moisture conten t and sa&oni$ication 9as recorded*
h stands $or the &otential o$ hydro)en* 'he &h scale is a lo) scale; 9hich means $or every I unit chan)e there is a 1 $old chan)e in the number o$ hydro)en hydro)en atoms &resent* h is determined by the balance bet9een the acid ma:in) +C and al:ali $ormin) O+* "ombine these t9o to)ether and it 9ill )et 9ater; 9hich is neutral 9hen &ure* 'he & h value o$ the soa& that 9e )et is #* 'he &h o$ # re$er that the acid and the al:ali com&onents balance out* 'em&erature are im&ortant 9hile ma:in) soa& because it 9ill a$$ect the &h o$ the soa& and rate o$ reaction rea ction bet9een 8aO+ and &alm oil* 'he $unction o$ 8aO+ in this e(&eriment is the hydrolyse $ats and $orm soa&* 'o increase the al:alinity o$ 9ater; in this &rocess 9ill decrease the char)e o$ hydro(ide anions* or a healthy s:in; ran)e $or &h value $or soa& is $rom 5*5 to %** So; this e(&eriment is success$ul because 9e )et the &h o$ # $or this soa&* H2
Goisture content is a measure o$ the amount o$ 9ater $ound 9ithin a material at any an y )iven time* Goisture content is e(&ressed as the &ercenta)e o$ the mass o$ the material that is
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"0333 Oil and at rocess 'echnolo)y (&eriment 4 6ab Scale Soa& roduction
contributed by the mass o$ contaminated 9ater* 9a ter* H3 +i)h moisture content in soa& can lead to reaction o$ e(cess 9ater 9ith unsa&oni$ied $at to )ive the $ree $atty acidand )lycerol in a &rocess called hydrolysis o$ soa&* 6o9 moisture content means that it is sli)htly al:aline* A$ter the oven is o&ened; the moisture dishes should be covered co vered ti)htly to avoid the reabsor&tion o$ moisture a$ter dryin)* 'hen; the sam&le must be trans$erred to dessicator snd 9ei)hed it at room tem&erature* 'hermal decom&osition o$ or)anic com&ound and loss o$ volatile constituent are the $e9 $actors that can cause the 9ei)ht chan)e durin) dryin) method* 0ased on the result; moisture content o$ $or sam&le 1 is !*-; sam&le 2 is !*5- and sam&le 3 is !*%- 9ith the avera)e moisture content !*#3-* 'his 'his sho9s that the soa& soa& has )ood moisture content* 'he sa&oni$ication number is the number o$ milli)rams o$ &otassium hydro(ide re7uired to neutrali neutrali?e ?e the $atty $atty acids acids result resultin) in) $rom the com&le com&lete te hydrolysi hydrolysiss o$ 1) o$ $at *It )ives in$ormation concernin) the character o$ the $atty acids o$ the $at the lon)er the carbon chain; the less acid is liberated liberated &er )ram o$ $at hydrolysed* It is also also considered as a measure o$ the avera)e molecular 9ei)ht ,or chain len)th. o$ all the $atty acids &resent* &resent* 'he lon) chain $atty acids $ound in $ats have lo9 sa&oni$ication value because they have a relatively $e9er number o$ carbo(ylic $unctional )rou&s &er unit mass o$ the $at and there$ore hi)h molecular 9ei)ht* 'here are three sam&les bein) measured and the sa&oni$ication values 9as di$$erent* 'he smaller the molar mass o$ the $at; the hi)her the sa&oni$ication value* 'he sa&oni$ication value )ives an indication o$ the nature o$ the $atty acids constituent o$ $at and thus; de&ends on the avera)e molecular 9ei)ht o$ the $atty acids constituent o$ $at* 'he )reater the molecular 9ei)ht ,the lon)er the carbon chain.; the smaller the number o$ $atty acids is liberated &er )ram o$ $at hydroly?ed and there$ore; the smaller the sa&oni$ication number and vice versa*
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"0333 Oil and at rocess 'echnolo)y (&eriment 4 6ab Scale Soa& roduction
'o use the sa&oni$ication values; multi&ly the SA number by the number o$ )rams o$ $atty acids; oils and $ats* 'he result 9ill be the same number o$ units o$ lye needed to $ully sa&oni$y the &roduct* 'y&ically the sodium hydro(ide ,8aO+. number is used to ma:e bar soa& and the &otassium hydro(ide ,@O+. number is used to ma:e li7uid soa&* In the e(&eriment; bar soa& 9as &roduced thus 8aO+ 9as used* Sa&oni$ication value is im&ortant because it hel&s us to ensure our $inal soa& is not caustic hot and not overly su&er$atted* A reliable SA value $or soa& that 9ill need a curin) &eriod; cold &rocessed soa& is im&ortant because a$ter the 25 9ee:s curin) time it can be disheartin) to have ha ve to rebatch or toss the soa& because it is caustic hot*
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"0333 Oil and at rocess 'echnolo)y (&eriment 4 6ab Scale Soa& roduction
4.0 CONCLUS"ON AN% RECOMMEN%AT"ONS RECOMMEN%AT"ONS
In conclusion; the aims o$ the e(&eriments 9ere achieved* irst; to calculate the 9ei)hts o$ materials to be used in the $ormation o$ soa&* A$ter doin) some calculations based on S< o$ the oil; the e(actly 9ei)ht o$ materials 9as )ot in order to ma:e a &+ # soa&* 8e(t; to &roduce avera)e 7uality o$ soa& bar usin) basic $ormulation $rom &alm oil* 0y learnin) the theory o$ sa&oni$ication &rocess; 9e :no9 that ho9 to ma:e avera)e 7uality o$ soa& bar and the materials needed that involved in this &rocess* rom the e(&eriment; it can be deduced that the &+ value o$ the soa& that 9e )et is #* 'he &h # re$er that the acid and the al:ali com&onents balance out* One o$ the main $actor to be handled care$ully is tem&erature durin) the e(&eriment because it 9ill a$$ect the &h o$ the soa& and rate o$ reaction bet9een 8aO+ and &alm oil* 'he o&timum &+ o$ soa& is bet9een a ran)e o$ 5*5 to %** So; this e(&eriment is $ul$il the $irst objective o$ ma:in) a soa&* 0ased on the result; moisture content o$ $or sam&le 1 is !*-; sam&le 2 is !*5- and sam&le 3 is !*%- 9ith the avera)e moisture content !*#3- 9hich it sho9s that the soa& has )ood moisture content* e need a lo9 moisture content 9hich sho9s it is sli)htly al:aline* +i)h moisture content in soa& can lead to reaction o$ e(cess 9ater 9ith unsa&oni$ied $at to )ive the $ree $atty acid and )lycerol in a &rocess called hydrolysis o$ soa&* or sa&oni$ication value; it can be deduced that the smaller the molar mass o$ the $at; the hi)her the sa&oni$ication value a$ter three sam&les bein) measured* 'here are some &ossible recommendations to enhance the e(&eriment; $irstly is &our the lye solution bit by bit 9hile stirrin) the &alm oil to avoid e(cess amount o$ lye that can increase the &+ o$ soa&* 8e(t is the sam&le must be dried until its acce&table moisture content to avoid hydrolysis o$ soa& occurred* 'he crucial &art is the calculation o$ 9ei)ht o$ materials used need to be e(actly accurate in order to )et avera)e 7uality soa&* 'hus; 9ith this some recommendation ho&e$ully 9ill less the error and enhance the e(&ected result*
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"0333 Oil and at rocess 'echnolo)y (&eriment 4 6ab Scale Soa& roduction
5.0 REFERENCES
1* htt&s htt&s// //boo: boo:s*) s*)oo)l oo)le*co e*com/b m/boo:s oo:sJidE JidE6d 6d DAAAK0ALM&)EA12Md7Esa&oni$icationCvalueCde$initionMhlEenMsaEFMvedEah N@9j074+PtrKAhI8%@+N@+0RAK!AII'A0 2* An Introduc Introduction tion to ractica racticall 0iochemis 0iochemistry try;; third third edition edition by David ' lummer lummer;; GcQra9 GcQra9 +ill; c* GcQra9+ill 0oo: "om&any ,N*@*. 6td*; 3* Soa& 4.
M
&+*
,n*d*.*
Retrieved
6ondon* 1%#*
December
2;
21!;
$rom
htt&//999*thesoa&bo(*co*n?/soa&&h*htm +tt&//ljournal*ru/9&content/u&loads/21!/%/d21!154*&d$* ,21!.* doi1*1%411/d 21!154
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"0333 Oil and at rocess 'echnolo)y (&eriment 4 6ab Scale Soa& roduction
6.0 APPEN%"CES
F*gure 17 St*r t+e m*ture ,ont*nuous-8 to ma9e sure t+e NaO& :u--8 *sso-e *n m*ture )*t+ tem2erature *n range 30 oC;50OC
F*gure 7 A*ng ,o-or *nto t+e m*ture
14
"0333 Oil and at rocess 'echnolo)y (&eriment 4 6ab Scale Soa& roduction
F*gure $7 Cont*nue st*r t+e m*ture to ma9e sure t+e ,o-or are :u--8 m*
F*gure '7 T+e 2rou,t t+at +ae been ,om2ress b8 stam2*ng )*t+ t+e -ogo o: MARA
F*gure 37 T+e soa2 )*t+ t+e 2+ o: 5
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